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<mods:affiliation>South-Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Lenin Ave. 61, 656049 Barnaul, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Hendriks, Kasper P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Botany, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName LSID="ECC2384A-A4A3-5601-8AA4-4291A0E9B181" authority="Sond. in Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Hamburg 1: 267. 1846. (1: 1)" authorityName="Sond. in Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Hamburg 1: 267. 1846. (1: 1)" family="Brassicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Chamireae">Chamireae Sond. in Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Hamburg 1: 267. 1846. (1: 1)</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1782" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Chamira" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamira" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Chamira</emphasis>
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Thunb.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Description.</paragraph>
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Herbs, annual.
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absent. Leaves sessile or short petiolate, not auriculate at base, lowest pair opposite, representing persistent cotyledons and main photosynthetic part of plant, to 25 cm wide, cauline leaves alternate, much smaller, sometimes fail to develop. Racemes ebracteate, elongated in fruit. Sepals connivent, dimorphic, median (outer) pair not saccate at base, lateral pair with a distinct spur 1-2.5 mm long; petals white, with well-differentiated claw; filaments unappendaged; pollen 3-colpate; ovules 2-8 per ovary. Fruits siliques, dehiscent, terete to sublatiseptate, unsegmented; styles distinct; stigma entire. Seeds uniseriate; cotyledons longitudinally folded and margins deeply folded within.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">x</emphasis>
= 19.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Chamira circaeoides</emphasis>
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(L. f.) Zahlbr. is endemic to the Western Cape of South Africa.
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3d.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Dipoma</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hemilophia</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Dipoma" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dipoma" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Dipoma</emphasis>
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Franch. was first studied by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0271-8" author="Warwick, SI" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="209 - 232" refId="B40" refString="Warwick, SI, Mummenhoff, K, Sauder, CA, Koch, MA, Al-Shehbaz, IA, 2010. Closing the gaps: Phylogenetic relationships in the Brassicaceae based on DNA sequence data of nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Plant Systematics and Evolution 285 (3-4): 209 - 232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0271-8" title="Closing the gaps: Phylogenetic relationships in the Brassicaceae based on DNA sequence data of nuclear ribosomal ITS region." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0271-8" volume="285" year="2010">Warwick et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
who did not assign it to any tribe, and together with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Hemilophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemilophia" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hemilophia</emphasis>
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Franch., they were listed as unplaced in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002" author="Al-Shehbaz, IA" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="931 - 954" refId="B1" refString="Al-Shehbaz, IA, 2012. A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 61 (5): 931 - 954, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002" title="A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002" volume="61" year="2012">Al-Shehbaz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" author="Nikolov, LA" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1638 - 1651" refId="B32" refString="Nikolov, LA, Shushkov, P, Nevado, B, Gan, XC, Al-Shehbaz, IA, Filatov, D, Bailey, CD, Tsiantis, M, 2019. Resolving the backbone of the Brassicaceae phylogeny for investigating trait diversity. The New Phytologist 222 (3): 1638 - 1651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" title="Resolving the backbone of the Brassicaceae phylogeny for investigating trait diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" volume="222" year="2019">Nikolov et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
showed the two genera form a monophyletic clade unrelated to any tribe and suggested their placement in a new tribe. However, plastome data by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17605-7" author="Walden, N" journalOrPublisher="Nature Communications" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination=": 3795" refId="B39" refString="Walden, N, German, DA, Wolf, EM, Kiefer, M, Rigault, P, Huang, XC, Kiefer, C, Schmickl, R, Franzke, A, Neuffer, B, Mummenhoff, K, Koch, MA, 2020. Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae. Nature Communications 11 (1): 3795, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17605-7" title="Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17605-7" volume="11" year="2020">Walden et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
showed
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Dipoma</emphasis>
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to be affiliated with the
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and not with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Hemilophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemilophia" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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. The results from the nuclear genome of
