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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="276892" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.109702" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9fe0bff4-b6c2-415d-ba49-0f1e074a9710" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1184-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C2F3B4D92BF558A0AB92E0607CB93262" ID-ZooBank="3D745E43FB6C48A8B089DDAEE1A422BB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1184-1" checkinTime="1699693871686" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yamada, Aiki, Nguyen, Dai Dac &amp; Eguchi, Katsuyuki" docDate="2023" docId="ECBB48E065725887BCEC448545BBF690" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1184: 1-17" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1184" docPubDate="2023-11-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.109702" docTitle="Eburopone wroughtoni" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="C2F3B4D92BF558A0AB92E0607CB93262" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="C2F3B4D92BF558A0AB92E0607CB93262" masterDocTitle="First discovery of the ant genus Eburopone Borowiec, 2016 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae) in the Oriental realm, with description of a new species from Vietnam" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699701014511" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="1A7D1F14DFD43B46A50A6622003EE229" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="4F163EA92115998A510A0C80CE71D75E">
<mods:title id="6D3741825189441CAF30E762C28AA3E1">First discovery of the ant genus Eburopone Borowiec, 2016 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae) in the Oriental realm, with description of a new species from Vietnam</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3EE348ED3CC267D6527FFD11C322B524" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B76AC3E9E3F144FA73AE0E80EF56CC28">Yamada, Aiki</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="65C577439D19E10B336EEDFC0949EF24" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2141-0661</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="7E3DB196B3C0417F84255C71E74845AA">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192 - 0397, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="578EA12B31B3EF5E0EDE44397D46001D" type="email">aiki.ymd@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0318A1A6E90C6C4AC8104534A16CA4B0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F4441DA8B79F228AA23C51E7E7C0CEC2">Nguyen, Dai Dac</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BC22149B538845CE81169D303CF05EE3" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8024-2553</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DF3A996C8C1BECA30A38932546ECF58F">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192 - 0397, Japan &amp; Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4E5D7158909B521AA27022A3EBFA669C">Eguchi, Katsuyuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="981018CF078FE32B90ADD8B1A69CF22F" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-1295</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A353CEF50ACA6718DABC9EE255CDBCD1">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192 - 0397, Japan &amp; Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1 - 12 - 4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852 - 8523, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BA912A6B09F8CF5A2A7F7AF800574C94">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="ECBB48E065725887BCEC448545BBF690" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217559628" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ECBB48E065725887BCEC448545BBF690" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ECBB48E065725887BCEC448545BBF690" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="2684A348934785222AFB11851004168F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="27237C6E7FD318AE7831278DDA8D4869" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5AD0DE626036BDA5AC21A3092DBE1EE6" LSID="ECBB48E0-6572-5887-BCEC-448545BBF690" authority="(Forel, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eburopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eburopone wroughtoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">Eburopone wroughtoni (Forel, 1910)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="279D0E411578521CE9B7858AE8F29265" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D2AAE7F0736A0A1B0B97FE03F1F06300" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F5362DEBDF18A20B732F522B5C190936" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wroughtoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">Cerapachys wroughtoni</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1910: 422.
