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<document id="0227DB7BC4F8CE6DA7D5696697CE24E5" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988" ID-publisher-id="121988" URI-arpha="DA787C6A-F566-53A8-8CE4-1DB250259EB2" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1722263393642" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2024" docId="1916794A5F1357E1A3A4033328A1C9C6" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 245: 1-106" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 245" docSource="https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/121988/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docTitle="Lycianthes oliveriana Bitter" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="DA787C6AF56653A88CE41DB250259EB2" masterDocTitle="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1722270899297" updateUser="admin">
<mods:mods id="2DF780105213A99BBB5F44CD31CABC48" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="6A94A328B0E5E540BB5DDA270B926F72">
<mods:title id="3032D5B0C02ACC441E835582F81F1CAB">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DC60A14401C351085A567269F3E5C1C8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A5B494D9DFF38336D2133D4A23E1B064">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2D687FB0C0C1033628AECC39C989CE51">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BDF81BE4F748942D805B09FE6DBDC5CB" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9D6816330B4D300F2E5AFF3E98AC5E6A">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="5BC2A7D08EB322A1F13B8F57BD85EEAA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="363A5340F2548A408FA6388A2717CFB4">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="63B429A74EF11710760290FAAE9D0852">
<mods:date id="E302A3785A9B0D77F8201DB6B4D87835">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="72F5BDF8CDD81CF565F52AE022FCC224" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="11C49E6B415426287E5518BD899FA8BA">2024-07-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="7674D967B814B30B6FABA753580D3E3B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="97ACFAD302E09702B400518028251047">245</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="FE6158541455F0612B25E0A3B8126CA9">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="BF5EA2277D28CE7E0BDC6DC15547643B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="540FF83E109D71530B040F2D817ACFDE" type="DOI">10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="1916794A5F1357E1A3A4033328A1C9C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13123728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13123728" ID-arpha="1916794A-5F13-57E1-A3A4-033328A1C9C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1916794A5F1357E1A3A4033328A1C9C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1916794A5F1357E1A3A4033328A1C9C6">
<subSubSection id="D20A4F902395D8BE0E2232B4A89375E2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="239FF1137AAFDBEA17D297D911BD60CD">
<heading id="1AB376BE22E5266A447F75EC26222B42" reason="label">6.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="7903A296DFE72C147115A8F556B216EC" ID-CoL="8S78J" authority="(Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="FE9E8286879912629525F487B1F53478" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
(Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="692F4FB281D5D7D8D6C2C81F56E6F6A1" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 504. 1919, as “ Oliveriana ”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="279C70D24E49A17282F63B40D2F99BB2" type="description">
<paragraph id="44C18A728415EA9C255B883BA239CC63">
<figureCitation id="C07B9C856C51CEC4ACED490154DED0BB" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">Figs 3 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="85CAAA9891CF480676CE100765C38542" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lycianthes oliveriana (Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum) herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Maluku, Kornassi 649 (K 000922900). Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, reproduced with permission. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000922900." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103809">16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B31E889E0188EA97B52E04B7C5FD243D" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8F6D4C4D47AF0B413E9D115C346AD901">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6CAE6F494AC0EB2EB26EE5B94260C065">
<treatmentCitation id="4FE526B54D7774884051D1B13FBF5B99">
<taxonomicName id="C11E95ABB1217C71BA9CF0706E551550" ID-CoL="8S8X3" authority="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum." authorityName="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliverianum">
<emphasis id="19DEA01E4C234C53BC59FC84A9D3B214" italics="true">Solanum oliverianum</emphasis>
Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum.
</taxonomicName>
, Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann &amp; Lauterbach] 535. 1901, as “ Oliverianum ”
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="39DD7607C827576ACACFA4A975419F2A" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Sanduan /
<collectingRegion id="EBA760BD521719E48DBE7A9DD942F35B" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik">East Sepik</collectingRegion>
: “ Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Augustafluss ”,
<date id="67E395EFBBF6866025C8388FAD249D5B" value="1887-09">Sep 1887</date>
,
<emphasis id="318C99EBA3156C05AE6E92E7A32E8467" italics="true">M. Hollrung 776</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="F5CB2635287B3F4D0E627048BD779188" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="FCB8EC1AD4BA50D46154EF38B5BB26B8" author="Symon" firstAuthor="Symon" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pagination="1-171" refId="B123" refString="Symon DE (1985) The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1–171." title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 56: K [K 000759399];
<typeStatus id="CC20D625C9634D88FB39F3BADE258FCE" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: HBG [HBG- 511470], L [L 0003651], LE [LE 00016994], MEL [MEL 104160], P [P 00379610]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BAAAC7A34FF5113046CE3E59F00FFD7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F5D884C52993AEB741633984CF391989">
<treatmentCitation id="00AA33D3FCBB176DE3E13A3A54AD4BCE" author="" journal="Bot. Jahrb. Syst." page="93" score="144.29617767960897" volume="55" year="1917">
<taxonomicName id="C55AD41ECA43EFA1AE18C87DB9180B6D" ID-CoL="8SF6B" authority="Bitter &amp; Schltr." authorityName="Bitter &amp; Schltr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="memecylonoides">
<emphasis id="FA35B2609CC5DE57BE266667A7054036" italics="true">Solanum memecylonoides</emphasis>
Bitter &amp; Schltr.
</taxonomicName>
, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 93. 1917
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="9264B452FB911E05C60988B02689FAE8" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Sanduan: “ Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Torricelli-Geb [irges] ”,
<quantity id="73F9E0DB078E9CF15E0B205899021BBB" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FA03A9B3BC429E3FB777020264C107DD" value="1909-09-18">18 Sep 1909</date>
,
<emphasis id="661746F9D7AD942756D645F5541270B3" italics="true">F. R. R. Schlechter 20256</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="33DDB1438D6C7FF0CC338E4CD817FFAD" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed];
<typeStatus id="68054B86C5C5F49097F2682E5011A01D" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="2190C0F3EF28B37FECDB1646FA5CF722" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 81: P [P 00379576];
<typeStatus id="3F1FD60BD32CF108A721D302623D20F9" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: BR [BR 0000005528844]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6551585C0245AF4A633F13B95F3D7F5B">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D0E73642732DEFC4798AD626A61DA904">
<treatmentCitation id="7ABC6D1E0A7BF5AD58C0B8A9138FA4C2" author="Bitter" journal="Bot. Jahrb. Syst." page="94" score="144.29617767960897" volume="55" year="1917">
<taxonomicName id="6841A99F2FFA5BCED6B084D1DB6F237A" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="memecylonoides" variety="finisterrae">
<emphasis id="938582C39E6879F7C318157B8C1EDDE0" italics="true">Solanum memecylonoides</emphasis>
Bitter &amp; Schltr.
<emphasis id="26796104882A9C8248EB4AB53BEFC2DB" italics="true">var. finisterrae</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 94. 1917
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="7782284557F4710662BBA511B01F4EC5" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="671AD8BE51DD0B6E86DCB326FB860D37" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Madang">Madang</collectingRegion>
: “ Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finisterre-Gebirge ”,
<quantity id="178E0B407237B0D227CE63DFCBE97675" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
,
<date id="52B83598E97EC663F001AB01F8A6665D" value="1908-07-03">3 Jul 1908</date>
,
<emphasis id="1DEB2F82EFF3A4A22CA7063B1503BC98" italics="true">F. R. R. Schlechter 17961</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="7E84F5104A9F9FFA21489E5C8D78495D" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed];
<typeStatus id="20BFCBDD3B1C492C3812C947468E1079" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="BA17B7ED16D821F96A66CEDFE6F09F51" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 81: P [P 00379575];
<typeStatus id="19A0A2AE549A29EC40ED37C441201A33" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: UC [cited by
<treatmentCitation id="75ED46EE2243A80A86241CBB6CE235BB">
<bibRefCitation id="D224367DE75A619B522F00E3B819D480" author="Symon" firstAuthor="Symon" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pagination="1-171" refId="B123" refString="Symon DE (1985) The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1–171." title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, not seen nor on UC / JEPS database]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4EE326A24AFAA001737B7F64541624FE">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="969668C19DCB5E061A17B329E2CFAC47">
<treatmentCitation id="9579164CFB4C3159215996C482A26885" author="Bitter" journal="Bot. Jahrb. Syst." page="95" score="144.29617767960897" volume="55" year="1917">
<taxonomicName id="79936B3694C558D364244E8DDA875873" ID-CoL="6Z63S" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balanidium">
<emphasis id="7B1212929875A49CD0E7EC5873CB63F1" italics="true">Solanum balanidium</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 95. 1917
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="8E886F0C2CEEF59A45C0D26088843915" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="482F32BF9CC2E00B47F654FDC430EC16" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik">East Sepik</collectingRegion>
: “ Hunsteinspitz ” [Mount Hunstein],
<quantity id="883567B7B4C970592AD84689A39A5005" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
, Feb-Mar 1913,
<emphasis id="D0EC22C759127988B7BBAAA978FF61D3" italics="true">C. L. Ledermann 11332</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="8D1F3E37B6EB6078AAEC387A5EC8DE86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed]).
<collectingCountry id="C7B51D6C5A5084E9A05E4C8F78734E13" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="0EB9FDE4E16B036E4877B40098F8CDA5" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik">East Sepik</collectingRegion>
: Hunstein range, (Mt. Samsai) at site “ Camp 3 ” on slopes above main streamcourse,
<quantity id="E313106953525550FAD6399DF3122D78" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
,
<date id="F9A9597A179205C5E17D0298D4E347B9" value="1990-07-17">17 Jul 1990</date>
,
<emphasis id="A2A42C60A6FE27AD797ADDEBCF36699E" italics="true">W. N. Takeuchi 6156</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="0D0636F68AB825003682981FA55B1AFF" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="8ECF2889833008E9B59500A0B45CE88A" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 81: LAE [acc. # 293351];
<typeStatus id="26D924FBD47FBC84CE2E2418F1827A43" type="isoneotype">isoneotypes</typeStatus>
: A [00619947, 00619957], BISH [acc. # 618017], K [K 001153745, K 000922457, K 000922458], L [L. 2881432, L. 2882048], MO [acc. # 4235181], NSW [NSW 825821],
<collectionCode id="ACD9D3A85EE018BF50BE2EFD2A94E09C" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[01404956, 02286515],
<collectingCountry id="81283D2D5B5D4774A6645CCFEE7D13A9" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[01253664, acc. # 3723521]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEB15A3DCA28B7E636B59F16D417772E">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5BF75B098AED861763F5F32FBFD84E24">
<treatmentCitation id="7BDA97CC95A216F8B91B64470CE322B7" author="Bitter" journal="Bot. Jahrb. Syst." page="107" score="144.29617767960897" volume="55" year="1917">
<taxonomicName id="1708D6589361B3B3BFDE53D0691EA093" ID-CoL="8S8WW" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ledermannii">
<emphasis id="93237B82279CAFF720353F866F353A79" italics="true">Solanum ledermannii</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 107. 1917, as “ Ledermannii ”
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="10D80D92E73B1789B239F4712FFD8C21" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="D441CE58EE37576C2CD721DFAB1E3C53" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik">East Sepik</collectingRegion>
: “ Etappenberg ” [between Kamelrücken and Bambooberg
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EH5GK" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[142.483333,-4.633333]}">4 ° 38 ' S, 142 ° 29 ' E</named-content>
, fide
<bibRefCitation id="B0FEA5FEDE1A22207C963F59A6D0DF3C" author="Veldkamp" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Veldkamp" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana Bulletin" pagination="32-38" refId="B129" refString="Veldkamp JF, Vink W, Frodin DG (1988) XI. Ledermann’s and some other German localities in Papua New Guinea. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 10: 32–38." title="XI. Ledermann’s and some other German localities in Papua New Guinea." volume="10" year="1988">Veldkamp et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
],
<quantity id="555836D4BEB5093A249D41C4A26CD3DD" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
,
<date id="07E35CD9AE2A2E815A811E22EC7B6109" value="1912-10">Oct 1912</date>
,
<emphasis id="CDD58FDF016FA5B5C515B92776B3F5E5" italics="true">C. L. Ledermann 9214</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="D9ACC6A5FCD7724262BD991195C8EC98" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed]).
<collectingCountry id="74F6F5B7585279EB0FD52BB5078F9728" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="0A7C8129D80421228C8B08D9D876EF47" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik">East Sepik</collectingRegion>
: Amboin, Angoram subdistrict,
<quantity id="95FA6BC1DF4455B62E2FA95E615774DE" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
,
<date id="E446E388220A7FDABBCF8E86AF66E715" value="1967-07-29">29 Jul 1967</date>
,
<emphasis id="0A8084C56887217019325BBE555F0311" italics="true">A. N. Millar &amp; A. W. Dockrill NGF- 35176</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="1CE18B3FAB3BCA95B449513E1633EAF1" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<treatmentCitation id="8AFC000AF74A710CD22893D1AB9C48C5">
<bibRefCitation id="A123CF1E046A324E00FC9B2DD696EEEE" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pg. 81: LAE [acc. # 89947];
<typeStatus id="0868B69A6E7DD824135887439D5AD666" type="isoneotype">isoneotypes</typeStatus>
: BRI [n. v.], L [L. 2881436]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A4BD91931D42FE0E1FDA824AB66A5BF">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A8BC040A231AF0498245BB2811747A26">
<treatmentCitation id="B35C6188673D94F2433CD95A950D703D">
<taxonomicName id="64BC336D523DAA7E82D17616F405343F" ID-CoL="3WK3H" authority="(Bitter) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balanidium">
<emphasis id="99F9A146B022FD49ABE62675ABF2C3C0" italics="true">Lycianthes balanidium</emphasis>
(Bitter) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="6EFD5CF9436528851F78484A1202EF4E" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 504. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="3D47351DAF6988E5617103B8D9E5B2C3">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="2086B812779FDFFC5428BA0A65E27B3A" ID-CoL="6Z63S" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balanidium">
<emphasis id="FEF9EEA156C7BA3E112105ED784D7F34" italics="true">Solanum balanidium</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125410B9B0BA926BD7A4B91C98A94616">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="32C783A2074384CEA4A55CC2E2A1F82B">
<treatmentCitation id="E985130880801D01EACFE1369991D91C">
<taxonomicName id="DE38770DFA4204F02BB2F5B3B6E565F5" ID-CoL="8S8WW" authority="(Bitter) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ledermannii">
<emphasis id="FD291977C50B4C82848D6DC4571998A7" italics="true">Lycianthes ledermannii</emphasis>
(Bitter) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="34E11EAE6FED663C317D96378A5A6751" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 504. 1919, as “ Ledermannii ”
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="8B2146A891F990359CCAF6883E2D3805">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="9349F2541762C80D94B7E8B748357BEE" ID-CoL="8S8WW" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ledermannii">
<emphasis id="C27CD87C3B918B0C3EB492AEFA83015C" italics="true">Solanum ledermannii</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C79002492C7C1BD4046070B3655F63D">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="665045B91EEDCE442A2D1956DAB04A3C">
<treatmentCitation id="9C3BB06297E04B1F5C317C6C996198A2">
<taxonomicName id="664769578B66668C921DB99ECFB23752" ID-CoL="8SF6B" authority="(Bitter &amp; Schltr.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Bitter &amp; Schltr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="memecylonoides">
<emphasis id="45BEB000388AC97BD8D84DE7E82273A5" italics="true">Lycianthes memecylonoides</emphasis>
(Bitter &amp; Schltr.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="B62954BF2CC8364898AF1B6EFFB6F137" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 504. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B6B2456556218AA5A4DDCE1045F218B2">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="2B14CD71835188CA95E4E279E7EE66EB" authority="Bitter &amp; Schltr." authorityName="Bitter &amp; Schltr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="memecyloniodes">
<emphasis id="8684CD924A1A4CAD63ADDA3528CEE1AF" italics="true">Solanum memecyloniodes</emphasis>
Bitter &amp; Schltr.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDBHK" type="material">
<paragraph id="F4DF9A9AC5451575FB9AFE60639CA6A2">
<heading id="E0195305186A20763AAE2AAB1A991502" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="1FC1B3B99577D175A4E6C0D5D374473F">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA3B7C292A59B9D324E81BB93A1953DB">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="C2F737779A16C66DA58DFE78E62FDACC" authority="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum." authorityName="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliverianum">
<emphasis id="ED1FEE367A09C3047017F2BEA9C3C505" italics="true">Solanum oliverianum</emphasis>
Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUBHK" type="description">
<paragraph id="C6FAC601EE173F2CA98744D7337A0E15">
<heading id="4AC8169B68D1832FB67C180BEDBDD5ED" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="193406919CFC011B984E9769F76C63B4">
Woody climbers or lianas, sometimes described as shrubs, to 3 + m tall (often described on labels “ beautiful ” e. g.,
<emphasis id="B3B24968809E80D39B87B4D554A29214" italics="true">van Royen &amp; Sleumer 7716</emphasis>
from New
<collectingCountry id="8EA8F9D33A2A982F70E601E83D253608" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
); stems terete, glabrous; new growth glabrous or minutely papillate with tiny 1–2 - celled weak simple uniseriate trichomes less than
<quantity id="BF7378EA6EBE70111D609577384FC648" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long, these soon deciduous; bark of older stems whitish grey, peeling and flaking, somewhat rugose and thick. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size but not in shape. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves (6.5)
<quantity id="9054895170C48084508899416C00618D" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="cm" value="17.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="9.0">9–25 cm</quantity>
long, (2.8)
<quantity id="DF1CEBBA36499FD23774D868AAF280E0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3–10 cm</quantity>
wide (perhaps larger but not collected), elliptic, slightly discolorous, thick and coriaceous or chartaceous; adaxial surfaces glabrous, somewhat shiny; abaxial surfaces glabrous; principal veins 6–8 pairs, the midrib slightly keeled above, sometimes drying yellowish tan; base acute, often somewhat oblique; margins entire, revolute; apex acute or acuminate with an elongate drip-tip; petioles
<quantity id="EA4C9FA7161576A3861DFA7CE253B125" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.0">1–2.5 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="5C9AD571C910AE40E78EC108CA84DD21" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="4.0">4–9 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="C6C1EA52A5F083FD98277223A398A6ED" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–5 cm</quantity>
wide, shape, texture and pubescence like that of the major leaves; base acute; margins entire, revolute; apex acute or acuminate, occasionally rounded; petioles
<quantity id="62A0EAA1E0562F9837951EFE84C38A0A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.8" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.6">0.6–1 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous. Inflorescences dense axillary fascicles, occasionally woody and enlarged with what appear to be short, fat branches, these to
<quantity id="82A4D85B78DA10E0A07809F306FFAA86" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="cm" value="0.3">0.3 cm</quantity>
long, with 10–20 - flowers, several open at the same time, glabrous; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="B75947E7C93FDF6492317273950B317A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.0">1–1.4 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="C967046A0EAF66A7FDBD53971FC17FE5" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="71A849F017AF2C58C066030821360F27" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, glabrous, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed on the woody fascicle base. Buds plumply ellipsoid, the corolla ca. halfway exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5 - merous (4 - merous in
<emphasis id="00DF74D9225ECDCA9F3FB594120E3382" italics="true">Takeuchi 23389</emphasis>
), heterostylous, specimens with either all short-styled flowers or long-styled flowers and fruit, the plants probably dioecious. Calyx tube
<quantity id="3687F1A61C49E99E3DBDCBF71CF93089" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="C2C113A8FCD954B7C5E11E4F98F54FA0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter, deeply cup-shaped, usually described as purple or purplish blue, thick and fleshy, densely verrucose / tuberculate, without appendages, the rim somewhat hyaline ca.
<quantity id="2B24F4E2BC623AC37FFDEFDDDF9D997C" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
wide, sparsely papillate. Corolla
<quantity id="747CA3F8E706E4FFD430463F923A750E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white or purple, stellate, lobed nearly to the base, interpetalar tissue absent, the lobes
<quantity id="F4F38767E0F8DE41337A820ABEC89AF6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="C60DD86ECD9C4C0E36DEA8A164770A68" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading or reflexed, thick and fleshy (live plants), appearing woody in dry material, adaxially glabrous to densely papillate with a few weak trichomes distally, abaxially densely papillate somewhat verrucose, the tips and margins densely papillate, the midvein raised especially adaxially, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments
<quantity id="093AC502341DAE26C345ADA627B2093B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="3E6D345996A43A59B8595CE4EB1AE819" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="4F44101BD9851E938DD33C3BDEDDB67B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide, plumply ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, creamy white, yellow or purple, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores round, distally directed, not elongating with age. Ovary conical, glabrous, vestigial in short-styled flowers; styles less than
<quantity id="2166346C15977507A7EA1E86232D6ADA" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long and vestigial in short-styled flowers,
<quantity id="5E29D99314A7934AA6E3C0A0508921DB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
long in long-styled flowers, straight, glabrous; stigma slightly bilobed, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="8871E16A3D19DE60C1018BC35EF76E6F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" unit="cm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green and becoming bluish black when ripe, the pericarp glabrous, thick and appearing woody in dry material, matte, opaque; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="721E11515372BC2E66D42AD4CD55EA67" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" unit="cm" value="1.3" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="48144B29CDF05C584E36EE3B76721736" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="D263DBFC462B35EBDBC46872021CA416" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading or erect (?), woody, corky and markedly verrucose / tuberculate; fruiting calyx a cup surrounding ca. the lower half of the berry (making the fruit look like an acorn), woody (fleshy in live plants) and verrucose / tuberculate both adaxially and abaxially, green flushed with purple (fide
<emphasis id="04CEE83B0450DF21FBC8077B4DFDD461" italics="true">Polak 864</emphasis>
). Seeds 20–40 per berry,
<quantity id="8E3475A57276B90DBB36D524D40C33A3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="02B5CB27BF639EA1B61E7C1F0C3CD9DC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, flattened reniform or slightly tear-drop shape, reddish brown, the surfaces at the margins deeply pitted with pentagonal testal cells, the seed centre only shallowly pitted and the cells not clear, prominent “ hairy ” testal cell walls absent. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="681010D8F4736A2CFF8356D40AA964CC" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure16" ID-arpha="162B28C0-8855-5C5B-A389-6CE9BA378125" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103809" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="B988C3C81C88F3EFE8C0CE1B88681BED">
<label id="A020C92A7BF681AE33F70D31077F2B3B">Figure 16.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A26687D1142F91D3BA4976F150432AA">
<taxonomicName id="2D80CA3F76E30818D4ED54E7E17737BB" authority="(Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum)" baseAuthorityName="Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="150E0A3BCA3021495000382411B8FD2E" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
(Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum)
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Maluku,
<emphasis id="AB73538681EB2A48B73AE905F046E044" italics="true">Kornassi 649</emphasis>
(K 000922900). Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, reproduced with permission.
<ext-link id="B84ACC6D751DF3662BAA4E6DEF6518F3" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000922900" xlink_type="simple">http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000922900</ext-link>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6CHK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7FE0E85D079C80520BD2484B211FC7DC">
<heading id="DB567E5C2B14835E6D9C4291B011BD39" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB53877D17E6C4B651D67AF8000571BF">
<emphasis id="DEAFE451668975F4EF55BB878173EFA4" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="A23EE840A79F1CACE4A962412199133C" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution of Lycianthes oliveriana (including distribution on the island of New Guinea)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103810">17</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
In Asia
<taxonomicName id="A2B5B0E5D0A01529474968627C2C4A49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="3A12AE96AC104E95F53C907BFD8A487F" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs only in
<collectingCountry id="E3D2AC1FC9E31467D8873FDF03A09256" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
on the
<collectingCountry id="24DD620ADEC90AB7B303A1797FE55EF5" name="Indonesia">Maluku Islands</collectingCountry>
(Seram [
<collectingRegion id="93A7934871F626D4BD48C9EC18395A4E" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara">Maluku</collectingRegion>
] and Halmahera [
<collectingRegion id="C9EE3C1B266BA2324A9758440CEA0B5A" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara">Maluku Utara</collectingRegion>
]) but is widespread on the island of New
<collectingCountry id="6A5F716FB9D29D200F6C1918A7EB9AAF" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
in both
<collectingCountry id="C4500D8C257DF42989A5D673B1B8AC24" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="B9F5D8DE64B796354AA23061ADC1786B" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B571DF307400C8D990A0C44D6EA1D777" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8DAF6079CE43C47E71C8C5DB01C82F37" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure17" ID-arpha="F32342DD-A545-5D35-A28A-ED53B32D9DD8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103810" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="3B393E9A9433D0A6CE11598BE629CDEF">
<label id="973FC1D4E84900801DD9954727890A2F">Figure 17.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B2F9F5DAA3FCFD01A477EB1B9617DE3">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="7498B67E70E1A5F5FF3E5CA8B49FF330" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="4BBAC5B0631729FA15202217D67D61B6" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including distribution on the island of New Guinea).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETEHK" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="4A9B184306560EA24B473AEAAAD8F468">
<heading id="F35045240999A37561AF830FBB839F97" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B9AA7040CB492AD5F545CA12D0E3CF4A">
<taxonomicName id="02A598A18E5BCF40E5361855FC386F51" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="D021985CEB7B67AFF23A223BD2A271E2" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in lowland to montane and premontane rainforests, from almost sea level to
<quantity id="FAEA37A4E2BB83A6B5B5DA5F1F38E503" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="2300.0">2,300 m</quantity>
elevation. On New
<collectingCountry id="A408167FF8C3954CBDFF95A3199B616F" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
this wide elevational range is accompanied by much variation in leaf size and shape (
<bibRefCitation id="3163C0BD4C3D28C91FECEF3882A84C97" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIFHK" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="91FCAEA4D60617E5845257EFD587BF80">
<heading id="EC56CC7D168F88DF73931849A504F3E8" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DE7B08217107D916F86A31B05E2C5CF">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENFHK" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="6C2A373451A4DD3CD8A99D700591D0D0">
<heading id="F1E4D8F8D60C8616B45EE9644553510E" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DA85F46B8E5A7859314DB2781A5114E">
<emphasis id="6F6E97631213E0F2A38018A65FC60E2D" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="3B84BDF7FB93866D2C58E8328FBC6527" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1FHK" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="C0EEA31187936972B8139E2DD877434F" metricMagnitude="9" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.00629" unit="km" value="1006290.0">1,006,290 km</quantity>
<superScript id="D08DAFDC08B30D1D047F97CB98031830">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAGHK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEGHK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="01353207D3A68A9C61462E8880820DF7" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" unit="km" value="156.0">156 km</quantity>
<superScript id="6950E1281BA47F8BF3CEA934D7DF2132">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKGHK" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="41DE1E2CF00E2652176B5F30F25C4B3C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="4FB7D7F9BB6643D82A3A43F3E7298934" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from more than 10 localities at a wide variety of elevations; the assessment here is based on its entire distribution. It occurs within protected areas in both
<collectingCountry id="2528DCF0443B2FD0475640E3B911893F" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="367555B26E4834CF06DFE25D1A29AEC4" name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="436C9D5EC88CC008680D1B801E93170A" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
). This suggests a preliminary threat status of either Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4GHK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
) or Near Threatened (NT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBHHK" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4AA94C139F187A58EFFBF161F478F315">
<heading id="2455CD780AAA0299A4AF5BCE20FACAA9" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5A38F8B919F4A1C0E4B6D6B89CF4F1E">
<taxonomicName id="FB8577F3CD14F6EF5BCBBEF2EAA1E063" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="04DE5BAE422812C18751B42F2F3B72EF" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive species with many-flowered axillary inflorescences, relatively small (ca.
<quantity id="D6061B975B7C7F3D525D86DF9758327F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
in diameter) flowers with valvate aestivation and thick fleshy corollas, plump, ellipsoid to slight obellipsoid anthers and somewhat warty calyces with no appendages (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A6B66F83BA6529A651F3978FCC2C08E2" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 D</figureCitation>
). The berries appear to have a slightly woody pericarp; this woodiness coupled with the somewhat accrescent calyx tube gives the fruits of
<taxonomicName id="4BDD0218EC225A1D348AE053221B11EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="10768F0E8F5F4EFF37412B534E4023E8" italics="true">L. oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the look of tiny acorns.
<taxonomicName id="939CDDD876B5AD612E1E86E5AD692562" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="BEF363AA32F3B4BD93C8C588456C33FF" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be dioecious, with long- and short-styled flowers on different plants. This needs confirmation in the field, and
<taxonomicName id="3399559F4AE71A2C62DFFBF127064D96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="B058D8309B13CD8F30DE0652D30D5421" italics="true">L. oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be an ideal subject for a reproductive biology study since it is relatively common and widely distributed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98A2E779A3BD77A2410DEE43A3CDDCFD">
<taxonomicName id="B7584590A6E7A7379116037F63086E0F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="210075A0B73C78A561079E2B73ED172C" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could potentially be confused with
<taxonomicName id="C96F4C228EC4DADB12A310961023999D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="20999FC10F483CA56467ABDAE66CA84D" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species with a wider distribution in tropical Asia outside of New
<collectingCountry id="F4CDE1F7A645833B4C20D7F922F6398C" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Berries of
<taxonomicName id="80EE8FC146CCEAADD35D41AD3CEA1C78" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="8163F7ED731136387554F7C258DBC926" italics="true">L. oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are somewhat woody on dry specimens and have many seeds, while those of
<taxonomicName id="9D98CFE1E27CCC30EB08CD496F959030" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="42C915484B0F71DD0907D3E7F93A54F9" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are juicy with a translucent pericarp and only have two (to very occasionally four) seeds. Flowers of
<taxonomicName id="04F98BE8F4DAFBCACF9EABC57B50F4B9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="4520A75C38B619D2133E88E7AE4C4213" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are cosexual while those of
<taxonomicName id="903822E8718644F83B3F6848E78A5C12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="7528CB2B34BEF1113E446379567698C7" italics="true">L. oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are either long- or short-styled. On New
<collectingCountry id="D48F2C1570F0BA30E208B2D5D8116B01" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="9B71F7A350AB8E70A5F443F24475A272" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="82638B93489119F8536CE067361209B8" italics="true">L. oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a wide variety of leaf shapes (
<bibRefCitation id="9EE28CEAB436845CD441D8C6B4E41E63" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The Malaku specimens are of plants with broadly elliptic leaves (Fig.
<figureCitation id="59668DB1983AF6E01011F51D040CB8D1" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lycianthes oliveriana (Lauterb. &amp; K. Schum) herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Maluku, Kornassi 649 (K 000922900). Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, reproduced with permission. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000922900." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103809">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

1794
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<subSubSection id="4A7CD7FEC515F0FE8F0C76B59BB9B26C" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="99B367A056C6B669A460501449BC93E3">
<heading id="A060F3C2B10E43E8072AF43E75F1DE55" reason="label">9.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="875BE519B6FC33AED586D8B7137D8943" ID-CoL="4Y46H" authority="(Merr.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Merr." baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="AF195FDF9A77A404683CA840762DC189" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
(Merr.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="38C0A128FFE23530C508693A429621ED" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 461. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AA9E9348DDF20B7B26C097C2F248D54A" type="description">
<paragraph id="8D5490FAC658D4B7DABABD5F3E629750">
<figureCitation id="FAD38809EAABC5422B57DFC995F12D04" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">Figs 3 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="83AA97718B9F5C29959560440E04FFEB" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Lycianthes schizocalyx (Merr.) Bitter herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Sumatra, Robinson &amp; Kloss 116 (BM 001018978). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103815">21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7FD79DB6225B26078D795E709728081D" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3D71E388713EE9D6B3EAA2E1260AFA0D">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8E701C37692BA973033B72D141DC4F36">
<treatmentCitation id="72B2B631B0AF8FD4B91EC8910421AB35" author="Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl." journal="Gen. Pl." page="453" score="1.1334221679718919" volume="2" year="1891">
<taxonomicName id="8BBC1667F217FCF425C63283CE6BA112" ID-CoL="B5WTL" authority="Kuntze" authorityName="Kuntze" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflorum" variety="corynephorum">
<emphasis id="6AD3BCEA474017D2BE4BD4F04C757DF5" italics="true">Solanum biflorum</emphasis>
Lour.
<emphasis id="319522A2218786E0AC877104207B4122" italics="true">var. corynephorum</emphasis>
Kuntze
</taxonomicName>
, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 453. 1891
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="3CD1D18FFA84FD84530E37D709FCEE10" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="92FE4F404E793B43C869A93AC20AB272" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: “
<collectingRegion id="D6CE9D30E080DA96CA82521DB762E997" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: Tjibodas, 4,600 f ”,
<date id="E0717EACBC82058DC9F89DC6F8D96721" value="1875-05-25">25 May 1875</date>
,
<emphasis id="66083248CF5639B0144AF04AB7965039" italics="true">O. Kuntze 4574</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="24513074AE4D401F36B7B3B3F77B330A" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="CD4AA23085845E5FDFADF4A4F496EE32" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00172276];
<typeStatus id="92559C9DDE9E0BE665AA8AB209D0DE08" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="E39F81CDDEA907A2A26962295713E304" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00172275 )).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D9E52D0258F922A5B526DCB11501CA1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="214887C94FC34410BA9EFB0C4B527F0A">
<treatmentCitation id="1BB7172B0EE01FD547D24E255F34EBDB">
<taxonomicName id="DE5204882DD79DD8178256843CB83730" ID-CoL="4Y46H" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="08440978C657E67B9F20828E06815602" italics="true">Solanum schizocalyx</emphasis>
Merr.
</taxonomicName>
, Philipp. J. Sci. 5
<bibCitation id="59E20256CB93EA454F5253BD044B308F" page="383" score="0.021399177134361555" volumeTitle="(C)" year="1910">(C): 383. 1910</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="DD3BA9DB5D2FC68A14B529B820022FD9" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Cordillera CAR]: Mount Data, District of Lepanto,
<date id="CEBF869CD5E53CDA36DB785185DC93E4" value="1905-11">Nov 1905</date>
,
<emphasis id="7C618AE677D441944AEAA5576727F173" italics="true">E. D. Merrill 4548</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited;
<typeStatus id="2141325AC4C300A5A994D8640DCE44E2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectingCountry id="95996C327C028BD9697CE0C9CFB3BB9D" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027886, acc. # 71033];
<typeStatus id="ACC7D5B5905A484017CBBC7A1D11F46C" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: K [K 000759387], L [L. 2859466],
<collectionCode id="3BF1AFA5995A70851E25001774E85ADF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00138723], P [P 00368998]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70A4E87EAC712465F5D91A60EDB15729">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="024F7B05096EC2A25ADEC2C106163394">
<treatmentCitation id="D495A3EF2ED69C5B4F353C955DACB9DD">
<taxonomicName id="70497FB870C702C9AEDFFA2090ABC66F" ID-CoL="3WK3X" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brachyanthera">
<emphasis id="8526B1F879ED10A914DD8B93B458F04B" italics="true">Lycianthes brachyanthera</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 473. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="4C15C79047FE992F850A8F49EFEF5189" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="3C13FA2A5F970BFE2CF30FF575D9788C" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
: [
<collectingRegion id="2405FF567FD6CD0D5A4785A2091938DC" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi Utara</collectingRegion>
], Lokon [Gunung Lokon, near Tomohon], s. d.,
<emphasis id="8A486EE27072470252D0359A991657F4" italics="true">P. B. Sarasin &amp; F. K. Sarasin [VI 44 a] 396</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="568EEEAC244332D1D961925AC165E5A0" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed]; no duplicates found, in synonymy ex descr.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03EA8D7D36E8CD6EBB12383DED4DCCCF">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A13361820E526936720BF864EF79FBA4">
<treatmentCitation id="31BA0AD786D9A296045FF5C432CEEB4C">
<taxonomicName id="9FDB97E2CB873247EDD5A9139639FA6F" ID-CoL="3WK77" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutipila">
<emphasis id="3F585699389052E75A2545AC44E1AE89" italics="true">Lycianthes minutipila</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 473. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="BD62CDA10A1DB5229F62EA6AF65DA39E" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="B33106A0DFA88AABC39C8335B463253D" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
: [
<collectingRegion id="2C8ED8E057C86DBE40A6334598405039" country="Indonesia" name="Aceh">Aceh</collectingRegion>
], Boernipaja [protologue “ Gajoe Loeas in Alas Landen ”],
<date id="7A4FDC091BAC26219B45E28E30EE592E" value="1904-02-16">16 Feb 1904</date>
,
<emphasis id="204ACD4A792FB54BBC4355BA8F726F30" italics="true">G. C. E. van Daalen &amp; R. M. Pringgo Atmodjo 21</emphasis>
[cited only as van Daalen by Bitter] (
<typeStatus id="ECEAE3B2F588061E467700CD79162B47" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="0369ACBF66F075C9D62AFE44267B5D01" country="Indonesia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15186" name="Herbarium Bogoriense" type="Herbarium">BO</collectionCode>
acc. # BO- 1324388];
<typeStatus id="40CC1105758DD4B0571010B6C5B1F552" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: BO [acc. # BO- 1414432]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E545673EF6C3E06B373DA78B9C7BC2C9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2AFE987DC97A4E4D1015985D2AD6D966">
<treatmentCitation id="2B89E3D92999C420A3D66485B51ECFA8">
<taxonomicName id="076B9F7FD89C22368FD16145C40F3EDC" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="denticulata" variety="liophylla">
<emphasis id="5E0FEAC160F42FFD32EF9202F8EE4EB1" italics="true">Lycianthes denticulata</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="4FB1408507E5A198DC3491B8F38FBF69" italics="true">var. liophylla</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 474. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="F1DF13DAD56CAE327F252F7ADD62E5E9" name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="45A941120E1F61A9FB3BD463436B3F5D" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
). “ Tenasserim, Molyet ” [=
<collectingRegion id="3CB770811203F95BF3AB5F7BA42735DC" country="Myanmar" name="Taninthayi">Tanintharyi Region</collectingRegion>
],
<quantity id="89AA5DD9D04CAFE47DA3407D442C4121" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" unit="m" value="1750.0">1,750 m</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="A92092E6AA12C4AB8D343C803477C505" italics="true">G. Gallatly 189</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="7924EF6FAD1AFC79B89BDC98342F87D1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed];
<typeStatus id="BAD368F93AE60EFF50510D7ED1BA462A" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: CAL [acc. # 315676];
<typeStatus id="25A2659EA9757D9FBD4F83310960AC2C" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: CAL [no acc. #]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D35A1160560E0AF8E3F26E282301E353">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2DB2D5242851EB35ED873ACCAEA45195">
<treatmentCitation id="8A3EB5A5E85A01CC35581734D937E423">
<taxonomicName id="82B0E1C64221B209A2D7B76995F387F4" ID-CoL="5PWQM" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="glabratula">
<emphasis id="0D8223CBF46359817D7A5B1F9A3B499C" italics="true">Lycianthes laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
<emphasis id="13B115D2C2700150317C25C94D943517" italics="true">var. glabratula</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 488. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="62B00C382A42E813ECCAE25ECF516A56" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Cordillera CAR]: Pauai, prov. of
<collectingRegion id="450C7348CB4797A33BE99DF5FD007EF0" country="Philippines" name="Benguet">Benguet</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="96E44D2CE0E6917BB74424B334FD1CD8" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" unit="m" value="2100.0">2,100 m</quantity>
,
<date id="DDE19DAD0EE6581B496B0F2C29E19C9D" value="1910-06">Jun 1910</date>
,
<emphasis id="5F5410F9CA3E01E6FDC2B971D079F416" italics="true">R. C. McGregor 8393</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="EF3A106739FA8B575822608183B28408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectingCountry id="1662CF0C87A261E9C26287BC167D779E" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[02840845, acc. # 628912];
<typeStatus id="14242933EB474EE749B78F685D223AA6" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: B, [destroyed]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED3DA691BA2AED5D563DAB9F965B5A">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C195C2E04ED7C2EFFE4EEC0263A9EB71">
<treatmentCitation id="DF887068F915590ACD0AED85C59E71B7">
<taxonomicName id="4E8CE8CA3E75ED672F1EA917DC889124" ID-CoL="5JG4X" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="laevis" subSpecies="luzonensis">
<emphasis id="E92FF43777C9C3884C0684EA3BC62D6A" italics="true">Lycianthes laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
<emphasis id="89E3B672FA1338E321C1E75670F10E79" italics="true">subsp. luzonensis</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 489. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="578D31E56AC720D985887DF041B081B7" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Cordillera CAR]: Mount Santo Tomas [“ Mount Tonglon, prov.