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.01.506188" author="Hendriks, KP" journalOrPublisher="1). [Edinburgh] University Press, Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B20" refString="Hendriks, KP, Kiefer, C, Al-Shehbaz, IA, Bailey, CD, Hooft van Huysduynen, A, Nikolov, LA, Nauheimer, L, Zuntini, AR, German, DA, Franzke, A, Koch, MA, Lysak, MA, Toro-Nunez, O, Oezuedogru, B, Invernon, VR, Walden, N, Maurin, O, Hay, NM, Shushkov, P, Mandakova, T, Thulin, M, Windham, MD, Resetnik, I, Spaniel, S, Ly, E, Pires, JC, Harkess, A, Neuffer, B, Vogt, R, Braeuchler, C, Rainer, H, Janssens, SB, Schmull, M, Forrest, A, Guggisberg, A, Zmarzty, S, Lepschi, BJ, Scarlett, N, Stauffer, FW, Schoenberger, I, Heenan, P, Baker, WJ, Forest, F, Mummenhoff, K, Lens, F, 2022. Less is more: global Brassicaceae phylogeny based on filtering of 1,000 gene dataset. BioRxiv, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.01.506188" title="Less is more: global Brassicaceae phylogeny based on filtering of 1,000 gene dataset. BioRxiv, 1 - 44." url="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.01.506188" year="2022">Hendriks et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
fully agree with those of
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" author="Nikolov, LA" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1638 - 1651" refId="B32" refString="Nikolov, LA, Shushkov, P, Nevado, B, Gan, XC, Al-Shehbaz, IA, Filatov, D, Bailey, CD, Tsiantis, M, 2019. Resolving the backbone of the Brassicaceae phylogeny for investigating trait diversity. The New Phytologist 222 (3): 1638 - 1651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" title="Resolving the backbone of the Brassicaceae phylogeny for investigating trait diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15732" volume="222" year="2019">Nikolov et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, and the new tribe
<taxonomicName family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemilophieae">Hemilophieae</taxonomicName>
is proposed here to accommodate both genera, leaving incongruent chloroplast and nuclear-based phylogenies.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0ABF20E17155015960FEB610D51946DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="54205">Sudano-Zambesian</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E49514C930094B733A4C08F2FF137CDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="54205">Life Form: phanerophyte</paragraph>
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103
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Wesener &amp; Sierwald, 2005: 570 (first description);
<bibRefCitation id="DA703D93BEC97258C5010D4B1FB1A892" author="Wesener, T" editor="Ganzhorn, J" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C." pageId="28" pageNumber="95" pagination="145 - 151" title="Giant Pill-Millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida) in the Littoral Forest Fragments of Southeastern Madagascar." volumeTitle="Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin)" year="2007">
Wesener and
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2007
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: 150 (ecology);
<bibRefCitation id="FB52FFF270BA52007DB5504579AFD575" author="Wesener, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 134" title="Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of Giant Pill-Millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida)." url="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02097p134f.pdf" volume="2097" year="2009">Wesener 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 131 (list);
<bibRefCitation id="8FA3F65286673D112461817D8ED0B6AF" author="Wesener, T" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="29" pageNumber="96" pagination="545 - 573" title="A first phylogenetic analysis of Giant Pill-Millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida), a new model Gondwanan taxon, with special emphasis on island gigantism." url="10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00267.x" volume="25" year="2009">Wesener and VandenSpiegel 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 548 (morphological phylogenetic analysis);
<bibRefCitation id="6650A388059B121E13B0ED7BAAF9B199" author="Wesener, T" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="29" pageNumber="96" pagination="1184 - 1193" title="The origins of the Giant Pill-Millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.023" volume="57" year="2010">Wesener et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 1185 (molecular phylogenetic analysis);
<bibRefCitation id="3AEBC0794422B63957A4DDEBC376EF58" author="Wesener, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="96" url="10.1071/IS13048" year="2014 b">Wesener 2014b</bibRefCitation>
: (morphological phylogenetic analysis).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DEEED81EC064B2C3EEB5D967F045DD2E" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Additional specimen records.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A7112579A924628916653F650BE8581" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
3 ♂ &amp; ♀, ZFMK MYR2275, Enato,
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,
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, rainforest, coll. Wesener &amp;
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, FMNH-INS 61091, same data as previous; 8 ♂ &amp; ♀, FMNH-INS 56033, same data as previous.
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<paragraph id="AA0E576067307624F38AFFCA16F6D506" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Localities.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="53B7F2BD84CFBB7F6A49AB1A58554B4F" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Only recorded from the littoral rainforest of Mandena (
<bibRefCitation id="DAF35D0D902A22CCC62707E7CC3C537B" author="Wesener, T" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Fourth Series)" pageId="28" pageNumber="95" pagination="557 - 599" title="The Giant Pill-Millipedes of Madagascar: Revision of the genus Sphaeromimus, with a Review of the Morphological Terminology (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Sphaerotheriidae)." url="http://research.calacademy.org/research/scipubs/pdfs/v56/proccas_v56_n29.pdf" volume="56" year="2005">Wesener and Sierwald 2005</bibRefCitation>
) and the rainforest of Enato (
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Wesener and
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2007
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). The two specimens from which the COI gene was sequenced, both from Enato, differ in four base pair substitutions.