<bibRefCitation id="69DC27FB9110D2360D422B1340F5CAA1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 125" refId="B12" refString="Emery, C, 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1 - 125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae." url="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" volume="118" year="1911">Emery 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 9;
<bibRefCitation id="48A70CB8DFF2AEF924075772EA68AF15" author="Arnold, G" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum, Cape Town" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 159" publicationUrl="https://biostor.org/reference/109829" refId="B2" refString="Arnold, G, 1915. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, Cape Town 14: 1 - 159, https://biostor.org/reference/109829" title="A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae." url="https://biostor.org/reference/109829" volume="14" year="1915">Arnold 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 16;
<bibRefCitation id="AAB29C3766272C554F77A0F1B84BC26E" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" refId="B25" refString="Wheeler, WM, 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 756; Brown 1975: 24, 63;
<bibRefCitation id="C7EF83629C83F833D0AD8E252F133D7E" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Bolton, B, 1995. A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 145;
<bibRefCitation id="B8FF9F444656B8BBEA512077D0540494" author="Collingwood, CA" editor="van Harten, A" journalOrPublisher="4). Dar Al Ummah Publishers, Abu Dhabi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="405 - 474" refId="B11" refString="Collingwood, CA, Agosti, D, Sharaf, MR, van Harten, A, 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. In: van Harten, A, Ed., Arthropod Fauna of the UAE (Vol. 4). Dar Al Ummah Publishers, Abu Dhabi: 405 - 474" title="Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae." volumeTitle="Arthropod Fauna of the UAE (Vol." year="2011">Collingwood et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
(dubious record): 410;
<bibRefCitation id="52881D4924FE435D3315EAB008B0E3D3" author="Borowiec, L" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 340" refId="B5" refString="Borowiec, L, 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 25 (1-2): 1 - 340" title="Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="2014">Borowiec 2014</bibRefCitation>
: 62. Combination in
<taxonomicName id="3514CB14B428884E3726B8EA9277C8B8" authority="" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. (Cerapachys)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cerapachys">C. (Cerapachys)</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="9AAFC40DDDD37F07F860CFDDAE500628" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 125" refId="B12" refString="Emery, C, 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1 - 125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae." url="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54863" volume="118" year="1911">Emery 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 99. Combination in
<taxonomicName id="E2EADA468BACABCA89B8BEC45AF8EE92" authorityName="Borowiec" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eburopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eburopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eburopone</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EA9D4F453E58C3A0A005AB053E66F279" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" author="Borowiec, ML" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 280" refId="B6" refString="Borowiec, ML, 2016. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 608: 1 - 280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" title="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" volume="608" year="2016">Borowiec 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 129.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49264F4394CA0ADA383F4B01E04B20BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3DCCE91FC4A9279EE0D7E557AA4ABBC1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wroughtoni subsp. var. var. rhodesiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="wroughtoni" subSpecies="var." variety="rhodesiana">Cerapachys wroughtoni var. rhodesiana</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1913: 212.
<bibRefCitation id="10B91505C976FBDBE2DE1C0CA91D5933" author="Arnold, G" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum, Cape Town" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 159" publicationUrl="https://biostor.org/reference/109829" refId="B2" refString="Arnold, G, 1915. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, Cape Town 14: 1 - 159, https://biostor.org/reference/109829" title="A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae." url="https://biostor.org/reference/109829" volume="14" year="1915">Arnold 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 16;
<bibRefCitation id="B3E723A2C586AF7D8688A0F03256832F" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" refId="B25" refString="Wheeler, WM, 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 756. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="0F2346BE729F737EBD436C136F73C125" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wroughtoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">C. wroughtoni</taxonomicName>
: Brown 1975: 24;
<bibRefCitation id="FED6559B5B7DB55287F83E3CCF532F45" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Bolton, B, 1995. A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 144.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="989EB294AAE3864EAC10CA87A53E49E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E87352AA27B567465A2589DBD2000989" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys roberti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roberti">Cerapachys roberti</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1914: 212.
<bibRefCitation id="554569E3182CD9C86CF6B223D9F29968" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" refId="B25" refString="Wheeler, WM, 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/932" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 756; Arnold 1926: 192. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="3E1E67562D90FB9053C2A5D210F8EC71" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wroughtoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">C. wroughtoni</taxonomicName>
: Brown 1975: 24;
<bibRefCitation id="49DC55A97DC48891F1E31DD025280246" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Bolton, B, 1995. A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 144.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="21CBD9D5A35C263F56318C2DA8EE07FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="91F6C2A5A6A0364B7CBA074AB76C6DCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material images examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2A4B64D9A8591FA385757B0D54935C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The following type materials of