<collectingRegion id="3FBC2168C0CAE7F62C7422A59B38BBD1" country="Philippines" name="Benguet">Benguet</collectingRegion>
”],
<date id="2CC39B3F9BE8367071B66A1BEB975F14" value="1906-08">Aug 1906</date>
,
<emphasis id="4280AB4C410ED1490B995EB12C99ADD1" italics="true">H. M. Curran 5029</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="77FC0AF9108EEDC3E9B18B532E9610D4" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectingCountry id="BF0E0054527B7E25154DD6DB0C562A60" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027887, acc. # 708756];
<typeStatus id="F90A5012D4F75744F682EE69CD9F867F" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed], CAL [no acc. #]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="908FD62281F044A3CD0878C0C3232C8D">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D2201894DC4C954CF7835A6BECBA1AF3">
<treatmentCitation id="A62CFF7DAD4891A8D7459164818BAC44">
<taxonomicName id="D0EE85CD35EC1B2A45E18ABD134152E2" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="majuscula">
<emphasis id="103D21D8F10D6018ABABCC2420ECD5A1" italics="true">Lycianthes laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
<emphasis id="30E7FBCC826A349E49310E15C650A61F" italics="true">var. majuscula</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 488. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="DA6FB2D6F15F9D62BC4F9AC937861019" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="88F16E9F3DC1E223B7ABCFCF1FAEB78F" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: “
<collectingRegion id="50568C4DEA03955C06B5BF57C933A2E1" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat">West-Java</collectingRegion>
. Berg Malabar ”,
<emphasis id="0E4D4A0DB2198BD88485E1BC183299C8" italics="true">E. M. Wichura 2168</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="AB1A310286A848D630A615CE80672F86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed]; no duplicates found, in synonymy ex descr.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F116B2EE2DDC6EE770DBA0535B28D0F7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9C188128992E061A68B2F877DEE03EFA">
<treatmentCitation id="88C811818942DED6ED83AB82A6B23ABB">
<taxonomicName id="AAA936493FF607782A28E2169D63C493" ID-CoL="3WK3M" authority="V. V. Hop" authorityName="V. V. Hop" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baviensis">
<emphasis id="EA0648BC0B42FBC632927C4E026356EC" italics="true">Lycianthes baviensis</emphasis>
V. V. Hop
</taxonomicName>
, J. Biol. (
<collectingCountry id="B3CA56CEA10986BBBE160F4999B178D2" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) 26 (4 A): 44. 2004
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="1F5B7FFB07F3DD21E88D10ABE05A861A" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C564834EB7D63281CD7D87CBF6900986" country="Vietnam" name="Ha Noi">Ha Noi</collectingRegion>
: Hà Tây, Mt. Ba Vi,
<quantity id="1680BAC786D8DA6A100C989360EE1B35" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="m" value="1000.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1,200 m</quantity>
,
<date id="50B0D9E6CEE44804D90B24876C159F21" value="1976-04-24">24 Apr 1976</date>
,
<emphasis id="4B5460CEDF9C74D7C194B53A6B327AAD" italics="true">Nguyen Van Phu HPP 136</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="C3807F2969A9418F9C27778A292267EB" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="2372DC40FB51D74B49242325A08BADFB" country="Viet Nam" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13708" name="National Center for Natural Sciences and Technology" type="Herbarium">HN</collectionCode>
[sheet with label saying “ Typus ” in V. V. Hop hand ”];
<typeStatus id="5C6643F4CD30040659A1DF12414753FA" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: HN [two sheets, not with annotation as “ typus ”]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E65AM" type="material">
<paragraph id="5F39EF194FAE614F4A4764E12F1DC799">
<heading id="334E4AF9E183D101EB21350A91338A4F" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="66226FFB70C6653E3BC05A66F957B6C7">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD21ABAE2A3C7AD1199A71F1A3B359C3">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="D3EE75E621D347275F737833353052AE" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="D8969EE3E35CC4CCC9790492B5832319" italics="true">Solanum schizocalyx</emphasis>
Merr.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQ6AM" type="description">
<paragraph id="C4E0A93EDE46A7186C50583C553AC146">
<heading id="00AF2C98AAE6077DE2CFE7AFAE4853BD" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9267C57604CFA1878DDB53A5F2F19379">
Shrubs,
<quantity id="3FD4A45FBFF7CB297AA905570DAED133" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.75" unit="m" value="1.375" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.75">0.75–2 m</quantity>
tall; stems terete, glabrous or variously pubescent with golden or whitish grey translucent simple uniseriate trichomes to
<quantity id="49093AD709B17F299E0883A7CE5BA622" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, these appressed or spreading and tangled, older stems glabrescent; new growth glabrous to sparsely or densely pubescent with translucent, simple uniseriate 2–10 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="0954F7F5D116EFC11932544F1CF06751" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long; bark of older stems glabrescent, greyish brown or dark brown. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size and occasionally in shape, the minor leaves if different in shape usually more ovate. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="DD1BEC1A7336CBD374EEE3D6BBE7CCAF" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="cm" value="14.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="8.0">8–20 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="2D119758004E9C76E4EFE335B0173627" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6.5 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, widest in the middle or just below, concolorous but occasionally somewhat discolorous, membranous; adaxial surfaces glabrous to evenly and sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, these denser along the veins, the lamina always visible; abaxial surfaces glabrous to evenly and moderately pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, the lamina clearly visible, the trichomes denser on the principal veins and midrib; principal veins 7–8 pairs, usually sparsely to moderately pubescent, occasionally glabrous. the venation not markedly prominent; base attenuate; margins entire, in pubescent plants ciliate with simple uniseriate trichomes to
<quantity id="ACB0A91ED47D9D785CEB754BDA7FAB76" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long; apex acute to acuminate; petiole
<quantity id="D28024FFACF60F1A14AD796776065F92" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.0">1–3.5 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="0EF950286130D38368A7CF876BD075F5" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="cm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="9EAE75F8F401FF1068DCE5F9DAE21D5D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or ovate, sometimes almost orbicular; surfaces like those of the major leaves; principal veins of minor leaves 5–6 pairs; base attenuate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="C1517E8F1E4A586EF3059A74773E87E2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="cm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.2 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent like the stems. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles, with 1–6 flowers, glabrous or with a few trichomes at the pedicel bases; pedicels at anthesis (1)
<quantity id="0ACC54371A64FFB8308F4F076E0E5044" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="0085E496A11CDB2115C9FD243F1938BF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="9B30C5FC0DA7633FB255B3B297DE7976" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, deflexed (perhaps spreading?), glabrous to pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed in the leaf axils. Buds strongly tapered and pointed, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis, the calyx appendages enclosing the bud only partially. Flowers 5 - merous, cosexual. Calyx tube
<quantity id="22C10C354AB84C6E5B0DAF207F0DB504" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="359E23D62E07B011607BB98263A4CD41" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="4.0">4–5.5 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, an open cuplike structure, strongly 7–10 - ridged, sometimes coloured purple or dull violet (fide
<emphasis id="05D09A7730CD566BF1C27E536C28F98B" italics="true">Jacobs 7367</emphasis>
), glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, the trichomes often denser on the ridges, with 7–10 appendages arising at and ca.
<quantity id="E39C49594A8C3AD28B0192BF675A2159" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim, the appendages
<quantity id="5E52523E53AA8A36BC8C6D83A7D97B61" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–5 mm</quantity>
long, ca,
<quantity id="AE9E9F9F30BE427273917EC9E405A504" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
wide, differing in length in the same flower, subulate, parallel to the calyx tube, glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and pedicels. Corolla
<quantity id="2B2A0D8F27E3F3416F24EEB1D1F2D09D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white, violet or purple, occasionally with a darker purple centre (fide
<emphasis id="403A14B1143B20683EE97046148A6527" italics="true">Jacobs 7367</emphasis>
), stellate, lobed 3 / 4 or nearly to the base, interpetalar tissue mostly absent but a thin edge of tissue apparent on lobe margins, the lobes
<quantity id="5E4FDB04C0B5F66341CE567DE54E9C85" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="9.0">9–13 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="B55678F30CFDABBE0281CD681A1188BF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.0">3–5.5 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, glabrous on both surfaces, the tips cucullate and densely papillate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments
<quantity id="0E93BA5300DE413BFE98C334927DBD8B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="42E54029FE4FA0E44E082618AB15E4BA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="CEE3BE1E3955791566DFA858A7BF20DA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide, ellipsoid and tapering to a beak-like apex, tightly connivent, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style
<quantity id="0891F2F5858D6F785F067F8634CAEDD2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9–11 mm</quantity>
long, exserted from the anther cone, glabrous; stigma prominently capitate, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="DAE89443573F72E7B28DC59AB9F79FAA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.0">1–1.3 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, purple or bright red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, shiny, transparent at fruit maturity; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="E1019696E567A9D2E6743A57276A61D8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="40690CC76BDC846CB714E6D3CAE1EA4A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="1437DE5CCA6A5296FB25CBCB244D5987" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, but remaining a cup covering ca. 1 / 4 of the berry, the appendages spreading like a star beneath the berry. Seeds 40–60 per berry,
<quantity id="E1BAD453A90B59A9D582554B85D9E69D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="412B94EC18A3DF0380C4CC1F618D2598" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, flattened-reniform, pale straw-coloured or golden tan, the surfaces pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline in the centre, rectangular on the margins, prominent “ hairy ” appendages absent. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F8F3EFFAB801B81E31AB9A1B12420E58" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure21" ID-arpha="879F6C23-07A0-5C09-9CF9-4EBE3097F9D6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103815" startId="F21">
<paragraph id="64708E725F6A4F9DA9C394570E08762E">
<label id="D12C56FE965FC92E35B50D7AA94B5E0F">Figure 21.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF35EF7E3C28D8859C90AF44657E23CE">
<taxonomicName id="82A080F615C2E43F40053D6CB49941E3" authority="(Merr.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="4676735D4CD24BC42A6643FB1A37C8B9" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
(Merr.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Sumatra,
<emphasis id="ABE45AE35E17F593410812B8CDEACD9D" italics="true">Robinson &amp; Kloss 116</emphasis>
(BM 001018978). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUABM" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FA6AEF6EBAE06A24EC8A7D93C1BAD56E">
<heading id="9B9DEE6540A70EAA039E8A3AD98054A6" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="848128B1CF54B48F605D3FF66CBB2916">
<emphasis id="20AF7A17F0AF905DCA9A5DD20D550393" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="AE9636821360B3DF99FD6838B470F170" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Distribution of Lycianthes schizocalyx." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103816">22</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C20E811FF99DACC66DB51B5507FC1250" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="8E59C78B517C8D5FDAFE14CF76C53074" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="12E7BF2F03F82221A802BEA8ABEDF049" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DB6FB2ABD323F4A16C11C475D7887F19" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A208C0BE9D14C3AB763F9D44B63DB52" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7A80193330E4A96485873559DE452A16" name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="8899C87A6E5D04E6C329B6F199296067" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="7632A2D8ED44D1343E02786B56284849" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BE9060F734848030114DE139BAEDAE47" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9661A56C4B7E42155172FA9AE091604D" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DB62A9F5361FC673BB783B98F862C5F1" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure22" ID-arpha="42357939-5AA0-5F1F-8EA4-550123106BE9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103816" startId="F22">
<paragraph id="40DC65591679880EB1B35878D9378006">
<label id="14A9920F7FB4C2DDCF942A1FE65C4ECD">Figure 22.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6497CF0E57359DFEFC805F9360184814">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="0ACBCE89BCB936E565A51CC2BDC66716" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="55A412D4FBC0257E9DC5CE09106C1B7C" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EECBM" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="812D443DCD25F5285881B560B62B1568">
<heading id="2708A633886BB356414F47A20776E6CA" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="503CB61D2225727B9AA48024841AE9B8">
<taxonomicName id="BBACCC4B16674CDC1684F94001B5ED37" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="10016BA13FAA99520FDE900924EDBBBD" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in montane forests, evergreen forests and disturbed areas in these forests, usually growing in the understory in wet areas, from (100 –)
<quantity id="3D1FD75C732CAF6016D70D99E35DDD6D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="m" value="1750.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1,000 to 2,500 m</quantity>
elevation. Most collections are from above
<quantity id="FD2C8BC9348E4F34C3DF4BBE175236B4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVCBM" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="654FDC214FD5E9C7D01A46B8DBAEFEDA">
<heading id="1CEF0A54157134E1266D8B5AE90A0A4B" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B832C157FDB2BAD92A21B738C3CFB4F">
<collectingCountry id="FC2593CB7F53C71B2FFE9B9B4A302373" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. cà ng ủ ba vì (
<bibRefCitation id="E2BE04D262F4598BDBF34E4333EC9515" author="Hop" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B60" refString="Hop VV (2017) Solanaceae. In: Th ực V ật Chí Vi ệt Nam [Flora of Vietnam]. Vol. 17. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Na Noi, 9–218." year="2017">Hop 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6CBM" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="BEAA7A112F8A33D31A770E1164348898">
<heading id="6797F7C6996EB365F33D94C4FB627F6F" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE19136C71A3505F6EA63B9470E4A33A">
<emphasis id="A55A819513B1FFEF9288E15646FA6433" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="74D1B2DA4B7650801808FF795296ECA0" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMDBM" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="C1A4155E16D851307D01410435857235" metricMagnitude="9" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.731850999999999" unit="km" value="7731851.0">7,731,851 km</quantity>
<superScript id="5188176AD68109A36A026EA6A072EFDB">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESDBM" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWDBM" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="1AA1080F4D61B8E214B7E8916EAD4975" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" unit="km" value="368.0">368 km</quantity>
<superScript id="54404B38790498C13818304E2162C3C5">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3DBM" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="A8677133B716BE9B1047616B85C38F84" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="34F1656F53851E64BA5A9D23204863D0" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from more than ten localities and is quite widely distributed in the region. Throughout the range it is known from protected areas (e. g., Mount Data National Park in the
<collectingCountry id="D25B7FFE2239396843C612D9FA17990B" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, Mount Kinabalu in
<collectingRegion id="444D4E16632F6AFC7A44EA610BD06CC3" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah">Sabah</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8295B3970D785273DD1FF52721D9817B" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
). The assessment of Endangered (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELEBM" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPEBM" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias, but also due to the island nature of the distribution. I therefore assign it a preliminary status of Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETEBM" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXEBM" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="895BB49665D0E34DB8057DB8CE262C36">
<heading id="FF887C4230C66735FCC6324A39996B14" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA407AB37753DC88074925197500DDE9">
<taxonomicName id="9321D1863745FC1D5676A4329FC754B0" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="2002D886FF093C3FAC31A34173E9D35D" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of several Asian species of
<taxonomicName id="D69938773395663AABDEC66BFE15DC9D" authorityName="Georg Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="41F0E4A30F5123012B70FBDD112363E7" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with more than 5 (usually 10) calyx appendages. It is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="6BC8BCD49927D71FD6C319C62E2F2466" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="4B106D451B6F5CEA5D7E34D781A41531" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its shrubby habit, the usually sublate or linear calyx appendages, flowers held below the leaves maturing to erect fruits, and in its elliptic, ovate or narrowly elliptic leaves. Merrill (
<bibRefCitation id="F5F7F0623041DCAF88FCFF9FDD34CE13" author="Merrill and Merritt" firstAuthor="Merrill" refId="B90" refString="Merrill ED, Merritt ML (1910) The flora of Mount Pulog (concluded). Philippine Journal of Science 5 (C, Botany): 371–404." year="1910">Merrill and Merritt 1910</bibRefCitation>
) suggested
<taxonomicName id="4359D6B9174AED73ADEB1D8BA13645AE" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="2926223C24C41048227527CDDABE5698" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was “ manifestly allied ” to
<taxonomicName id="35986A6969996DAFD46BD5FA1D80CE4F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="1FCC50AF89B37BCE31EE619C3DD5D778" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and distinguished it by “ being nearly glabrous, with comparatively large flowers and its calyx splitting down one side. ” Pubescence varies throughout the range of
<taxonomicName id="773EC8DD9558C005B2A8F448F4922FC9" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="AF18C6101F69AF4FA0B4EFEDA53E8253" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as it does in most of these species, and the splitting of the calyx tube occurs often in
<taxonomicName id="B9B2A11FB815AB80BDCF16B74F394055" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="1F01A84B9F6BF4348CBFCC0E27F26F37" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is not unique to the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEB8BB566B4DED2A809A2D31EC8828E2">
<taxonomicName id="F114EBD804930768F8AFD4419C4536FB" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="7C17543935007A63E4D387037FCDEFCE" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="E16F206D3BA6D96C89B3ACCEDB642E70" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="2A22F6B69048E9B8E1DA9A817115EA8D" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– sometimes with difficulty – by its usually fewer-flowered fascicles, calyx appendages that differ in length within a flower and some of which arise from below the calyx tube rim (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2AA1E12C1DCCB6254656BFAC1149E0AD" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 E</figureCitation>
), the usually strongly ribbed calyx tube (although this can be the case in
<taxonomicName id="5D5CA3C51ACA6B44E00D16E9AF294F7D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="CF55313C040C4A6FE48A5F783EA02519" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well) and flowering pedicel length [(1)
<quantity id="2541FD8262DF898A81032BE1E68259F2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
long in
<taxonomicName id="E19577A38C7BBB948EEC7DC17592CDF2" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="E5E62451CD6C81ADC5321166CFB0CFED" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus
<quantity id="991568B61024F7CDE4A74CFC1F560741" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="cm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 cm</quantity>
long in
<taxonomicName id="CA54B9CA4C4CFABC6031366549A59524" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="74742178541607F5441A62053C3150C8" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. The flowering pedicel length is the most consistent character separating the two taxa, along with the insertion of the calyx appendages, but that can sometimes be difficult to see in poorly prepared material. In general,
<taxonomicName id="7A5550695E0D1ABFE5F17989A7609D1D" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="7BC4F12C36B7DB6E64E7926EA8E31A6D" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found at higher elevations than
<taxonomicName id="B4DFCFB9089DC7C9E03287BBD0A7F65D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="FBB8FB8465A05EB7458F215A8C5A7DDF" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this is not consistent across the range of
<taxonomicName id="93452E46FE115197FAF5EB40DBE219D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="5573D4ECDC430713F6BE0D5105889045" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two species may hybridise, but this has not been verified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24EED93583DF858B64949F437BA08598">
<taxonomicName id="0A4AD7E2AED59DB51760CFDDD593C656" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="60776BCD4BEA9FA26E024E62847AC01D" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes confused with
<taxonomicName id="E9D3008944AD428BA51D0DBC3B959C09" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="E4748286F3986F33D2D4470F4A792610" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species have similar calyx appendages; these reliably emerge below the rim in
<taxonomicName id="8C63F143F4FA9BC46822FC83AF2C0B13" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="15F7514018EED4A2937C07097A604451" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and often emerge below the rim in
<taxonomicName id="C56ABAE59AD90494D52D12C4CA989E34" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="48B439272DD8D99FFEBD4393B595FE5E" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="990D3DE774EC8B967603FE0DFD7303D6" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="42582C864E3DEFBE75975828FB9EA25B" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="1E9C5143AADBBE42182255BC628D754E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="A3519E5E06A177B8844D462A36417EED" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its shrubby habit (versus prostrate herb rooting at the nodes), calyx appendages of variable length in a single flower (versus of equal length), and larger berries (
<quantity id="4D996A0323AD2BC2A476EF89DE812635" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.0">1–1.3 cm</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="BF666DF3B07ED67207B86571305F3393" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 cm</quantity>
in diameter). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="158C9147CC71613F4DEF3F3E32285B33" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="F4EBE455560FC527583764DC9616BE8D" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has one-flowered inflorescences and leaves of a geminate pair often the same size and shape (appearing opposite).
<taxonomicName id="6989E9FEE1609C604D9C15F547693350" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="B1FB78F49057DEF88EEA6E6BCCDA8D76" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has 10 calyx appendages, but these are strongly reflexed; those of
<taxonomicName id="79822159488E03EF4AC1670710F6FDA0" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="73E9D6B9099CE03002D728AA0706DE92" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are erect or spreading.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F10C6B71AE4F14EFC4678193D103D8F">
Despite the difference in calyx appendage number
<taxonomicName id="0DC60B6BFAFB153D42C7746EB1AEBC81" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="B83DE6BEFD8071ABFECC4F5C1E64BDB9" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(10 calyx appendages) can be very difficult to tell from
<taxonomicName id="440231FCD2A3F3C524DC9449B1C3AE71" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="7FDEC0BDF23ABC9419255D390986B8A2" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5 calyx appendages) where they grow in sympatry. These two species appear to co-occur at the same locality in various parts of the species’ ranges (e. g.,
<emphasis id="B20AA5955CBBDF563DBC98AFA0A478CA" italics="true">Williams 1334</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="15E719709702312038DFC0E8CBE0316E" italics="true">1334 [A</emphasis>
] from
<collectingCountry id="14913A73E463A2B592F3E4FD33D96864" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
;
<emphasis id="17FA7E6B62FCA60A72D228FC5D79369E" italics="true">Kuntze 4574</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="616A7C53BF5BE1CBD2C62ADACC995CE1" italics="true">4575</emphasis>
from Java). A specimen at
<collectionCode id="32EE7BFE7505B01D0BF7BC371A342879" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
purported to belong to the gathering
<emphasis id="E055E4463E16292501DC0D4CE89C79B4" italics="true">Williams 1334</emphasis>
(here distinguished as
<emphasis id="63BB3EEA920CCBF076BBEF851FA110EE" italics="true">Williams 1334 [A</emphasis>
],
<collectionCode id="0A1ECF2D9920D360DF996D45FBFB83A3" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
barcode 01404894) represents a plant of
<taxonomicName id="FED24CCDE3DFF0117C66E147650CA675" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="FACF7BB104D04742237423AA8F07968D" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this specimen is annotated as a duplicate of 1334 (“ Dup. 1334 ”) in an unknown hand and lacks specific locality data. The other
<specimenCount id="B6DE9A77CF9F59CF2D956558674D685D" count="2" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
numbered
<emphasis id="1616B2D9B59559071492EF6695DB79A7" italics="true">Williams 1334</emphasis>
are clearly
<taxonomicName id="8C13FA2E6786285E130BD3E330EDA8DD" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="89BBC7717CFBC50B0D3943DF1959A991" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Suppl. material
<xref id="84BB79D8806B8CD979EA56805212BCCC" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">2</xref>
). The specimen of
<taxonomicName id="6B70604E27BD174FE67C433D826D6BCE" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="9699664677D4F35F1E848B35AED99EA1" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="DBFBC3AD65C56FE83CCC0A8B26ED9F8D" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
barcode 01404894) may have been numbered a part of this gathering (
<emphasis id="DD76F66B5523098C42EAA5F3A20F8B6C" italics="true">Williams 1334</emphasis>
) not by R. S. Williams, but by a herbarium curator at a later date. Numbers of calyx teeth are consistent but may be artificial, and population studies in areas where these plants co-occur are needed to really untangle this complex situation. The Vietnamese collection (
<emphasis id="CC7BC539067D50006153677919C49B47" italics="true">Croat &amp; Dzu 77996</emphasis>
) cited by
<bibRefCitation id="FBABB8869C730C9F02762D8E86CAE851" author="Hop VV" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B60" refString="Hop VV (2017) Solanaceae. In: Th ực V ật Chí Vi ệt Nam [Flora of Vietnam]. Vol. 17. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Na Noi, 9–218." year="2017">Hop (2017)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="B35DE3F87246686D2173E4456F0B5946" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesiana">
<emphasis id="AA1FE24AEA70A607DF088CC53D0060F8" italics="true">L. neesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(here a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="DEF9F25F7E5FF9A7CA331A7EC3A11770" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="21EA33671B10BD448120EB6642BD50C1" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is here identified as belonging to
<taxonomicName id="1453B89D861BAB2C538389B14F9F490D" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="8171E960E27A824E27A380AD813E1EC8" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37FE50B6980BDEAB73E06341A2D71E3E">
In describing
<taxonomicName id="5046DA047170E432383BE709EC970388" authority=", Kuntze (1891)" authorityName=", Kuntze" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflorum" variety="corynephorum">
<emphasis id="E306C96AEDBC4CD2491C636412457D63" italics="true">S. biflorum var. corynephorum</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2F613E79992D8AD8F095E9B7415F107B" author="Kuntze CEO" firstAuthor="Kuntze" journalOrPublisher="Revisio generum plantarum" pagination="447-456" refId="B76" refString="Kuntze CEO (1891) 114. Solanaceae. Revisio generum plantarum 2: 447–456." title="114. Solanaceae." volume="2" year="1891">Kuntze (1891)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
stated only “
<collectingRegion id="361A8CDA7AB3B764AC2A67C3B1C90D8A" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: Tjibodas ”; as
<typeStatus id="C0957959465E97E14CDD453A76F8BB3E" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for this name I have selected the better of the
<specimenCount id="A1AF6E38FCE5A9CC7EF1ACB3A60C0F09" count="2" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
of
<emphasis id="258D63B4F56088F05B4A221E7BB5FFFE" italics="true">Kuntze 4574</emphasis>
with flowers and fruit in Kuntze’s herbarium held in
<collectionCode id="993DDC77587C0B405BD9A9CA89D1E830" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
(barcode 00172276) that is labelled with that locality and annotated as
<taxonomicName id="27623C34472EB18DBB821F14B78284A6" authorityName=", Kuntze" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflorum" variety="corynephorum">
“ var.
<emphasis id="1B73C222C6C6FE19C905EAAA841EF0C2" italics="true">corynephorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m ” by Kuntze, along with an additional slip with details corresponding to the protologue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E69DE8879F6889D22E8E53E83C3D33B0">
Merrill (
<bibRefCitation id="88497864D524EE45F23F2689E29E90E3" author="Merrill and Merritt" firstAuthor="Merrill" refId="B90" refString="Merrill ED, Merritt ML (1910) The flora of Mount Pulog (concluded). Philippine Journal of Science 5 (C, Botany): 371–404." year="1910">Merrill and Merritt 1910</bibRefCitation>
) cited several collections in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="9651CBEB1886ADB82BD616A43AF7B48F" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="817D0B0B9742F8341BA9E25B62EDB96B" italics="true">S. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicating that
<emphasis id="69DBBD8AB13813F18821EE741DD3C931" italics="true">Merrill 4548</emphasis>
was the type, but did not cite a herbarium. I have selected the
<collectingCountry id="B41300B8B694A66B151646615FBC064F" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
duplicate of
<emphasis id="4287BD67206CC9A425208DB85365D98C" italics="true">Merrill 4548</emphasis>
(barcode 00027886, acc. # 71033) as the
<typeStatus id="7AC8DBAA6D546D7E24EB24996CFD40C7" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, as it is well-preserved, and Merrill was employed by the
<collectingCountry id="84FD5B1655BB9F9AA719FA07CFEECA37" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
government to work in the
<collectingCountry id="C0546E5C429EB91DB11DE5E65A2FA1C4" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
; the collections held in the Philippine National Herbarium were destroyed in World War II (
<bibRefCitation id="D671133A591873B80F369A92E8D080E8" DOI="10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" author="Schultes" firstAuthor="Schultes" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pagination="89-101" refId="B110" refString="Schultes RE (1957) Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation. Taxon 6 (4): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" title="Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation." volume="6" year="1957">Schultes 1957</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="255BC82F7F19F8C245020E2F54F91038">
<bibRefCitation id="F6B19F167FD713784CC1093B2182E2C5" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
included the type of
<taxonomicName id="0CBD395EE1F09EA7606DF97A1383D59E" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="740D58EC14555D091F3B950288C15AEB" italics="true">S. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="4C6E09EDF685285FB806615FAEF3CC28" italics="true">Merrill 4548</emphasis>
) in the
<typeStatus id="265C21886DE9C46C601E8E50258E4A39" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
cited for
<taxonomicName id="D8E7757C04001B2EDEE3462288ED8DBB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="glabratula">
<emphasis id="291004373026F529B2A62D30DB43F42A" italics="true">L. laevis var. glabratula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at the same time recognising
<taxonomicName id="89158C241A193A10BC1C842A356C5C30" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="88492A965D55C8B5D623FF5E4B421EA6" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct, along with
<emphasis id="6DF87509B03A4C54F1A08A936B9C582B" italics="true">McGregor 8393</emphasis>
, both from Berlin (“ hb. Berol. ”). To avoid creating homotypic synonyms, I have designated
<emphasis id="3EEAA980D94593FC80054E202A183BD1" italics="true">McGregor 8393</emphasis>
as the
<typeStatus id="F9A5E2D9B6C7123503B7AE96EB4B1F55" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="5D04DA18AF2FA956907675AD4851ED1B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="glabratula">
var.
<emphasis id="7507DF5A5B341F2AA82D8ADFCB3DE314" italics="true">glabratula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, using the duplicate of this collection in the
<collectingCountry id="F71EB4BEC20A025A45B3B96491CDCD37" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
National Herbarium (
<collectingCountry id="FE9811350BDC4F6D53D4E0366B7FFDCE" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
02840845, acc. # 628912). In his protologue for
<taxonomicName id="75575F0CF3C7EE5D72EB5E480A606E11" authority="Bitter (1919)" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="luzonensis">
var.
<emphasis id="A75D4AE660C57B88686D1BA6E2D6D559" italics="true">luzonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C7D90228B068C9840C7788C4D4D36C61" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
cited
<emphasis id="414067482BD9EB797A59239D1290432B" italics="true">Curran 5029</emphasis>
(a
<typeStatus id="39875E79B1974821793F6B11DD530BB9" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="D399CFA740C99D89D357BA58DB87DCA7" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="22F01B91996C73E219C7F7562881349F" italics="true">S. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="A56D616B45C5794392022D5B101B531B" italics="true">Elmer 6565</emphasis>
, both from Berlin, calling
<emphasis id="91B4179A2304F5C702A74231B49C4B8C" italics="true">Curran 5029</emphasis>
the “ Hauptform ” (main form). The
<collectingCountry id="248CE728FBD97F88086FD330E8E14ACD" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
duplicate of
<emphasis id="8CA98CEA546085A46D5EC8ED86B56564" italics="true">Curran 5029</emphasis>
(strictly
<emphasis id="6CAE9CD35C5D6005A086BF746199E9CC" italics="true">Curran in Herb. Bur. Sci 5029</emphasis>
) is selected therefore as the
<typeStatus id="3D2A6DB89EE5BB47E267C3A4DBC66450" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="F504A3FCB670AE17E3FCD4E2655A3F51" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="luzonensis">
var.
<emphasis id="8BFB068AE74886D7D734B205730F7C18" italics="true">luzonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F02E98D0C4FA6DBADC4CE0E85823F269" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
00027887, acc. # 708756). I have been unable to locate duplicates of the single collection cited (
<bibRefCitation id="A11C6666E28F2F2CBCCAF82E6B95B495" author="Bitter" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter 1919</bibRefCitation>
) for
<taxonomicName id="D9069E9286308D81051C066CA7E397E4" authority="(Wichura 2168)" baseAuthorityName="Wichura" baseAuthorityYear="2168" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="laevis" variety="majuscula">
<emphasis id="42CD7E058867504B1F86453C1AD0C3F4" italics="true">L. laevis var. majuscula</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="303792D12738047B47A737BAA00BA0FA" italics="true">Wichura 2168</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
; it is here placed in synonymy based on the description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA5326A533ABB89735215BBE4BA9C6E5">
<taxonomicName id="86384102B0BB01BC629CE95CCBA57A24" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baviensis">
<emphasis id="114D60002680937EBEEF4DD22BBA94DA" italics="true">Lycianthes baviensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described (
<bibRefCitation id="543F844D30C7F6D6DB347F82CAD7BCA1" author="Hop" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B59" refString="Hop VV (2004) One new species of the genus Lycianthes (Dun.) Hassl. (Solanaceae Juss.) in Vietnam. Journal of Biology 26 (4 A): 44–45. [Tap Chí Sin Hǫc]" year="2004">Hop 2004</bibRefCitation>
) citing as “ Typus ” the collection
<emphasis id="AE721E2917C3D42BD9FFF5512FDD7062" italics="true">HPP 136</emphasis>
held in the
<collectingRegion id="5956AC6DE645519CE41D4E533A611727" country="Vietnam" name="Ha Noi">Hanoi</collectingRegion>
herbarium (HN).
<specimenCount id="29864662CCC958DBA8D1F538B5AC1697" count="3" type="generic">Three specimens</specimenCount>
of the gathering
<emphasis id="9DF3AE47D22A0112125A3D937D6FCF5A" italics="true">HPP 136</emphasis>
are held in HN, of these the one with the annotation as “ type ” and best corresponding to the line drawing in the protologue is selected as the
<typeStatus id="CF3AE21E2036632863DE0A308C069C00" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

497
data/88/5D/66/885D66B2516A59AC8B862AD16970CB1C.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
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<mods:title id="B7A9DC027644F49FF1AEA4A3440D5CF0">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="885D66B2516A59AC8B862AD16970CB1C" ID-arpha="885D66B2-516A-59AC-8B86-2AD16970CB1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885D66B2516A59AC8B862AD16970CB1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885D66B2516A59AC8B862AD16970CB1C">
<subSubSection id="5C6F6368402EFBFCEDB80F421F8D6973" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6E2E1C95189FCC0D109907DC663B5B8B">
<treatmentCitation id="43D91F084267DF204AA66D98E8378155" author="Hassl." journal="Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve" page="180" score="49.22293812297041" volume="20" year="1917">
<taxonomicName id="0FA0EB4CAD596B85F2500BE3A8CF84A6" ID-CoL="5HJQ" authority="(Dunal) Hassl." authorityName="Hassl." baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AC6B1B261535AF146F2744B81DA8CEB1" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
(Dunal) Hassl.
</taxonomicName>
, Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot.
<collectingRegion id="01D5F280EB181755B3FFD02A1A0C9F2E" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve">Geneve</collectingRegion>
20: 180. 1917
</treatmentCitation>
nom. cons.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91939004C11F8A36E8EC71A43A9CE58C" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8AB5345C08EB70A3FB684214456815CC">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A028FA83DB37FCDB267B3BD5236C5691">
<treatmentCitation id="5F00050D44A8B65BB3EEAC1773D50EB7">
<taxonomicName id="47D1390798AD3E380A40F035A110FB00" authority="Raf." authorityName="Raf." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Otilix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F34444279621BF9296C7E14195CCA3AD" italics="true">Otilix</emphasis>
Raf.
</taxonomicName>
, Medical Fl. 2: 87. 1830, nom. utique rej
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="4EC4E19372B60984C436C96C17E8C943">Type</typeStatus>
.
<taxonomicName id="B85C2265BE792D513550C99FB1250E40" ID-CoL="72PCN" authority="(L.) Hassl" authorityName="Hassl" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="B79AEDA275B27AC4B3C80E97D5300485" italics="true">Lycianthes lycioides</emphasis>
(L.) Hassl
</taxonomicName>
. (as
<taxonomicName id="F35715CEB36EB2C07DB71F618E88E977" ID-CoL="4Y365" authority="L." authorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="71C1726AC4FAE4539E9152ABBA5949EE" italics="true">Solanum lycioides</emphasis>
L.
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3851CDF5EFE6AB3DC8071D7B383E45F4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="45912398B98CF1742CE4FCC615F4ED53">
<treatmentCitation id="9C0FB16D254A748AAE85B65DC6E5B0A0">
<taxonomicName id="EBCC9531C86E5BDC6D98D37920851375" authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Lycianthes">
<emphasis id="E6EEDFEFC9C909BFE82D434B88657E03" italics="true">Solanum subsect. Lycianthes</emphasis>
Dunal, Prodr.
</taxonomicName>
[A. P. de Candolle] 31 (1): 29. 1852
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="E477DE780FE2E1D63F976819A3A03DF3">Type</typeStatus>
(designated by
<bibRefCitation id="BAD8BB7E284C84F1E6D63CA238EDB969" DOI="10.2307/2394758" author="D'Arcy" firstAuthor="D'Arcy" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pagination="262-278" refId="B26" refString="D’Arcy WG (1972) Solanaceae studies II: Typification of subdivisions of Solanum. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 59 (2): 262–278. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394758" title="Solanaceae studies II: Typification of subdivisions of Solanum." volume="59" year="1972">D’Arcy 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 211).
<taxonomicName id="325ABAA81D7AAB2CFD8E3DBEBBC9C431" ID-CoL="72PCN" authority="(L.) Hassl" authorityName="Hassl" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="342F55241959706F41315B5622395DDF" italics="true">Lycianthes lycioides</emphasis>
(L.) Hassl
</taxonomicName>
. (as
<taxonomicName id="40F8B46CDA809AC5D494F7C5A93A6C8B" ID-CoL="4Y365" authority="L." authorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="F814E4247A7DD6FBE8CC6574520AA413" italics="true">Solanum lycioides</emphasis>
L.