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Fig. 4
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Species very similar to
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, but differing in the distinct phylogenetic position within the genus (Fig. 1), in substitution of several nucleotide positions in nucITS (Table 2) and the occurrence in high altitudes of the Andes in South America.
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Bolivia. Dept. La Paz; Prov. Franz Tamayo,
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Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional APOLOBAMBA, road Pelechuco-Keara,
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,
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, elev. 4370 m, open high Andean vegetation, terricolous, 17 Nov. 2014, M. Kukwa 14848a (holotype UGDA, isotype LPB).
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Thallus crustose, continuous, leprose, placodioid, up to 0.4 mm thick, distinctly grey-yellow, orange-yellow to brownish orange in colour; crisped margins absent, but some parts obscurely lobate; prothallus disappearing with age; hypothallus as layer of densely intertwined hyphae, hyphae hyaline, c. 3
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wide; rhizohyphae present, brown pigmented, 3-3.5
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wide) and incrusted with irregular groups of crystals insoluble in K, granules often forming compound units up to 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diameter (in one sample, Flakus 17682, up to c. 300
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, Fig. 4C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Photobiont green, coccoid, cells globose to subglobose, 5-11
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="chemistry">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chemistry.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Pannaric acid-6-methylester (+, major), 4-oxypannaric acid-6-methyl ester (+, minor),
<taxonomicName lsidName="vouauxii" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="vouauxii">vouauxii</taxonomicName>
unknown 1 sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Tonsberg, T" journalOrPublisher="Sommerfeltia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 331" title="The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway." volume="14" year="1992">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
, trace) and rarely traces of anthraquinones and atranorin (only in Flakus 8673).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Habitat and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria cryptovouauxii" order="Lecanorales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">Lepraria cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
grows on soil, rocks, or terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes in open and dry to moderately humid habitats at elevations between c. 3350 and 4790 m a.s.l.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Molecular data are available only for four Bolivian samples, but, judging on the basis of the ecological characteristic of other specimens and the altitudes they were collected in South America, we assume that
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
occurs also in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru; the previous terricolous, muscicolous, or saxicolous records from the high Andes in South America belong here (
<bibRefCitation author="Laundon, JR" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 22" title="The species of Leproloma-the name for the Leprariamembranacea group." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282989000034" volume="21" year="1989">Laundon 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Leuckert, C" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="17 - 32" title="Chemotaxonomische Studien in der Gattung Leproloma Nyl. ex Crombie (Lichenes)." volume="52" year="1991">
Leuckert and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kümmerling">Kuemmerling</normalizedToken>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Flakus, A" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="463 - 474" title="New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282907007116" volume="39" year="2007">Flakus and Kukwa 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Flakus, A" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="57 - 66" title="New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282910000502" volume="43" year="2011 a">Flakus et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Flakus, A" journalOrPublisher="Polish Botanical Journal" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="81 - 98" title="Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. 7." url="https://doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2015-0001" volume="60" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Few</pageBreakToken>
specimens with the same chemistry and similar morphology were collected on wood and tree bark (Flakus 7872, 8381; see
<bibRefCitation author="Flakus, A" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="463 - 474" title="New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282907007116" volume="39" year="2007">Flakus and Kukwa 2007</bibRefCitation>
, Flakus 18440 and Kukwa 16829 collected in Dept. Tarija) are excluded from specimen list of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
due to the different habitat (cloud forests) and lower altitudes (up to c. 2300 m a.s.l.) on which they were collected. They may represent
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
or another undescribed taxon, but their nucITS sequences have not been obtained yet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The name refers to the similarity in morphology and secondary chemistry to
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria vouauxii" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="vouauxii">Lepraria vouauxii</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