<taxonomicName id="36430892AA403A5BD27622AE04C25616" lsidName="E. wroughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">
<emphasis id="D63B806035F4C3F0A5AF0EF4F015DD40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. wroughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its two junior synonyms were non-physically examined based on the images available from AntWeb (https://www.antweb.org):
<taxonomicName id="7CA2C8E8D4D7502AD947FBF19E2DC498" lsidName="E. wroughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">
<emphasis id="FB457D72A990B58CD7BBBA051BB38537" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. wroughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1910), syntype, CASENT0249876 (MHNG);
<taxonomicName id="25E371A754846A31FC87641683EEEC0A" lsidName="E. wroughtoni subsp. var. var. rhodesiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="wroughtoni" subSpecies="var." variety="rhodesiana">E. wroughtoni var. rhodesiana</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1913), syntype, CASENT0907055 (MHNG);
<taxonomicName id="B1D49148B6F2ABE371CAB6A84BC437FA" lsidName="E. roberti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="roberti">
<emphasis id="C18243BC8A92EB21B80EE5662E611221" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. roberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1910), syntypes, CASENT0907054 (MHNG), CASENT0902707 (NHMUK).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44E4CAF3FD521107E1A3BC7A4592360C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="DCEA60FDC4EC5D7938A99C12D14E731B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0626F29D460ADBD547A5325D8415AEC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Although Brown (1975) treated two southern African
<taxonomicName id="1D678B975B904921F5B774BB48FD3F6E" authorityName="Borowiec" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eburopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eburopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8F515AF56216274A6DE5918061FAD7D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eburopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sub)species,
<taxonomicName id="5A2556AFB60837573E3939E535554B92" lsidName="E. roberti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="roberti">
<emphasis id="39E110671D4E4F267E0D3E5E4D9A356C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. roberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BDB7B3B4F7FB280787BBE512A1B44153" lsidName="E. w. subsp. rhodesiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="w." subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="8C6B9B91135064D474682A89E15FF86C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. w. rhodesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="EAAF94B6105E2846BC00E02E644CB687" lsidName="E. wroughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">
<emphasis id="6D9CE8694DA892E6824B20D77F15E375" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. wroughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the types of these names show conspicuous morphological differences, especially between
<taxonomicName id="9006C0110DD2F33886A052F388A35A5E" lsidName="E. w. subsp. rhodesiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="w." subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="A247D3B17BA35BF29B22F6A6628DC183" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. w. rhodesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the others.
<taxonomicName id="257C16CE3754844B745D73FFC23F3EEE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eburopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eburopone w. subsp. rhodesiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="w." subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="0D4716AB234685D1607CD4D8EA7B19E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eburopone w. rhodesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most morphologically distinct among these by i) lateroventral flange of occipital carina less developed; ii) promesonotal suture inconspicuous (hardly recognizable in the examined image); iii) abdominal segment III distinctly wider than long.
<taxonomicName id="2586EF1A7D3FB61FF121F41A5CC1DAD0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eburopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eburopone roberti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roberti">
<emphasis id="5F5711FC1490108FA3175A7B9DA80964" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eburopone roberti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is different from the syntype of
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<emphasis id="5D6BAE6E5FF692C4FC100C9D37D957FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. wroughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at least by having deeper and more prominent promesonotal suture. The differences suggest a possible heterospecificity of these names, especially for
<taxonomicName id="61627C2A47721F64C1BF2B69347D2E82" lsidName="E. w. subsp. rhodesiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="w." subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="8C115432F2CE9EFA3D26377E6CA42ADE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. w. rhodesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, their taxonomic statuses are not addressed in the present study, since it would be appropriate to examine additional colony series; additionally, many undescribed species are known from the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions. Even if multiple species are confused under
<taxonomicName id="C84CC3710012A8BB8243B2A6ABEC029C" lsidName="E. wroughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">
<emphasis id="F0328DEE8CC4A3A6D48E6DC2210E24AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. wroughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the independence of
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<emphasis id="C4E760CACEA0E6C542FE8A8B60F676D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. easoana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the species level is unquestionable.
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</document>

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Harv., Thes. Cap. 1: 53. 1860. Type: cultivated, ex Hort., Kew, from seed sent from Port Natal [KwaZulu-Natal: Durban], R. Vause s.n. (holotype: K).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="122" pageNumber="123">South Africa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="122FA707FF9D93AFCC896B940BF6C899" pageNumber="539">
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<paragraph id="FD69DF9E267F18A2417523C362CD70AD" pageNumber="539">
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1950: 89.