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CBD8F4AE421FC37D94E55E042E8BB853">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DF3380C55D1C838EB55D855F56012C86">
<treatmentCitation id="3F5C51AF416CD4FDDE502DB6CA78B7B4" author="Parascopolia Baill." journal="Hist. Pl." page="338" score="0.2594558430405583" volume="9" year="1888">
<taxonomicName id="495B45261D7557F36E9D72C5DEE22085" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Parascopolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="346C314952525FD26D3AAFF7E7439371" italics="true">Parascopolia</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
, Hist. Pl. 9: 338. 1888
</treatmentCitation>
, nom rej.
<typeStatus id="30432A5DADE13AC1A20C6F0B474EB9DA">Type</typeStatus>
.
<taxonomicName id="3615C8A1FC92797B0A0E4832C90AF41F" ID-CoL="3WK2W" authority="(Baill.) D'Arcy" authorityName="D'Arcy" baseAuthorityName="Baill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acapulcensis">
<emphasis id="B0BBC238212A79F6FB2C50E6A6767FCB" italics="true">Lycianthes acapulcensis</emphasis>
(Baill.) D’Arcy
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="DC25B56E4606447072F5A3EC869DAC11" ID-CoL="4DBMD" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Parascopolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acapulcensis">
<emphasis id="41B87C5CC3541990782681AB54E3728D" italics="true">Parascopolia acapulcensis</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2SCI" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="78F3B962AE5CBF1BB505589B2E7AB157">
<heading id="D937DA8D500CF6F20269A90A5D76E2C9" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="5806DA5983C340FCB9E1C3A73CE43332">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FEBEEE9296C36ACCD3B7C37DBA8030DC">
<taxonomicName id="1504B5D673B0A725B8CC018A3A825344" authority="(L.) Hassl" authorityName="Hassl" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="1E1D80DBBFF260865803E604E6050361" italics="true">Lycianthes lycioides</emphasis>
(L.) Hassl
</taxonomicName>
. (as
<taxonomicName id="CF84E28CDA4C6E2B9D0A02872F6D1146" authority="L." authorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycioides">
<emphasis id="1467FE7114CA45F8F62C7A171DB8CAA3" italics="true">Solanum lycioides</emphasis>
L.
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXTCI" type="description">
<paragraph id="25FB314283EB5B3E0BEB6F7F8A5131EC">
<heading id="D690D92619699C1FF00A37D811ED7447" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="53D41D50B3C6D3355FCCE07269591061">
Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, lianas or trees, sometimes epiphytic. Stems terete or angled, glabrous or pubescent with simple (unbranched), forked, dendritic or stellate trichomes, these usually eglandular, but sometimes glandular. New growth usually with minute papillae, these sometimes glandular. Sympodial units unifoliate or difoliate, if difoliate the leaves geminate and often differing in both size and shape (anisophyllous). Leaves simple, entire, glabrous or pubescent with simple (unbranched), forked, dendritic or stellate trichomes, these usually eglandular, but sometimes glandular; petioles well-developed or not. Inflorescences axillary or adnate to the stems and caulescent (
<taxonomicName id="28D7E9FF36EBBB2D1710B1386ED5B8A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaernbachii">
<emphasis id="45DF43208647465340CDE378ACDC5A30" italics="true">L. kaernbachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of New
<collectingCountry id="BC10426888D81DDF68D7A19BDEEEFC8C" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
only), fasciculate or with a short rhachis; pedicels articulated at the base. Flowers 4–6 - merous, usually 5 - merous, but some species (e. g.,
<taxonomicName id="8C2D152DC4BB927B77C819BE7B126106" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="1DC7E223F0E3D1E3B733F46F1D5834B6" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often 4 - merous), cosexual or heterostylous, long- and short-styled flowers borne on the same or different plants (in
<collectingCountry id="A9AB9034397E6783EDF25D20B36F6151" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingCountry id="A9989A87D4A10799B2821D8354034181" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and the Pacific probably dioecious). Calyx with various numbers (usually multiples of five, but sometimes fewer) appendages protruding from the calyx tube below or just at the truncate rim, or appendages lacking; appendages small bumps to obovoid to linear or linear subulate in shape. Corolla rotate to deeply stellate, white to deep purple or yellow (
<taxonomicName id="DFB39EADA90FCC30A1EE313C38FB9089" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="24745A3DA40A28CE950CA154A4449A25" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), often with the midvein of the lobes darker and the centre paler or yellow-green, interpetalar tissue present or absent, the lobes minute (rotate corollas) or long-triangular, spreading, cupped or reflexed at anthesis. Stamens equal or unequal due to anther and / or filament differences; anthers plumply ellipsoid and obovate to tapering at the tips, usually dehiscing by apical pores opening to longitudinal slits with age or not, these occasionally longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary conical, glabrous; style straight or curved, the stigma minutely capitate, clavate or strongly bifid with diverging lobes. Fruit a berry, globose to ellipsoid to ovoid, green, orange, red or purple, sometimes with stone cells in the mesocarp. Seeds few to many, usually flattened, often triangular in outline, sometimes winged (e. g.,
<taxonomicName id="0E274AA2BA1912241B0CAA48028F8340" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="moszkowskii">
<emphasis id="678AD9E3D5193D21A1E7E08C5DF6984A" italics="true">L. moszkowskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of New
<collectingCountry id="A85350032206D3749156A9B9F9060141" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
). Chromosome number: n = 12, 24 (few species have chromosome counts).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJVCI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A5D7A123E68354E5E7F8B3E5B39B2370">
<heading id="348CD1729756275EE122F08CE6EB799D" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC10364190C09249E42F06E6AD6BE4D5">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="748B9BA76C44B59B5D298184DCEB7D1D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4EB24DE2A2E2F4565AA1F1E033161B3B" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the Americas, Asia,
<collectingCountry id="6E6F49808896ED3CACCA3E87E058DABB" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingCountry id="C3FC2D0DED4DC4463C1885761378637A" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and the islands of the Pacific. Species richness is concentrated in
<collectingCountry id="9999B7C5CB4A16C1A28A81E80CFC5406" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and Central America. No
<taxonomicName id="3405EE55B8E92D13879612693F4D663D">
<emphasis id="4394BE24769BD34FE6876DC436321FC4" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are native to Africa, Europe or North America north of
<collectingCountry id="FA31AF270D541636F3A9D91D0CE4AF38" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4VCI" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F8D10CF4DF68B3530C49A508AF6203A7">
<heading id="8729A6B28D3A49EB897A5AF5B3280B23" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56EB6880026BEA07FAB8D64C94CDD70C">
By far the greatest species diversity in
<taxonomicName id="A311E0FCF79518C50232035426246735" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04A891383C261C8DCF3FF5F3F6DDF4A3" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Americas (see
<bibRefCitation id="AC3BE09F2A9F352BBEC8F715DEF95765" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" author="Dean" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dean" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-333" refId="B39" refString="Dean E, Poore J, Anguiano-Constante MA, Nee MH, Kang H, Starbuck T, Rodrígues A, Conner M (2020) The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. PhytoKeys 168: 1–333. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" title="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala." volume="168" year="2020">Dean et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), but significant diversity occurs in Asia and New
<collectingCountry id="66FBABBB9044806A37EB08E5104679B5" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="886BAE26F3C61420CC008EF2F8FECE64" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
; see Fig.
<figureCitation id="64C5151E97524B0A6DF8598015B96182" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution of species of Lycianthes native outside of the Americas (including all species treated in Knapp 2022). Darker squares indicate those with higher species richness. The cultivated L. rantonnetii is not included here." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103794">1</figureCitation>
). The description above attempts to cover variation across the distribution, both in the Americas and outside.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B27FD7C17CBC60ED5D5BC9BB5F3DAEB">As discussed above and in the Introduction, the species treated here are mostly found throughout Asia, and although they may not be a phylogenetically distinct group, they are geographically logical to treat as a unit.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="75763E49910C1121DA8F8E01EA960CF7">
<title id="D8C147FB3124869E108478E2815165D1">
Artificial key to the species of
<taxonomicName id="47859C87F23E7CB902CA2D067141A54F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7226A8D9BDD879C13257A6D3C7837914" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in tropical Asia
</title>
<table id="TID0ETOAE" rules="all">
<tbody id="A5BE18F61E7F646C1D674FD14693D3B2">
<table-wrap id="DAF53E2940175BE3F131B7F44E4AB036" content-type="key" orientation="portrait" position="anchor">
<tr id="B5A42FE1FEA041F439F39C7F95F2B1E2">
<td id="2972B74066A2B768B760C2BD43DDE113" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td id="D81EB0A2F3C2B0A07B422E593CED8347" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Corolla rotate; anthers yellow-orange, ellipsoid, slightly curved; berry yellow-green ellipsoid, with copious stone cells; stems angled and striped; cultivated plants</td>
<td id="CFB8E1D768FC346251D664C8CF2CE59B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7F6169A346898BE4B77D1C4FBF7C32E4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="433F801779F1AC95D3298F65807CF412" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A4490F57DEA92D6C2B2F96AE615F2765">
<td id="C517670F892237C381C7B0AB2C33FBA4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="BB14D8A2C577EA81DDF57BF0BF8F2672" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Corolla stellate; anthers yellow or purple, ellipsoid or somewhat tapering, straight, often slightly beaked; berry variously coloured, without stone cells; stems terete, not angled and striped; native plants</td>
<td id="DDBABEA6E025AF23AE080287B239007F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="BC6DD01CCB696C6ADD7376C9BE3E8ED2" bold="true">2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F8D4E754701E1D667F62552157A9B79C">
<td id="DD6665363F4B727E34DB9B178B105588" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td id="28AD063CB58E177248398C9D9EEC038D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Calyx appendages more than 5 (usually 10)</td>
<td id="96D8AA4D523C3A11A850CD354D0C12A2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="6040BA5068125872D3C0C2E76FF51A92" bold="true">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4253DBAC6985EB79E1CFE94D6C94E44D">
<td id="0D922BF2A344587E6B8D5989CB45269F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="7284B606D2A2450A4953933125EA1442" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Calyx appendages 5 or fewer, or absent</td>
<td id="ABCFB8E546727C630302DDF967655B3F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="E35ED3E467B8DEAB40B82465665748FF" bold="true">7</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="09CE481A446ED5882E79C9C738CA5C7D">
<td id="DE8C3524F6637E04D967925DD70CC1C3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td id="B4775F03F8D8AE518D9698C66CD20BD1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pubescence of mature leaves and stems of mixed simple uniseriate and branched (dendritic or forked) trichomes</td>
<td id="014D4C7CC75F5ABAA90D2DD8A8342D95" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="DF765A7C6EE62FD6FF1100934A0D8D44" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="737BF32BFFBD6EE99A9CA101D932BEC8" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F7190E5FC5308AB064226D6A55CD60F6">
<td id="2B11511F4ED0A2BCFD115C2EFC5B39B3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="2A4F02762E93A74E4E38A440EDC3B93B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pubescence of mature leaves and stems of simple uniseriate trichomes only or the plants glabrous</td>
<td id="32C4BFB58CA41741C7CD7CB3C5CE455D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="FD9C1B9C21B38B9392D1D4FF112D67D6" bold="true">4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0EECB2DE7B0930D37134FD8F4BF18BBF">
<td id="AD895A36B416CDEC0461B84F47257D7C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td id="E34B12451549085608E435FAC7721428" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Herbs or at most sprawling subshrubs only woody at the base, rooting at the nodes; flowers 1 (2) per fascicle; leaves of a geminate pair similar in shape often the same size</td>
<td id="9155EDE15620DFC4EB47DD1A019030A9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A16683A5A08A057D6727F0C32BB47283" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="29F29B9AD3B4FA517AF2B58DDDA16368" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A5D5CEC1D8FEDF559A7DC0E449ABB6B2">
<td id="954F19170364A520696B0876F24DFD7D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="C99881CD7AECB6464B8DB003177089C3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shrubs, the distal stems herbaceous but plants clearly woody at the base, not rooting at the nodes; flowers usually more than 2 per fascicle; leaves of a geminate pair different in size and shape</td>
<td id="7E36E4DAF166465CF54DF2E6DBB30226" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="AE61EA044C1BDE6D36CD3A86767FAC57" bold="true">5</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C5386FD2E065C54F9C6CFFB5F3698CBC">
<td id="D857224036B5066C604F0A8E66D89381" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5</td>
<td id="D69662888741BBEF43ED07BB199DE0F5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Calyx appendages of different lengths in the same flower; pedicels at anthesis (1) 2–3 cm long; anthers 4–5 mm long</td>
<td id="91214DB9A335A31D3F33113EB47EFD59" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9C825E53ED34BA236CD8A7BC6543F438" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="EF5D9DE176D9A894F32B024BD7B2A2A5" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1DABF3C6C8E7F923C774B5E963061ACA">
<td id="71F61EA8DFD29786B241A8E426A7C6C3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="2ACA26B5368960F21884DA44DF47276E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Calyx appendages all the same length in the same flower; pedicels at anthesis 0.8–1.1 cm long; anthers 2–4.5 mm long</td>
<td id="A21690DF386420E6FECCBD87A84698D4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="5A45EAFD0F50F692D520446639CAE279" bold="true">6</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AC8279DA9EF73A678ED6A563FC3D37FC">
<td id="BBEE1CD4C990A658E3B020C052AE442B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6</td>
<td id="4CF619466EFA2E1CFE00B580F582D61B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leaves pubescent on both surfaces or glabrous, the bases attenuate or abruptly attenuate; calyx appendages arising from the rim of the calyx tube in flower, erect and spreading in fruit; anthers 2.5–4.5 mm long; seeds lacking “ hairy ” testal cell walls</td>
<td id="8E2408DD34CE3725B656571DC9B790FD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="16B4C46DD84E6B924CDEC842274B37D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="F2243AE3B7B3354D265C2D61DA6E47F2" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F02381105B69CDFA302F11F392108870">
<td id="46B7EFB173ED48BD361E106F52422CCB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="77464041D53D7D571F244048513E9BDD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leaves pubescent only on the adaxial surface (occasionally with a few trichome along the midrib abaxially), the bases acute or only somewhat attenuate onto the petiole; calyx appendages arising from below the calyx rim with a hyaline portion above their emergence; anthers 2–2.5 mm long; seeds with prominent “ hairy ” testal cell walls</td>
<td id="5046E64C2524C0A044A40B14E99C6416" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4359ADC08A6DC4177E0DC5C28D81FC50" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="220A5B6BA22FAE670216D23F5241313E" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="948FE3843055CD6D1ABD6E0C7D18FB64">
<td id="36D81B651592EDF9ABF74FD5FC28DEF5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7</td>
<td id="321A609CCE5831D3FAB8832169DF5FFC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Epiphytic shrubs; bark of mature stems pale, shiny and exfoliating; berries with few (2–4) seeds</td>
<td id="12367E40268F0A2D4870B8D707B14F5E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="18627659C631B091CA0B6BB00D7470F8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="00C4E98FCD4B03DB2303E10DBE2450DA" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="37C6695DEE5C8B9B24B6439231842842">
<td id="C84BAA50DEEF7062EFDD0717C7F4ADD8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="B8AEF209D7D850A1BF407A467945BFF9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Trees, shrubs or lianas; bark of mature stems not as above; berries with 10 + seeds</td>
<td id="6F66A0CD397C3EA64B02148056B7207A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="8788E93A4CA51A170EB6ED451FE6CEAA" bold="true">8</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A2E6EE8ABAE06277C0E791E1F1E1B8B4">
<td id="AB4D4960945311B7EB2FB98261B3C0AA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td id="0EA523D1D214CA5315364BE6D584AD2B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shrubs; corolla lobes membranous; flowers cosexual; berries with thin, shiny and translucent pericarp, juicy</td>
<td id="2E168A0C20161D03B2AF4FBD4CBFDA62" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="EFDD22D906311BB99A7117B8BC2A2105" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="39BE6DA72B18DEE50CAEEE2E022FB20A" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1CFF528EAB4ADD86907562FA3D74E1D6">
<td id="11D536D1E7DF51167A131FA49A33DEF9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="013DFABD4F6F0AA482A7935BA5303879" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Trees or lianas; corolla lobes thick and fleshy; flowers heterostylous; berries with thicker, matte and opaque pericarp, not markedly juicy</td>
<td id="1B3930534E54D9D1DA2AEBEA93C8A62A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="6DB53D007647FD06D1673913B753E13F" bold="true">9</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9CC4BD6DD4BB413D2C478DFBE432A266">
<td id="929EC030C956ABBDAC8F5EBDD83C8356" colspan="1" rowspan="1">9</td>
<td id="6855898C34D766B302929E365313EF56" colspan="1" rowspan="1">New growth glabrous or only minutely papillate; flower buds plumply ellipsoid; calyx appendages absent; anthers 2–2.5 mm long; berries purple, acorn-like; lianas</td>
<td id="78E58AE1F3983FE90EF9FBED3F3D3888" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2600CA2F3C91865A9E09DE848311582D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliveriana">
<emphasis id="D56A95DF75983ED94B0E67E81E2AEAF7" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes oliveriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B1757DC22327C7BA9F4F21A08A0E9E94">
<td id="A60D2ED0F02378EB77807CC7AB8DCABF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="65BCAF4D560D76E0A5D0B36F08588229" colspan="1" rowspan="1">New growth variously pubescent, usually with floccose trichomes; flower buds long-ellipsoid or slightly tapering; calyx appendages usually present as small nubs (longer in bud); anthers 2.5–4 mm long; berries orange or red; trees or treelets</td>
<td id="AE53D9319B80915E36E9CB72EBD6E865" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="4612CC6316B1559D3B8E7B759BC144CD" bold="true">10</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="404DCEA7DD4D31EAEEE220961744FF2A">
<td id="11A28A712AD32E1E0EE3845CB9D5A41B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="B1C6CB05A9EE75FFEA56000EED9737AF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Principal veins on mature leaves 6–7 pairs, not closely spaced; leaf bases acute to somewhat attenuate; style of pistillate flowers held almost within the anther cone, the stigma irregularly lobed; flowers white or yellow; leaf pubescence in herbarium specimens usually reddish brown</td>
<td id="200A9375C97E7B38D562B8F99DABF7B6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="41B47FF08B04C45116C0CC8D98DE8D90" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="EDDC44FA5345BDC49A81056D57C4D7D0" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="48A14BB96734FA918E0579A6937EE382">
<td id="2BEC46AB08E830D6925C2A7DAB8EB147" colspan="1" rowspan="1">–</td>
<td id="8CBE62F8F1830CE7F655214FBC5E0410" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Principal veins on mature leaves 10–14 pairs, closely spaced; leaf bases truncate; style of pistillate flowers exserted from the anther cone, the stigma clavate; flowers white or purple; leaf pubescence on herbarium specimens usually golden or pale tan</td>
<td id="1958807A415AFF8E6129ADA3B8D2EDF1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="042A5F8E73A10044C82B810CD1E2FCE3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="39B69852EB9F3C402867EAE650B32E99" bold="true" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table-wrap>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DDA24922FEE135D81B45106CA059302">
<title id="CE87FAB70F58EAAF63ABE867E0C57993">
Synoptic character list for
<taxonomicName id="84BCA6A2363F1120A342432A42376D89" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AF34EF4B0B90E863F27008B3E3981694" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Asia
</title>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="53B915C1B9E8282FD0DEA0081B095916">
This synoptical character list can be used as a multi-entry key for identification. I have only listed diagnostic characters here rather than the more common character state. For example, here I list inflorescences with more than 10 flowers, but not the more general case of few-flowered. For detailed distributional information please see Table
<tableCitation id="A5F4941E3A6DD0C0339CEA119860F123" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Geographic distribution of Lycianthes in Asia by country (for Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific see Knapp 2022)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FF95E1A105D8673FCE508A64EC037664" tableUuid="FF95E1A105D8673FCE508A64EC037664">2</tableCitation>
. The list is intended to be used as a tool via a process of elimination; any character can be selected and in combination with other characters, a smaller selection of species can be obtained, for which the descriptions will be useful for coming to a final identification.
</paragraph>
<list id="E098D2B4172ED4D5310BACBB75E6B29A" list-type="bullet">
<paragraph id="C8E95DADC16F68DC16721A3A71306229">
<list-item id="63CED3CC67B4126C748D7A5C8D012942">Cultivated plants: rantonnetii</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="87CE79A29AEBB9B82D28E8CEB6ECA1FD">
<list-item id="2F6880247D2B9180DCF409175F9AAD69">Plants herbaceous and prostrate: lysimachioides</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BD95F2357CCE3B5A340F2E6A1FAEB76">
<list-item id="EB67156C0579DBFC93B60773B28FB1AF">Plants epiphytic shrubs: parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C40166F9E966CFB6B4DEDBDFA85FD8C">
<list-item id="F00D18435E118ED4348E9ED7642B7AEA">Plants woody lianas: oliveriana</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DF6BC140B9E4B0F4C8BD4F83F7376B7">
<list-item id="F9603F8721D7EB822AA8C1BBAED78D1B">Plants small trees: banahaensis, bimensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9B5C9EE1073DA2011520C83678CAA54">
<list-item id="5BBEB5BFE45D236B5E6B94C446A28090">Plants shrubby or sprawling shrubs: biflora, laevis, lysimachioides, rantonnetii, schizocalyx, shunningensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BC4706863299293DB24158C5163B13A">
<list-item id="3C90D4B192166298042A62DE89127BD0">Pubescence on vegetative parts of dendritic (branched) trichomes: biflora</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="189144C06D714BE8B4A82152160F87CC">
<list-item id="9F5542D2F00F7D76F5250D65150DB9C8">Bark of stems pale, shiny and exfoliating: parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D3E918EE896D023FBE1E44DD6A7CF30">
<list-item id="65CA211846DA4165E2B252721ACFD56C">Bark of stems conspicuously lenticellate: banahaensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F7249349864078E75AC8E82775B8AF16">
<list-item id="CB940A5B9D3D55F375DF68BBD0C9367F">Calyx appendages absent, or apparently so: banahaensis, bimensis, laevis, oliveriana, parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF77117E4FD7BC1E4936EC814179DE05">
<list-item id="FCC50CCFCD8B595BE324F8BCA6343F46">Calyx appendages 5 or sometimes fewer: banahaensis, bimensis, laevis, parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55DCCECFE7A4A9FB2B11952C23EF2BAC">
<list-item id="0F89F77B71A6C332AD79C6E369AA48D4">Calyx appendages more than 5 (usually 10): biflora, lysimachioides, schizocalyx, shunningensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B3E960735820549E20EE09963F17156">
<list-item id="169AB7A1F38EEB9BC8AC2B646B3D3170">Calyx appendages markedly reflexed: shunningensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BCF07715CC8DDC39AC21BF0B2CC7B4F">
<list-item id="8838998EF04A14BF8CA630B2BFC66BA6">Calyx in fruit warty and partly enclosing the berry: oliveriana</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="42EA778A273D39F307640D22C45F7B19">
<list-item id="74BED2B8A2376703F892BD892E3CCB06">Flowers heterostylous: banahaensis, bimensis, oliveriana</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85E75C16EB9AF98325B6EA56F5C380D0">
<list-item id="986D5E21139557D52D553B2BD7B21F07">Corolla rotate: rantonnetii (cultivated)</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D795C194413E50B21F2A33E1A57479B2">
<list-item id="A0E8BD2C7592F3BD3AD0A3E1912A6114">Corolla lobes somewhat fleshy and thick: banahaensis, bimensis, oliveriana</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECBCF9CE14679827AB50AE0D5ED193DD">
<list-item id="69EB37434DA8CE33440167E0FCF6F30F">Corolla yellow: banahaensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D71D57B3C2F4380CA2F9D602B36BC421">
<list-item id="6ED3F3F13CA476152ECF8D523F1AA57B">Anthers pubescent: biflora</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8371477F9644D94C8576A7A7F599640">
<list-item id="CD0CC600A45A7EB056BBF03096C973C0">Berry bright red at maturity: banahaensis, bimensis, biflora, laevis, schizocalyx, shunningensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6ED044FC4E0207EF2855BA7E716CAC90">
<list-item id="DDBD1AEFCBBB9C3DC93ACAF8AACC87CD">Berry purple or blackish purple at maturity: oliveriana</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213BF091570C9379A9B15797A8BD9BE5">
<list-item id="3AEFA415D5AFB3A3C133104250D4A9C2">Berry orange at maturity: parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3AF778366F90F41DA2D740590602AD1D">
<list-item id="7F0BC70B964C2852BBC585A48ED10689">Berry with copious stone cells: rantonnetii (cultivated)</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0080DB728042D96C45F74E054ED6717F">
<list-item id="7C1B42000493822D2607F1CB9F1C971E">Berry with few seeds (2–4): parasitica</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A60050757BB88E96A517B3333276839">
<list-item id="04CA61EF9BD725C57734AABE0F796744">Seeds with conspicuous “ hairy ” lateral cell walls: bimensis, parasitica, shunningensis</list-item>
</paragraph>
</list>
<paragraph id="D60C7FC5DE34F9724FD8176891D75DAA">
<title id="AD5AB8E564E5755B5C16B7954AA9878E">Species descriptions</title>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

863
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<subSubSection id="5984F6A4F1F0F926CC2F2F150BAAFD03" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="04378212B2026770B864F49B939C059F">
<heading id="EC82A359FED30094C5D3F6D4C313F40C" reason="label">5.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="090F2B47DD82F7DF9CEA23650B498B29" ID-CoL="3WK6V" authority="(Wall.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="843E2A2C6FCE460D94206F21ED580233" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein
<collectingRegion id="92A56926FE71DACC0E8CC82E526A5042" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 491. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="775CC36FBB790BB365ABDA8B329898C2" type="description">
<paragraph id="B7A6929825B5ADE805BBE2E17A6C2746">
<figureCitation id="B0EBF979F2B2E30D4B4EA983F59F6C23" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">Figs 2 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BF5F204B6C21C903915BBB4FF34F761C" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Lycianthes lysimachioides (Wall.) Bitter herbarium specimen. China. Hunan, Fan &amp; Li 272 (BM 001018841). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103807">14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BD6EC9152CC9FA3474F700C8EF601C8E" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="89837E970ACB56306CDDDEEB36A72B5A">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="12A426ED64EB852492928365DA807CEE">
<treatmentCitation id="5C37F61C7390CDACC4762AA7B28246D9">
<taxonomicName id="BC5819228E8ECD6E5130C1C50F439CF2" ID-CoL="4Y36D" authority="Wall." authorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="BF05636CE72295EF6A008AD95CBA56CA" italics="true">Solanum lysimachioides</emphasis>
Wall.
</taxonomicName>
, Fl. Ind. (Carey &amp; Wallich ed.) 2: 257. 1824
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="431B9D732049D422F26EE294F47D11D2" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
. [
<collectingRegion id="6425C0AA459C79446E9D11BD4714AFC5" country="Nepal" name="Bagmati">Bagmati prov.</collectingRegion>
]: “ Chondaghery ” [Chandragiri],
<date id="D88DEEEA72C65177FD5EE0D1A31D1605" value="1821-02">Feb 1821</date>
,
<emphasis id="3728433DFF5CF89CA5DBCA0B6E1FC440" italics="true">N. Wallich Cat. 2609</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="70B3DE5E35F77FE9BFE13989B6AE463B" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="B47636365C4B562CAAA450A26D4A875E" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01816.x" author="Deb" editor="Hawkes JG" firstAuthor="Deb" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="292-294" refId="B40" refString="Deb DB (1978) Some new combinations for Indian taxa of Lycianthes (Solanaceae). In: Hawkes JG (Ed.) Systematic notes on Solanaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01816.x" title="Some new combinations for Indian taxa of Lycianthes (Solanaceae)." volume="76" volumeTitle="Systematic notes on Solanaceae." year="1978">Deb 1978</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 293 [as “ type ”]: CAL [CAL 0000071943, acc. # 315728];
<typeStatus id="29F7A61C9F0529A31022037F940A2029" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001018867], K [K 000923249], K-W [K 001116562, K 001116563]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F224226557EEAE501C14F55371D35D3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F5C94B77EFA37E499E31775AB166375D">
<treatmentCitation id="9CF29098F263665C818740569D44340B">
<taxonomicName id="E562B4DF1FF7F042AFB686FC450140B0" ID-CoL="4XZW3" authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caulorhizum">
<emphasis id="A0474D743963859AE7A290C92B368BCE" italics="true">Solanum caulorhizum</emphasis>
Dunal
</taxonomicName>
, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 181. 1852. Type.
<collectingCountry id="8E84D976B3CD484E48AB9A57FA25A7D4" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="1F071C50120ED105680E30A99F2272E4" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: “ prov. Badong ”, 1847,
<emphasis id="7EAC338BEAA5FDB867069A696B8C8BB3" italics="true">H. Zollinger 705</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="CE59F5BEEC577F016078A0E05812F395" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: G-DC [G 00145653];
<typeStatus id="4CC30FC38E82B70B1C404EAFE37FB7C0" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 000778224], G [G 00301677], MPU [MPU 012644], P [P 00369006]).
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A7C40F84D1DDAD8393F877813C209FB">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="386AED2520508EFD341B7D023695B42E">
<treatmentCitation id="AE482D60698D8D42C42073B8BE6004A0" author="Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind." journal="Ind." page="643" score="0.03378121803055019" volume="2" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="0BE52ED806A36B84949037FC7DBB8959" ID-CoL="B5F79" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nematosepalum">
<emphasis id="85491B8410AFC0765BAEB6F27F9E2F47" italics="true">Solanum nematosepalum</emphasis>
Miq.
</taxonomicName>
, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 643. 1857
</treatmentCitation>
. Type. “
<taxonomicName id="F0DEB536488A02FBD5C9B82B45E7CD95" ID-CoL="63SD9" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
<emphasis id="4B0505469B95D69160CB3FBEED0D7304" italics="true">Solanum</emphasis>
ciliatum Blume
</taxonomicName>
in herb. Reg. L. B. ” (no specimens cited or located);
<collectingCountry id="6AB6F015F309A2E1713574BA4F9AB25D" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. [
<collectingRegion id="B8C1892579BE0037C89E45BE16C9E1DE" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
]: sin. loc., C. L. Blume s. n. (
<typeStatus id="0BA63FE2097A1CFF6EFC260541BE0146" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: L [L. 2881683]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CBD8C39B7C61FCAFF5C8B28803621AC">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="72845CFE4C3D7217D7B278AF6FDD926B">
<treatmentCitation id="CF14FC2312F9959B7FCF891B9C3ED8D1">
<taxonomicName id="11459280FFECAB2B65E897B6341AE6FD" ID-CoL="4Y36D" authority="(Wall.) C. B. Clarke" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" baseAuthorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="macrodon" variety="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="2EFCC1C67C50DCA9093156A77B8F4A2E" italics="true">Solanum macrodon</emphasis>
Wall. ex Nees
<emphasis id="757482F0FD87B76207A17B00AB18CCDE" italics="true">var. lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) C. B. Clarke
</taxonomicName>
, Fl. Brit.
<collectingCountry id="7E017B487C98B6B41E41F5E4EAD4CD66" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
[J. D. Hooker] 4: 232. 1883
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="5E5CCEF320BBEBE4790CDBB81904089E">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="F593327987F55931A6F52959741B7C41" ID-CoL="4Y36D" authority="Wall." authorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="F03708CCB41C6554473CD30FDD791307" italics="true">Solanum lysimachioides</emphasis>
Wall.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EABB7D8C2391D0AD6FA8EBA84220EFFB">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="97770ACC8384A373288B9936F8888B16">
<treatmentCitation id="4B843551F6941845194BB9BEE5D2BEF5">
<taxonomicName id="9AE191440167473B4136811FDC6498FF" ID-CoL="5PWQV" authority="(Dunal) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="caulorhiza">
<emphasis id="F1ADCAED89460F9EA9951D6D377A2E1F" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="1B27935886D049FD4480148055FE4DAA" italics="true">var. caulorhiza</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein
<collectingRegion id="5F8526AE0608B8B1A4B3A42BC0E16859" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 493. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="4C7AD4A303F4D172AE64AD84DEBA9079">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="FB9456CD150DACEBCB8ED507D3D8FA3F" ID-CoL="4XZW3" authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caulorhizum">
<emphasis id="363497B4D2547AD8182D6F9CED92C0D4" italics="true">Solanum caulorhizum</emphasis>
Dunal
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51221FF769556ED153AFAB1A8147A6EC">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="88B23D3328B8193A877203732F3B2D5E">
<treatmentCitation id="A97A0FA989AD0A33CA69F9B79167E80C">
<taxonomicName id="F0951C6921D959C9B57C55DF5F7E3639" ID-CoL="5PWQZ" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="sinensis">
<emphasis id="0B5B9CC96D00680326D03C4341A92015" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="632841885B3EFFE713140158460A60E4" italics="true">var. sinensis</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 493. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="3C2ECD35EB9CD53CAC7A5266A0990FD5" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="B7CF287A7912982C25BDFAFEE84CF0D9" country="China" name="Hubei">Hubei</collectingRegion>
: sin. loc., 1885,
<emphasis id="06566EE1C70A2D6C757084AC58D6B7D9" italics="true">A. Henry 6080</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="EB6313B1F82F85D8B08E838F65410836" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="D071E579105EA0607D0E1675CA96C86F" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum">BM</collectionCode>
[BM 001018842];
<typeStatus id="8DB39AFCF9DFFC4EB8739CCF5BDDD020" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
CAL [acc. # 316339, 316340], E [E 00426492], GH [no barcode],
<collectingCountry id="FDD87213808E0590FF1BE62C4853E36E" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[02840640, acc. # 801545]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D165929E8B2585CC55B62E78DD5D999">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6934CB1D41690CE8189F5EB0FE9C33EC">
<treatmentCitation id="6102387072F2CDAD756B7FBEA0D7B2FA" author="Bitter" journal="Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg." page="320" score="1.0992452832713058" volume="18" year="1922">
<taxonomicName id="E9187937207AEFC23D2439ABFB718275" ID-CoL="7HBMY" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="2024" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" status="sp. nov." variety="formosana">
<emphasis id="3604EE284834AF4504246588285C030E" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="18F72A5E56F4FCB37FE4A83D51908EEE" italics="true">var. formosana</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Repert.
<taxonomicNameLabel id="85F6A170DC8CA3A15F2072D6F8F40C2B" rank="species">Spec. Nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Regni Veg. 18: 320. 1922
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="0E743A1C9A86DABC694205A6549DF848" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
. (“ Formosa ”) Arisan,
<quantity id="94BE8F77ABDFD962BFFFCCC2317F4646" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="2500.0">2,500 m</quantity>
, 1914,
<emphasis id="59824F67FE1EC5E4452E6245EFB737F5" italics="true">U. Faurie 640</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="638398670FE3E194C86C7803850A7163" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: G [G 00415805];
<typeStatus id="FD7B8E3067D9D5A9DB167F9599D03712" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001018839], GH [no barcode]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40D929DD2F22894C03ACD91CAEB47239">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4093D6451508724E60752B3B492EF897">
<treatmentCitation id="19E72E5BEE2169CAC025E8CE7E4BB6EF" author="Merr." journal="Philipp. J. Sci." page="265" score="26.107526310246357" volume="23" year="1923">
<taxonomicName id="F7A440A384D1B64A12DE3F516D99CFE5" ID-CoL="4Y27C" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="debilissimum">
<emphasis id="FD0A7F305E0641F60E61B6D29B185007" italics="true">Solanum debilissimum</emphasis>
Merr.
</taxonomicName>
, Philipp. J. Sci. 23: 265. 1923
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="E13B52D33D059E0A40D5CE182C45F314" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="0F06954AB34FBCFD8B21593C50308C5E" country="China" name="Hainan">Hainan</collectingRegion>
: “ Ng Chi Leng [Five-Finger Mountain] ”,
<date id="15DEAF78DE9A83922CA31F280AC604C6" value="1922-05-11">11 May 1922</date>
,
<emphasis id="CEEBA2D36A5A3C6676A0B714014FB385" italics="true">F. A. McClure 9532</emphasis>
(no herbarium cited;
<typeStatus id="F47A9C98B8805C070852E1D5E6071F0C" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: E [E 00426499];
<typeStatus id="2DAF502755DC54F76CDA128A8813BF82" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: A [0077823], BISH [BISH 1005077, acc. # 182918], BM [BM 001018850], K [K 000759408], MO [MO- 503598, acc. # 915771]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="17CBCEDAADCF95159A68CFA2200A3244">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="164078498927046121BD875E0CD9F65F">
<treatmentCitation id="28B458570BFA1AF25E09B9E0F42A0241" author="Gagnep." issue="1" journal="Bull. Soc. Bot. France" page="33" score="67.94127085788433" volume="95" year="1948">
<taxonomicName id="31EAF3E46AD302507230348C1C2CA2EF" ID-CoL="B5B42" authority="Gagnep." authorityName="Gagnep." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Numaeacampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kerrii">
<emphasis id="98F99CCF182A8EFE779A06D8F7AA63E4" italics="true">Numaeacampa kerrii</emphasis>
Gagnep.
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Soc. Bot.
<collectingCountry id="BC2718C836C13D3D9D34AF609085CBB7" name="France">France</collectingCountry>
95 (1): 33. 1948
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="80B211176D54D69C0EC16BC311AC3B3D" name="Laos">Laos</collectingCountry>
. Vienchan: Pu Tat (Phu That), “ Wiengchan ” [Vienchan],
<date id="D614E591CE67B9BBFF06B45BB71D1448" value="1932-04-21">21 Apr 1932</date>
,
<emphasis id="11A1B5C73CBA4EA230C57C047BF6C4B6" italics="true">A. F. G. Kerr 21186</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="2911F718E55C7015EF6A34AD5AF5D86C" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: P [P 00236810];
<typeStatus id="1117C5F01AFDB05335570FA1B750B389" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001018901], K [K 000923331, K 000923332]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5572987458401A02A5D4F4F880796621">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="77725341F632AA2BA76CA8A4811D0ECC">
<treatmentCitation id="3B96642493FE1CDF6DD0EDA02ADBFC96" author="C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu" issue="2" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="76" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="BAE56DED9A26E0E9B2680B736EC930F2" ID-CoL="3WK8Y" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solitaria">
<emphasis id="B8EA3157BAEE318526EB56458111CACA" italics="true">Lycianthes solitaria</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu
</taxonomicName>
, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (2): 76. 1978, nom. illeg.