BOLIVIA. Dept. La Paz: Prov. Bautista Saavedra,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Área">Area</normalizedToken>
Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional Apolobamba, between la Curva and Charazani,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.135833">15°08'09&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-69.034164">69°02'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 3780 m alt., open area with shrubs, terricolous, 15 Nov. 2014, M. Kukwa 14675 (LPB, UGDA); Prov. Franz Tamayo,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Área">Area</normalizedToken>
Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional Apolobamba, near Puyo Puyo village,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-14.948611">14°56'55&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-69.13278">69°07'58&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 4795 m alt., high Andean open vegetation, terricolous, 5 July 2010, A. Flakus 17683, 17692, P. Rodriguez (KRAM, LPB); Prov. Manco Kapac, Horca del Inca Mt. near Copacabana village,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.170834">16°10'15&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-69.084724">69°05'05&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 3974 m alt., 18 June
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">2006</pageBreakToken>
, A. Flakus 8671.1, 8673 (KRAM, LPB); Prov. Murillo, near Cumbre pass, Puna,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.321667">16°19'18&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.07833">68°04'42&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 4450 m alt., 17 June 2006, A. Flakus 8593.1 (KRAM, LPB, UGDA); Prov. Murillo, near Cumbre pass, Puna, 4672 m alt.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.337223">16°20'14&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.03889">68°02'20&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 13 May 2006, A. Flakus 5729, 5730, 5731, 5733, 5738, 5740 (KRAM, LPB); ibidem, alt. 4604 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.366388">16°21'59&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.04361">68°02'37&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 13 May 2006, A. Flakus 5791, 5798 (KRAM, LPB); near Cumbre pass, 4550 m alt.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-16.321667">16°19'18&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.07833">68°04'42&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, high Andean Puna vegetation, on mosses, June 2006, A. Flakus 8584.1, 8586, 8597.1 8600, 8603, 8605, 8606 (KRAM, LPB, UGDA); Prov. Omasuyos, El Dragon hill near Chahualla,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.854723">15°51'17&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-69.01111">69°00'40&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 3850 m alt., Puna
<normalizedToken originalValue="Húmeda">Humeda</normalizedToken>
vegetation, saxicolous, 6 July 2010, A. Flakus 17812, P. Rodriguez (KRAM, LPB); Dept.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
: Prov. Nor
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lípez">Lipez</normalizedToken>
, Pinturas Rupestres near Villamar Mallcu village,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-21.772223">21°46'20&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-67.48472">67°29'05&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 4038 m alt., open semi-desert high Andean area, terricolous, 6 Dec 2009, A. Flakus 14814, P. Rodriguez (KRAM, LPB). Chile. Terr. Magallanes, Lago del Toro (L. Maravilla), Estancia
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Payne, above the river, on soil, 15 March 1941, R. Santesson 6594 (S). Ecuador. Prov.
<normalizedToken originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
: Railway station Cotopaxi, alt. 3550 m, on bare soil in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
, 26 Apr 1939, E. Asplund L 63 (S). PERU. Dept. Ancash: Prov. Huaraz, Huaraz, 3500 m alt., on soil, 22 Nov 1972, C. de Graaf (UGDA); Dept. Arequipa: Prov. Caylloma, near Cabanaconde village, semi-desert open mountain area, 3462 m alt.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.632222">15°37'56&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.96361">71°57'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, terricolous, 2006, A. Flakus 9531, 9532, 9533, 9644 (KRAM); Valle del Colca, above Tapay village, open mountain area, alt. 3705 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.565556">15°33'56&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.92555">71°55'32&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, terricolous, 2006, A. Flakus 9692, 9693, 9766 (KRAM); near Socorro village, 3349 m alt.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.642222">15°38'32&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.72278">71°43'22&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, terricolous, 2006, A. Flakus 9416, 9419 (KRAM); between Soro and Llahuar villages,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.578055">15°34'41&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-72.016945">72°01'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 2100 m alt., open semi-desert montane area, on soil and bryophytes over rocks, 6 July 2008, A. Flakus 10135, 10139, M. Kukwa 6107, 6108 (KRAM, UGDA); Dept. Cuzco: prov. Urubamba, valley of Rio Piri, NW of Ollantaytambo,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.1">13°06'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.36667">72°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 3400 m alt., on soil, 23 March 1981 R. Santesson P86: 17 (S); Dept. Lima: Prov. Huarochiri, valley of Rio Santa Eulalia, NE of Carampoma,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.633333">11°38'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.45">76°27'W</geoCoordinate>