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<paragraph id="A0B629F791004ABA42A73E3427A30F89" pageNumber="539">Types Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard; holotype minor may be at the Field Museum, Chicago.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C86468F5E5463EEC0EF6A0C50613F044" pageNumber="539">Etymology Eponymous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42815CA8AD2801CF4790B4FD4AF0382E" pageNumber="539">
Diagnosis A member of the
<taxonomicName id="ED5C8809EB4278E1182850B2ED25E237" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33769" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole granulata Pergande" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole granulata Pergande" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulata">granulata</taxonomicName>
group (4-segmented club), close to
<taxonomicName id="B5F84507D90F868E8B213A9118932D59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33772" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole grundmanni Smith" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole grundmanni Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grundmanni">grundmanni</taxonomicName>
and distinguished as follows. Major (no comparison available with
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): hypostoma with only 2 teeth; all of dorsal surface of head longitudinally carinulate; dorsal promesonotal profile in side view smoothly semicircular; petiolar node in side view tapering to a blunt point; postpetiolar node from above conulate.
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<paragraph id="CD13BA3918376F0EE4DDAD010F387FB9" pageNumber="539">Minor: propodeal spine needle-like, as long as half the length of the basal propodeal face anterior to it; petiolar node depressed, and petiole as a whole cylindrical; occiput narrow in full-face view, and shallowly concave; the cephalic foveolation is variable, and can occasionally cover the entire upper surface of the head, in which case the carinulae of the head may extend posteriorly between the eye and the antennal insertions; sides of pronotum foveolate and opaque. In habitus and number of hypostomal teeth, this species is evidently a derivative of the pilifera group.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1649C9E4D21BF40E545D4F251F691B65" pageNumber="539">Measurements (mm) Major: HW 1.20, HL 1.32, SL 0.72, EL 0.20, PW 0.62. Syntype minor: HW 0.50, HL 0.66, SL 0.78, EL 0.14, PW 0.34.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0949DF57975702F1FC4C6AEA01F9EE37" pageNumber="539">Color Major: head and mesosoma concolorous reddish yellow; waist, gaster, and appendages contrasting light reddish brown. Minor: body and legs concolorous light brown, mandibles and antennae brownish yellow.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="50F4A450D532B65EE09A9EBF1DE63AA2" pageNumber="539">range Recorded from New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and southern California.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E45238544DA7F78CDD53C5A1BECC123" pageNumber="540">
Biology This species utilizes an unusual nest site: rock crevices. Gregg (1953b) found a colony nesting in crevices between a boulder and thin laminae split from its surface, with no contact with the soil. Creighton (1965a) found nests on top of large boulders 4.5 meters high and 6-9 meters across, while G. E. Wheeler and J. N. Wheeler (1973e) encountered them in very narrow horizontal cracks in the almost solid rock walls of California's Deep Canyon. At the last locality, according to Wheeler and Wheeler, &quot;The minors did the foraging, bringing home arthropods or fragments thereof, never seeds. The majors did not leave the nests except to assist minors by carving large pieces of foraged food into smaller bits. But their chief duty appeared to be guard duty: a group of them stood just inside the entrance, where they savagely attacked any object thrust into the nest entrance. The minors, by contrast, were not aggressive, which suggests they are scavengers, not predators.&quot; Recent discoveries made by Stefan Cover in Arizona indicate that
<taxonomicName id="EFA329394ECC0D0A8B776844E0C897B9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33671" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole clydei Gregg" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole clydei Gregg" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clydei">clydei</taxonomicName>
is a member of a small guild of rock-crevice-inhabiting
<taxonomicName id="84EBB239ABE9DC7D6F9BFA9721CC7FA4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole Westwood" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
that includes
<taxonomicName id="F6F370E6BDF9BA420491117C64142203" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181819" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole portalensis Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole portalensis Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portalensis">P. portalensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10AAFE6B382FADC95FEA8B6F1C166E18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Several other members of this guild recently found remain undescribed at present. Like these species,
<taxonomicName id="12B9A208E0678E92D1DDE51B64C0DC07" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33671" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole clydei Gregg" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole clydei Gregg" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clydei">P. clydei</taxonomicName>
is only occasionally found in soil or under rocks some distance from rock-crevice habitats.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE5439776A1592F9C4E0EEBA19619CEF">figure Upper: major. Lower: minor. CALIFORNIA: Split Mountain, Anza State Park, near Palm Springs, 150 m (W. S. Creighton). (Type locality: Carizozo, vicinity of the lava beds of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico; C. P. Stroud). Scale bars = 1 mm.</paragraph>
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