</treatmentCitation>
, not
<taxonomicName id="B355AD4BCAA58034E4CF77555B019BE5" ID-CoL="3WK8Y" authority="Standl. (1927)" authorityName="Standl." authorityYear="1927" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solitaria">
<emphasis id="58B1022C7A71FD0AF7B2A7EAC9C10350" italics="true">Lycianthes solitaria</emphasis>
Standl. (1927)
</taxonomicName>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="19D115FF7AB34A07F29FE913B3227A4F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="192D732F99E1CA7ADEF1DA60BC1458C6" country="China" name="Xizang">Tibet</collectingRegion>
: Zayu,
<quantity id="69CDD5F1E6F2CD72A60D55F4024E1DDF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" unit="m" value="1700.0">1,700 m</quantity>
,
<date id="E46DBB30B73A9CFB1815CB2C2CFEA076" value="1973-07-14">14 Jul 1973</date>
,
<emphasis id="F1E364047F2263C17F4FD2F2FC405666" italics="true">Qinghai-Tibet group 73-672</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="682A4165AE398C08A0B68C728FB34E39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: KUN [acc. # 484269];
<typeStatus id="B6354360E6D56D9DD4247E0EB7295CF9" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
: KUN [acc. # 484270]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC9B54A2D4133216BA93641F5A0864D4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9E8AEB99DC08BC48422409C80CB6DDB7">
<treatmentCitation id="04C287EB1662434F918C89F918A39FF4" author="C. Y. Wu" issue="2" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="79" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="941D9EE4887E9F358A5CFE85D05A23C3" ID-CoL="5PWQX" authority="C. Y. Wu" authorityName="C. Y. Wu" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="purpuriflora">
<emphasis id="6DD516B8384C6B171DA5649A5027C98F" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="6B489CD6B3778E0AE6B8FEB96431F23D" italics="true">var. purpuriflora</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu
</taxonomicName>
, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (2): 79. 1978
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="E438007CE9944C4769BF7861816FE484" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="010ADA28DD4C4A18003A5BF7E59005FE" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
: Emei,
<quantity id="1948D75BE3F40075A9A966D42C7316DB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="1200.0">1,200 m</quantity>
,
<date id="15C1BFD135CF6855649CE6C607291C0F" value="1935-05-26">26 May 1935</date>
,
<emphasis id="95E17F01370A1EB0A91E230AD63EE28A" italics="true">Du Dahua 418</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="F7CE5E7197696662DDBD8ABBDE02B551" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
: PE [00031385];
<typeStatus id="E227127BDE8AACA8FFB754E981B54706" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: IBK [IBK 00381736], PE [00013186, 0013187, 0031388]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B8020D7970C9455ADEFBDAA3CF546A1B">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C3F787012D823DD2F0018C80F7DEEA89">
<treatmentCitation id="26C49EB501F4199A3747BBC137DD8622" author="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" issue="2" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="79" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="453A209886B16E01D31926C3FFBC940D" ID-CoL="5PWQW" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="cordifolia">
<emphasis id="0BEF14E11BC5EB732887E4189943FC00" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="9CB49E284ED1F82F46329DCFD967AD81" italics="true">var. cordifolia</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang
</taxonomicName>
, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (2): 79. 1978
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="33C15AC4E0A28A0D91F03F8CF3550EAD" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C0C3B35A16080A35075E5AFF4E7CE0C5" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
: Emei, 1952,
<emphasis id="C2291DE1BADF0324F474A758998ABF4E" italics="true">J. Xiong [Xiong Jihua], X. Zhang [Zhang Xiushi] &amp; X. Jiang [Jiang Xinglin] 32197</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="C71C5C8BD46452EF87FC51C67289E04F" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: PE [00031390, acc. # 267671]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F26E7A1BF391E1C979ECEF256F49AAE">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ED24FBC4D3009A7A41D7E96B310A3D98">
<treatmentCitation id="8F09CC26A48D0BFD57F23E60BEF46EA3" author="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" issue="2" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="79" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="F75302F1871DF5AC313B6792CFA8FE91" ID-CoL="5PWQY" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="rotundifolia">
<emphasis id="3B5C2672D1D6C718B208E53EEE23F45B" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
<emphasis id="72C3B60AADEBF49F068E41F0E40BE181" italics="true">var. rotundifolia</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang
</taxonomicName>
, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (2): 79. 1978
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="864847D6C5CA49E0A497FA7DAB7340BB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C1EB9C711C746CF57E75B11DEBF22618" country="China" name="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
: Xianyang,
<quantity id="020921A08FB99F857EE8CE9DAE057E40" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
,
<date id="C2AE807AD7DEEBE453BD2B5671A81141" value="1933-09-23">23 Sep 1933</date>
,
<emphasis id="C49EA470BAA70F0AB4CF78406DD1E53C" italics="true">T. P. Wang [Wang Zuobin] 857</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="D385611317D0AE86D896CCD2A25FCA06" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="5EF1D4D6D2787737B3B47530A5092631" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15858" name="Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences" type="Herbarium">PE</collectionCode>
[00031306];
<typeStatus id="0213CA2856240E139384AC3284D794FC" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: PE [00031307]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F795EBD60B950902A23C6572BE93290F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47ADA02438F0E6859DA7964228B3A718">
<treatmentCitation id="E2C157F410EF4A217369BE2B59F67BBC" author="F. Duan" issue="4" journal="Phytotaxa" page="280" score="9.729594737742866" volume="170" year="2014">
<taxonomicName id="A109FA9F036396A296338738D7E4C5D0" ID-CoL="3WK9M" authority="Li Bing Zhang &amp; Yi F. Duan" authorityName="Li Bing Zhang &amp; Yi F. Duan" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tibetica">
<emphasis id="EBDB788D7660FEBD4BA22DDE63143204" italics="true">Lycianthes tibetica</emphasis>
Li Bing Zhang &amp; Yi F. Duan
</taxonomicName>
, Phytotaxa 170 (4): 280. 2014
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="9209A4D0681964C7E20483FEAF271410">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on (replacement name for)
<taxonomicName id="D6FEF6246BF168BE83920DDF2A4F9B23" ID-CoL="3WK8Y" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solitaria">
<emphasis id="E349B15F355C4B27297A33E88C66C842" italics="true">Lycianthes solitaria</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; A. M. Lu
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDGGK" type="material">
<paragraph id="8803EB5740122E82B9FFFF34D4AF1FB0">
<heading id="7BFC066250F861ADA8C2476503F3A8F1" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="E45CD85110EFE2508DF083F1C5D02771">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09023DC753413C3805E0FEB2F483FE7B">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="9886DDAF7DEA8D9F2ED06E256BAF51C0" authority="Wall." authorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="119C9225CAEAB2962DCB81FECABE370F" italics="true">Solanum lysimachioides</emphasis>
Wall.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUGGK" type="description">
<paragraph id="0FBE78C365813A7506B7E181AA1B7AF6">
<heading id="DAE31EE45492F5138D354A862D3FEACE" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E5F1572F558F06044D1FBBDFDDFBF2F">
Prostrate or creeping herbs, the stems to
<quantity id="0DBE7C85655F153403BF854A0F2578AA" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
long, occasionally described as subshrubs to
<quantity id="23D03987F4A6B81AAE7A1E005F863B10" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
; stems terete, collapsing as if hollow in most specimens, rooting at the nodes or near the nodes along the stem, densely pubescent to glabrescent, if pubescent the trichomes whitish transparent, simple, uniseriate 5–8 - celled, to
<quantity id="028A14855154757163DDDB83E8AB041F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long; new growth glabrous to densely pubescent with whitish transparent, simple uniseriate 5–8 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="BB957ECA8C8FDAE9D9D102D983810728" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long; surfaces (bark) of older stems glabrescent to variously pubescent, the trichomes sparser on older stems, pale greyish brown or greenish brown. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size and occasionally in shape, when minor leaves are similar in size the leaves appear opposite. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="CEA05CED2B99E5890B7C6090A8063675" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="1.8" unit="cm" value="7.9" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="1.8">1.8–14 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="ACDC362F4D4ED83E4E243C8A93627AB8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="8.7" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="5.05" valueMax="8.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–8.7 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to ovate (occasionally narrowly elliptic), widest in the middle or in the lower half, concolorous but occasionally purple or purple-veined abaxially (e. g.,
<emphasis id="8F6B4601403F2D84511BA20220CE9DEE" italics="true">
Sino-American
<collectingRegion id="CA6E60B7095F9D49C4220815C0327BAC" country="China" name="Guizhou">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
Botanical Expedition 1240
</emphasis>
), thin and membranous; adaxial surfaces glabrous to evenly and sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, these denser along the veins, the lamina always visible; abaxial surfaces glabrous to evenly and moderately pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, the lamina clearly visible, the trichomes denser on the principal veins and midrib; principal veins 3–5 pairs, glabrous or variously pubescent, the venation not markedly coloured; base attenuate to truncate to cordate; margins entire, in pubescent plants ciliate with simple uniseriate trichomes to
<quantity id="F60D7C6568AB2535EDAFC6D005437B1B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long; apex acuminate; petiole
<quantity id="65F6C78D412819BE8BA084E00BF89DC0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="cm" value="3.6" valueMax="6.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9–6.3 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="14496C469A49320FB0B84E6E938B0F1D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="cm" value="4.9" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–9 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="C7412953EB3859BC8317ADB6D27824EC" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="0.6" unit="cm" value="3.05" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="0.6">0.6–5.5 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to ovate, sometimes almost orbicular; surfaces like those of the major leaves; principal veins of minor leaves 3–4 pairs; base attenuate to truncate or cordate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="AB5C9133E1DFA56C50DFC2189B63967C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.4" unit="cm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="0.4">0.4–2.1 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent like the stems. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles, with 1 (2) flowers, glabrous; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="96F4D0522BF3897DC4590C6DF957485E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.6" unit="cm" value="1.45" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="0.6">0.6–2.3 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="542F5358721A7CA3F7FB1805209DD881" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="1FF38512E1FA4FD569F9F1ED93BEEAE2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading and sometimes apparently bent (geniculate) in the upper third, glabrous to pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed in the leaf axils. Buds strongly tapered and pointed, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis, the calyx appendages enclosing the bud only partially. Flowers 5 - merous, cosexual. Calyx tube
<quantity id="D63D0DB9B5A504577695B11A29172F15" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="5230A9B1DCE57DE00AED7E3DC7FE9BBF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, obconical or an open cuplike structure, 10 - ridged, glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, the trichomes often denser on the ridges, with 10 appendages arising ca.
<quantity id="B8FE80926C0A8E608A532753D9248806" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim, the appendages
<quantity id="DE5D9BB06D7F78939AD69ABC9B1DAC0B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="DEE02E6ED7FFAB917F0FBCC5E787465F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
wide, subulate, parallel to the calyx tube, glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and pedicels. Corolla
<quantity id="7DFFA306343CAB5D443E6DE6EDBEF7B6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.8" unit="cm" value="2.4" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.8">1.8–3 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white, “ pink ” or pale violet (lilac), with green dots at the base of the lobes, stellate, lobed nearly to the base, interpetalar tissue absent but a thin edge of tissue apparent on lobe margins, the lobes
<quantity id="1D0C44625E032EE255E12197576C1AD1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.0">8–15 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="FDE1CB5C02186ABF189E1706118E0CBD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, glabrous on both surfaces, the tips and margins sparsely and minutely papillate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments
<quantity id="FF068745CF6A012B4FA06D3011BCE526" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.5" unit="mm" value="0.875" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.75">0.75–1 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="39726A3FA9CE7E19488BB5A8DB357BB7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="49AA6DEE5320D0F336521A1DB32EF8C9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.75" unit="mm" value="1.125" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.75">0.75–1.5 mm</quantity>
wide, ellipsoid and tapering to a beak-like apex, tightly connivent, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style
<quantity id="782E04485472E16D67BFFFFCCB8B4699" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="4.0">4–9 mm</quantity>
long, exserted from the anther cone, glabrous; stigma prominently capitate, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="3ADD0EC164B54B32386969EE8E32E6E7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, bright red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, shiny, and transparent; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="B88A28B4AE6070C0EB24F03A155184EF" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="D583FE64882220891D649FA66E0A0539" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="AFA0FDB21453533717265FAE190CC184" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, but remaining a cup covering ca. 1 / 4 of the berry, the appendages spreading like a star beneath the berry. Seeds 10–40 per berry,
<quantity id="C39B6DE76497A836F47FABC2B6A97935" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="8D3903B8C69FDC42FD99D023DF165CAD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.2">1.2–2 mm</quantity>
wide, flattened-reniform, pale straw-coloured or yellowish tan, the surfaces pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline in the centre, rectangular on the margins, prominent “ hairy ” appendages absent. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="034879DF2559C7CF110BEBA30AA932BB" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure14" ID-arpha="0618EB54-12CD-58CB-A358-88F950B8922A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103807" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="44E00D8CDBC2D95DC94A96FEBE852516">
<label id="75C62C517C6404C90E1F7B849A611B38">Figure 14.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4F4051510A91BB6B0A4D5D86B11AB83">
<taxonomicName id="7AFD687C0E8C401173B33EE938498370" authority="(Wall.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="A926074252D32F63EA134120D33F783D" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. China. Hunan,
<emphasis id="A02665BA2E2F3197596F8B6C59B6EF11" italics="true">Fan &amp; Li 272</emphasis>
(BM 001018841). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWHGK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="CAF97E002DFB957502119345BBAE0869">
<heading id="2BA078C9B938C789DC91F1B6F4A471E4" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4C1B8FBBA6DA1557E083EA27DDB54B4">
<emphasis id="2C61E55119EF643EF2B998CD98C759AC" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="FFB21CE09F44C2B27966A3F85EE67523" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Distribution of Lycianthes lysimachioides." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103808">15</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="115C1FD9DA77692997C50DF651F0E3FF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="05578EC003898C11A9534D3F7EBA5D08" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="3D30734BB247960DC36996AAF627E75C" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="ACA0DFDFB9483BDB0E246257CB6A6C88" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4D33EFCCCF6CB2AE0C565D0B9E98B95F" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="8E8A1B598EEA245804744BD9F3387A3B" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="430A7FF93EA783B8CBCD313410ACF009" name="Laos">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C498EA7F740DC87A8A258C3C3B24B4E7" name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="5A796859DED0B683D323532A99BA1655" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="BE9551814704D1815BB05340B7DF9C6A" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="60AD4F1CF3E083EE660B4F250420DD05" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="2C4BA232A8B3B9FBAFB78593B2CA44C2" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="5B22C09104A0F30CE54D3FBFAC16061E" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. I have not seen specimens from
<collectingCountry id="8CBA10BEEBF559788ED146DBAF1ECDD8" name="Cambodia">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
, but it is likely to occur there.
</paragraph>
<caption id="067957C45AF9A00BE6CC6ACE887507A3" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure15" ID-arpha="4052DA08-DD0D-564C-955A-4E325A82A6EC" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103808" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="2DEF1D62FBC6BF7C9EEB673C1A249D39">
<label id="978A8F0281A8235AE277C27EDAF8B746">Figure 15.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D09A306716288E4F5E7FCC054063A511">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="639AE4A8BE10693E912FF659A6D886E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="26D5B8786BD88BCBC57B67D4A96935CC" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGJGK" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="887A1BEC69B1F1939925844EEF919777">
<heading id="4FBFE42F2E5678E12CE9582FA1C2CA4F" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DDD6EC12759B73DE153F8F0C743B874">
<taxonomicName id="ACC40697801B0A12F9B7E5C71741C709" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="37989C5BEAF55C01FA79C21476316663" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found growing in deep shade in damp places along streams or in forest understory, often as dense patches, from
<quantity id="AEFC1184FBF7797520112D3027874778" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.6" unit="m" value="1500.0" valueMax="2400.0" valueMin="600.0">600 to 2,400 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXJGK" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="72FC2BEF6090DD389AC5FD19C433EFD0">
<heading id="957ED54A19FD51E1FFA8DC5EA19F30CD" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82524ED2C08F7264E9FE2A0BDA5AA933">
<collectingCountry id="DC81318D0BDF4E14648F734C1A1E3C32" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. dan guo hong si xian (as
<taxonomicName id="BA57408159A39B2347D3080F6103A1FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solitaria">
<emphasis id="5875E6424B1558625E9C21295748093E" italics="true">L. solitaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), dan hua hong si xian (
<bibRefCitation id="8A0EFF699D1867064AAE6B10A74B2733" author="Zhang" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pagination="300-332" refId="B134" refString="Zhang ZY, Lu AM, D’Arcy WG (1994) Solanaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 300–332." title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingCountry id="3212CB48940503BB9ED7E277A74372BE" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="A4C609386FD374D09371599CFEAD6132" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
: kamoenti (
<bibRefCitation id="534789A941FD50A77173727991972BE1" author="Koorders" firstAuthor="Koorders" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelingen van s’Lands Plantentuin" pagination="1-716" refId="B75" refString="Koorders SH (1898) Botanische dienstreis door de Minahasa tevens eerste overzicht der Flora van N. O. Celebes. Mededeelingen van s’Lands Plantentuin 19: 1–716." title="Botanische dienstreis door de Minahasa tevens eerste overzicht der Flora van N. O. Celebes." volume="19" year="1898">Koorders 1898</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="5D31860A823E9D38E75DD4DBCC00EA2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="BE03D059FF99FF47EA71409FC1969771" italics="true">S. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<collectingCountry id="EBCFF3BBFE7029A8D471A505F0EF53DF" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. cà ng ủ d ạng trân châu (
<bibRefCitation id="E3A84D513E44B7967060B2150E0981AE" author="Hop" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B60" refString="Hop VV (2017) Solanaceae. In: Th ực V ật Chí Vi ệt Nam [Flora of Vietnam]. Vol. 17. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Na Noi, 9–218." year="2017">Hop 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6KGK" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="4B1B1552644E7EEE3E1805AA3DAFBE4C">
<heading id="C8FAD96E708BE741AEF113D34D9F6E53" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D55D3678ACB5968A4E428A07CB2DC8E">
<emphasis id="CA1245B372C4D77B3015005B219570DF" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="B38EBF259CA9BBCBE40178F98F0DAB52" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMLGK" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="875ACDAC4C534B71B6D9E0DFCF5DE39B" metricMagnitude="10" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4512768" unit="km" value="1.4512768E7">14,512,768 km</quantity>
<superScript id="7C100D175C4BC5F6EE0A47910D72DD14">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESLGK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWLGK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="07285ECAC8370B9F837EDDD1485C92B3" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.72" unit="km" value="372.0">372 km</quantity>
<superScript id="B337B52A6476CE42E9DB8EC28018030E">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3LGK" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="5DC66305A5CE76D1CC64C38D19EC3B65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="67CFEEC6318DD7F8C84D173C8CFAA268" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species known from more than ten localities and is quite widely distributed in the region. Throughout the range it is known from protected areas (e. g., Upper Shillong Protected Forest in
<collectingCountry id="4592F92D6A62B3EA855403434C24942B" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
; Emeishan in
<collectingRegion id="22B59C4B890908463F33B782AE95F200" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="A08985E23C6E44B5414E21E4B8ECBB17" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
). The assessment of Endangered (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELMGK" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPMGK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias, but also due to the island nature of the region. I therefore assign it a preliminary status of Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETMGK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXMGK" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3E2C15CD23B24898192C65191585D144">
<heading id="CB00529A8F8AC1616D4195BA6A65FBAA" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C21874A42D20FED226581352B60D1D1A">
<taxonomicName id="ACE238DA59E9D3CA937DCC14559F8512" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="E8F74A0FAE636B947E827C5AE74A51FD" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctive amongst Asian species of
<taxonomicName id="3824DEC9FA4AB67C418A5426FA8C51B5" authorityName="Georg Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3C7F09BD75EB9DEB9879B832FBBCE6C5" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being a creeping herb of forest understories and shady places (Fig.
<figureCitation id="50A652910E0D2A4EA065C4D73163B7F4" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">2 C</figureCitation>
); it only occasionally attains shrubby proportions, but if so then it is less than a metre tall. The specific epithet reflects its striking similarity with species of
<taxonomicName id="CF07B074303ADAA9ECEC3A3E9458ABEB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Lysimachia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2B8C13C325A0ACB558EB3C45FC72046F" italics="true">Lysimachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="D778140F0848563F6BED1A5FC4B55F65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
). The geminate leaves of
<taxonomicName id="C5985562359DDF5D8AFD667149255ACA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="E2D2C64D31606FCFA42F3F66020FD7F6" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be mistaken for the opposite leaves of
<taxonomicName id="9997792F729EEC433633F3B4303C6076" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Lysimachia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07B818D792339374F629708AAC9CA197" italics="true">Lysimachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and coupled with the creeping habit, leads to confusion in herbarium specimens. I have seen several specimens of
<taxonomicName id="8790B17A7F25323A34428EF845B6B5A6" authority="Wall." authorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Lysimachia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="evalvis">
<emphasis id="6B9DF6AC1F61EA905B99C94D1FEDB682" italics="true">Lysimachia evalvis</emphasis>
Wall.
</taxonomicName>
identified as
<taxonomicName id="F1D27D056AE3B418316BF35B5D1EE86D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="3212CDB148B4016FAE5235BFA92CB307" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the plants are very similar at first glance (see image of K 0007507178 at
<ext-link id="1FDBE2B4818581FEF9505CFA4966028C" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:701116-1" xlink_type="simple">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:701116-1</ext-link>
). Like most of the species treated here, it is extremely variable in pubescence density, with some individuals densely pubescent and others nearly glabrous. Trichomes of
<taxonomicName id="CEEA9A4A0EEF512C70AFE317408294BA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="84F9CAB4996436ADB301D1F01DB522B5" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are simple and uniseriate, and usually composed of many small cells, I have never seen branched trichomes in this species. Leaf shape in
<taxonomicName id="23DB703747D04834DA9E574308CCD789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="C02F7E9C5269D157DBB1905D94251CE6" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite variable, some specimens have almost orbicular, cordate leaves (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E9222542BD583D15896A02EDD8822FCF" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">2 C</figureCitation>
), whereas others are almost narrowly elliptic with acute or attenuate bases. Most of the infraspecific taxa placed in synonymy here have been based on pubescence or leaf shape differences. There appears to be no particular geographical or habitat correlation with leaf shape or pubescence density.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51DC1866CA422DF519F4DE97B543AF5C">
<taxonomicName id="D398F422BB18F3B9328748C5C527F86D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="B5A98DD0A761ADF1FD39D8EA209744E7" italics="true">Lycianthes lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="A4912F196620ECBCEEDC36AF8B4EA578" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="08E7EABBECC2181A9520DFB41077788B" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is a creeping or scandent herb rooting at the nodes rather than an erect woody shrub, has a single flower per fascicle (only rarely more) and larger flowers (corolla
<quantity id="898BB269BDDF9811927ED2F7CEF6A654" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.8" unit="cm" value="2.4" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.8">1.8–3 cm</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="8377E2E161806CFE65B5B903A14D7A42" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.8 cm</quantity>
in diameter in
<taxonomicName id="B6BF712EA7A6623F09D122F872719E9D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="C7D9F17A8B565E15CC954F80E4601465" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Identification of sterile or poor specimens of
<taxonomicName id="84EBFDCC58ADEEE8E93741EB5CE4D0AF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="C8DAD3F261B7904C73F74744C8EA3B9F" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be helped by looking for roots at the nodes and stems that collapse in dried specimens. The single collection I have seen from peninsular
<collectingCountry id="3011D0D130FE3E4F1E98E0AE5382FBF5" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="790F1B6FAC76A30E577A6EB89190514B" italics="true">Henderson SF- 22378</emphasis>
from
<collectingRegion id="3179938CE4E1CD3C1A4C27F5BAFD3C74" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang">Pahang</collectingRegion>
) is somewhat woody but has clear roots emerging at the nodes and along the stems. Plants identified and depicted as
<taxonomicName id="949282C78391A2CAC76FE35DE7A7AD2F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="AE6F854A09D8721E562F35AEBFDFFA03" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="4B18D067EF1687A9D856B19016226D28" country="India" name="Manipur">Manipur</collectingRegion>
, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="BF19FD65D63E136927B1DB1FDD23CF51" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3D81367020EA4D097CC5E80803567F12" author="Eshuo K" firstAuthor="Eshuo" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Biological Forum: An International Journal" pagination="342-345" refId="B50" refString="Eshuo K (2023) Lycianthes lysimachioides (Wall.) Bitter (Solanaceae): A new addition to the flora of Manipur, Northeast India. Biological Forum: An International Journal 15 (2): 342–345." title="Lycianthes lysimachioides (Wall.) Bitter (Solanaceae): A new addition to the flora of Manipur, Northeast India." volume="15" year="2023">Eshuo (2023)</bibRefCitation>
are part of the concept of
<taxonomicName id="F2D66C2407AE7940088D6A0AB0DAC714" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="DAAFAC2476CCB4C240F1F54271ECD84E" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as treated here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9AFF7E7127EB2816CC8737CB39351F9">
<taxonomicName id="298AED6AD0CE9CB9F3C65E6ABD632FF9" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="7DB0247385E2C291A28999109C58C7AA" italics="true">Lycianthes schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar calyx appendages in which at least some arise below the calyx rim leaving a hyaline edge; it can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="D86A594E57A91E444050F14184324192" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="C5673810D3A2AD3B38F10268ED834500" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its shrubby habit, calyx appendages of variable length in a single flower and larger berries (
<quantity id="01E8693060CA8F12C5E064D0A10C0F44" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.0">1–1.3 cm</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="B705DEB4783BD211EADC4BE81D939568" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 cm</quantity>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82989E999865607AA2C8200B70181F9D">
<bibRefCitation id="228CB4D595435222805B16E60BF79288" author="Dunal M-F" firstAuthor="Dunal" issue="1" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pagination="1-690" refId="B45" refString="Dunal M-F (1852) Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1–690. [V. Masson, Paris]" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="2CED5F2489366E6D59A9046CA6924765" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caulorhizum">
<emphasis id="012321669FABC6247FBFA7FBD4359CEC" italics="true">Solanum caulorhizum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the collection
<emphasis id="A451D71CAD73856FF65DABB3002DEA57" italics="true">
Zollinger
<quantity id="F05B6EB664737C95F5AEE93D10470F7E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7907" unit="in" value="705.0">705 in</quantity>
</emphasis>
the de Candolle herbarium (G-DC); a duplicate in the Paris herbarium (P 00369007) is a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="36C77EC89290115903B9CC2B38E05A47" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="AD88F0883BC7D2AC2FF3AF3CB0789496" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is excluded from the
<typeStatus id="839745DFA6BD5C343491965C9D004905" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
here (this sheet has been designated
<emphasis id="33C3E9D5A21D64206B042DB03D491C6D" italics="true">Zollinger 705 [a</emphasis>
] in the material examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BDBACF19801060A5AA40F4F3E77E43D">
<taxonomicName id="97C361FF64162F9FC13F457BB1F2045F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nematosepalum">
<emphasis id="F6D7B03F85AEDCDE0441F70F1BF6767E" italics="true">Solanum nematosepalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described only referring to a specimen “
<taxonomicName id="F342533322A63ACAABAEE17C54D3C0BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E48E845835C57AD1D68DDF518E25D6DE" italics="true">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ciliatum Blume in herb. reg. L. B. ” (
<bibRefCitation id="C1581F18F3D4846172D0310E134F238A" author="Miquel" firstAuthor="Miquel" journalOrPublisher="In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie" pagination="633-672" refId="B93" refString="Miquel FAW (1864) Ordo CLXIV. Solaneae. In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 2: 633–672." title="Ordo CLXIV. Solaneae." volume="2" year="1864">Miquel 1864</bibRefCitation>
) from
<collectingRegion id="1ACE499734EF98393BCCEA2D5D6443FC" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
. Searches in both Bogor and Leiden have revealed no specimens so labelled, so I here designate a
<typeStatus id="14D0E37FB7E6B241F2C742845815D2F3" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
from the Blume herbarium (L. 2881683) collected in
<collectingRegion id="7E8E01BEAFCB1FFA99780C418F53D607" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
that corresponds to the protologue, represents this species and is labelled in what looks like Miquel’s handwriting.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2BE0CC69BC673799D3A0810825EF8C2">
In his description of
<taxonomicName id="AE60EE0E4732C97FA1FAF5C35EA9ACB9" authority="Bitter (1919)" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="sinensis">
<emphasis id="8BB72D6A7AFDF8E747747BD859338FA2" italics="true">L. lysimachioides var. sinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2AC75AADD6E423440C8979B45576EF1C" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
cited a number of collections (
<emphasis id="8245F9E65F2E73EB1504A1EE3DF24CD3" italics="true">Henry 7207</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C36F792733431C0D131DF86DE35F70EB" italics="true">3063</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="EB562420673834381435946C828F1E5D" italics="true">6080</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="F4A0357FAE02664235EA2F0B15E6F6F8" italics="true">Wilson 1374</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="74851C05CAE08136FCDDCB6A40000885" italics="true">2158</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B4C6531134BE3321F4C9A227AC71B5DF" italics="true">Rosthorn s. n</emphasis>
.) all from “ herb. Berol. ” From these large-leaved specimens I have selected
<emphasis id="18CF1B7F1262B555EC71AA46A49A0D3E" italics="true">Henry 6080</emphasis>
(BM 001018842) as the
<typeStatus id="D3034600FE50A885AAC559F714D03C55" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, as this is the best-preserved specimen, and duplicates of this collection are widely distributed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24D922C8F0EEB0E7D7E3B2BA4D7AB59C">
<bibRefCitation id="0C584A3FFD198DB7A13DA45418439725" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Journal of Science" pagination="237-268" refId="B89" refString="Merrill ED (1923) Diagnoses of Hainan plants II. Philippine Journal of Science 23: 237–268." title="Diagnoses of Hainan plants II." volume="23" year="1923">Merrill (1923)</bibRefCitation>
cited no herbaria in his description of
<taxonomicName id="97B87A927B4D05EE09DD744674BD98BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="debilissimum">
<emphasis id="9D51052DBE93AE7AD43C42D12FAAE77C" italics="true">S. debilissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and only a single collection,
<emphasis id="91BB162D2DF8EB1F13A6F9D26C5C4E9F" italics="true">McClure 9532</emphasis>
. Material Merrill examined may have been destroyed in
<collectingRegion id="90C1B1BE33A729EBF69920D5B511F5F6" country="Philippines" name="Manila">Manila</collectingRegion>
(see under
<taxonomicName id="66E242B408ABDB69E070E8199ED09EB6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="78B1FD83F8ACF7311FDC243B92715187" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but duplicates of this material are widely distributed. I have selected the sheet in
<collectingRegion id="EFBC6A76E91D2359AA824E6DCDA1C84E" country="United Kingdom" name="City of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</collectingRegion>
(E 00426499) as the
<typeStatus id="3536BEC59A52FAF9F38EF580BE5DD556" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for this species, as this specimen has flowers and a developing fruit, whereas others have only flowers or are sterile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C64A62F7DF2B04F2A64CF6190A0C7EEC">
The varieties of
<taxonomicName id="73A2E91D6BE3A50F4FC18977153EF583" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="D4296DAA01B87FBC6F942CE50FDBE0D6" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="F0E25DE43D3650F63E67E23F22A2B3F3" author="Wu CY &amp; Huang SC" firstAuthor="Wu" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica" pagination="72-80" refId="B132" refString="Wu CY, Huang SC (1978) Materiae ad floram Solanorum et Lycianthium Sinensium. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 16: 72–80." title="Materiae ad floram Solanorum et Lycianthium Sinensium." volume="16" year="1978">Wu and Huang (1978)</bibRefCitation>
are generally referred to only using the word “ type ” and cite only the herbarium where the type is housed (i. e.,
<taxonomicName id="E8366BD873EC4051712A9FC23CCED17E" rank="variety" variety="purpurifolia">
var.
<emphasis id="666104C9326BB06A47A58F3741B083AE" italics="true">purpurifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9FDFDB1CCE1ACC292BDE791BEBAEEF70" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lysimachioides" variety="rotundifolia">
var.
<emphasis id="EEAE2E1BB8EB6B38388159CCA0D79902" italics="true">rotundifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); where multiple sheets are housed in the cited herbaria (i. e., PE) I have selected that annotated as “
<typeStatus id="8C3EC745C3D07F06F7A27433FBC90283" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
” as the
<typeStatus id="1C8C43CAE57F1D7AF75ECA528AF897F3" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Cases where only
<specimenCount id="409589401D7F31E08C0F05BB3BF70124" count="1" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
is housed in the cited herbarium are clear.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="AEDB8BC47F4352F8630639720DD5A174">
<heading id="6E36BFC39063F6CBF19F6FD367BD259B" reason="label">8.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="A146D0423C1F52913C6391F329410225" ID-CoL="6QPDW" authority="(Carriere) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Carriere" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="9E838C6470F3E014F575B3670DAF6211" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
(Carrière) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="B5FB3B267687CE1C5F9B483758F73BF1" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 332. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DB3300DC5B78012EC7FDD3E3EBE8762" type="description">
<paragraph id="2ED76BA5732CF379B4CFD15174016DCF">
<figureCitation id="41AF356A58DAE191BA039AADED5091DF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">Figs 4 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E8F530D309EA0BA62C8BAFFC01176518" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Lycianthes rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter herbarium specimen. Paraguay. Cordillera: Hassler 7024 (isolectotype of S. urbanum var. nervosum Chodat, BM 000087583) and Hassler 6728 (BM 000995242). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103813">20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C1976FD1824654E0B531B0F3FD8571C">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="55AE57071217F63BAF7E19075EAEAD69">
<treatmentCitation id="55E8F424C1374FE9FA6DCB9842D5C6E8" author="Carriere" journal="Rev. Hort. [Paris]" page="135" score="0.7162722936056586" volume="32" year="1859">
<taxonomicName id="FB87EBFFC29219BBCE146759C4810663" ID-CoL="4Y3XV" authority="Carriere" authorityName="Carriere" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="2BA1C27B07C7F86DDFF9BA19C5F26A51" italics="true">Solanum rantonnetii</emphasis>
Carrière
</taxonomicName>
, Rev. Hort. [Paris] 32: 135. 1859, as “
<emphasis id="E30F232E46EFBCC31CCC1C17A5DAB336" italics="true">rantonnei</emphasis>
”
</treatmentCitation>
. Type. Cultivated in Paris (
<typeStatus id="8725BFCA3E32238B33D80F08EC2EB76F" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="0CD4E7A59B5B21455F8EBA5CADCA340D" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" author="Dean" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dean" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-333" refId="B39" refString="Dean E, Poore J, Anguiano-Constante MA, Nee MH, Kang H, Starbuck T, Rodrígues A, Conner M (2020) The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. PhytoKeys 168: 1–333. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" title="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala." volume="168" year="2020">Dean et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 180: [illustration] Carrière, Rev. Hort. [Paris] 32: fig. 32. 1859).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80D1E7653F41764661CAF2FF4A8EABF3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F448654C9CC8C747FB7C16262BAACD22">
<treatmentCitation id="9D00B5E8CCBE56F2FE08084033CC0CB0">
<taxonomicName id="C8A7496A1C82B9CA465D07FB54D77092" ID-CoL="4Y23M" authority="Hiern" authorityName="Hiern" authorityYear="1877" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculatum">
<emphasis id="20153C768C3CE77328890105A795ABF3" italics="true">Solanum corniculatum</emphasis>
Hiern
</taxonomicName>
, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhavn 1877–1878: 45. 1877, nom. illeg.