. c. 3700 m alt., on bryophytes, 15 Feb 1981, R. Santesson P24: 5, R. Moberg (S); Dept. Junin: Prov. Tarma, c. 10 km (road distance) NNE of Palca,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.3">11°18'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-75.53333">75°32'W</geoCoordinate>
, c. 2600 m alt., on soil, 7 Feb 1981, R. Santesson P12: 60, R. Moberg (S - specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria diffusa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="diffusa">Lepraria diffusa</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="selected specimens of lepraria vouauxii examined for comparison">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Selected specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria vouauxii" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="vouauxii">Lepraria vouauxii</taxonomicName>
examined for comparison.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Canada. Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Ellesemere I., Eureka, East Wind Lake,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="80.083336">80°05'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.61667">85°37'W</geoCoordinate>
, on terricolous mosses, 31 July 1999, F. Daniels s.n. (UGDA L-15825). Italy. Umbria: Monte Corona, vicinity of Eremo
<normalizedToken originalValue="dell’Assunta">dell'Assunta</normalizedToken>
Incoronata, 700 m alt., on rock, Jan 2001, A. Zwolicki s.n. (UGDA L-10052); ibidem, on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
sp., Jan 2001, A. Zwolicki s.n. (UGDA L-10148). Poland. Pojezierze
<normalizedToken originalValue="Iławskie">Ilawskie</normalizedToken>
: Szymbark, Teutonic castle,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="53.64389">53°38'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="19.4825">19°28'57&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, on brick, 4 July 2003, J. Boczkaj, M. Kukwa s.n. (UGDA L-10020); Bory
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dolnośląskie">Dolnoslaskie</normalizedToken>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Przewóz">Przewoz</normalizedToken>
, on brick, 14 Sept 2000,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Š">S</normalizedToken>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bayerová">Bayerova</normalizedToken>
et al. (UGDA L-10720). Ukraine. Opilya: Ivano-Frankivsk region, Halych district, Kosova Hora near Burshtyn,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="49.223804">49°13'25,7&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="24.702112">24°42'07,6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 300 m alt., steppe vegetation, on gypsum, 27 June 2003, L.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Śliwa">Śliwa</normalizedToken>
1991 (UGDA L-11320).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Notes</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria cryptovouauxii" order="Lecanorales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">Lepraria cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
are practically indistinguishable in morphology and secondary chemistry. The only difference we could observe is the colour of thallus, which is more intensively orange-yellow in
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
, while
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
tends to be more greyish green. However,
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="27 - 141" title="A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s. str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico." volume="12" year="2013 a">Lendemer (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned similar more distinctly coloured specimens for
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
in material from North America. Whether those samples represent another yet undescribed species has not been resolved. The brighter colour observed in
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
can be caused by a higher concentration of dibenzofurans which may act as a sunscreen in the very sunny habitats of the Andes. Similar tendency was observed also for
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. diffusa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="diffusa">L. diffusa</taxonomicName>
(J.R.Laundon) Kukwa, in which thalli were more intensively coloured in sunny places in comparison to samples from shaded situations (
<bibRefCitation author="Kukwa, M" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="293 - 305" title="The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282906005962" volume="38" year="2006 b">Kukwa 2006b</bibRefCitation>
). Dibenzofurans, when in high concentration, can have a colour visible on TLC plates (before spraying with sulphuric acid), which suggest that they may play a sunscreen role as other pigmented substances and determine the colour of thallus (
<bibRefCitation author="Kukwa, M" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="293 - 305" title="The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282906005962" volume="38" year="2006 b">Kukwa 2006b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
According to
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="27 - 141" title="A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s. str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico." volume="12" year="2013 a">Lendemer (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
lacks brown rhizohyphae, which are present in the new species. To confirm this character as a possible discriminating feature, several specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
were studied to check the colour of rhizohyphae. We found that, similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
, rhizohyphae can be brown, but in some specimens they were very sparse, in some formed well-visible layer between the thallus and substrate, but some thalli lacked those hyphae.