</treatmentCitation>
, not
<taxonomicName id="A4776DB7CF0FC001B43DDFBE909EA8D2" ID-CoL="4Y23M" authority="Huber (1865)" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="1865" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corniculatum">
<emphasis id="C1BD3131B5DCB2593F7A4D464076DE23" italics="true">S. corniculatum</emphasis>
Huber (1865)
</taxonomicName>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="EA7E80EBDE2D9B61E16C065D998EFBB7" name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="2585AA99CE61DB9CC927D759CC92E705" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
: sin. loc., 1867,
<emphasis id="97158FBFBC098FEB53A31736743DB70E" italics="true">A. Glaziou 1078</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="A6DBDB62B4B9F2CFFE8B5187FC8BAD9B" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="2699412F6CF154A968884186EAA01880" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" author="Dean" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dean" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-333" refId="B39" refString="Dean E, Poore J, Anguiano-Constante MA, Nee MH, Kang H, Starbuck T, Rodrígues A, Conner M (2020) The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. PhytoKeys 168: 1–333. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" title="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala." volume="168" year="2020">Dean et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 180: C [C 10019192];
<typeStatus id="A468186928DE9DF3EA2369701B86980B" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BR [BR 00000552267, BR 00000552234], P [P 00325613, P 00325614, P 00430738]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B7F29DF1903238B4987291B504BDE68">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4123F3363EC724D14A65AEE7AC98EA45">
<treatmentCitation id="54936A12972D534527CE9FA7A67020B9" author="Morong" journal="Ann. New York Acad. Sci." page="177" score="151.57515587421165" volume="7" year="1893">
<taxonomicName id="D1DD742B53DAB4D00968D3A27F7A8E64" ID-CoL="4Y4M2" authority="Morong" authorityName="Morong" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urbanum">
<emphasis id="4DF6D3EE63CE86648AEB49E9C0BBE0FF" italics="true">Solanum urbanum</emphasis>
Morong
</taxonomicName>
, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 177. 1893
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="AE0DFA5823D1E793970212075A3E0B24" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
. Central: streets of
<collectingRegion id="F53AFBD84A67403ABC8C03909EDEEB91" country="Paraguay" name="Asuncion">Asunción</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="A8372E08354BF0673380999596A1281B" value="1888-11">Nov 1888</date>
,
<emphasis id="2C21BB3AED857AD3BCF1BA7F6E2E5D6F" italics="true">T. Morong 147</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="4CB69BAE49DBEBB98998416B6550F399" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="593690358C05BF1FFEFFADE058C75734" author="Barboza" editor="Anton AM &amp; Zuloaga FO" firstAuthor="Barboza" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina" pagination="25-30" refId="B7" refString="Barboza GE (2013) Lycianthes. In: Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds) Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina, 25–30." title="Lycianthes." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 29:
<collectionCode id="41FC4C549DEDB771E4B8BE668B59705B" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00172225];
<typeStatus id="B2FFF2927CD6054004252BB9DCFAE5CA" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: MO [MO- 503602, acc. 2495263], NDG [NDG 45160],
<collectingCountry id="F9EE16D60E75A7939EBD81C97CA85A75" name="Philippines">PH</collectingCountry>
[00030498],
<collectingCountry id="FF4BBD99AFB92FAA6A207F854BB20DD5" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[0027939, acc. # 1324871], WIS [v 0004256 WIS]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0E323BCE42718EC622963C32E5A7EC6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8DA02C0501544571A477FFB5E18C0CC6">
<treatmentCitation id="6A492CC26582AE3DC4BD9243402AD538" author="" journal="Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew" page="6" score="3.024853961039458" volume="85" year="1894">
<taxonomicName id="731D4EFF736E0E0EB4EEE0048E0A501C" ID-CoL="4Y3F8" authority="N. E. Br." authorityName="N. E. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muticum">
<emphasis id="553AD6462667F7AF1A39743D8FE1EFFE" italics="true">Solanum muticum</emphasis>
N. E. Br.
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 85: 6. 1894
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="528D0AF750F1FB196A345F0ED88293A9" name="Uruguay">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="F8024135F86E8F3DA2CD5DDCCB2A5573" country="Uruguay" name="Montevideo">Montevideo</collectingRegion>
: cultivated in
<collectingRegion id="40066BE757EB793EA5BDCB24EC51BE00" country="Uruguay" name="Montevideo">Montevideo</collectingRegion>
, originally from
<collectingCountry id="F619618A0AF54AEBD3C1B209AA0AFC2B" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="EAFEED9063DC46D2010D4C61B1AEA5AA" value="1858-03">Mar 1858</date>
,
<emphasis id="9951B77346FF937B46B71607AE91DA5F" italics="true">E. J. Gibert 56</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="50D5BC4DF7257278B6D7C3C7C5D86B75" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="5AE8C9FA89004B768C1A681DBD464EDF" author="Barboza" editor="Anton AM &amp; Zuloaga FO" firstAuthor="Barboza" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina" pagination="25-30" refId="B7" refString="Barboza GE (2013) Lycianthes. In: Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds) Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina, 25–30." title="Lycianthes." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 29: K [K 000585755]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE7A3E02495EA9D8930D89A49328E039">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C763498194CC8CF896BB95FA446C5C2E">
<treatmentCitation id="7AA0FAF2643B0256038F297F58D2F94D" author="Chodat" journal="Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve" page="152" score="109.14857222995556" volume="8" year="1916">
<taxonomicName id="754F5B483AFCADF8A3016568AED4C39E" ID-CoL="5RKFS" authority="Chodat" authorityName="Chodat" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="urbanum" variety="foliosum">
<emphasis id="9558B613E32D925E146D1794F3F7185A" italics="true">Solanum urbanum</emphasis>
Morong
<emphasis id="B6530A95B4FDAF990EF5366814CFCA87" italics="true">var. foliosum</emphasis>
Chodat
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2, 8: 152. 1916
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="74C3227ECE1C8F1A4559BD3AAB8C7C7D" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="744A9F9AD356B5C4219C0556E6421ECC" country="Paraguay" name="Paraguari">Paraguarí</collectingRegion>
: Paraguary, Cerros de
<collectingRegion id="1F89F2D2D48EFCE32ADF012402CD8E0A" country="Paraguay" name="Paraguari">Paraguarí</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="EA06A4CEF0FE823C7D0414CC1A810DC6" value="1914-09">Sep 1914</date>
,
<emphasis id="3EDF36E7A4AA52C3EAF9DFC7A4D284B9" italics="true">R. Chodat &amp; W. Vischer 60</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="086ABEE02CEA0A44CEF70C7360BBFBD9" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="8E99B900FDBC328D62197E9191EA9486" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 93: G [G 00392293]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F43DBBE1D6661D2C5833405B98596D1B">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FB527D95665B090C7A0F7FB1C026EF33">
<treatmentCitation id="57C515BE7B3FEFDFD70963F5DB9915D2" author="Chodat" journal="Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve" page="152" score="109.14857222995556" volume="8" year="1916">
<taxonomicName id="85C3695D68E33A403EA5C1FB79E2E459" ID-CoL="5RKFT" authority="Chodat" authorityName="Chodat" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="urbanum" variety="nervosum">
<emphasis id="2109EB596311B84F742B8FD28FFF952D" italics="true">Solanum urbanum</emphasis>
Morong
<emphasis id="A79EF43011391F2EB65CB6197C695943" italics="true">var. nervosum</emphasis>
Chodat
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2, 8: 152. 1916
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="368953086B8A2CF13951FED469939109" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="545D8F2597F7840357CB2FF1FA9EA550" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="D149C2FED8A52D51053C8C334F5A2F36" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
: “ in valle fluminis Y-acá, pr [ope] Valenzuela ”,
<date id="9C4B236562EC8CDD43FB7AF44D1EAB4D" value="1900-01">Jan 1900</date>
,
<emphasis id="4DF5071B9F165FAA59788B87EE92AED2" italics="true">É. Hassler 7024</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="AB70F65BFBACC3DB4293DDF495CBB98B" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="8C69ABD32924363009B0201797E463E5" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" author="Dean" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dean" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-333" refId="B39" refString="Dean E, Poore J, Anguiano-Constante MA, Nee MH, Kang H, Starbuck T, Rodrígues A, Conner M (2020) The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. PhytoKeys 168: 1–333. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" title="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala." volume="168" year="2020">Dean et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 180: G [G 00390048];
<typeStatus id="F4B7BC95694B9C83E5A9FFB744203F2B" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 000087583], G [G 00392285, G 00392288, G 00392290], P [P 03852955], W [acc. # 1904-804]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113735698832A44D9DF93BA6957BDF22">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4AE4997FC372B6C24657A806CEFFAECD">
<treatmentCitation id="DDEF65EA76DD60D5EF97B33560ED4A09" author="Chodat" journal="Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve" page="152" score="109.14857222995556" volume="8" year="1916">
<taxonomicName id="A7B817D29BA23FCCDF74F6C0DDEC8EF9" ID-CoL="5RKFV" authority="Chodat" authorityName="Chodat" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="urbanum" variety="subtomentosum">
<emphasis id="C254513E3D82FA2FE4F627627E62359D" italics="true">Solanum urbanum</emphasis>
Morong
<emphasis id="44FE18136E0213F5BACE32C1A501F8D4" italics="true">var. subtomentosum</emphasis>
Chodat
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2, 8: 152. 1916
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="E8ACE290C58FB1FA6E93704C16CCD34D" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="93777F154AB3241AC7412AFD38B77A32" country="Paraguay" name="Misiones">Misiones</collectingRegion>
: San Ignacio,
<date id="B2D5365A045860323FA0468941B5BB03" value="1914-10">Oct 1914</date>
,
<emphasis id="5C875A715FDFC2ADB0B7F9E0CFCB34B3" italics="true">R. Chodat &amp; W. Vischer 61</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="9DD582A2F6A1AAECFDE8997019179E1A" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="12102F94DF0C884A531F7A2F90745285" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 93: G [G 00392295]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECOAM" type="material">
<paragraph id="87299D84949E43F2D5474AD9CA394368">
<heading id="50F3E939099E13819569ED88C62DE2FB" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="C4C58A730E0D30FADDE8A82112FA27C0">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2360EAAF50BA9A8D20AAC2DFB28B0418">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="3FB3FCDA4B1D7CFCC75D2E3F33741C7F" authority="Carriere" authorityName="Carriere" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="3D47A38E1C9FFBBA462AC5BF9976DF91" italics="true">Solanum rantonnetii</emphasis>
Carrière
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETOAM" type="description">
<paragraph id="40098C5BF2B6270C0E0886EFBD4CD96E">
<heading id="ADBA8B1A4AA2B08EA9F1B1B4A55F03CA" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CFD621149749C66F827FBB7F83527576">
Shrubs
<quantity id="4EA287806CBBFEFB2417D8B4BB92A9D3" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3 m</quantity>
tall, with multiple stems from the base, these arching and sometimes scandent and sprawling; stems 3–4 - angled, the angles yellowish green in live plants and paler than the rest of the stem, sparsely to moderately pubescent with spreading transparent simple uniseriate 1–4 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="03B2F6EC08E8251D67ED119F1DD86F4D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long, these occasionally forked or dendritic, glabrescent with age; new growth moderately pubescent with transparent simple uniseriate or occasionally dendritic trichomes like those of the stems; bark of older stems pale greyish brown, prominently angled. Sympodial units unifoliate or more usually difoliate, the leaves usually geminate, if paired the leaves similar in shape and size. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves (1)
<quantity id="D1DD25D1E802363B5136E675FE5843CD" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="15.5" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="cm" value="9.75" valueMax="15.5" valueMin="4.0">4–15.5 cm</quantity>
long, (0.5)
<quantity id="30ABD1A3D5698A5085BE71A0B2CDB588" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="cm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–7.5 cm</quantity>
wide, ovate, rhombic-elliptic, elliptic or occasionally almost lanceolate, broadest in the upper half or rarely at the middle, membranous, concolorous; adaxial surfaces sparsely and evenly pubescent with 1–3 - celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser along the midrib; abaxial surfaces sparsely to moderately and evenly pubescent with 1–3 - celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser along the midrib; principal veins 3–7 pairs, more pubescent than the lamina. drying yellowish green abaxially; base attenuate onto the petiole; margins entire or somewhat undulate; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.5–2.4 (4) cm long, winged from the attenuate leaf base, pubescent with simple uniseriate (or occasionally dendritic) trichomes like those of the stems and leaves; blades of minor leaves similar in size and shape to those of the major leaves, or slightly smaller; petioles
<quantity id="EEE697EDDD348FB99E7824C186386885" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3 cm</quantity>
long, winged. Inflorescences axillary fascicles with (1) 2–7 flowers, pubescent with transparent trichomes like those of the new growth and stems; pedicels
<quantity id="CE5D60EE40A1033CE42C06DE10C5959F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="cm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.7 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="CA40D12C2AF0AA0D8A61249709F3397C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="D4EA24596DFF2EE07A3F35CD080F3CC7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading at anthesis, sparsely to moderately and evenly pubescent with transparent simple (occasionally dendritic) uniseriate 1–3 - celled trichomes like those of the stems, articulated at the base; pedicels scars tightly packed in the leaf axils. Buds ellipsoid to fusiform with pointed tips, the corolla more than halfway exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5 - merous, all apparently cosexual. Calyx with the tube
<quantity id="DD55094FB48A3B6332A84E660149C628" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–4 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="E29E5153403D8A886C6897AB9D894304" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
wide, openly cup-shaped, with (5) 10 linear subulate appendages of variable length
<quantity id="24448A276086AE2C6F5850FE70990306" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.725" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.25" unit="mm" value="2.725" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="0.25">0.25–5.2 mm</quantity>
long, arising ca.
<quantity id="E5C22B07A2BCEC0B1E5605458BA990A8" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.25">0.25–1 mm</quantity>
from the hyaline rim, usually alternating long and short, sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla
<quantity id="93E3CE66C9F8A52E64515D3DD0718CBA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="cm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.2">1.2–2 cm</quantity>
in diameter, violet with the midveins dark purple and the centre yellow, rotate, lobed less than 1 / 10 of the way to the base, interpetalar tissue abundantly present, the lobes ca.
<quantity id="FB4E92698BFD942B2F38BA1B27E4BBBB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="BAD94605FED92987A2BAD2CA63384456" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide and mere acumens from the rotate corolla, glabrous on both surfaces except for the densely papillate, cucullate tips (acumens). Stamens unequal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments of two lengths, three long filaments
<quantity id="25110A4A4E710167E8D0339AC67E7A4A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
long, two short filaments
<quantity id="B7C544BA0F185B360642E4A7FA77E8FA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous or adaxially pubescent with tangled weak-walled uniseriate simple trichomes; anthers ellipsoid and slightly curved, orange-yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores round, distally directed, not elongating to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style
<quantity id="AD7F26583BFE8BEB327F40C4BC9D6185" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5.5 mm</quantity>
long, slightly curved in the same direction as the anthers, glabrous; stigma slightly clavate and bilobed, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a compressed-ellipsoid or compressed globose berry,
<quantity id="A4B8CC5FA1F33D82328961BB744C8F72" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="CCC5DD02E4794B16C250F408F8E4E92D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" unit="cm" value="1.4" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.5 cm</quantity>
in diameter (usually absent or smaller and seedless in cultivated plants), yellow or yellowish orange when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, shiny and translucent; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="8670792E9EA219FA1EA2839B451044CC" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="cm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="1638C571622CBA92CEB2AC27D800A853" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="AD727BD8C68D67785FE4D3DB68E0B352" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, somewhat woody, spreading or hanging from the weight of the berries; fruiting calyx a plate with the appendages somewhat longer than in flower, spreading and often broken off, stiff and woody. Seeds 20–100 per berry (many fewer in cultivated plants),
<quantity id="1FD0396B0258F62A5FAAD747EF62C3E4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.0">2–3.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="D64B39B4A595D4BFA15CBC6CB5BAC633" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
wide, rounded and compressed, reddish tan, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells with sinuate margins, “ hairy ” extensions of lateral testal cell walls absent. Stone cells more than 20 per berry, ca.
<quantity id="E502FB3C46F31A92954176E2F2506B44" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Chromosome number: 2 n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation id="D752ACF0491ED54AC89051DD93050643" author="Gerasimenko and Reznikova" firstAuthor="Gerasimenko" journalOrPublisher="Botanskii Zhurnal" pagination="505-513" refId="B52" refString="Gerasimenko II, Reznikova SA (1968) A cytological investigation of the genus Solanum L. Botanskii Zhurnal 53: 505–513." title="A cytological investigation of the genus Solanum L." volume="53" year="1968">Gerasimenko and Reznikova 1968</bibRefCitation>
[cited in
<bibRefCitation id="558D14FB69F5DA711C993A5BF69AF8F7" DOI="10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy" firstAuthor="D'Arcy" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pagination="819-867" refId="B27" refString="D’Arcy WG (1974) Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819–867. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." volume="61" year="1974">D’Arcy 1974</bibRefCitation>
] as
<taxonomicName id="33D46E776E09E770BBD55B9796BB8607" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="AFF30D2255A09CA4E5887A99888D6B0C" italics="true">Solanum rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D80B109F89950C47BAFB60FE48474601" DOI="10.2307/25065428" author="Acosta" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Acosta" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pagination="713-723" refId="B1" refString="Acosta MC, Bernardello G, Guerra M, Moscone EA (2005) Karyotype analysis in several South American species of Solanum and Lycianthes rantonnei (Solanaceae). Taxon 54 (3): 713–723. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065428" title="Karyotype analysis in several South American species of Solanum and Lycianthes rantonnei (Solanaceae)." volume="54" year="2005">Acosta et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="7BAD768F5A00B9D2C4436C19F4A188B6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnei">
<emphasis id="ED2C2FA6E9233E37C737A577B008D384" italics="true">L. rantonnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, voucher
<emphasis id="FCA20DCDEC0B60EB6CDED6026925074D" italics="true">Moscone 4260</emphasis>
[CORD]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4PAM" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="74CD26B58F5722E735394B91EDFA112E">
<heading id="3E81260F46521D4A1EA9A5097FE82A03" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18F3E9B0B774261FF0578AC58871A213">
<taxonomicName id="44DA9D21CB127BA6BEB7C9D89CE77748" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="E88A4543503683567695EF4FDA044A2C" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics (and even into the temperate zone as a short-lived perennial) worldwide. In this region I have only seen specimens from
<collectingCountry id="2C2FA740529533ECA4297FEEF08EF5B5" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E68C166B101AB878AA6E5AC858FF653F" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. It is native to southern South America (
<collectingCountry id="17349F7E42504490C296FC437773A584" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="8B2342DD99B68923D0DA6C152323F131" name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="A7C5A8A657CF155CEC8D1387FC4D1B85" name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="DD2C9AD8DC7843204B49C25CCDF5B0E2" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOQAM" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="8AEAE376A08B641E844CDDA66B41F526">
<heading id="E0BE0B1A9FDB8CC7ACB0DD984E044430" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A245DFBC1ECA2D025FA67AC9F4BAF6B">
In its native range
<taxonomicName id="21C7A45080128A1D53275BF0C8A50973" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="C28415D4C55B73BE5A92DDFFD3428502" italics="true">L. rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of semi-moist, seasonal forests and open areas; from (sea level)
<quantity id="0596D486CCF55FC1159C03807B2C020F" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="100.0">100 to 2,000 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6QAM" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="B9BEDDE4E43348D943655B493DA0A51C">
<heading id="3D6F38D997E575CDF01095173D7B7323" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6AFA90C5CC37037EEFA325010FD72C44">
In its native range in
<collectingCountry id="388E03DD7D3FDD9910E05E555FE16441" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="05037682F673DB1FDF6A49E84D48B926" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="3E0F1AAF8931819767289705E81DBE65" italics="true">L. rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is called meloncillo del aire (
<bibRefCitation id="8A272E0244B7A593B35F18B1B09299F6" author="Barboza" editor="Anton AM &amp; Zuloaga FO" firstAuthor="Barboza" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina" pagination="25-30" refId="B7" refString="Barboza GE (2013) Lycianthes. In: Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds) Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina, 25–30." title="Lycianthes." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EURAM" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="FBF25C9F52B964468BF20707DAEB10CA">
<heading id="0836B596215B9CF90584979E46C78EA3" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="84486540CE8AB633AFFCCFB4A092D686">
<emphasis id="578144DFEBE37E0E35449D736C4954C8" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="37DD8831A2EBE71C72FBE61D06D4B9E5" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Not applicable to this species for this region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBSAM" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FC9313215DBFA217A841765A7E3D2638">
<heading id="852F8464EDD35F1541FA21867E440B29" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="04D81AF82EABA963329830DE543D3530">
<taxonomicName id="38EFBEFE9152566DA9A32F70F1848CBD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="0455CC450EAA282AB7A94E29B2DE4C32" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native to South America (
<bibRefCitation id="49398C9D488EBB569135A13DBDF29E04" author="Barboza" editor="Anton AM &amp; Zuloaga FO" firstAuthor="Barboza" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina" pagination="25-30" refId="B7" refString="Barboza GE (2013) Lycianthes. In: Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds) Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Córdoba, Argentina, 25–30." title="Lycianthes." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza 2013</bibRefCitation>
) but widely cultivated in subtropical and temperate areas worldwide. It is the only species occurring in the region treated here that has stone cells in the berries, but in cultivation it rarely sets fruit. It can easily be distinguished from all native species by its rotate corollas with copious interpetalar tissue (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4A883B6E6D44403A389261C9734D8D95" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 E</figureCitation>
), orange-yellow anthers that are slightly curved and angled, and somewhat striped stems.
<taxonomicName id="76CDAC3906B4762810A90C2C17F0D524" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="6C224CEA04A373A01C08850A1860E1B6" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has variable length calyx appendages like
<taxonomicName id="BEB854D61908358A8587B2A355AF20AC" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="E3A1435432C224207095EEF92D6E929C" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the two species are not easy to confuse;
<taxonomicName id="87D1EA63A64FF304E17E7E041C03950A" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" baseAuthorityName="Merrill and Merritt" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schizocalyx">
<emphasis id="5BC2D9CBFC04EEB4787D49A3CD355647" italics="true">L. schizocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has small bright red berries without stone cells whereas
<taxonomicName id="21B5238137F521E392AD31E4E763A055" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="0415187F2FC4E6E9C8296112A8141308" italics="true">L. rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rarely sets fruit in cultivation, but, when it does, the berries are dirty yellow and have copious stone cells. In Asia I have only seen specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BDA7E59746E95C963181DADE226F361E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="5C0B4B0508157269CCDC137FEA4FE147" italics="true">L. rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="83784B4B1A97C25A05CD6DAC148F8FCA" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="94737508B033BEF9AAE474FE416CD0B3" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, but I would expect it to be in cultivation anywhere in subtropical areas of Asia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="91937C2C141DB541F7FA9F2D81A9799D" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure20" ID-arpha="0D586BAC-9D06-5C41-B37E-A9527F4B118D" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103813" startId="F20">
<paragraph id="A66598ABA16993FBBBDB81E00C64E0EF">
<label id="8930FB3E46865D8A1982D21EE47848D5">Figure 20.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="53A586DC8DB12C9348B8B7C2B96FB75F">
<taxonomicName id="40E94A9F3D47A0FACC3E8022F45370D5" authority="(Carriere) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Carriere" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="3C626CB1C8193F71442A7544C298B6E3" italics="true">Lycianthes rantonnetii</emphasis>
(Carrière) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Paraguay. Cordillera:
<emphasis id="A9139A4CA92F97B35073D581AF7CC11E" italics="true">Hassler 7024</emphasis>
(isolectotype of
<taxonomicName id="64B4C97F014741FE76B5D6F8CE099E1D" authority="Chodat, BM" authorityName="Chodat, BM" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="urbanum" variety="nervosum">
<emphasis id="F6DC77B63C57C1F44CD22DB42E33A1A2" italics="true">S. urbanum var. nervosum</emphasis>
Chodat, BM
</taxonomicName>
000087583) and
<emphasis id="6D26EE83BF0EB760319D4E0E161251A1" italics="true">Hassler 6728</emphasis>
(BM 000995242). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E706FBE7F33236A89191098BC5E23394">
The specific epithet is often seen spelled
<taxonomicName id="FC3AA5D5D2BEA2C30FB2541D7EDDBAA7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnei">
“
<emphasis id="003BD244E03288D37827F9389EDC0FE8" italics="true">rantonnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” but is correctable to
<taxonomicName id="D1ED93EC55428226EB7A7717699328C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
“
<emphasis id="CF48E49AF14A0AC88CEE19665AEBE018" italics="true">rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” following Art. 60.9 of the ICN (
<bibRefCitation id="81028CF970799F5A59BF56D9CF7D62C9" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: Ex. 31), which stipulates that epithets honouring persons where there is an intentional latinisation of the name that involves the omission of a terminal vowel or consonant are not permitted; the epithet in this case honours the French horticulturalist Barthélémy Victor Rantonnet so is correctable to
<taxonomicName id="BEC282426748FD9DBA77F072C3C81EE3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
“
<emphasis id="8819F74895F8530C774B0FA1532D3582" italics="true">rantonnetii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” even though
<bibRefCitation id="0B5AFE2695DC5118221CE74FFA2CA211" author="Carrière E-A" firstAuthor="Carriere" journalOrPublisher="Revue Horticole" pagination="155-158" refId="B22" refString="Carrière E-A (1859) Solanum rantonnei. Revue Horticole 1859: 155–158." title="Solanum rantonnei." volume="1859" year="1859">Carrière (1859)</bibRefCitation>
originally spelled it
<taxonomicName id="B27952A350CD73A650299B591DD61AB7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnei">
“
<emphasis id="66DA70D08038CD4EE86EA41D93DBC802" italics="true">rantonnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (using the latinisation Rantonneus).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="A646E4E54967D6EB0DEF1CB079988707" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988" ID-publisher-id="121988" URI-arpha="DA787C6A-F566-53A8-8CE4-1DB250259EB2" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1722263393642" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2024" docId="CDEE34B690CC566AAAA0EF54BADAF369" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 245: 1-106" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 245" docSource="https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/121988/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docTitle="Lycianthes parasitica Bitter" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="DA787C6AF56653A88CE41DB250259EB2" masterDocTitle="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1722270899297" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="0DACA4BBBEAB8757487BAB182F0F838E">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5304201C12FA92AAFCDB3D4A36A23F9D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C1B9C4BFC308D3DC6710B8010002F9E5">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9528B304E6AF71646B7A559D4E610C92">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="9CC76CC059A5A7D849298C41FA604455">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="432D74449882DB68148997EDAB5D1DAA">
<mods:date id="FB59D734C922663DA69E90A5B01610DF">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="53E8874F45787108089E013DFE981AE4">245</mods:number>
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<treatment id="CDEE34B690CC566AAAA0EF54BADAF369" ID-arpha="CDEE34B6-90CC-566A-AAA0-EF54BADAF369" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CDEE34B690CC566AAAA0EF54BADAF369" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDEE34B690CC566AAAA0EF54BADAF369">
<subSubSection id="2AF4FCAEE4F02E492D50FD3C238030BE" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A95C561663AEAD176F119DC5C19AE42E">
<heading id="0ECBCE2C2038436C9C1F7FBDE31DD9D8" reason="label">7.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="75645EAAFEF1E614080DCE7D935CC78E" ID-CoL="3WK7S" authority="(Blume) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Blume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="6D743B9150A9996E8AC0A8360D5851D1" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="937BB37127E22E68D4E0E2A2F10C4BE0" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 504. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="401669F805E8F9BB2F112A99EB2B18C5" type="description">
<paragraph id="40F520D4588673AB9B0D2A249DF38677">
<figureCitation id="747376847FCD763D47397C4FED74364E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">Figs 2 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D4772C9EBD2D42E07534B0A0CB0EEF28" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B18E66CEB684CDDB500A418EEDF5FAEC" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1DFD004EAB2192105866C21C4728B5A3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BC6EEF42F675313DBD929421C54CB572" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Lycianthes parasitica (Elmer) Bitter herbarium specimen. Malaysia. Sarawak, Brooke 9992 (BM 001019011)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103811">18</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EFD280D0F45CBC9DE418BB026CF6636" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9FA5A2B7DE66D8B5E92A21F1143662D3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="3B384E98A51EF4AD42F3E5C869F91689">
<treatmentCitation id="E4519E126878E44631CE56B9059E7AD3">
<taxonomicName id="3DDA55E3D49F8991AD5F57E62B16D38D" ID-CoL="4Y3NJ" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
<emphasis id="551BD412A18E9EF931B4A50F714F9CAA" italics="true">Solanum parasiticum</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg 55. 1823
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="7F590A196077FE4234D5F45B088ABE7F" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. [
<collectingRegion id="93A0782A01176F6D2484AE280FEB4577" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
]: sin. loc. [
<bibRefCitation id="68A6922C3CBE5DC5381BD8EFB0A293B9" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.115427" author="Blume CL" firstAuthor="Blume" refId="B15" refString="Blume CL (1826) Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië, Ter Lands Drukkererij, Jakarta [Batavia]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" year="1826">Blume (1826)</bibRefCitation>
cites “ montis Salak ”], C. L. Blume s. n. (
<typeStatus id="9EAABCF094F1F83151BC7431D61B45CC" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: L [L 0003603]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B44809195856575E53A75B67B867F610">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="3D8576F51CFBF584B76947BF57D2D58B">
<treatmentCitation id="27325F87E9B3F855AC82B684677B11D9" author="Elmer" journal="Leaflets Philipp. Bot." page="731" score="307.72303112407144" volume="2" year="1910">
<taxonomicName id="2B7334A5F2CFD944A91547C5CD84FE0D" ID-CoL="4XZHF" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angatii">
<emphasis id="15575AFCDC27521E7AB69D0525385DD4" italics="true">Solanum angatii</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 2: 731. 1910, as “ Angatii ”
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="65A3C58EA111B6C314EC01FB6C02E492" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Mindanao [
<collectingRegion id="705DDC867343CE7BA3B090E2CC099A4A" country="Philippines" name="Davao">Davao</collectingRegion>
]: Todaya [Mount Apo], district of
<collectingRegion id="228ED0582F3DDCF690AC46C84F743ACF" country="Philippines" name="Davao">Davao</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="CBADCA1DAAF48B8CC51183CB4A456437" value="1909-05">May 1909</date>
,
<emphasis id="9F228E1B0C7B99F2E7656377EF7B428E" italics="true">A. D. E. Elmer 10762</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="E2DE1C0C1279703B107BFE2BA449821D" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectingCountry id="E45DBABBDD0503ED3B6E03775C651A12" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027451, acc. # 779392];
<typeStatus id="E70071BB3544EB3A1E9083DF18ACF423" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BISH [BISH 1005075], BM [BM 001014586], CAL [acc. # 316454], E [E 00273867], F [v 0073457 F, acc. # 290902], G [G 00343323], HBG [HBG- 511360], K [K 000759398], L [L 003583], LAE [acc. # 229575], LE [LE 00016835, LE 00016836], MO [MO- 503797, acc. # 04871604],
<collectionCode id="096A8F374AF1C1002F16D15004CF4C93" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00172271], W [acc. # 1912-0001593]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B404F1FD63A50105FBF5157870823AAD">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="3781027645A254A2F6DB5435B0D68FC7">
<treatmentCitation id="B3A7D1673E48FC3C4047310EBE89651E" author="Merr." journal="Philipp. J. Sc., C" page="350" score="2.9076864546510537" volume="7" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="84B4C2C14CD7AEE03E7131FE078558F0" ID-CoL="4Y2DB" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphyticum">
<emphasis id="2E2084ECC6159CBD7E67E43F58355927" italics="true">Solanum epiphyticum</emphasis>
Merr.
</taxonomicName>
, Philipp. J. Sc., C 7: 350. 1912
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="40CCFD13556425BB36758C074A501685" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon: sin. loc. [“ prov. of
<collectingRegion id="AC22A0B04539DA8C2E80596301363DAF" country="Philippines" name="Albay">Albay</collectingRegion>
” in protologue], 1841,
<emphasis id="886C11EBAE570A52C03C0977D1E1A5EF" italics="true">H. Cuming 837 [as “ 873</emphasis>
”] (
<typeStatus id="8DB070903FB932A65FCB464046424C4A" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="2069DE932F92A025B12022A34C9C82DF" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum">BM</collectionCode>
[BM 001018999);
<typeStatus id="6BB5BA78F3B521D8D8C8F21CD78BBA50" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: G [G 00415763], K [K 000759396, K 000759397], LAE [acc. # 229577, 231304]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FEE9627859A2FFA9B7BDB06AC0E34D9C">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1C4356E01264D017ACF196D0D9D1A4D7">
<treatmentCitation id="C1A4699C79917AADB5277FCD972238A9">
<taxonomicName id="B1FD49984602626C1EE22A0F0471CE2A" ID-CoL="B5SBF" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="campylorhachis">
<emphasis id="7BCDD8A3B8CD323F11351CA035C847D9" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="94162F822981505B0BD67090342E546D" italics="true">var. campylorhachis</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 505. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="65179CD55FA41D2BE5731E7BD767D02A" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4D738321089013CBA0EFBCD594FD6A7F" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: [
<collectingRegion id="D2AA5A150A9F7CBC622C755592A64F95" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat">West Java</collectingRegion>
] Gunung Salak, Tjaepoes.
<date id="E3B00B7C1B3337E5C324AC704E875FF5" value="1912-11-03">3 Nov 1912</date>
,
<emphasis id="4536A42A410F8E893225A40DB721402C" italics="true">S. H. Koorders 40378</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="4A8ADBE9D35A2F8655AD3A4622519A60" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="9830FB005193FE30A716F97760C788BA" country="Indonesia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15186" name="Herbarium Bogoriense" type="Herbarium">BO</collectionCode>
[acc. # BO- 1414436];
<typeStatus id="475111017B3A3ABB283F4994FFCA3777" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BO [acc. # 1414437, 1911596]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2ED1EEA6CA96B682393E2A7E4E0EDFD4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A295EAC421997A9270DE5E31C9B0A74F">
<treatmentCitation id="8F1945B6B0E42B42721ED6CD567D18B6">
<taxonomicName id="241A80E18E6263EC7E66FCB443A75A88" ID-CoL="5JG54" authority="(Merr.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="epiphytica">
<emphasis id="97A0766BAB0251C5A7552BDE3854B483" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="017961B624764E1AC87BFEDDBCE90F9F" italics="true">var. epiphytica</emphasis>
(Merr.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein
<collectingRegion id="D3995725D8584D6FC5614317408C1649" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 506. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="155013F7AAEE9919901E81E6C0BFF6E9">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="A1670B3B04752EFBD7122CD6E5C31A0B" ID-CoL="4Y2DB" authority="Merr." authorityName="Merr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphyticum">
<emphasis id="43448650BBED7D99888E088160DC313E" italics="true">Solanum epiphyticum</emphasis>
Merr.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8045FF2E59A5E6CB5F2C0B2C14DA496B">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6002A4953481C8C453BC179F1C8DEB4B">
<treatmentCitation id="71BDFBB7DC21FC6EFB9B2CD362689E70">
<taxonomicName id="2CFF8BF4E4CB431949E76B55C723C1C2" ID-CoL="B5SBD" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="angatii">
<emphasis id="76F6FDD9D56621991D8945A6ACAED36E" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="BEBB40753F142B6A24C2CA3113908B39" italics="true">var. angatii</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein
<collectingRegion id="7DAF92B70C88650EBE1CA4D166ECBA83" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 507. 1919, as “ Angatii ”
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="FBF5D2D68067A5577DD7552330451795">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="BE376EC623BD602EE9AB2A3DF8F1173D" ID-CoL="4XZHF" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angatii">
<emphasis id="41AA4EDE96DE37CE8EDDAAD76A0FE43E" italics="true">Solanum angatii</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="274F0B7293AD54136F1F6B6CCF1D7A2F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AFFD9AAF9039A22A008F5834CF0C4E94">
<treatmentCitation id="5F7A2795D2EB6D36342C7E5D70F24D3D">
<taxonomicName id="DCE1EEA9D16150A1249413A395D5EE1E" ID-CoL="B5SBH" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="praelongipedicellata">
<emphasis id="B48F66E4389F577B20C2E50735A3EEBB" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="DCC40CC46E91CC59200EC7D55B46771F" italics="true">var. praelongipedicellata</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 507. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="6322ADB7A5AF8E0870820D1543131BB6" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="1D0CB5293C28614F7579108572C3B06F" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
: [
<collectingRegion id="93D982647D520262CBE19D5A3EB15BD0" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi Utara</collectingRegion>
], Tomohon, s. d.,
<emphasis id="CC9442B0301B4B625519DBDECADEC214" italics="true">P. B. Sarasin &amp; F. K. Sarasin 375</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="8E133959C6BE7B5E97B1C3CD0E247EE4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed]; no duplicates found).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09ADD23C83D407250EFC154755990146">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FF4868BD6013C9A16F8EEBB3389CAB2A">
<treatmentCitation id="91377356CC3CE66A3D11D8471C9FC341" author="Bitter" journal="Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg." page="321" score="1.0992452832713058" volume="18" year="1922">
<taxonomicName id="CDD2948F8A7E7F1BEF6618DEBD2633DA" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="2024" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" status="sp. nov." variety="plurifolia">
<emphasis id="1A567DE2B433DEBEEE6670CB98E8BD98" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Blume) Bitter
<emphasis id="63B71942AB3A9C815663F863BDFA9BE0" italics="true">var. plurifolia</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Repert.
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3F8E88D31B0541AB6F658A06BA37B5B1" rank="species">Spec. Nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Regni Veg. 18: 321. 1922
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="E35554B6A35B26153A3EDDEBC6471A96" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Visayas: Eastern Visayas,
<collectingRegion id="AB2EE005734E3179BFE85ACB98D863E9" country="Philippines" name="Southern Leyte">Leyte</collectingRegion>
Island,
<date id="3B781BE768229C7ADB5400EC61A5F33C" value="1919-09-19">19 Sep 1919</date>
,
<emphasis id="367E02CC6225DD04E8B913301D128728" italics="true">C. A. Wenzel 500</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="4794613743BB5051369EDF536FF8C1CE" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: G [G 00415812];
<typeStatus id="19C21B577936D99E1B8DD3B25019C218" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001018987], F [acc. # 423585], MO [acc. # 80818, 80819]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIUHK" type="material">
<paragraph id="A2EE30DAB00C1B8FB70DD78C4B12BC70">
<heading id="63DD6B9B4F6CA01615F165F18BCA0ACD" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="13C52FC2CEA0C131079CF88B78FEF5B4">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61FF30722F590B2CEBE28C91B77397EB">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="666CB479C583DE79593D730BEC1A4068" authority="Blume" authorityName="Blume" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
<emphasis id="BA270DFE212C3EE56CDD4C3E2310943E" italics="true">Solanum parasiticum</emphasis>
Blume
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZUHK" type="description">
<paragraph id="78D7E55A5D01F7AD200F0928C20D8168">
<heading id="C6542CF6690E506390E6D501C6625D88" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CC2A61941C0E260F1AE075C0D03FAD9">
Epiphytic shrubs,
<quantity id="BA277EAB5DE884DC621EE4D41B6C9CA1" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
tall, to
<quantity id="ABBCB0101A323CFCAFBB3F222127A380" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
high in trees; stems terete, glabrescent, occasionally (in eastern
<collectingRegion id="1E182A4B6E6CB06C968998620439AF15" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah">Sabah</collectingRegion>
, see discussion) sparsely pubescent with weak-walled transparent simple uniseriate 2–10 - celled trichomes when young, often markedly zig-zag; new growth glabrous or occasionally pubescent with transparent, simple uniseriate 8–10 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="9442086A76F7172A348912FE76311F84" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.2">0.2–1 mm</quantity>
long; bark of older stems glabrous or glabrescent, papery-white, markedly exfoliating. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size and occasionally in shape, the minor leaves often apparently absent. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="47C09993DAF3A7DEA617FFF0C489C06B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.7" unit="cm" value="14.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="7.0">7–21 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="0720D190908107B81C0B2028240C3F50" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="5.2" valueMax="8.4" valueMin="2.0">2–8.4 cm</quantity>
wide, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, widest in the middle, concolorous and shiny, membranous or somewhat fleshy; adaxial surfaces glabrous or occasionally sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, these denser along the veins; abaxial surfaces glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, if the lamina glabrous the trichomes confined to the principal veins and midrib; principal veins 5–6 pairs, glabrous or pubescent, the tertiary venation not visible; base acute to attenuate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole
<quantity id="5AEBFE82F7B80704F28378D7BB38645D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.7" unit="cm" value="1.35" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.7">0.7–2 cm</quantity>
long, fleshy, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="9D3F501143DD37455B5C0C6476798155" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="9491139FF6447DB2D0811D2C418C496F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.0">1–2.5 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to orbicular; surfaces like those of the major leaves, the minor leaves often deciduous; principal veins of minor leaves 3–4 pairs; base acute to rounded-truncate; margins entire; apex obtuse or somewhat rounded; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="EE350124D2648619D825E09C7BA661A4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="cm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles or on a short rhachis to
<quantity id="8D2235A0C453C459EF2701891294CDE4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
long, with 3–8 (16) flowers, glabrous; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="59ABD181488371687A507492DA04ED72" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="B0FBD5E55BAABA0AB154A50B7C17909D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="2F3EB36B246EE2CF94AD2F79FE8EF184" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, glabrous and shiny or occasionally pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed and overlapping on the short rhachis, somewhat corky. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla completely included in the calyx tube when young, ca. halfway exserted before anthesis, the calyx appendages only apparent in bud. Flowers 5 - merous, cosexual. Calyx tube
<quantity id="2E5FFA5F9D9FA23432F3F13637B5DC95" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="0BAC553ACA267591289E9E1E978EF708" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, obconical, glabrous or occasionally pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, with 5 small appendages arising ca.
<quantity id="0527E4FDCB4C0F7730A0948747A3B4FD" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim and only visible in bud, the appendages ca.
<quantity id="8264D3F19055ABDEC4F4983757B3FB2B" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long, triangular nubs, usually perpendicular to the calyx tube, glabrous or with a few trichomes. Corolla
<quantity id="E546C6852A0D4540B683B40A843936DB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white or pale violet (lilac), stellate, lobed nearly to the base, interpetalar tissue absent but a thin edge of tissue apparent on lobe margins, the lobes
<quantity id="F07E2734EC501F31A1018CF6C615930E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.0">4–4.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="552BEF31C0144F6282E6A86556E12B2F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.2">1.2–2 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, glabrous on both surfaces, the tips and margins densely papillate, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments ca.
<quantity id="97230DBEF463442125BF650B86058B10" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="194E62B4CA0B91E157037C333F4EE402" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.15" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="2.0">2–2.3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="9F33A345D7108CF2844BEBA56DE2A56A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
wide, ellipsoid and somewhat tapering, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style
<quantity id="37F2DBAA8C805B3DAFD1F67A902D29E4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.5" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–5 mm</quantity>
long, exserted from the anther cone, glabrous; stigma prominently capitate, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="A095FC94EEF5C45693E2CA4445871A30" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="cm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, becoming white, then orange or red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, shiny, and transparent; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="1A0D3860FBE8C5EFA9799D4D82D984D0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="cm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.2 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="33052549658A9AB2463D001284611C53" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="F4A853DF169C79AF1838A707838EC1F1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, but remaining a cup beneath the berry,
<quantity id="DEF200D145B3136E2B511DC6C67DCE8F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="AC4CD304ABE6CB5ECE358F9BFE69E044" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth. Seeds 2 (- 4) per berry,
<quantity id="3BDBF681B0C272750A04722AECC7BF1C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–6 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="369ECC2706EA356729D2F8845698CFFE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
wide, ovoid-reniform, pale straw-colored, the surfaces deeply pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline and with prominent “ hairy ” appendages on the thickened lateral walls. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3A0A16FECF9430551CB9BE6A083A5127" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure18" ID-arpha="241FCCA8-7FAF-5BB3-9F1F-D48D70A912EF" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103811" startId="F18">
<paragraph id="82BF4FB15D06335546AA368327177D29">
<label id="AB3265E0A2DBFC0DF73A763D6B07104A">Figure 18.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2BC0F7A8592974D8E7876CE0875D7C5">
<taxonomicName id="59DB91365AF06426CC497F802F61BAE9" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="642E7E515D54E5CE606F2167881B7EC7" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Malaysia. Sarawak,
<emphasis id="A51A8F297121B57598CB4392AD361B5C" italics="true">Brooke 9992</emphasis>
(BM 001019011).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYVHK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F920AE71D2F0D7D164EFFDEE55DCECD2">
<heading id="5F227185C5FF2925526F4C7C5F019FF8" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C4876CFC9647A8B87EA5F5A04674708">
<emphasis id="FDB7F2A0B58DE6870C55765CFCB1833F" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="3A984A1774A0C9394FCEBE2FA77DE3DA" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Distribution of Lycianthes parasitica." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103812">19</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="53203C6A76F682784209F58DA5BABC6E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="028765BE844407BA936C1CE27A756594" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="A4C3CB751B55E9AEFCCF7BAA59094772" name="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="73F8C7BE29B23F34AAA758A17B3FC1D3" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BEC22BDB41CD667E55DC63C201D23F8C" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="2603FC06CDD87B49FE06747EAEBA05B2" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9A4D2C504D825771EC0F82B2AAC733F1" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(a single sterile specimen only,
<emphasis id="0BF1C5F14628849ABAD86E7E7DC3A095" italics="true">Put Phraisurind 122</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="434CF2AB2A07A5142EEFAF1FF96379B6" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure19" ID-arpha="653088E5-E3D3-5B9D-A94F-6CB123627FC7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103812" startId="F19">
<paragraph id="E5F28C797B8767B59CB0EB02421FF4ED">
<label id="63D5733B41DFD71F5B5923C68EBE8559">Figure 19.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9B9551D7CEBF5154BD33D928FB98315">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="A10ECE1AC242E00D44E3B6666692D50E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="6409650DF42A084D122FA461A480B6F3" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKXHK" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="8E5FB6D7A1B2F69FF18CEA85F610E3C9">
<heading id="B15F89E0771F367A587ACEB25B7EC512" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B6B995E65111817D4B59B21103E37E6">
<taxonomicName id="E94D9CB249802E6603E1F6C20FC474BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="34C7033A32357E2424156EB6D5705A8E" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows as an epiphytic shrub in wet forests, usually at low elevations along rivers and streams and in swamp forests, from
<quantity id="13F8DC9175F0DAD797A84BC322C0DBA1" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="m" value="550.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="100.0">100 to 1,000 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2XHK" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="4AB49569115358A3A8EDEE5EC6999939">
<heading id="530A0BBBC5AE2A8A11EE938779D4C08A" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F9190713F67BE10C76D13E7E40FCF79">
<collectingCountry id="74A0C3A06A84F53D4043ACC6DB07D433" name="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</collectingCountry>
: usak oncom payo (Dusun language,
<emphasis id="6F2DAE9C3CB25941DB40792B621F0D78" italics="true">Bernstein 322</emphasis>
).
<collectingCountry id="CDFB6489ECD01288B6BB3458609797B2" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="A841CE1D9EB46EDFDB21D91BAA3C8F1B" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
: terong-an (
<bibRefCitation id="2B475EC65FACFFB05C2BE640C9D92B8A" author="Blume" firstAuthor="Blume" refId="B14" refString="Blume CL (1823) Catalogus van eenige der Merkwaardigste Zoo in- als Uitheemse Gewassen te Vinden in ‘ s Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg. Jakarta." year="1823">Blume 1823</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingRegion id="91E5C80F601B457D8C9E85271EE5753A" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
: sarindon (
<emphasis id="427BE9E48A82B3755B294591D0E3935E" italics="true">si Boeea 6246</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="FB21FFB12C1ECCDCC6FC8C737073F7A3" italics="true">9081</emphasis>
).
<collectingCountry id="EFF71BDBF404FDFB8F02AE70193EC60A" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="8E76436B3A51C222AA38FBFABDDC4063" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah">Sabah</collectingRegion>
: akar (Bakar 25023), akar tumpeng (Sungei Kinabatangan language,
<emphasis id="796572E8E1051716EC8E93C2A3830F6B" italics="true">Enggoh 7345</emphasis>
).
<collectingCountry id="B1219724568032839CE06E152A4EB208" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Mindanao: lawmoos (Bagóbo language,
<bibRefCitation id="A4485DFCCE465FE57AF8987345BF296C" author="Elmer" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="729-734" refId="B47" refString="Elmer ADE (1910) The genus Solanum from Mount Apo. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 2: 729–734." title="The genus Solanum from Mount Apo." volume="2" year="1910">Elmer 1910</bibRefCitation>
), sisumbidan (Manobo language,
<emphasis id="CAE64F9B5527BABEB7A183561FA6F97B" italics="true">Elmer 13572</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETYHK" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="B6CCD363C5587D7A152C589ABBD81045">
<heading id="35B77646976D796414054E2637CA9B04" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56ECA7D5A89CF2F59FFBE2827816A0F3">
<emphasis id="9CF4D7CF7B35A09D414777638192C124" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D7245343AF9CFE46B6A4A3249EC0E" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAZHK" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="FDE45FF9EDBB195D37030245D22550A8" metricMagnitude="10" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6990176" unit="km" value="2.6990176E7">26,990,176 km</quantity>
<superScript id="22FF2FB3B24C7003B1D55340A379F64F">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGZHK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKZHK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="16BB5DFB8275BC446138601F4B4E7613" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.684" unit="km" value="1684.0">1,684 km</quantity>
<superScript id="95F35B73510771720F84F6090F63186B">2</superScript>
- VU).
<taxonomicName id="CA91B3E31D41FFF45E5F09A12E394117" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="756C5A33C063A90E1F66363699BE814D" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species known from more than five localities and is relatively widely distributed in the region, though as an epiphyte is rarely collected. Throughout the range it is known from protected areas (e. g., Mount Kinabalu and the Sepilok Forest Reserve,
<collectingRegion id="E992C5CDFFB0C5279A84C03BB196DA30" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah">Sabah</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="7E126678C60216B19D45C2697BDDF6FC" name="Malaysia">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
; Sohoton National Park on Samar Island in the
<collectingCountry id="3F802DB6E5AD25268798B4F5997ED534" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
). The assessment of Vulnerable (VU) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2ZHK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias, but also due to the island nature of the distribution. I therefore assign it a preliminary status of Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6ZHK" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ED1HK" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8FA98D4AD1E0DC28F1D95CFB2F3001BE">
<heading id="7E6812DDE7A10F338C3F746E31D0E1A0" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D390D51E240B70065D8FEB35024C5529">
<taxonomicName id="5587C33A08BED901B612F34107F1111A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="81BA22A14BCED9F0C51BD9A87B64E8CD" italics="true">Lycianthes parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctive in its epiphytic habit, usually strongly zig-zagging stems with markedly exfoliating white bark and berries with few (usually only two), large seeds (Figs
<figureCitation id="6C3D19CC242D8AED897C69C98A774E83" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">2 D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3F49166C3276E561CD0F50BC499B82BD" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 E</figureCitation>
). The epiphytic habit has evolved independently several times in the
<taxonomicName id="03D603E61C675EC521E9E06F1E1CCCFB" authority="(Orejuela 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Orejuela" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Solanaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="A0C5CD8D6786C9D2615C7A464A6385D7" author="Orejuela" firstAuthor="Orejuela" refId="B100" refString="Orejuela A (2021) Evolution of epiphytism in Solanaceae. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh / Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." year="2021">Orejuela 2021</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The leaves are shiny on the adaxial surfaces and quite fleshy, in dried specimens the lower orders of venation are barely visible. In flower it is possible that
<taxonomicName id="593F2ECF245537D4262E5F6B8D81C13E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="0665CEEFE30404880E4227DA3935693D" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be confused with
<taxonomicName id="2B3313CFBB7CFEB18486250E9BD28FF1" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="6D75039A4C57E7751F04AE9A9555ACD1" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which similarly has 5 calyx appendages, but that species is a shrub, not an epiphyte, has larger flowers and berries with more than 20 rather than only 2 or 3 seeds. The calyx appendages of
<taxonomicName id="D24247074A1EB11930BA9224CF89A8B8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="EA6BF95083A4C4BF2AD26853556223D1" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually not prominent in flower (Figs
<figureCitation id="D245CCEB3792EE670AC837259B095B82" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="45E0785679BF1F4F899E50894CDA0A9D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 D</figureCitation>
). The berries of
<taxonomicName id="A5DA9FA33F199A70FE3F57E687C0C4EE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="7A8DA5F51ADADD5333589C4FF7E2D203" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
change from green to white, then orange or bright red during maturation (Fig.
<figureCitation id="560CE00B97EB7E1AB1F7082B2399A669" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 D</figureCitation>
), whereas those of
<taxonomicName id="7172760FFE83BC43529E94EBD08D2BC0" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="BF153F0687A6A6E66B001F7B18F0A482" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
turn only from green to orange or red (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7EE5E3853F584A966FB87D121E796BCA" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">2 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26CF59B03D508C98413D0763DDD7981B">
The minor leaves of the geminate pair are often deciduous in older stems of
<taxonomicName id="B008148632A5B042557F63BBBC598C28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="0B7BE1E7B08F1030F77C315CF393AF29" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this was the principal feature used by
<bibRefCitation id="74F6C3D6BA4A713FF775EC282AC387AF" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill" refId="B88" refString="Merrill ED (1912) New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7 (C, Botany): 259–357." year="1912">Merrill (1912)</bibRefCitation>
in distinguishing his new species
<taxonomicName id="AA0C12A1047B16012A408ADA77E352C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphyticum">
<emphasis id="1D5D9DD83EC4216BCF0086ED7719CA0C" italics="true">S. epiphyticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="782F78711DB606D8FA01C371071ABCA1">
In the Sandakan area of
<collectingRegion id="C4A106EA2BA43726FA0B7FBCDD4D2100" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah">Sabah</collectingRegion>
(Malaysian Borneo) several collections of
<taxonomicName id="2B1F9B409F1A9C28756710793653421C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="6ED74BDD5E111F53B6C438AA89D71159" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e. g.,
<emphasis id="9A658A97DB6BA5FD233AB9F572FDAD5E" italics="true">Evangelista 883</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6F79222C2A2EC54EC288DE77A821C914" italics="true">Pereira &amp; Postar SAN- 151226</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="F74A8750EFAF09F9B1BAC57A0324991B" italics="true">Sinclair 9347</emphasis>
) are distinctive in being densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes on all parts. These collections correspond to the glabrous individuals of
<taxonomicName id="9EE9E7ECD53DF91153D1F76272A1EB43" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="56F2E5D49D4F0776C9E8991A963487FF" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in flower and leaf size and in numbers of seeds in berries, so I have retained them here, recognising that pubescence in
<taxonomicName id="44514DBC1D220621178492677B28A4BE" authorityName="Georg Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FE193532C4484772678A06D998F899BF" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Asia is extremely variable. Further investigation of these populations would be of interest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25E7393EED814F6BAE71446DC4D0772A">
<taxonomicName id="135B07C8C80C2AC443CB05087D95081F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
<emphasis id="39BD7BA05729B47472BBCE69B8ACA58C" italics="true">Solanum parasiticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described in a footnote to a species list of plants found near the botanic gardens in Bogor (
<bibRefCitation id="9B98DF4108B41DF28491BDF997221B5A" author="Blume" firstAuthor="Blume" refId="B14" refString="Blume CL (1823) Catalogus van eenige der Merkwaardigste Zoo in- als Uitheemse Gewassen te Vinden in ‘ s Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg. Jakarta." year="1823">Blume 1823</bibRefCitation>
) without citation of specimens, nor were specimens cited in his later treatment (
<bibRefCitation id="A5330DBEA3325BE354E899206F9FA01D" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.115427" author="Blume" firstAuthor="Blume" refId="B15" refString="Blume CL (1826) Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië, Ter Lands Drukkererij, Jakarta [Batavia]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427" year="1826">Blume 1826</bibRefCitation>
). No specimens collected by Blume are extant in the Bogor herbarium (A. Kartonegoro, pers. comm.). When he left
<collectingCountry id="A5C58C6605CAFD1F24E43AE40AE38758" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
for
<collectingCountry id="51BE05ABDBE435E6F31891572373C684" name="Netherlands">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
Blume took with him several cases of specimens he and others had collected (
<bibRefCitation id="A02D01640F008E26CE1335C2E1251BF3" author="van Steenis" editor="van Steenis CCGJ &amp; de Wilde WJJO" firstAuthor="van Steenis" journalOrPublisher="Volume 10, part 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London" pagination="7-41" refId="B127" refString="van Steenis CCGJ (1989) Dedication [to Carl Ludwig von Blume]. In: van Steenis CCGJ, de Wilde WJJO (Eds) Flora Malesiana. Volume 10, part 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 7–41. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532577/FM1S1984010001001.pdf" title="Dedication [to Carl Ludwig von Blume]." url="https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/532577/FM1S1984010001001.pdf" volumeTitle="Flora Malesiana." year="1989">van Steenis 1989</bibRefCitation>
). I have selected a
<typeStatus id="CFCE13FD3378C497748523B91145A041" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
from among the specimens at Leiden (
<emphasis id="6D6FE1A772AE92758CF92B34FDABB97D" italics="true">Blume s. n</emphasis>
., L 0003603) corresponding to the description in the protologue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="174149FA4EE060C64D1D8A90278A0D1A">
Like other species described by
<bibRefCitation id="376B72237FD9961013D7D5DD9B404CDD" author="Elmer ADE" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="729-734" refId="B47" refString="Elmer ADE (1910) The genus Solanum from Mount Apo. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 2: 729–734." title="The genus Solanum from Mount Apo." volume="2" year="1910">Elmer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
, no herbarium was cited in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="8C5881A68105A478899CBD14EBA650EC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angatii">
<emphasis id="178CEA5725037C3891B1ECB348B9914A" italics="true">S. angatii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I have selected the best preserved of the duplicates of the single collection cited (
<emphasis id="5378AD73A5D6FC3E8D0024D5EE0545A5" italics="true">Elmer 10762</emphasis>
) as the
<typeStatus id="1EDE76A51A8928EBAEEFBEC4FF6AE8A8" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. This species was named in honour of Elmer’s Bagóbo guide Angat from the village of Todaya, for whom he had great praise (
<bibRefCitation id="9AAC1EFFDD4C75A657A456055680477B" author="Elmer" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="729-734" refId="B47" refString="Elmer ADE (1910) The genus Solanum from Mount Apo. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 2: 729–734." title="The genus Solanum from Mount Apo." volume="2" year="1910">Elmer 1910</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19A033F651F74619578177F68C6289D1">
<bibRefCitation id="59E36BC05BD95CD4964981BEF3209B75" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill" refId="B88" refString="Merrill ED (1912) New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7 (C, Botany): 259–357." year="1912">Merrill (1912)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="D2264B1FA5728605CED3BFE05431FC94" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphyticum">
<emphasis id="4E3BA96363C5DAA0AF91837037A6A4D4" italics="true">S. epiphyticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from several collections, citing one of them (“
<emphasis id="D911519DD8D809C24F403D20C98ABD3B" italics="true">Cuming 873</emphasis>
”) as “ type ”, but with no herbarium mentioned. There are no collections of
<emphasis id="031646641531A67D34C98AE09A6C6B0B" italics="true">Cuming 873</emphasis>
that are
<taxonomicName id="D975C9EF3181A9168DCD5062CE8B4EE0" baseAuthorityName="Orejuela" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
, but
<emphasis id="7589DC3AE2267C2A5FAD1C50ACA576A9" italics="true">Cuming 837</emphasis>
is from the type locality, and I am considering
<bibRefCitation id="A8E15935CF02703EF4F927AFAA53B0C2" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill's" refId="B88" refString="Merrill ED (1912) New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7 (C, Botany): 259–357." year="1912">Merrill’s (1912)</bibRefCitation>
citation of “
<emphasis id="A1CA08A1352155C629D9B1C6EB505A85" italics="true">Cuming 837</emphasis>
” as an error to be corrected. Since the herbarium in
<collectingRegion id="CD9A33AE530BCC2357355B9C3265D2E5" country="Philippines" name="Manila">Manila</collectingRegion>
was burnt during the Second World War and all specimens held there were destroyed (see discussion under
<taxonomicName id="CEB17BD34C7DFC28DEE2B56601E4F69B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="1DF5AB9C01842586D389CECB68C9F006" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), I have selected the sheet at BM (BM 001018999) as the
<typeStatus id="3A4AEF4746A965FE98C17818E1141E7F" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
; it has well-preserved material with both flowers and fruits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19BF440F9FCC342B9DB44D25F0E69327">
<bibRefCitation id="575995F8E519639DD8D67D0AFCC65416" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
synonymised
<taxonomicName id="5A07AE52B64B269A71A939CEC2136633" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angatii">
<emphasis id="97AD715ADC8B7597B9D46DDB1E972C4A" italics="true">S. angatii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8809ACD8EB6651F6DE3B3BFDA639F384" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epiphyticum">
<emphasis id="DF999BEC7F6A17F0B259FB01501103D0" italics="true">S. epiphyticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under his concept of
<taxonomicName id="BF495E0FD929E6E395BDB5C61877D702" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parastica">
<emphasis id="2397627D82460766058F03787B1FACF2" italics="true">L. parastica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and described two additional infraspecific taxa, vars.
<emphasis id="0725D8EFA4D8535216A09592AE9AC173" italics="true">campylorhachis</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="597FBD85EBC654977FC7D13F587F97C9" italics="true">praelongipedicellata</emphasis>
. He cited a single specimen from Bogor (“ Koorders 40378 β! (hb. Bogor) ”) for
<taxonomicName id="071D9538DDC1DA3BF82CAF776179DD50" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="campylorhachis">
var.
<emphasis id="C77A9264F71F760FBD94CFDACFE4E0A1" italics="true">campylorhachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; I have selected the best preserved and most complete of the three duplicates of this collection (BO acc. # BO- 1414436) as the
<typeStatus id="DD7059DB17808911A571B8E864157821" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. A collection made by the cousins Karl F. and Paul B. Sarasin (“ it. celeb. Sarasinorum n. 375! ”) from
<collectingRegion id="C913BE22CCAC93D14043BCB13B287519" country="Germany" name="Berlin">Berlin</collectingRegion>
was cited by
<bibRefCitation id="C70ED01ED4783B0F47A92780AF7EE891" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="3B35FD045B6D1321B5622C2D39F5F8C6" rank="variety" variety="praelongipedicellatum">
var.
<emphasis id="127B2EF8466BCAC90633D233160CF565" italics="true">praelongipedicellatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingRegion id="F47EE26AD1D18D47E26ED1E6DF25F556" country="Germany" name="Berlin">Berlin</collectingRegion>
specimens were destroyed and most of this material is lost (
<bibRefCitation id="1278D288DA9D00109DEA3390CFB5303B" author="van Steenis-Kruseman MJ" refId="B128" refString="van Steenis-Kruseman MJ (1985) Malaysian plant collectors and collections, being a cyclopedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia. [originally published 1950 in Djakarta]. Martinius Nijhoff (Kluwer Academic Publishers), Boston, Dordrecht, Lancaster." year="1985">van Steenis Kruseman 1985</bibRefCitation>
). I have seen no duplicates of any Sarasin collections. A
<typeStatus id="31D7E0C48B67219D20C268DCE057167E" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
should be sought from the area where the type was gathered (
<ext-link id="F7EC3F5E2F6BA6606C23A2B1FF9B912B" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16289390M/Reisen_in_Celebes#overview" xlink_type="simple">
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16289390M/Reisen_in_
<collectingRegion id="6C8E068407904EE66688AA388DE3FECA" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Celebes</collectingRegion>
#overview
</ext-link>
), I have seen no specimens of
<taxonomicName id="1C5D575C26E1D70D7D05F82F7D9C1A8D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="1831673087441E9AC357B8CE78E177A3" italics="true">L. parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="0AE555B42E857F5AD1E8DD3529850985" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CFEB4AFA20B1DA1A46B240D59498E82B">
<bibRefCitation id="4D92D9C8C3C0FDB44E5868E5AFD85B0A" DOI="10.1002/fedr.19220181908" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" issue="19-30" journalOrPublisher="Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pagination="314-321" refId="B13" refString="Bitter G (1922) Ergänzungen zu Lycianthes. I. Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 18 (19–30): 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19220181908" title="Ergänzungen zu Lycianthes. I." volume="18" year="1922">Bitter (1922)</bibRefCitation>
later described
<taxonomicName id="232D20CC1DB2A045D2C3D33E837FC3CF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="parasitica" variety="plurifolia">
<emphasis id="B1DE643FF9F72919D10A5071978D41D8" italics="true">L. parasitica var. plurifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, citing a single specimen in “ herb. Delessert ”, held in G; in the absence of any evidence that he could have seen others of this collection (
<emphasis id="28CB2C36DD48CC4D34D5A23826F6F72D" italics="true">Wenzel 500</emphasis>
), I suggest the specimen at G (G 00415812) is the
<typeStatus id="3A490D2D632CE8F24FF38128656B9893" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="49F48013BB4469647614A4198CDE3DA4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9DF2EF3F1F297923D75A3BA60C101725">
<heading id="80B93FCE79310961F73B41C80A3ED43C" reason="label">10.</heading>
<treatmentCitation id="3C011F9819B2E7A51FE9B80CF9F5C013" author="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" issue="2" journal="Acta Phytotax. Sin." page="77" score="3.863100345872848" volume="16" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="77A89DA41B2F4920748249B32DFD1E77" ID-CoL="3WK8V" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="D4ECB0705FFD66D40AA158C198FB4513" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang
</taxonomicName>
, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16 (2): 77. 1978
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46EACCD13A7DFFCA204D4714F63F6681" type="description">
<paragraph id="89AC1D2135BEEDB0E0950DD89F96D6DF">
<figureCitation id="2AE83AEFBD0FFE9D6DCE510FC554F155" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">Figs 3 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5E66C20643A87216D67E092235F2951F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3D4EF29F013F8C527164AC32E4DD0148" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7BB7D464CD8880273859A7A89C935719" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Lycianthes shunningensis C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang herbarium specimen. China, Yunnan, Yu 16455 (E 00792527; isotype of L. shunningensis). Courtesy of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103817">23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DDCCA362B5C2E6AFD50362BF2BC76AC" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="40ED9598D3F51B7F6B4B454817C911A4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BC04071035C2A7F9BD17ED836614E964">
<treatmentCitation id="852DACCC71F1AB444AA517DA94CD4BDF">
<taxonomicName id="7C313DDB98A144F2C6268AF7B6EA5F26" ID-CoL="7HBML" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="subtruncata" variety="remotidens">
<emphasis id="10A023AE90A1D53C839892088336FCED" italics="true">Lycianthes subtruncata</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
<emphasis id="3C6369F380FEFDF4935868A62D9F2DFB" italics="true">var. remotidens</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 479. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="7F0854D66D3034F31EFCFBFEC22E45B2" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="F2443720E455E136467CECBA77878ABB" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
: “ Szemao ” [Pu’er, Simao District], 27 Aug [no year],
<emphasis id="A4024A0AD195F90C6CE6E9015B1E44E1" italics="true">A. Henry 12352 A</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="3B91BCCE63FE99B349B86CF7ACFEA1CF" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: K [K 001152508];
<typeStatus id="4092301B84762C9207FFB3489D832376" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed], E [E 00806597], MO [MO- 503793, acc. # 52819],
<collectingCountry id="58CE85651EEEE150002519B086228F0E" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[02840661, acc. # 459052]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EW1BM" type="material">
<paragraph id="0405B513A4BC2FD99194166127017128">
<heading id="FB04AB64BF9C7C9FAA59C45ACBEAB998" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="618CA7252C3E53B4E7346C3CE0D199D4">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004709CF84E381F7062F335F15269066">
<collectingCountry id="FE5068978007FB749706C27CD58D7BDB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="300F41914AD0E6178C2FB2F46E3F6081" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
: “ Shunning, Hila ” [Fenqing District, Shun Ning Lu],
<quantity id="A5A4AC02D4A53C2964364D9CA389F447" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" unit="m" value="2180.0">2,180 m</quantity>
,
<date id="65CBB629AC85CFB12A0ACF4A8EC1DC75" value="1938-06-24">24 Jun 1938</date>
,
<emphasis id="8F2E81F7CD21C67992EA9C1D76BC5354" italics="true">T. T. Yu [Yu Dejun] 16455</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="F0BABD392A51534C51BD8B3485080172" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: KUN [acc. # 230263];
<typeStatus id="24FDD76803D3A2C383FA629D8DB69EB7" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
: A [00077123], E [E 00792527], PE [00633443, 00633444]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E51BM" type="description">
<paragraph id="4514A9AF1970F783745AA512ED034547">
<heading id="4EFC198077EEEEE834A9CD71309F2A74" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DBC7B6E65740CA8F47A5E9C46FCDEBDA">
Shrubs or herbs, straggly or lax, sometimes described as climbing, ca.
<quantity id="9E02563E914A785195B94FE967F95142" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
tall; stems terete, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with yellowish cream translucent simple uniseriate 2–8 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="EE26DFF1077557637E5147E750446DE5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, soon glabrescent; new growth moderately to densely pubescent with translucent, simple uniseriate 2–8 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="6CD90D6DCBB0DB8931DD3E32F45D3FA2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long; bark of older stems glabrescent, yellow-green to greyish green. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in only size. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="6BC026B2924CD3952B26B734CB0D0544" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="cm" value="12.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="8.0">8–16 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="6464A5C199FF7EF5202DD029233A3933" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.0">2–6.5 cm</quantity>
wide, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, widest in the middle, concolorous, membranous; adaxial surfaces sparsely and evenly pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes on the veins and lamina, the trichomes 2–3 - celled, simple, uniseriate to
<quantity id="040EE4783E62417ACB6379C7C66D09B8" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long, these often denser along the veins, the lamina always visible and the trichomes appearing depressed in dry specimens; abaxial surfaces glabrous or occasionally very sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the adaxial surfaces, the midrib and principal veins with sparse pubescence; principal veins 6–8 pairs, sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous, the tertiary venation drying darker abaxially; base attenuate and somewhat decurrent onto the petiole; margins entire, ciliate with simple uniseriate trichomes to
<quantity id="D7C240690346DBCD5985E417A6F1A2A8" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long; apex acuminate; petiole
<quantity id="F61CD33FB1DE1F83A719122E58E6C53B" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.3" unit="cm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2.9 cm</quantity>
long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="9413F6B7C07D1E65490179865FEA2E21" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="cm" value="5.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="4.0">4–7.5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="C8A9AA1CFA49CF8C3AE74ED014974583" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 cm</quantity>
wide, narrowly elliptic to elliptic; surfaces like those of the major leaves, the minor leaves often deciduous; principal veins of minor leaves 4–6 pairs; base attenuate; margins entire, usually somewhat ciliate; apex acuminate; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="C3404ED6B2CA749F654DA0ED0997479B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 cm</quantity>
long, sparsely pubescent like that of the major leaves. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles, with 2–5 (8) flowers, glabrous or with a few trichomes at the pedicel bases; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="F04D76412476BA77040FCE4380880D6D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.1 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7EFFAB05760D54660F387D5242E68169" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.75 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="EDD1394B2201CD8423410EF9DC51E9EB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, very sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed and overlapping. Buds ellipsoid, strongly tapered and pointed, the corolla never completely included, even in small buds slightly exserted, strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis, the calyx appendages usually more apparent in bud. Flowers 5 - merous, cosexual. Calyx tube
<quantity id="CB5261D785858CF7CDF7362035A131F4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="6A6A3EBB1BA5B00E0EA2963849D39FB2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, an open cuplike structure, not ridged, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, with 10 appendages arising ca.
<quantity id="E5DB26E50FE8154920E0E44472F270D4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim, these more visible in bud (especially when the appendages are short), the appendages
<quantity id="EC534F2CB7717B726F1C45C3D7A6EBC6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.2" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.2">0.2–4 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="7CF82CFAC1CC642BFF7A758EFAB43C98" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
wide, small nubs to curved and linear, strongly deflexed and parallel to the calyx tube, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with a few simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and pedicels. Corolla
<quantity id="EEFF5B5644C2AE034A82359837A4CFB8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" unit="cm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.3 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white to variously purple, stellate, lobed 3 / 4 or nearly to the base, interpetalar tissue absent but a thin edge of tissue apparent on lobe margins, the lobes
<quantity id="587FADF788E33BE5C18F9C5A5E91F5CF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="F791F40183AE16EA9EF74EE3EB2332C2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, glabrous on both surfaces, the tips and margins densely papillate, the tips somewhat cucullate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments
<quantity id="E45FAA6C2778BA650B76ED69FAA4C738" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.5" unit="mm" value="0.875" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.75">0.75–1 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="B887AB3EC4B0F40C328044B1E0EE4EBD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="9E64C32B0D532B546ABDB3883375B252" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
wide, ellipsoid and tapering to a beak-like apex, tightly connivent, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style
<quantity id="6CF900515346722D3A3C7814A21A11CE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
long, exserted from the anther cone, glabrous; stigma prominently capitate, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="927125A90B0E23D9211B7098CD6B46B4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, bright red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, shiny, and transparent at fruit maturity; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="0C13AF9B35BBBB38488C0A2847DA7A2B" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="5D00527BF0C14ED4218E1F2CF416C72C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="93A8C81C305FC1664BEE8F0050321315" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading or erect; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, but remaining a plate-like structure, the appendages reflexed below berry in dry specimens, the appendages strongly reflexed and somewhat spreading. Seeds 20–40 per berry,
<quantity id="F6A67F53403E06571942883AB7E4C041" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="1945A3790454A236FEA67F4F56FFD97A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
wide, flattened-reniform or somewhat tear-drop shaped, pale straw-colored or yellow, the surfaces pitted only on the margins, the marginal testal cells rectangular to pentagonal, the lateral walls with “ hairy ” appendages ca.
<quantity id="C632A3F188870D6534E3D7486BFD67DA" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long, the central testal cells sinuate. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="72A9D8DC563C65E4EB4268DB786B6CDE" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure23" ID-arpha="661A8E5D-70BD-5663-8EA2-8C429E18B267" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103817" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="AB264C914D4EC01089B8901EA9D02B07">
<label id="5B27D4E15FFA2273A4DDB8327E01C400">Figure 23.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A6FCED457B402B998E21CCC60C2097F">
<taxonomicName id="16355BAC1E0AE63F3AFBFEC207B9A000" authority="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" authorityName="C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="47474A5A0C96CBE9808A6BD1CE825702" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
C. Y. Wu &amp; S. C. Huang
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. China, Yunnan,
<emphasis id="D44B4CD1D56AB0ABAEF5A23A91AE0A48" italics="true">Yu 16455</emphasis>
(E 00792527; isotype of
<taxonomicName id="B77E308E27E5CC2E8659847FD015BFA4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="2426E95731F872CC24D68AE44FE11154" italics="true">L. shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Courtesy of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EI3BM" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6FDA0C79E663701906DABADF1DCC161D">
<heading id="351E51B27616B4FF560629009ECC9A7B" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14AB9ABB7EF1872CAE842B44C3C3A34E">
<emphasis id="E1FA23CA9D2BD98B95713750DD37225F" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="BB7F5B2E8A8BB466A51CFEF28AACE784" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution of Lycianthes shunningensis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103818">24</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2394001786641150B94BBC0ED06E42CD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="F0DED02BD0BB62C7EF75CBEAAF18214C" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="AA028BA1842D260058EEB102ABF14DFA" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="31457C0E466775370C7BEF224EEDE0CE" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="2E9F0BD8F9E13E9D41CFFB966187F52A" name="Laos">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="69904C499E42C5867907D9067F2B7479" name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="3FF28908588228429E9CD5232A0C72C3" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="490C73734753D9B452B914446DEECF99" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="45BE1C094E9061C823DE5DD28E65F1B6" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="CE8A0EB873D562C75290C1D95E9C77D1" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure24" ID-arpha="9852104F-86F4-5114-B605-CD63F3339E98" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103818" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="3728E590311EFAB7A7930FC5D8AA6D66">
<label id="5938BE2591E9146C0870D44284556EA8">Figure 24.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A5A956AF9BC375BDABFA26B5FEA336A">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="2186BDD43B137118B4E7D9C69188EF55" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="E4FD3F00199456A6819B16C9A15DB53F" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EY4BM" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="6D33AF2056FC00BD4043493C03D0A5A1">
<heading id="40A6836B0DE5E24C3C80539ACA8F63A9" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4315D971A05DC667119444C267B995CA">
<taxonomicName id="B7FDF8397D053F9F9CF892D192AC558A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="9D75CF5312283FF066606754A96BBE90" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in wet, evergreen forests, usually in the shaded understory, from
<quantity id="B0A10CEC8DCDD1656784277C2E0ECBFB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.35" unit="m" value="1575.0" valueMax="2800.0" valueMin="350.0">350 to 2,800 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJ5BM" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="4B525ACEC4CDED945D6FDBA23CD0C6E4">
<heading id="66C4B51FD990CFD541FD7188FBE81535" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5098CB297C15424F792A8133C51380E7">
<collectingCountry id="3F1B33AB5578F1A60AC2A0473F900C1E" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. jie chi hong si xian (as
<taxonomicName id="4977E60FEF51E772F974C5539119EBC4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesiana">
<emphasis id="9B57CA93B987C21C1BBC3B650C8E65D9" italics="true">L. neesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), shun ning hong si xian (
<bibRefCitation id="5669A2FFA170FB3D774EF4A0E507761E" author="Zhang" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pagination="300-332" refId="B134" refString="Zhang ZY, Lu AM, D’Arcy WG (1994) Solanaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 300–332." title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingCountry id="B682E3D4349441337A10728DCA4BE31A" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. cà ng ủ nees (as
<taxonomicName id="6CB0F2F053DBBCA8297375F9B362ADD8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesiana">
<emphasis id="A44D155DEAC1E2BD45354DD2461C2F26" italics="true">L. neesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="885EB3ABA7768A46275C5E3282AB2C34" author="Hop" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B60" refString="Hop VV (2017) Solanaceae. In: Th ực V ật Chí Vi ệt Nam [Flora of Vietnam]. Vol. 17. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Na Noi, 9–218." year="2017">Hop 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EN6BM" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="7A1E6A42C58B76C2DC147A32F57DBD2E">
<heading id="D40D4E218E4AD03FC0A1879C4B5B16AE" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB60B1F4370D3FEF015BA920F604AABB">
<emphasis id="2AF0230E96B3B98DEDC5404FBA4A4C06" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="657D3B44A39FBEC7F44803841F36421F" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E16BM" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="B5A51F25ED8C2CB08D80CBFC5F4F0CF4" metricMagnitude="9" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3884189999999998" unit="km" value="1388419.0">1,388,419 km</quantity>
<superScript id="09135AC526A834F1EB2FCBC4D18228C4">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAACM" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEACM" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="19B0E8908100196A7CC836D906FF2F8D" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" unit="km" value="72.0">72 km</quantity>
<superScript id="EC7193CDED0D6EE41720BF29B2CF0528">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKACM" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="6FA1BCB17974C7D0EA80B7FACBC9CE24" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="80F0E5E3F2015095173F7DE02D45F1F1" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from ten localities and is somewhat widely distributed in the region. It is known from protected areas (e. g., Doi Inthanon National Park in
<collectingCountry id="9D738616BD952C283497254E458F79FB" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Ta Xua Nature Reserve in
<collectingCountry id="79E4011E2843108AA522B2198FA80C0D" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
). The assessment of Vulnerable (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZACM" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4ACM" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias. I therefore assign it a preliminary status of Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBBCM" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFBCM" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="92D60156576C14F02A3BF25B40F5CAFE">
<heading id="5324959CA924BE062F26A493200939BA" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C2E02178B7B1B1B91D0DAD584B7FB144">
<taxonomicName id="3B47339D47FAA99264C15F9534AB19D1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="9BE6152553D82A15533859A984F14294" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognised here with some hesitation, and the material included here may in fact belong to two different taxa. The specimens seen and grouped here all have strongly reflexed calyx appendages arising from usually more than
<quantity id="4E9F5CEAC467BAB319C7352FE44ADF53" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
below the calyx rim (Figs
<figureCitation id="C66312A0F71B6BDBD133F85ABF81F909" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="214735938306BABEEA18D8EE5D01E320" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4C583CD78F23CE476C6BED3BA496A578" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 F</figureCitation>
). This morphology is also seen in
<taxonomicName id="5DD7001B025CC9B8A3C7B64B0AF711E0" authority="J. L. Gentry" authorityName="J. L. Gentry" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connata">
<emphasis id="36EDF91C42AE67A3CD51E13311D5E206" italics="true">L. connata</emphasis>
J. L. Gentry
</taxonomicName>
of Mexico and
<collectingCountry id="BD9B2278AAF61C55E98FB5116930E465" name="Guatemala">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AAB52063E088EF2F862226C249D1DDD9" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" author="Dean E &amp; Poore J &amp; Anguiano-Constante MA &amp; Nee MH &amp; Kang H &amp; Starbuck T &amp; Rodrígues A &amp; Conner M" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dean" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" page="76 - 78" pagination="1-333" refId="B39" refString="Dean E, Poore J, Anguiano-Constante MA, Nee MH, Kang H, Starbuck T, Rodrígues A, Conner M (2020) The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. PhytoKeys 168: 1–333. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" title="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala." volume="168" year="2020">Dean et al. 2020: 76–78</bibRefCitation>
). The appendages in
<taxonomicName id="050F33B353E9BB080FE64DF84E12BD8E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="DDCAD59C062F450AE7AF6114FADD58E6" italics="true">L. shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vary in length, those on the
<typeStatus id="7FBED3D127F059239F7AC3870AC96D0F">type</typeStatus>
specimen (
<emphasis id="233784DCE1A7DF83993579C86D952C40" italics="true">Yu 16455</emphasis>
) from
<collectingRegion id="9BACD3A88E681993331F6D218EF9F34B" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="6A82CCBD2456F63A27677F6C2AB12D3F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
and
<emphasis id="7AB482243259638DAD08F573CCC76658" italics="true">Averyanov et al. AL 887</emphasis>
from
<collectingCountry id="0A5BC29F3790EA5F81C94CE34D0DAAFF" name="Laos">Laos</collectingCountry>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="7DAA6962D14377B932A255713367E6CF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calyx appendage variation of Lycianthes in Asia A L. biflora with 10 equal calyx appendages (Nuraliev s. n, Vietnam [no voucher]) B L. laevis with 5 calyx appendages (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207886) C L. parasitica with small, nub-like calyx appendages (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84744) D L. oliveriana with thick, warty calyces with no appendages (Damas et al. SAJ- 1050, Papua New Guinea) E L. schizocalyx with long flower pedicels and 10 unequal calyx appendages (Heyer s. n., Philippines; DOL 151906) F L. shunningensis with 10 strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Maxim Nuraliev B Wendy Mustaqim C Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Shelley James E Philippe Heyer F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103796">3 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="773C58B97D5DE023BF0A40905B3A2615" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 F</figureCitation>
) are long and conspicuous, while those on the
<typeStatus id="3A01D05AFB4FFDAF763B938D603C8383">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="B650DC17B446AB57EFBBDF3687704834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="subtruncata" variety="remotidens">
var.