<bibRefCitation author="Tonsberg, T" journalOrPublisher="Sommerfeltia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 331" title="The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway." volume="14" year="1992">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned the presence of brown rhizohyphae (as hypothallus). Apparently,
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
shows variation in the development and colour of this structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Despite the lack of morphological and chemical differences,
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished on the basis of its distribution as it occurs in the high Andes in South America, whereas
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
remains unconfirmed from South America and genetically known only from Europe (Fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation author="Ekman, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycological Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1262 - 1276" title="Most species of Lepraria and Leproloma form a monophyletic group closely related to Stereocaulon." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202006718" volume="106" year="2002">
Ekman and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Mark, K" journalOrPublisher="Genome" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="685 - 704" title="Barcoding lichen-forming fungi using 454 pyrosequencing is challenged by artifactual and biological sequence variation." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0189" volume="59" year="2016">Mark et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The habitat preferences also differ to some extent as
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cryptovouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="cryptovouauxii">L. cryptovouauxii</taxonomicName>
grows only on soil, rocks, or saxicolous and terricolous bryophytes, whereas
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vouauxii" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vouauxii">L. vouauxii</taxonomicName>
occurs on various substrates, including tree bark, rocks, and soil (
<bibRefCitation author="Tonsberg, T" journalOrPublisher="Sommerfeltia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 331" title="The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway." volume="14" year="1992">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kukwa, M" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="293 - 305" title="The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282906005962" volume="38" year="2006 b">Kukwa 2006b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Flakus, A" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="463 - 474" title="New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282907007116" volume="39" year="2007">Flakus and Kukwa 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="27 - 141" title="A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s. str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico." volume="12" year="2013 a">Lendemer 2013a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria diffusa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="diffusa">Lepraria diffusa</taxonomicName>
is morphologically somewhat similar and also produces dibenzofurans; however, it has aggregate thallus (sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="379 - 399" title="A standardized morphological terminology and descriptive scheme for Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000326" volume="43" year="2011 b">Lendemer 2011b</bibRefCitation>
), and it produces oxypannaric acid-2-methylester (
<bibRefCitation author="Laundon, JR" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 22" title="The species of Leproloma-the name for the Leprariamembranacea group." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282989000034" volume="21" year="1989">Laundon 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Leuckert, C" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="17 - 32" title="Chemotaxonomische Studien in der Gattung Leproloma Nyl. ex Crombie (Lichenes)." volume="52" year="1991">
Leuckert and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kümmerling">Kuemmerling</normalizedToken>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Leuckert, C" journalOrPublisher="Bibliotheca Lichenologica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="245 - 259" title="Chemotaxonomy of Lepraria Ach. and Leproloma Nyl. ex Crombie, with particular reference to Central Europe." volume="58" year="1995">Leuckert et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Elix, JA" journalOrPublisher="Graphis Scripta" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="43 - 45" title="Notes on the chemistry of some lichens, including four species of Lepraria." volume="16" year="2004">
Elix and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="27 - 141" title="A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s. str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico." volume="12" year="2013 a">Lendemer 2013a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Stereocaulaceae" genus="Lepraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lepraria xerophila" order="Lecanorales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="xerophila">Lepraria xerophila</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
is the species which also contains pannaric acid-6-methylester as the major secondary metabolite, but it differs in placodioid thalli with crisped margins (
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tønsberg">Tonsberg</normalizedToken>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Lichenologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="379 - 399" title="A standardized morphological terminology and descriptive scheme for Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000326" volume="43" year="2011 b">Lendemer 2011b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Philolichenum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="27 - 141" title="A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s. str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico." volume="12" year="2013 a">2013a</bibRefCitation>
). This metabolite is present also in some chemotypes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tenella" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="tenella">L. tenella</taxonomicName>
(Tuck.) Lendemer &amp; B.P. Hodk. (syn.
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Leprocaulaceae" genus="Leprocaulon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Leprocaulon tenellum" order="Lecanorales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tenellum">Leprocaulon tenellum</taxonomicName>
(Tuck.) Nyl.), but this species differs in the almost constant production of lecanoric acid (at least always present together with pannaric acid-6-methylester) and atranorin and the development of pseudopodetia (
<bibRefCitation author="Lamb, IM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="499 - 553" title="A preliminary conspectus of the species attributed to the imperfect lichen genus Leprocaulon Nyl." volume="38" year="1974">Lamb and Ward 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bungartz, F" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 28" title="Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.150.1.1" volume="150" year="2013">Bungartz et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lendemer, JC" journalOrPublisher="Mycologia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="994 - 1018" title="A radical shift in the taxonomy of Lepraria s. l.: molecular and morphological studies shed new light on the evolution of asexuality and lichen growth form diversification." url="https://doi.org/10.3852/12-338" volume="105" year="2013">Lendemer and Hodkinson 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>