<emphasis id="86D69456A93D62A7D63A949F3F8AA87C" italics="true">remotidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="E5757BE672F9081ACC494899F77F357C" italics="true">Henry 12352 A</emphasis>
) and other collections are small nubs and quite inconspicuous (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2A597220FC7F11483760AEA08DD49EE0" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 F</figureCitation>
); all, however, are strongly reflexed and arise well below the calyx rim. Variation in calyx appendage length is common in other Asian
<taxonomicName id="E6FAEF0FB05FB5EB45406DB4611490CC">
<emphasis id="21D55092D9DDC5B1E3B92D1E25A41E42" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(e. g.
<taxonomicName id="ACA33D54C18BDFB4D37541E6D117C5D6" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="C711844ECDD2AF1390E00D59227F4ACC" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see description and discussion). On all of the specimens I have seen the leaf pubescence of
<taxonomicName id="A384476DD9E0761DB6C28B3D19C0F436" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="EA77F5FB514D3D7A99C8091C3BC2245D" italics="true">L. shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also distinctive in being confined or nearly confined to the adaxial surface, most of the other taxa treated here when pubescent have denser pubescence on the abaxial leaf surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE8780CB8B31D6ABB32E1E53B57183FE">
<taxonomicName id="06FE0BC6AE6B080057D5F2DD2ABD9313" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="2AE642B17A2956E36666D9DB3070C34D" italics="true">Lycianthes shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs together with
<taxonomicName id="392E0B032C15D9245AF06126CB45657F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="331C87A9855AC4E3CA7F7D4BD4DA281C" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="2A05F967849BD93D6D9738FB171D4DD6" italics="true">Yu 16404</emphasis>
) at the
<typeStatus id="DAF78EAE6C54F09E7F536C559A9BC3F9">type</typeStatus>
locality, and field studies of these populations would be useful in assessing the distinctness and consistency of the reflexed calyx appendage character that distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="EE3D9FCA70D54CD534A3D81BD65AB37E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shunningensis">
<emphasis id="6ABF963C2C2EB93D33DAB472D60E8E77" italics="true">L. shunningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A specimen of
<taxonomicName id="0C1F9950BAC1254A503431DD9A9F41E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="325DF35AD035CDD2659B6F4C4A4A13F6" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="79830AEEBB555A25DDBB162D8639944C" italics="true">Henry 12911</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry id="308BC540FCFA9897A93662BBFE7070D0" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
duplicate) was annotated as
<taxonomicName id="390105E04A0C829BAC5D9A4BFF3689E9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="subtruncata" variety="remotidens">
<emphasis id="3E388D9ADCC21FFF3A816819E028F33A" italics="true">L. subtruncata var. remotidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Bitter in 1925, but it does not have the reflexed calyx appendages and otherwise conforms to my concept of
<taxonomicName id="883BE5AB3DB957FA065F0ED9F81B154C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="A6D047845A7241F7B95F38BC919A0AA6" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here. These
<taxonomicName id="3AEC5F8EA497AB837D12925789701A32">
<emphasis id="684AC93DBD1EC0C87FC9BE6530794B15" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are very difficult to identify!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81B42617B177854107A373041F19EF0F">
At least some of the material identified and treated as
<taxonomicName id="59786A849D6B7562805ED1F1302232D6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesiana">
<emphasis id="F1F819F0B3594D956709E0D334C5CB71" italics="true">L. neesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(here a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C2AEE5C3891DE04151F25FDD9650E58B" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="38DDB459A39BAFAE1D26D2AD03409A50" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="4C699FA48405D2C8C90E7804A901F2BD" author="Zhang ZY &amp; Lu AM &amp; D’Arcy WG" editor="Wu ZY &amp; Raven PH" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pagination="300-332" refId="B134" refString="Zhang ZY, Lu AM, D’Arcy WG (1994) Solanaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 300–332." title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="23FFD5C76A52B24F80043A1595D27CC7" author="Hop VV" firstAuthor="Hop" refId="B60" refString="Hop VV (2017) Solanaceae. In: Th ực V ật Chí Vi ệt Nam [Flora of Vietnam]. Vol. 17. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Na Noi, 9–218." year="2017">Hop (2017)</bibRefCitation>
corresponds to the
<typeStatus id="13F15BF03E495EB504E51F2013371C5A">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="60F451021941DC0A6E4A257CF6F71410" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="subtruncata" variety="remotidens">
<emphasis id="3E4B94792C74969DF0D6A940505B7E5E" italics="true">L. subtruncata var. remotidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 10 reflexed calyx appendages; the
<typeStatus id="2A2B6403020D34671CCF2B2889C6D96A">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="46B6BF163314E2B747928B72CE700F67" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neesianum">
<emphasis id="C163B15EF7E689B271DA1F7D558FBFAC" italics="true">S. neesianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see under
<taxonomicName id="57A427B00BDFF905A08310DBF1689FBD" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="796806160DF229E6C23E36929529EA59" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has 5 calyx appendages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="64BAD36B1F98014D4C433A7A8E1D09D5">
<taxonomicName id="816423D2D25A9A4318177A9601EA197B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="subtruncata" variety="remotidens">
<emphasis id="5138D68AB25C8A8D512419EEC649F005" italics="true">Lycianthes subtruncata var. remotidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described (
<bibRefCitation id="2B750964DFD9A3D352D69A6FE82E0196" author="Bitter" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter 1919</bibRefCitation>
) based on
<emphasis id="F7104B8E1626E5B68112F814F2C1CADC" italics="true">Meebold 7342</emphasis>
(from “ hb. Berol., Vratisl. ” – both destroyed, and no duplicates found), a collection from an unnamed collector (“ Sammler des Bot. Gart. Calcutta! ”) from Bogor, and
<emphasis id="21CCA6132C9DFCA7A13EECD0C99C5980" italics="true">Henry 12352 A</emphasis>
from “ hb. Berol. ” Nothing corresponding to the cited Bogor specimen has been found in BO.
<bibRefCitation id="B44104D3C6715DA216E3AE1F62A00779" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" page="480" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919: 480)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished the
<emphasis id="F9A214FC4B8BEFC25AB098112F19D18A" italics="true">Henry 12352 A</emphasis>
collection as the basic form of the variety (“ als Grundform dieser Varietät anzusehen! ” and I have selected the Kew duplicate of this collection (K 001152508) as the
<typeStatus id="1C6D6717882A074774E00BEBC307523D" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBD814709515C085AB7697C969F9FB39">
<title id="BFF52F98D02100878D688C5099E3BD9D">Excluded taxa</title>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="17C83D52754F4E136C3DE7C6BD377E88">
<emphasis id="D371A4E61E1551B11BD997C1AF876EFE" bold="true">
<treatmentCitation id="A4749D4026786A7CB22098F05222B09B" author="Merr." journal="Philipp. J. Sci., Bot." page="351" score="2.7222299634871705" volume="7" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="A3A41835A2348360F4DCEAD6FCC0A815" ID-CoL="4Y3R2" authority="Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippinense">
<emphasis id="436C5C84196C66C63760DD5EE3B72351" bold="true" italics="true">Solanum philippinense</emphasis>
Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot.
</taxonomicName>
7: 351. 1912
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="74CCEBE8A724B073C70B5E049487EB98" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon: Cordillera (
<collectingCountry id="267B8CCEB9D1DFAF9E3E718EB2EF45C1" name="Central African Republic">CAR</collectingCountry>
) Mount Santo Tomas,
<date id="B0321CB67AF4793293CA2ABAD415790B" value="1904-07-01">1 Jul 1904</date>
,
<emphasis id="68A54C9DABB0B79893F66D006251C445" bold="true" italics="true">R. S. Williams 1275</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="DFDFE5C198BFE3F5676441FFC3652365" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
: K [K 000759468],
<collectingCountry id="A948508AAD9BCC90A04E5EFAFD43AD53" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027740, acc. # 707522]).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CA73204F27813A47F1F9EB10115B980">
=
<taxonomicName id="E8382FCC67CAD07792FD0D4C077A00DD" authority="(Franch. &amp; Sav.) Makino" authorityName="Makino" baseAuthorityName="Franch. &amp; Sav." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Tubocapsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anomalum">
<emphasis id="79B598E0242660F1B2465E92BDBE758E" italics="true">Tubocapsicum anomalum</emphasis>
(Franch. &amp; Sav.) Makino
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9058FCC64E97CFBE544245E75A1A1445">
<emphasis id="EC9DB14EA0F2C99C3BC6E3FA6742D7E5" bold="true">Note.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C05CA0D6F8BFC49666229B2B7BA05E35" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill" page="352" refId="B88" refString="Merrill ED (1912) New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7 (C, Botany): 259–357." year="1912">Merrill (1912: 352)</bibRefCitation>
suggested this species was “ allied to
<taxonomicName id="3268DF4EBEFDFE613E048CBE4A18B7FB" authority="Nees" authorityName="Nees" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="blumei">
<emphasis id="4939FCE269D6A2BAE83CB5AEAB603A5A" italics="true">Solanum blumei</emphasis>
Nees
</taxonomicName>
” (=
<taxonomicName id="C6724A79C1D83579B92CE8B8F5470FE5" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="661E1EC2A8C57677D24AFBA0CE03212A" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). He cited several collections in this description and indicated that
<emphasis id="A31C2C044D33D3279FA1F0BFF2B688BF" italics="true">Williams 1275</emphasis>
was the
<typeStatus id="E460A8A160D5CFBE5AEC016514D23027">type</typeStatus>
, but without citing a herbarium. All the collections that
<bibRefCitation id="3FAE8CFC12E0E9C23C4196C8A2AD1774" author="Merrill ED" firstAuthor="Merrill" refId="B88" refString="Merrill ED (1912) New or noteworthy Philippine plants, IX. Philippine Journal of Science 7 (C, Botany): 259–357." year="1912">Merrill (1912)</bibRefCitation>
cited that I have seen are referrable to
<taxonomicName id="27CBE1CAE0734174B56D90A65B7522F7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Tubocapsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anomalum">
<emphasis id="4ECD26A4BEEBC4764D2306C0D5B19753" italics="true">Tubocapsicum anomalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="0AF7265E6D29EF3E7FC118BA76A32C1D" italics="true">Elmer 6561</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="2F8AD76C0C115E192A82E6670A39BE18" italics="true">Merrill 8003</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="482A22F1697AD07A5C939648F176FC4E" italics="true">8164</emphasis>
; I have not seen a duplicate of
<emphasis id="09DD6FAB293503EF5DA52C8D84FFED90" italics="true">Ramos 5406</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D8EBB9F441AC47B9D6F64CC410973447">
<title id="C3296693B8A93E181701D8FE286C8278">Names (designations) not validly published</title>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58B2A6C203577B37FBF0B6AA27F983A9">
<taxonomicName id="605FA586B7555F1C37A50DF54806E251" authority="(Koidz. ex Hatus.) Hatus., Fl. Ryukus" authorityName="Hatus., Fl. Ryukus" baseAuthorityName="Hatus." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflora" variety="glabra">
<emphasis id="540924B496CD55D0F03DD1FCD355F2EA" italics="true">Lycianthes biflora</emphasis>
(Lour.) Bitter
<emphasis id="8250E4941F5D6DD2C1FE181DF46B765B" italics="true">var. glabra</emphasis>
(Koidz. ex Hatus.) Hatus., Fl. Ryukus
</taxonomicName>
, ed. 2, 193. 1994, as
<taxonomicName id="CD947F31D61A39D57F9CB84EC16B5B53" baseAuthorityName="Hatushima" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflorum" variety="glabrum">
“
<emphasis id="39EE290ED99329743B86DD4DB24D366A" italics="true">biflorum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="F80E63DD6327C8B1FC65E969424B2C7E" italics="true">glabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. Not validly published, no complete citation of basionym place of publication (Art. 41.5,
<bibRefCitation id="60410F5B003854CAF1AB92601FEA43CB" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Based on
<taxonomicName id="0F516849B8F4A9067F5D61EB4A4AD9C0" authority="Hatus." authorityName="Hatus." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="biflorum" variety="glabrum">
<emphasis id="71CBAEC051629CBE5034BABDB649C325" italics="true">Solanum biflorum</emphasis>
Lour.
<emphasis id="DD0410EABAA2B4F5AF19764697506C2A" italics="true">var. glabrum</emphasis>
Hatus.
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="36D8E96353A259D8CB23534FA5A9613D" authority="(Lour.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Lour." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="331BF7E71717B94B386AEAED57D121BF" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
(Lour.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1588FED782E99EA4D4E5ECC54055589D">
<taxonomicName id="75A4AC27286DC6E0D975470B75FCDAB3" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipetalum">
<emphasis id="88CE3A1ED4B42988F4905B9088F54A98" italics="true">Solanum crassipetalum</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="7268D52382A596FE0F35731F7357EFA6" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 80. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="2A676504F53EBEBB7E24C76D45A9B2CC" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2618. =
<taxonomicName id="5AAB7E62BA858572A3CCDDD5FBA4FBFD" authority="(Dunal) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="934BE7A81C14264DE7DFB39DFF98DD80" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CEE76E99F16DA3467DA35271D800EF78">
<taxonomicName id="AB67BDB4738DA131AC0DA77F91736494" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decemdentatum">
<emphasis id="BB0E8CD8C3A69E360207CB6813E41639" italics="true">Solanum decemdentatum</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="D6013D1109C07CED23ABE2C9E47B6C58" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 80. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="9008600B2BF9009C4C233560A9ED1920" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2614. =
<taxonomicName id="D28A3BB3A58EF0FA204659DE07B20952" authority="(Lour.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Lour." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="E3B643B438D60ABD3D82ABDE1F58E2EA" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
(Lour.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B52A78C3044D78225A21249995DA429">
<taxonomicName id="CFEF33177D811ECE9D72A127DF004811" authority="Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea" authorityName="Span., Linnaea" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floccosum">
<emphasis id="8771F66B961BC54E34D445E11167F56C" italics="true">Solanum floccosum</emphasis>
Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea
</taxonomicName>
15 (4) 337. 1841, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="164B521E6887DC47EB2989D9E280D92B" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). =
<taxonomicName id="A92D38F2FE5838E72925CFC4ACFF5491" authority="(Miq.) Bitter." authorityName="Bitter." baseAuthorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="2BC1BADAE4CD86EF78788FC350BCDD6B" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
(Miq.) Bitter.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6964605140A43FB84F17C53E3FCFF8F">
<taxonomicName id="D41326D245024B0EEE51A13ABCE96952" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="645EE802B22FD1D2BAFA9A04E31F4FD4" italics="true">Solanum lysimachioides</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="A4A9C88420FA81FB9F536A49D4DF99C2" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 80. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="C9FAF5B9E16B29ABA7D6345A2A5BAC3C" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2609. =
<taxonomicName id="5775DA09EB267E866D9E3D6E59F1CA55" authority="(Wall.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Wall." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lysimachioides">
<emphasis id="17572B13964187D823E7A595EA8E44AD" italics="true">L. lysimachioides</emphasis>
(Wall.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5290B91927133ED7F0F0AD393AAA3AEE">
<taxonomicName id="D49E5265EEE0ACB16242C720C45B4EEE" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrodon">
<emphasis id="8FC55E1FFA77DF6899B21E1C8BDCED5B" italics="true">Solanum macrodon</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="26F7D5141D1731C1AD8E01B0826E06A6" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 80. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="3771C2EE2A2F5AAA3212706FF34A88BA" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2621. =
<taxonomicName id="B07A38218B601C8003FB992C20FFCA1B" authority="(Lour.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Lour." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">
<emphasis id="100E84BB79FAF5CE292B82003A66D13D" italics="true">L. biflora</emphasis>
(Lour.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D3344736A44A73C0693EE9C96D0F952">
<taxonomicName id="56B8346564731733006E4507705A13AD" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranaceum">
<emphasis id="5859C57775CEB5BEEA59D255D081AAC0" italics="true">Solanum membranaceum</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="D2FA96AA7E12B3FE029B9D1BDCE9DE5D" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 81. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="26FEA3F995BFAB6BBC9FF5C98B5A1B25" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2625. =
<taxonomicName id="D85E7F33428CFB2FF5D0EA2B3804FC42" authority="(Dunal) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="011E0E8FEF256BDC185D04193873F07A" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D06BC0C68944C179436E3537A653068A">
<treatmentCitation id="94E27C13C4A2C6E26D5316FB9E15D9BD" author="Koord." journal="Meded. Lands. Plantentuin" page="547" score="0.04924755753873923" volume="19" year="1989">
<taxonomicName id="7F331E2DB74A20C04ACE7F7D9BF83AFC" authority="Koord., Meded. Lands. Plantentuin" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minahassae">
<emphasis id="B285D9B6FF86C7140F0EBDC8E13CF8E1" italics="true">Solanum minahassae</emphasis>
Koord., Meded. Lands. Plantentuin
</taxonomicName>
19: 547. 1989
</treatmentCitation>
, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="B458108A65C9EC524166A1478DC6B038" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Based on specimen labelled “
<taxonomicName id="6A6E31AB1AAB17C90F407467D0D7A433" authority="Teysm. et Binn." authorityName="Teysm. et Binn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="B3586D7061EA365B02EBE48A510BD033" italics="true">Solanum arboreum</emphasis>
Teysm. et Binn.
</taxonomicName>
msc. in H. H. B. ” at Bogor (
<emphasis id="A3DD5FA2BB3B0B7AB9CA674FD001F564" italics="true">Koorders 18030 β</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="024B50B64C6547BAD799CF4136A4654C" italics="true">18049 β</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B4A5AF28C9BB83F290736C1FF8210D5D" italics="true">18152 β</emphasis>
all annotated as “
<taxonomicName id="B8913135649976607498D490F8EAEFB2" authority="Teysm. et Binn." authorityName="Teysm. et Binn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="DDE341D1AC0683CB3137AE2A22F926A0" italics="true">Solanum arboreum</emphasis>
Teysm. et Binn.
</taxonomicName>
” at BO). =
<taxonomicName id="475E6266005586F428EDEC973840A45A" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="039C78DCB18DDC0DBA9F1464245EDAF0" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29CEB1E611DD8C992DE8712AB3404AF1">
<taxonomicName id="593332F6FED46118EAF2847E5DD1C4E7" authority="Wall., A" authorityName="Wall., A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtruncatum">
<emphasis id="E04A6555E5A9C1D376DBB1DDA2E3E771" italics="true">Solanum subtruncatum</emphasis>
Wall., A
</taxonomicName>
numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East
<collectingCountry id="CFEB8D975AF807DFC276E4CC85A2E775" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Company’s Museum 80. 1828–1849, nomen nudum. No description or diagnosis (Art. 38.1,
<bibRefCitation id="3308184737D4DFC08D4943508E0CEB0C" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). “ Wallich Cat. ” 2620. =
<taxonomicName id="4FE5885DC220C8E9E6BB784A04075416" authority="(Dunal) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="1B806ED1C65AA14F158BBF5F5C18AC74" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
(Dunal) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FB21D5F6870F13FA3FBA2F451E2AEEA">
<treatmentCitation id="600C0607DA5FE759DC661C1ADF312E52" author="Chodat" journal="Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve" page="151" score="109.14857222995556" volume="8" year="1916">
<taxonomicName id="868178DED4C6BD5DEA050F8CDA2C974A" ID-CoL="5F4L3" authority="Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="urbanum" variety="typicum">
<emphasis id="33CF86DE755F5CBDABD94745AF7A75AE" italics="true">Solanum urbanum</emphasis>
Morong
<emphasis id="6163C8BBE4C8F54933A9DB95544433C5" italics="true">var. typicum</emphasis>
Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot.
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="2A24F66845FC450FAE373210D0C5C301" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve">Genève</collectingRegion>
, ser. 2, 8: 151. 1916
</treatmentCitation>
, not validly published. Use of prohibited epithet (Art. 24.3,
<bibRefCitation id="9ED9CFA08AA93ED54B9C56E9115F23D3" DOI="10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turland" refId="B125" refString="Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). =
<taxonomicName id="B5354EBE356BECEBF312899F8CBDF7CE" authority="(Carriere) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Carriere" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rantonnetii">
<emphasis id="5686D471B142F24CF07AED9D1CFD9893" italics="true">L. rantonnetii</emphasis>
(Carrière) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="8C62507F9CB5B3F8EC4B74ACFB308D33" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988" ID-publisher-id="121988" URI-arpha="DA787C6A-F566-53A8-8CE4-1DB250259EB2" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1722263393642" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2024" docId="D9E6791D54135AC58DE23C4C9F0D3C76" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 245: 1-106" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 245" docSource="https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/121988/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.phytokeys" docTitle="Lycianthes bimensis Bitter" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="DA787C6AF56653A88CE41DB250259EB2" masterDocTitle="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1722270899297" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="5D02AADD28DFFF0F29DAA122C689A9DA">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="91B7E959166EC4F9024AC6AEA8E72D09">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6646EF9EBE706E9AB88C9B067DCD76F8">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="65F3B42D6082A8094251D6527F68541C" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="35DAAA7716D0FC3C7F5022B7AC3752C4">
<heading id="75BF737FE82AD93B11DDFDD97BF492B2" reason="label">3.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="362AF56DFF4BC2968B6FA448899AC575" ID-CoL="3WK3T" authority="(Miq.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="55D06DF17D1D13DCF73E66397BBA3017" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
(Miq.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein
<collectingRegion id="0D2ADB737EC637E70418D1C211EF41D6" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 490. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8191CEA51C73C7F88E956ADDC83BA9E" type="description">
<paragraph id="847D19373C7CBC9D12D4A421458FCA6F">
<figureCitation id="65FAA349D1AE3573A39F391887D184B4" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Lycianthes bimensis (Miq.) Bitter herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Sumbawa, Zollinger 2057 (BM 001019008; isolectotype of S. bimense Miq.). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103803">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D72EC450AE18B547D72EC5EEE55321AC" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FA386D8B90FC9F8D200CFB9636F12407">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B46609E1E695F88A8B4C827D4BA2E654">
<treatmentCitation id="CB43FBBE01875982C5A05F000FBAB0EC" author="Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind." journal="Ind." page="642" score="0.03378121803055019" volume="2" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="73A3AE36AFF7B4DD8633E2AC86ACF97D" ID-CoL="6Z63T" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimense">
<emphasis id="B83758A933052399AC37BF26BB94DDE3" italics="true">Solanum bimense</emphasis>
Miq.
</taxonomicName>
, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 642. 1857
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="934A0358FFFC2816F3DEA2EBB9C8F712" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. [
<collectingRegion id="EAF3E0D4FF9859E5BBF8A6763F2632CE" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Barat">West Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
]:
<collectingRegion id="9670E086B59665F6FBF5979ADB1027EF" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur">Lesser Sunda Islands</collectingRegion>
, Sumbawa, [“ in Montosis Oö, Ins. Bima, + / - 2400 ” on BO label], ca.
<quantity id="A41CBA74DF6B16CB3DF18F942AED6E1B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" unit="m" value="730.0">730 m</quantity>
,
<date id="255994031F9B2432154541D77830EDB2" value="1847-10-10">10 Oct 1847</date>
,
<emphasis id="02DF4A6F8524E89DC33A027E0A37F568" italics="true">H. Zollinger 3458</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="70F6A9D24445496957C248FFEFB857A1" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here:
<collectionCode id="25E88E0E8B1BC5DCE6D146CAFE605127" country="Indonesia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15186" name="Herbarium Bogoriense" type="Herbarium">BO</collectionCode>
[acc. # BO- 1323395];
<typeStatus id="8C0CE929CE1E77D09687CE840547960E" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001019008], G [G 00415764], GH, L [L. 2881720], P [P 00369045, P 00369046, P 00369047, P 00369048], U [U 0113982]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5KCK" type="material">
<paragraph id="C135C2D615F7C5AC4B2F9AAA26ED419B">
<heading id="0577FABB72D63E22536BF70B8A3685F7" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="C5BEC0C95DCF237E1E23A9608C7A67D3">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E88EA2194225FE9E894365363A04644B">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="8B632C235D1CB10161DB0FAE726EBD75" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimense">
<emphasis id="3710CFBC3E0012323B04FCACE39EE8C3" italics="true">Solanum bimense</emphasis>
Miq.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPLCK" type="description">
<paragraph id="1B00C3E711CA9EA51023EEFBEC06AA83">
<heading id="0B057C534B3030717415E5C84B825484" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="733E3E2BED5657ADF21B9EFD2531FFC3">
Trees or treelets,
<quantity id="76095D3AAA42EAA9A8B92948942CFF6B" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="3.0">3–15 m</quantity>
tall, to
<quantity id="907F41E82F07FA748E8D73499BADCD84" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
diameter; stems terete, glabrescent, sparsely pubescent with weak-walled transparent simple uniseriate 2–10 - celled trichomes when young; new growth densely floccose pubescent with transparent, golden, simple, uniseriate 2–10 - celled trichomes to
<quantity id="B60163AD47D930E72CD0AD1F75018324" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
long, the trichomes moniliform and tangled; bark of older stems glabrescent, brown or greyish brown, smooth. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size and occasionally in shape. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="478E4DEE6E78F1A5C82A252252019DC1" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="cm" value="16.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="9.0">9–24 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="18D9F5E9F62D9794A6BC7133547A3854" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="4.5" unit="cm" value="9.25" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–14 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, widest in the middle or just below, somewhat discolorous, membranous or chartaceous; adaxial surfaces glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, these denser along the veins; abaxial surfaces glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems, if the lamina glabrous the trichomes confined to the principal veins and midrib; principal veins 10–14 pairs, glabrous or pubescent, the tertiary venation prominent, drying dark abaxially; base truncate and usually somewhat oblique; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole
<quantity id="53B5A4CC6515589800932AD9CEC7FAF7" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="2C4E5A4CA504767D784C205F18C65BDC" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="cm" value="6.25" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–9 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="8E111BE84D5A007891D8A4EE55F3711B" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.9" unit="cm" value="4.95" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.9">1.9–8 cm</quantity>
wide, ovate to orbicular; surfaces like those of the major leaves; principal veins of minor leaves 6–9 pairs; base truncate; margins entire; apex acute; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="F8960D7F6EB98EF985AFCA35133CCE90" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.7" unit="cm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7–2.5 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles or on a short rhachis
<quantity id="CDB5C980067EA7A0DE4E9438BF3DBC33" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 cm</quantity>
long, with 8–16 flowers, glabrous or densely floccose pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth and young stems; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="CEE3E708457B08FD0486E2FB1882D9D6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.5 cm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="6D1C7CFE08E78C23BE6D7DB21CADE62F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base, ca.
<quantity id="0FCA747E23E7FFC24041AFCE20107676" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, glabrous to densely floccose pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth and leaves, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed and overlapping on the short rhachis, somewhat corky. Buds long-ellipsoid, the corolla included in the calyx tube when young, ca. halfway exserted before anthesis, the calyx appendages more prominent in bud. Flowers 5 - merous, heterostylous and the plants probably dioecious. Calyx tube
<quantity id="CEAC5574FE636BC8FEDFD1F70855FB79" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="1590AD28EF132C701E7E2C7D6FB93F0E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, obconical, glabrous to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, with 5 appendages arising
<quantity id="EAD5B730D1355B836C103EBD18618F6D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.5 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim, the appendages ca.
<quantity id="F48C2EC50ADF8BF0D887D1787ED4E19F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long, triangular to subulate, usually perpendicular to the calyx tube, glabrous or with a few trichomes. Corolla
<quantity id="CEBE6903CFD88CDADF44D85B39BE78B2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.6 cm</quantity>
in diameter, deep to pale violet, stellate, lobed nearly to the base, abundant interpetalar tissue absent, the lobes
<quantity id="B18AED65F146191199AC5148B304DFC7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="D09D2872259D00B520E743D61B588230" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, thick and fleshy, glabrous on both surfaces, but with a few papillae on the slightly keeled midvein adaxially, the tips and margins densely papillate, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal and the same in short- and long-styled flowers; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments ca.
<quantity id="1073E178696CC67A402929E1326329D2" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="192ADC78235208CA91674D1A3CD8B9CF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="441C40661607E49B7742CD413705B6D9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
wide, ellipsoid, yellow (?), glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous, vestigial in short-styled flowers; style in short-styled flowers ca.
<quantity id="695BC0D2DC0F11C72B49017C5164A2EE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long, in long-styled flowers
<quantity id="471380ED7FC006FFED5A00155A438AB3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
long, exserted from the anther cone, glabrous; stigma ellipsoid to long-clavate, the tip sometimes 2 - lobed, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry,
<quantity id="F150E4F6C3BFBDEBCA77AE432BFF99C9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="cm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.2 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, bright red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, matte, and opaque; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="39CA749A134FC5FBB21E50E7F7BE04AD" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="A6AE4B3628E582658394B9CB78D88DD9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="D749F942EB89C13468CCB10012C50489" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, somewhat woody and verrucose; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, a flattened disc below the berry. Seeds 60–80 + per berry,
<quantity id="9B4B505143D465CBBC92CEDEE39B6EE1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="760F009D84248BCA05E8C8DDA4F187C7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, rounded and not flattened, pale straw-colored, the surfaces deeply pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline and with prominent “ hairy ” lateral walls. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9D8B27230631E9A85A9F7FB436103EF" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure10" ID-arpha="004D1525-E91E-5ED9-9C66-8B923F98EEE4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103803" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="A4B0F04C0598B76C4A1FC22C4EEE1912">
<label id="05AD5DAA2A2EDF6D444B5FAEDDC38132">Figure 10.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD95EC83C422B4B2EB54BFB87738CAA6">
<taxonomicName id="6BE63A38B800752ECEF51F2D88583768" authority="(Miq.) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="B85A81D39FD21418A2C606748BBF4499" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
(Miq.) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Sumbawa,
<emphasis id="86A4563D553C03EC6BE6AD38552EDAC9" italics="true">Zollinger 2057</emphasis>
(BM 001019008; isolectotype of
<taxonomicName id="43A72E378AE599A91F594A7D11F12B65" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimense">
<emphasis id="6883B2C57FCE6B003B7AF91998AE892A" italics="true">S. bimense</emphasis>
Miq.
</taxonomicName>
). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZMCK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="11CF958D722F917F1A5678C787380058">
<heading id="3B743837D586712593D6F9D465DF1665" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE791674D02F9C862AA74BAB8FC867B7">
<emphasis id="93221D32D25F18CA404DE3B8E6B286D5" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="FF979267D609AFC5D12C2B39AFBD44BE" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Distribution of Lycianthes bimensis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103804">11</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="662AD5240CBF8CAFA1780D0930709A83" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="41D9D4F243FB8A3AFC07327BC9834F2F" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to the
<collectingRegion id="79198E9DB7DEC733E592E0BB02D80EA4" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur">lesser Sunda Islands</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingCountry id="B620AE222DF32F4D009A27E83106299D" name="Indonesia">Flores</collectingCountry>
, Sumbawa and Timor in the Indonesian provinces of East and
<collectingRegion id="2373238B65513CBD608E73F6BA4973C0" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Barat">West Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="592C11BBB5E47F1AD29C210CC76E0477" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure11" ID-arpha="D2C3713C-C2B1-5B1B-ACFC-D9713B7CEDC3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103804" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="2C7E5591671D01BF0CF095F76386B870">
<label id="1221919F8A3C841D037F177253723DD7">Figure 11.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F7ACECDAD0F56685C576587C83FCF9EB">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="AAA1EF686B9A28F5065A75E28BFC6F78" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="4DD7107BD6BDEF16B68199955837CBA4" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJOCK" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="F1F904A3F0CEE4242FCC34D7F9BB62AD">
<heading id="21CD31C90EE9DE55FBB65451D946C3EC" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B189C050038853E71D93B7A4B1BCC7A">
<taxonomicName id="476C394322D611CC261E1B20573942BD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="AB3836B1556397B71D224F6375B51A9F" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a forest treelet in moist to wet tropical forest on mountainsides, growing from
<quantity id="24C8F76B09121B8EFA34E3DAA383603B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="400.0">400 to 1,000 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1OCK" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="FCD7736F678DD575533FB6C21244BC1D">
<heading id="62171002601AA161916CDB34A22CCE5B" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF476B7ED6F22CCD8029A4385CFABC02">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6OCK" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="B57CD668216D459EBDE73462B7D6D59A">
<heading id="0757E4C7DC9A7185A520D7E6E2B0933A" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1DF69DA6B37156ABAED75352B342D60">
<emphasis id="F172DFA3EA45797FA86DA2D4D9D7A7A9" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="FE5BBD6FB0C579BB29E5C39E33E63DA4" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMPCK" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="BD92F2CC85AA075840B9B1A3FF083D13" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8498" unit="km" value="38498.0">38,498 km</quantity>
<superScript id="3215D43A43ECABE4008508407EFB186E">2</superScript>
- NT);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESPCK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="8E3A4383FDB16AA77A530EF90DD5E036" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
<superScript id="E96EBCBDE2EE57AC70BA092D4B1CE3F9">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYPCK" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="7B623A7F335F773FC91D30CF74A2988E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="7F7F0B1C78631C7A93798376ECA4819F" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species known from only five localities and has a narrow distribution in the region. It occurs within the boundaries of Mount Tambora National Park on Sumbawa, but collections from there date to the 19
<superScript id="D06038A502594F45B76E3DEEB7E8F3DE">th</superScript>
century. The assessment of Vulnerable (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJQCK" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENQCK" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias, but also due to the island nature of the distribution. But based on the number of localities and threats to the habitat I consider
<taxonomicName id="4C83ADB9A6B03BB0CF59C672F7C75FE6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="8DFD324A55204E4306C65932ABB914D2" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be of some conservation concern and therefore suggest a preliminary status of VU (B 2 a, b [iii]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3QCK" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7851D1731C3CAC4BD300EB69E78779A0">
<heading id="F257A2B4A79DD5EF0C8CF000E9D26B2A" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7FF02A69BF704A129ECE4E9B333927ED">
<taxonomicName id="D8F470108C9D4F5C3D4CBAC960978098" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="B417ECC14CB57142B78000766D21E08F" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive plant with long-petiolate leaves with prominent and crowded principal veins (Fig.
<figureCitation id="552E4D37FDB371380E85D4944F4F2633" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Lycianthes bimensis (Miq.) Bitter herbarium specimen. Indonesia. Sumbawa, Zollinger 2057 (BM 001019008; isolectotype of S. bimense Miq.). Courtesy of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103803">10</figureCitation>
). The flowers are heterostylous, and I have not seen berries or developing berries on specimens with short-styled flowers, suggesting
<taxonomicName id="2A8E52DC4D2E3DFF78681B4CF40BBD0D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="E6F47A4C9455BCBB0E1EE061445BC194" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dioecious. The calyx of
<taxonomicName id="461FEB5DB874B2F01C3A4E99D95C48B3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="14700707762B72AF09BE4C538A238031" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 5 small appendages borne somewhat below a hyaline rim; it can be distinguished from other species with 5 calyx appendages such as
<taxonomicName id="54F1655B20D8290361BD0185B24C6988" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="1736DE5E1257FE7A582A2F584A10106A" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its tree habit, fleshy corolla lobes (versus membranous lobes) and heterostylous flowers. The calyx tube in
<taxonomicName id="D0EF65119AC9E7BFDE850AFCFC389BB3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="40DC2BD51CB15FF7C9810441323705FE" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually larger (
<quantity id="21A2A01000051BB194AE62FBA90CFA7F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="DD74ECAD73011BB58F127BD3FDE616C5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
) and more robust than that of
<taxonomicName id="73529B847B440E16BD15C5598B86AB88" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="17238FE1E6771C50231B3AA932FEB085" italics="true">L. laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D5B75F70B430647F25AE56798C7C62B">
<taxonomicName id="31A5E898A51DC656AFC542AB7539A742" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="90AA9A5C4FC69DAD3AFD3DCFAF94D6D3" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4AABEA5BB145855ECD10F58DCE8F5577" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="0DB435C321AE6F3B960D47F6EBD4CBF6" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both species are trees with fleshy, heterostylous flowers, dense fine pubescence on the new growth, 5 calyx appendages and orange or bright red mature berries.
<taxonomicName id="E423ED230C14C194350115F959CAD84E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="5CE0D556F8CCE62CB553F872116E8637" italics="true">Lycianthes bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smooth stems and dark brown bark versus the diagnostic prominently lenticellate stems and pale bark of
<taxonomicName id="EAEDDD75011C84BE9D43D10DF5BD2CF7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="C8D563ED53711B2EAB7544517016C62C" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Leaf petioles in
<taxonomicName id="D45AE9FDE1A63898B8904B70F2BBFDAA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="5A12C0F64FD988511080739D7FB1CE87" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are generally longer relative to leaf size than in
<taxonomicName id="632904CD9A43C2F9490FF075D5930560" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="1266FEB4F805FE4852B3A4851E279B1F" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the flowers of
<taxonomicName id="51521B6E9A4F8B82778559017B5EFBEB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="8A195EAC2812CCF26F1CC00A4B51251D" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger (corolla
<quantity id="16DB1025F34C01F3E7E2FCF40CCD9721" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.6 cm</quantity>
in diameter versus
<quantity id="36A9943AD983ED3205886170EE528518" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter in
<taxonomicName id="32D1E05CC26F0C8C0D39F513D0587A94" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="DB6D098114596DE4A450DB019CCB6C59" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The style of long-styled flowers of
<taxonomicName id="C2E249CC950EB26F1E32A685962A34E8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="7FB9433D5CA574FCB2A6A1A8AAE68BF3" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is exserted from the anther cone and long-clavate whereas that of
<taxonomicName id="5B0B0DBE7DDC5FF4A06DAF79646B747F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="FC64137716157DA11A479D8ECC1D2C80" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the style of long-styled flowers contained within the anther cone and strongly lobed. Both species occur on the island of
<collectingCountry id="2A422D1E8080CF172BB73CAFB26DE219" name="Indonesia">Flores</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2B6FE515AAC29FF11611C4109E9EBD75" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Barat">West Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="B03F9C9D2FA9EE606D89538DCBE4683B" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="348A13383CF23A817FF397A4D71B00EE">
The
<typeStatus id="6E906462F5E22C5E4C86A43E8F68D99E">type</typeStatus>
collection of
<taxonomicName id="F038FDBBEB6435E224EFA4C1D6310CA2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="7828A9CEE4A7413978065AA282EC81CF" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from an expedition to Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa and was made by the prolific Swiss collector Heinrich Zollinger, who studied in
<collectingRegion id="D7A2C5AF0FFD833BCEB29B07F24D4FCD" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve">Geneva</collectingRegion>
with the de Candolles and whose collections are widely distributed. The massive eruption of Tambora in 1815 is the largest historic volcanic eruption (
<bibRefCitation id="7C926A93EF821D37C7FDB529E99CF1E3" DOI="10.1191/0309133303pp379ra" author="Oppenheimer" firstAuthor="Oppenheimer" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Progress in Physical Geography" pagination="230-259" refId="B99" refString="Oppenheimer C (2003) Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia). Progress in Physical Geography 27 (2): 230–259. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp379ra" title="Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia)." volume="27" year="2003">Oppenheimer 2003</bibRefCitation>
), expelling more volume of rock and ash and with more fatalities than that of the more well-known Krakatoa. In his time collecting in
<collectingRegion id="FF01160C5EF3A3BA84CAB9F4A7101BE8" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
and the surrounding area in the 1840 s, Zollinger wished to study Tambora after the eruption to assess its effects on the local ecosystem and to document plant recovery (
<bibRefCitation id="B21206766D68F2E8251953A14A703A24" author="Zollinger" firstAuthor="Zollinger" refId="B135" refString="Zollinger H (1855) Besteigung des Vulkanes Tambora auf der Insel Sumbawa und Schilderung der Erupzion desselben im Jahr 1815. J. Webster &amp; Comp., Winterthur." year="1855">Zollinger 1855</bibRefCitation>
). In 1847 he and his companions were the first scientists to ascend the volcano after the eruption. The summit was still wreathed in smoke but he records vegetation recovery at various levels, and also reflects that he occasionally fell through a crust to land in a warm sulphurous powder. The
<typeStatus id="C9CECB6CA8F33DA42CD1FFA1A638A21C">type</typeStatus>
collection of
<taxonomicName id="F2ADF0DCCD54B875CB8C94D2CF9BF95F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimense">
<emphasis id="674B30FC63BD6B213693B1B43C79F5C7" italics="true">S. bimense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not on Tambora itself, but on an adjacent peak (Doro Omomboha, on Zollinger’s map labelled as Buha) nearer to the town of Bima.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="368BF16FCFE75D8A9EA46BE4A122E124">
I have lectotypified
<taxonomicName id="4F91187366F690F93F6CD2C12B439CEA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimense">
<emphasis id="128279294D49EE1F60079DAF5F724886" italics="true">S. bimense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the sheet of
<emphasis id="D0757995A94BD244DB7F3D63F09B6805" italics="true">
Zollinger
<quantity id="4C064ABEA0556EE17D495FFCF5947F87" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.78332" unit="in" value="3458.0">3458 in</quantity>
</emphasis>
the Bogor herbarium (BO acc. # BO- 1323395) as no herbarium was mentioned in the protologue (
<bibRefCitation id="2D2427AC5E28A5205B592ECF55C9F7AF" author="Miquel" firstAuthor="Miquel" journalOrPublisher="In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie" pagination="633-672" refId="B93" refString="Miquel FAW (1864) Ordo CLXIV. Solaneae. In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 2: 633–672." title="Ordo CLXIV. Solaneae." volume="2" year="1864">Miquel 1864</bibRefCitation>
) and the specimen is housed in
<collectingCountry id="635766B7CC445202DA58615EBA34CAE5" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, where
<taxonomicName id="C2583BC9D7FB429BB42C14FE830E8181" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="CB9F4C81F0F125B3D7AA8103DAB28917" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic. Miquel never travelled to
<collectingCountry id="128B704ABDEE9336C8E58CDC685579A4" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2B8CE8F21A53F7DF09EA4BD84F9B8288" DOI="10.1111/j.1438-8677.1966.tb00026.x" author="Stafleu" firstAuthor="Stafleu" refId="B117" refString="Stafleu FA (1966) F. A. W. Miquel, Netherlands botanist. Wentia 16 (S 2): 1–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1966.tb00026.x" year="1966">Stafleu 1966</bibRefCitation>
); it is likely that he either saw material in Leiden, where he was director of the Rijksherbarium, or sets of duplicates readied for distribution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68BFE68EE55341DE83459A29CC4E369C">
The designation “
<taxonomicName id="F3C57A0FE0CF13977C6937FDC9FCF7DC" authority="Zipp." authorityName="Zipp." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floccosum">
<emphasis id="2F87B12845BBA932734EE71AE2853A72" italics="true">Solanum floccosum</emphasis>
Zipp.
</taxonomicName>
” was published in a list of names with no description or diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="45EB84AD2DD82EA27A5B0ED9BB92BAF6" author="Spanoghe" firstAuthor="Spanoghe" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pagination="314-350" refId="B116" refString="Spanoghe JB (1841) Prodromus florae timorensis. Linnaea 15 (4): 314–350." title="Prodromus florae timorensis." volume="15" year="1841">Spanoghe 1841</bibRefCitation>
) rendering it a nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:titleInfo id="682B4DA7F1EC04A2A51B82FD5171EE52">
<mods:title id="CFCE086FE9CD60FE9F464CAAE949189B">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="D22A924CD7060C1FF0C38ECD15AFE2D8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="979941D32C55C10975C5415D634F5E22">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="782E9A0051E92EBECD5AEB0226A601CA">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="98AE1BD89AD09E9C617EE7CB63E64BC1" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B46635C0A59329DDFF99DBF8FE4ABEBF">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C7585ADBBC472ED58F99F77931398AD0">
<mods:title id="C1A70E81A25E3CDBB3D4F53A50A4E547">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="A24B3216CAE26D7614FCD216F459C088">
<mods:date id="53797B357DFF09D6A7CDA2F9C7432B7F">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="43202BF223B16FB2AC474248427F15E4">2024-07-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="027B98CCE1D82188612ECE46BEB974BC">245</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F9CF68EE351F27F6C75F770DE5EC59DE">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="0C89B9F3C108CB8646DEBF95DCE731A6">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B8B6F14E78AF2A698F992B71B6236254" type="DOI">10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="FF9BC207DD1E5B4184D342918FC7D192" ID-arpha="FF9BC207-DD1E-5B41-84D3-42918FC7D192" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF9BC207DD1E5B4184D342918FC7D192" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF9BC207DD1E5B4184D342918FC7D192">
<subSubSection id="0F0B007A4DD582BB2D31A52A9D45C20E" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F14004EA64A57D42CFBA79A389BDD1D0">
<heading id="BA60CEE3C53DDF2FB328DDFED4F4D9C9" reason="label">1.</heading>
<taxonomicName id="D73CD217A01E8CB92C0875A082D83B47" ID-CoL="3WK3K" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="35CC802A4AAE0F8C879089F715B7F15B" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="388D4D7F34B19B1B2D69948C7B56A840" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 509. 1919.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C04E0B3902D906D4250E6E1C5E25D27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8136CE4B9B48CF45761C8D9A4ED4FD40">
<figureCitation id="8B7D1D92ACDDE799B47561760081C374" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">Figs 2 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="461854B9F1AC4A7102339CBBD31EB1DC" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3E67FD550FAC92C375638F47A340EDB4" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Fruits of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis showing the opaque pericarp, lenticellate pedicel and small nub-like calyx appendages (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134667) B L. biflora showing sequence of fruiting ripening and elongate calyx appendages (Nuraliev 182 a, Vietnam) C L. biflora plant with short calyx appendages and little pubescence (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44710) D L. parasitica showing the small inflorescence axes and berries changing from white to orange with ripening (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76584) E L. parasitica cross-section of berry showing the two seeds (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 84746) F L. shunningensis showing unripe berry and strongly reflexed calyx appendages (Averyanov et al. 887, Laos). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Maxim Nuraliev C, E Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F. Barcelona D Danilo Tandang F Leonid Averyanov. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103798">5 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D29DDDB39502BFBED39F7F387D6A79E6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Lycianthes banahaensis (Elmer) Bitter herbarium specimen. Philippines. Mindanao, Elmer 13782 (E 00593145, staminate specimen). Courtesy of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103799">6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BF447ADBD9B117B3F575394BA2384C06" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3B112F6EEE219643E7381F840EEE2DA7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="336919A07BD4431A72EF0D2102C60562">
<treatmentCitation id="D38C2F897AAAC6F622533457BECAD754" author="Elmer" journal="Leaflets Philipp. Bot." page="341" score="307.72303112407144" volume="1" year="1908">
<taxonomicName id="736D7D3F7937C39BDC06FEC2964D002D" ID-CoL="4XZNH" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaense">
<emphasis id="9A4F3EDAEB21150805CCF3982C28784C" italics="true">Solanum banahaense</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 1: 341. 1908
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="FD88EE0E2505787BF8F458E6F424CB60" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Calabarzon]: Tayabas, Lucban,
<date id="A2DC51B8F050957C85E2AB898E332910" value="1906-05">May 1906</date>
,
<emphasis id="942FE88A836FD6584C0ABCAF86834EA7" italics="true">A. D. E. Elmer 7492</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited;
<typeStatus id="6DDC15469CC867DF5A98513C68FA47DC" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: A [00077843];
<typeStatus id="00C1F2D313D113C2BB080A276C6495B8" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: CAL [CAL 0000018718], E [E 00273870], G [G 00343322, G 00415767], K [K 000759394], L [L 0003585], LAE [acc. # 229579], LE,
<collectingCountry id="D85DC11539FB9EDB14D2BB3ECDD3046C" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027470, acc. # 629692], W [acc. # 1910-0010370]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE8AEC9403D37CB89FF168880A1DAF36">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BEAE91EF6D7B95010C183AB4988C2482">
<treatmentCitation id="04520CFFBB4F1EA7758CF296DBA4DB72" author="Elmer" journal="Leaflets Philipp. Bot." page="341" score="307.72303112407144" volume="1" year="1908">
<taxonomicName id="0E3A8E3AFA1320C1A7D1155E85546F51" ID-CoL="4Y2YY" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunense">
<emphasis id="6A11EBA41055F92CFF62D6C474FD46EE" italics="true">Solanum lagunense</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 1: 341. 1908
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="2DDA2B69F9C31F8249B999716CD67266" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Calabarzon]: Los Baños, prov. of
<collectingRegion id="F168715DB26A08003E22D36758339256" country="Philippines" name="Laguna">Laguna</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="485C9020912D74EE76673884BB02B2E6" value="1906-04">Apr 1906</date>
,
<emphasis id="CFE76AB211BB84B528878A6B6E223D48" italics="true">A. D. E. Elmer 9425</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited;
<typeStatus id="48561E3C8381BDE9514D9A4CE8A1819F" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: K [K 000759392];
<typeStatus id="4C59E326DABF9DF742C93F1F2DA57E89" type="isolectotype">isolectotype</typeStatus>
: E [E 00426930], K [K 000759393], LAE [acc. # 229581]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E0CBCD648E1B8ED3B0724C94D0465307">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DD221AB57145056555DD6DD7B916553B">
<treatmentCitation id="E82F48407423F210E88911FE23A7E2B2" author="Elmer" journal="Leaflets Philipp. Bot." page="732" score="307.72303112407144" volume="2" year="1910">
<taxonomicName id="C90F37943058B423E9F3D9F241FAE7DE" ID-CoL="4Y38J" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manucaling">
<emphasis id="46987C0C8056BE8BD397EA0068D9125B" italics="true">Solanum manucaling</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 2: 732. 1910
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="1928F3E77B868E47CBDBF32627D22810" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Mindanao [
<collectingRegion id="4FF58DB65A1E8E887FA2FDF31B49C947" country="Philippines" name="Davao">Davao</collectingRegion>
]: Todaya (Mount Apo),
<collectingRegion id="F2982898B55DC554109AEC102FFCA510" country="Philippines" name="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="BF0A7B22C93D22CF2A49EFC196105831" value="1909-05">May 1909</date>
,
<emphasis id="B780745201D6BFE5CEA83B84E4D32BB7" italics="true">A. D. E. Elmer 10489</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited;
<typeStatus id="D1B5784DBE5F5A544D703EFD37A0B374" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: BISH [BISH 1005081, acc. # 581198];
<typeStatus id="29736CA010923E273846F7BB3E27373A" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: A [00077848], BM [BM 000846477], CAL [acc. # 316482], E [E 00273862], G [G 00415768], GH [00077849], HBG [HBG- 511353], K [K 000759389], L [L 0003601], LE [LE 00016976, LE 00016977], MO [MO- 716043, acc. # 3717134],
<collectionCode id="84DC837966D27F7D511700BF0F241FF2" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
[00172286],
<collectingCountry id="466D929A21B3B47BC5699C09BC562BB8" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027669, acc. # 873056], W [acc. # 1912-0001339]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2670E72B1ED12D81994D1E717088335">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2FFEB162C893DE12A8B13499ADD81635">
<treatmentCitation id="3F68EE49CE6F33DF5A7E1FCDA148FA76" author="Elmer" journal="Leaflets Philipp. Bot." page="2830" score="307.72303112407144" volume="8" year="1915">
<taxonomicName id="7869B37EB1F14EE88CC496C9A69AD978" ID-CoL="4XZHY" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophyllum">
<emphasis id="6632ECFC606F77DE2DC81C729A75A0DE" italics="true">Solanum anisophyllum</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
, Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 8: 2830. 1915
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="3628CD6432C940CDAD0BEA6C54E5728C" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Mindanao [Caraga]: Cabadbaran, Mount Urdaneta [= Mount Hilong-Hilong or Masay],
<collectingRegion id="A5E2AFB020012323BFBD13DBDCD901C7" country="Philippines" name="Agusan del Norte">Agusan del Norte</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="E638715521D2C252D2BA23B5D69894FC" value="1912-09">Sep 1912</date>
,
<emphasis id="1E323EABF09BCF18A0A5E4ECE98DD219" italics="true">A. D. E. Elmer 13887</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited;
<typeStatus id="01484CD6F49E656969665DBD2C61F8A3" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: A [00077840];
<typeStatus id="22BE4D52091E652C78DFCAE33F084604" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 0001014585], CAL [acc. # 316453], E [E 00196406], G [G 00415766], GH [00077841], K [K 000759392], L [L 0003597], LAE [acc. # 229574], LE [LE 00016833], MICH [1109888], P [P 00368935], U [U 0113983],
<collectingCountry id="4558442FB4968A5902EB6F81E3B615C1" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[00027453, acc. # 894985], W [acc. # 1915-0012862]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BB7D4A1A730C2694AE6E29C316B26AA">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="92DBFEA2EE123D87F344363D770C83B0">
<treatmentCitation id="2FDCD03B41C6CB7DE1720B6773AF068D">
<taxonomicName id="6CEBB33E5667ECAE2162EEAD1FF8253E" ID-CoL="3WK2X" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aceratia">
<emphasis id="C15C70B9C5315EB3B3EAC95905D2C516" italics="true">Lycianthes aceratia</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 508. 1919. Type.
<collectingCountry id="C2CD03ED2DBD5E1F5FC3CB9C4EDF8F45" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4A4786CF6386B6AA2D898C2FE0528E0C" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur">East Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
: Sumba [“ Soemba, Parimbang ” in protologue],
<emphasis id="54CB5AA6A11388B5E4ACD228612178EC" italics="true">J. E. Teijsmann 8918</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="CFB8DC7CFCF7858B20B94DEE7C3E55C2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: BO [acc. # BO- 1323491];
<typeStatus id="B6665DB26406E5D59F0D401064A5128E" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
: L [L. 2859654]).
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C623D802162C5E77012612D3141CE68">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="396F3EEB8C94DF4271C12FDD5B3BE519">
<treatmentCitation id="264C264BBBDC84987E1CC8705BA705D7">
<taxonomicName id="AB54CF0B54BCE0EB6239E3EB07A76688" ID-CoL="7HBMX" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="banahaensis" subSpecies="manucaling">
<emphasis id="6A34C2EC6166C7E3C9505E88BFBD2DB3" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
<emphasis id="077BF2149DBDDC4D88D81AAE9EA6A694" italics="true">subsp. manucaling</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="793EAD38EB3CFADF273AB33626BBB588" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 509. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="2674FC24D738B7934ABCDE0205455FC1">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="1334BA03D048CC7F28A2F62967659E89" ID-CoL="4Y38J" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manucaling">
<emphasis id="FDFD8ACD5136B094D369D630603DE698" italics="true">Solanum manucaling</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF8E6ACF05EB6463568E14EB57E53B55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BA9942F51B449A035A561332FFB74C11">
<treatmentCitation id="25EA7F20BD4B0ACB9B0FF0F3F84B877F">
<taxonomicName id="53C760A6A7E49D138A40300720D48956" ID-CoL="3WK6F" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunensis">
<emphasis id="348B07F66D6D358533B7AB8C9B533984" italics="true">Lycianthes lagunensis</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="BF60F64DA9EE232933EFED411F1A7193" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 511. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="177D1190427C1B893529201C44D3CFAD">Type</typeStatus>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="F1FA31F69C33319D6A54D6587CC24247" ID-CoL="4Y2YY" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunense">
<emphasis id="E546608BEFD5C002F911847220CF5350" italics="true">Solanum lagunense</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0811D1797BD773B933589AA50D7077B3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AD2DEC30B6FC74509991488001D7766A">
<treatmentCitation id="E4591DD9B620345EACEBED66115F564E">
<taxonomicName id="EFF3C1743C4283D0F65A3880B9B82800" ID-CoL="3WK37" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophylla">
<emphasis id="BD7ABCEE22C4D6655F5B077E31FC210C" italics="true">Lycianthes anisophylla</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
<collectingRegion id="E121BF984202172CA0411046C6284E5E" country="Germany" name="Bremen">Bremen</collectingRegion>
24 [preprint]: 512. 1919.
<typeStatus id="7BC9F8E893B108C624A2FF2C0962ADFE">Type</typeStatus>
</treatmentCitation>
. Based on
<taxonomicName id="AADAD266FCA780CFAA475F70E32429A1" ID-CoL="4XZHY" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophyllum">
<emphasis id="76B9716F27B590F40DE8FA45A816BD88" italics="true">Solanum anisophyllum</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EAB502678254025B1F744EB0DE37ED6E">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2D558198EB2A7C5B479A0B3476074F3A">
<treatmentCitation id="AD0C791A32D658A2C003ABF385928894">
<taxonomicName id="C2412AD766F5C8E26E0D315829B6300A" authority="Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="anisophylla" variety="masbateensis">
<emphasis id="3031D044594ABFDF4F1C1DE054515E57" italics="true">Lycianthes anisophylla</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
<emphasis id="D4BB733A65CF38F2D5EC923988D51377" italics="true">var. masbateensis</emphasis>
Bitter
</taxonomicName>
, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 513. 1919
</treatmentCitation>
. Type.
<collectingCountry id="4D4D9D10ADF2E8CE7A8874BDF9C005E5" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. Luzon [Bicol]: Island of
<collectingRegion id="0228F18EDA6FBF3EBD6B0CD84E276317" country="Philippines" name="Masbate">Masbate</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="4E43CE9F8AA5169943F05D261A597A8F" value="1903-08">Aug 1903</date>
,
<emphasis id="554C18430971C81DA1E618851431EF7A" italics="true">E. D. Merrill 3046</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="F0E50B5EA526DBEE5756835D8CC9BAAD" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: B [destroyed];
<typeStatus id="A80A46E478ADF07FFDE44100F40F3DC2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, here designated:
<collectingCountry id="FDAADAF87DC88E2AD6AA4FB9BBB48216" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
[0027867, acc. # 438017];
<typeStatus id="491F095E83CA5DDEFE9C6CDDA2E2EF2A" type="isolectotype">isolectotypes</typeStatus>
: BM [BM 001019006], K [K 000759391]).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUMDI" type="material">
<paragraph id="EA1A6496286EBABB2CD83507256C620F">
<heading id="D204F9658E6CC5CA4601430A324DF73B" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="AE60579B3FC0256A3D7A136434AAE1E8">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6566CA89A7DA53D2510A7B299985106">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="6C7E9747D68CE9CF0070A7BB20C3BAF3" authority="Elmer" authorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaense">
<emphasis id="DCADDFB05C9F7DCB19756A6EF19E093A" italics="true">Solanum banahaense</emphasis>
Elmer
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFNDI" type="description">
<paragraph id="D44F9D0EB0F58CE772E300898C794799">
<heading id="AB2BA83F9A9B1EEAADAF324FD8C80487" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EA662CF5E22FB27D65A79D16AAB02B1">
Trees or treelets,
<quantity id="C0D58BF6F6AEAA9BF54A645C4FE7FE08" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="m" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3–10 m</quantity>
tall, to
<quantity id="FCC193857262E441DB6D05210B5AB97B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
diameter; stems terete, glabrescent, prominently white-lenticellate, the lenticels corky; new growth glabrous to densely pubescent with transparent, reddish yellow or brownish tan, simple, uniseriate 5–10 - celled trichomes
<quantity id="28D8B47B7F1D9D285FB293B92FAE7895" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.475" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.75 mm</quantity>
long, the cells of trichomes small and beadlike (somewhat moniliform); bark of older stems glabrescent, pale greyish green or greyish white, prominently lenticellate. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of a pair differing in size and occasionally in shape. Leaves simple; blades of major leaves
<quantity id="ECE03927174D19BFE6F97F33E50CB3AF" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.775" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.55" unit="cm" value="17.75" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.5">5.5–30 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="F96BE918A70A1246D62140ECDCA8B27E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="cm" value="8.75" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–15 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic, widest in the middle, discolorous, membranous or chartaceous, occasionally somewhat bullate; adaxial surfaces glabrous or with a few simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth along the midrib, markedly shiny; abaxial surfaces glabrous or with scattered simple uniseriate trichomes on the midrib and major veins, not shiny; principal veins 6–7 pairs, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, drying darker abaxially; base acute and somewhat attenuate onto the petiole, or occasionally truncate (this only rarely and in very large leaves); margins entire; apex acute or acute with an attenuate acumen; petiole
<quantity id="64FE4958B2AF505A31AFE51D23D57C04" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.6" unit="cm" value="2.8" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.6">0.6–5 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate beadlike trichomes like those of the new growth; blades of minor leaves
<quantity id="2FDA21B828EAE56C1D77CFB6A1A63531" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="cm" value="6.25" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–9 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="57F0A38AA4FB577BB2BD6FC13D83D1EA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.7" unit="cm" value="3.85" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.7">1.7–6 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic to broadly elliptic or occasionally almost orbicular; surfaces like those of the major leaves; principal veins of minor leaves 4–5 pairs; base acute to truncate; margins entire; apex acute to somewhat attenuate; petiole of minor leaves
<quantity id="96A256B6E361A2CBB58BEA93E96CFC13" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.4" unit="cm" value="1.2" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.4">0.4–2 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, in fascicles or on a short rhachis
<quantity id="E0DD2059C689921FF9F373252A68982F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.3 cm</quantity>
long, with 2–8 (16) flowers, densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth and young stems; pedicels at anthesis
<quantity id="347EE496F8D3D1A26BC56C645503FC96" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="cm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.2">1.2–2 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="D1CCF06392278773CB73935CB365F7C4" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.75 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="134DAF4F1782EDCAE51DAC0433AB262C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading but held beneath the leaves, glabrous or more often sparsely pubescent with scattered simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the new growth and leaves, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed and overlapping on the short rhachis, somewhat corky. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla included in the calyx tube until just before anthesis, the calyx appendages prominent and often somewhat horn-like in bud. Flowers 4 - or 5 - merous, heterostylous and the plants probably dioecious, “ with a peculiar smell ” (fide
<emphasis id="8EA19B32D8CD04BB7FAAB4460532B347" italics="true">Adduru 109</emphasis>
). Calyx tube
<quantity id="63FE6B2EFCED7E17130413D889B265E6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="DAB9CD7DD399F0CD01E789D531DF717C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
wide at the mouth, obconical, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, with 4–5 appendages arising
<quantity id="6D056876F83CA40CB692D6D3F56F4432" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
below the hyaline rim, the appendages
<quantity id="674A4686E19623FB98B2DD7637290514" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.5" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
long, triangular to horn-like, usually perpendicular to the calyx tube, glabrous or with a few trichomes. Corolla
<quantity id="7777D4D821EE86029AD0738239699AFC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, white, cream (“ milky ”) or yellow, sometimes with a tinge of violet abaxially, stellate, lobed nearly to the base, abundant interpetalar tissue absent, the lobes
<quantity id="8D4B44C33C95189F2FC34D1365D9B23D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="823A069E030A5A1385DB6429FE8548DA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
wide, spreading, thick and fleshy, adaxially densely papillate, the midvein somewhat keeled in dry specimens, abaxially glabrous, the tips and margins densely papillate, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal and the same in short- and long-styled flowers; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments less than
<quantity id="AB766A42905F1559A3C2337747EDCF0C" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anthers
<quantity id="ED877629D82A6F2364CC90954E16BDD1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="531E28CBCF98FCA87BDDBF2E8AAECE2F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, plumply ellipsoid and somewhat beaked in some dry material, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores tear-drop shaped and edged with white in dry material, lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous, vestigial in short-styled flowers; style in short-styled flowers absent, in long-styled flowers
<quantity id="5F8523358DFA9432E6DEB2010F76C2A2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
long, held almost entirely within the anther cone, glabrous; stigma broadly clavate and irregularly lobed, bright dark green in live plants, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose or occasionally somewhat ellipsoid berry,
<quantity id="8D2C56454E6E9A0E6A7FF7864DB702D2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
in diameter, green when immature, orange to bright red when mature, the pericarp glabrous, thin, matte, and opaque; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="016FE2E338039C002F44AFAA688246F9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="cm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="13592D1E997E203EE5C93FD1797A0117" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the base,
<quantity id="08156E44393D6952C256425F54C1BCA2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the apex, spreading, somewhat woody, green and prominently lenticellate; fruiting calyx not accrescent or expanding, a flattened disc below the berry. Seeds (5) 20–60 per berry, ca.
<quantity id="2AF6137C5A4B30B0D5920C2C89858E71" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="94B9460BD16506CFC09A8AADAE93F5DB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide, flattened and somewhat reniform, pale yellowish brown, the surfaces pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline, the testal cell walls elongate but not prominently “ hairy ”. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENNDI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7091D1F957D076573667DC2B1CEC4177">
<heading id="AD69C0927301DB52F21F6CE262A55509" reason="title">Distribution</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC09DE0BFC8AC1C7A8CC15815D540242">
<emphasis id="C56A5D66F6B60E5F7E0C219275A5F601" bold="true">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="B1DBBB1C5FAB6BFB0AC34C0F34A5A15F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of Lycianthes banahaensis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103800">7</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5ABA1F7530072DF74E9112D2C533F2BF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="89386105A1170A7D637E59C28D70870B" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="9A2F95B24B779EA1AAE6579782319563" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="82EE0147E558CBF3D10D92FB6D42A956" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
; it is found on most islands of the
<collectingCountry id="D5019C4451A91271B2F33F22DD893696" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and in eastern
<collectingCountry id="86AA3C84AC230F405B9F1B9F670BB9B5" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
from
<collectingRegion id="4359BDD8A6FEAAAE43CAAD74EEAF80EB" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
to the Sunda Islands, but not on
<collectingRegion id="9DCCE4D1857BD6DBDECB2A21B22760FB" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
or Borneo or in the
<collectingCountry id="1C6BE404F43EA3C5DB38D129C9DE4297" name="Indonesia">Maluku Islands</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E125F8E7D2818C74FA3C5F2AB4DCFB6E" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure6" ID-arpha="B2913B1C-D6E1-547A-809D-A9DBD9AA8015" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103799" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="C019EF89A0AE779328F6B0BD4F3C7A21">
<label id="BA210021D303EC0F3CBF98949A5826FF">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3EA5E817C27AB6E0E45CF79E77699C86">
<taxonomicName id="67DD6B0A5C57C86B16A3751A4D04E8BC" authority="(Elmer) Bitter" authorityName="Bitter" baseAuthorityName="Elmer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="76C89103296173F441FD62591C23AA61" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
(Elmer) Bitter
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Philippines. Mindanao,
<emphasis id="51E0B20285647A911153BE05A3B7CEE4" italics="true">Elmer 13782</emphasis>
(E 00593145, staminate specimen). Courtesy of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5F9F61309F97E8246D87786E2684DB73" ID-DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure7" ID-arpha="7AFDECA4-5623-5CFE-9638-7FACFBD9AE4A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103800" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="AA550324126653AA46587CD4AA128C51">
<label id="4625AE40103DE5C851739A8382DB5163">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36172B3566F60B8A60E726A8E5B8A11B">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="9B2E04CD2B14D8EC60215BE35715F574" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="73F04260AE656F6423C2125D9F80E0EE" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXPDI" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="20DD4B893FCEA6881D29D5EE16E7F7EF">
<heading id="768A9C482CFAB189F9ADBC2E5C01577B" reason="title">Ecology and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8858299B2D8173696E5DB9870FF6ECFD">
<taxonomicName id="7F00A6845F834D72A190EBD60C1AD98F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="FE6AF0A373F062B472900288AA5D8342" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in low to middle elevation evergreen forests or forest edges, sometimes on limestone, from
<quantity id="71F40D5BA77FD7E0826198B254814208" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="0.5" unit="m" value="775.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="50.0">50 to 1,500 m</quantity>
elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIQDI" type="Common names">
<paragraph id="7C839CC7D3CD42975CFC75F492A1EDB6">
<heading id="2F1B449288F80F761CC68FD321C73970" reason="title">Common names.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="092CE067CD74051E15102B80FB47FF0D">
<collectingCountry id="432D27360B6597D3943D91EFAC501AAB" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="1E3294C6B8247933A30924BA025A94BC" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
: onbeked (
<emphasis id="20B6D61BC99CF439960B5DFAE07D3005" italics="true">Koorders 18050</emphasis>
), paratha kehu (Sangihe language,
<emphasis id="4D094E63E5FDA46D6F20333B183F7200" italics="true">Talangmin 51</emphasis>
), kaometi, makopi (Totemboan language,
<bibRefCitation id="E7995BD9E3C4924AD81EE84898146A5A" author="Koorders" firstAuthor="Koorders" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelingen van s’Lands Plantentuin" pagination="1-716" refId="B75" refString="Koorders SH (1898) Botanische dienstreis door de Minahasa tevens eerste overzicht der Flora van N. O. Celebes. Mededeelingen van s’Lands Plantentuin 19: 1–716." title="Botanische dienstreis door de Minahasa tevens eerste overzicht der Flora van N. O. Celebes." volume="19" year="1898">Koorders 1898</bibRefCitation>
, as “
<taxonomicName id="1C471EC2D20B3582615DBA4C324E0491" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minahassae">
<emphasis id="508854A2C25F45D2BF7F045F93DFBB31" italics="true">S. minahassae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBRDI" type="Preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="28F8109FCE1FFE7BEE50D53068BC34CD">
<heading id="ECEA0C6412E0B6736C807967DC8AB4A2" reason="title">Preliminary conservation assessment</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB3FCAA9BE259D538FB79AAA6157B817">
<emphasis id="02FD40CA0225B90B9DE8AE4F705444C7" bold="true">
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D606BC8293F7777AE36AB7AB1ED933B" refId="B64" refString="IUCN (2020) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EORDI" xlink_title="Extent of Occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="E44CC8540CB76B402F7EA13347403368" metricMagnitude="9" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6528829999999999" unit="km" value="1652883.0">1,652,883 km</quantity>
<superScript id="A22FB05A4B9D61C96034F992FD4F0C67">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EURDI" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYRDI" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
(
<quantity id="344D6A0E9973FE54C4CA1CB4E053E19C" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.28" unit="km" value="228.0">228 km</quantity>
<superScript id="0DCC46AF98F3E68F8DDF03E0C843B0FF">2</superScript>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5RDI" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
).
<taxonomicName id="8109BB3C796B4C5F69026848BFE9B7DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="0CE4C3D5D760E2EC53B32B74BBEA7C15" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from more than five localities and is relatively widely distributed in the region. In the
<collectingCountry id="745E1DA6509EA1364D9D23C56F92E6A6" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
it is known from several protected areas (e. g., Mount Apo, Samar Island and the Northern Sierra Madre). The assessment of Endangered (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENSDI" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) based on
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERSDI" xlink_title="Area of Occurrence">AOO</abbrev>
is likely due to collecting bias, but also due to the island nature of the distribution. I therefore assign it a preliminary status of Least Concern (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVSDI" xlink_title="Least Concern">LC</abbrev>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZSDI" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="04834F3CB0F5049743FE6CC5559DD610">
<heading id="A43126C829DE152108D0921319203A89" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0A58832B521A3C05C39A2DB6BABF977">
<taxonomicName id="DEC7DFADB3E7D5101323913F7EB57F4B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="5809538911A4A7CB51A5D0D6968BE917" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small tree (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2CA9203CF492C2BE080233A7A503FD27" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Habit and leaves of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134625) B L. biflora (Pelser &amp; Barcelona s. n., Philippines; DOL 44707) C L. lysimachioides (Nuraliev 1638, Vietnam) D L. parasitica (Saavedra s. n., Philippines; DOL 145620) E L. shunningensis (Nuraliev 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Pieter B. Pelser &amp; Julie F Barcelona C, E Maxim Nuraliev D) Aljohn J. Saavedra. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103795">2 A</figureCitation>
) with shiny geminate leaves and prominently lenticellate stems and fruiting pedicels. The leaves are extremely variable in size; this has led to the description of the entity several times from different localities in the
<collectingCountry id="FAA589B5E33D7BEE01B972627ED48C15" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(see synonymy), as has variation in pubescence density on new growth.
<taxonomicName id="244DB90AD7384E4AA1F51A2B9FF82A74" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophylla">
<emphasis id="E99409574C4F4FA09939184806970E62" italics="true">Lycianthes anisophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example, was distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="6EDCD3C2382D1A1E2798A096D725D7BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunense">
<emphasis id="5E0253BB6E56AB8AF50ED5E54393B4B9" italics="true">L. lagunense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being “ more glabrous ” (
<bibRefCitation id="D36ECBF794E8D0007CBDC37C71320993" author="Elmer" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="2719-2884" refId="B48" refString="Elmer ADE (1915) Two hundred and twenty new species – II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2884." title="Two hundred and twenty new species - II." volume="8" year="1915">Elmer 1915</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0051283A414E0F3E44EE235043A5A4BB">
Plants appear to have either staminate flowers with vestigial ovaries or have berries, suggesting
<taxonomicName id="C167821490C4A1789E23206606E79BFD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="F546CE914181328F08AA1AF455BFD023" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely dioecious like many
<taxonomicName id="3072E2219D02EFD807E7973FE1F94527">
<emphasis id="49A20716A8586BF368A020452CF014C0" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from New
<collectingCountry id="6839382CDA917ED72974CFEE803F5CB8" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C432184261796E7539E7C69114256899" DOI="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" author="Knapp" firstAuthor="Knapp" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pagination="1-134" refId="B70" refString="Knapp S (2022) A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681" title="A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific." volume="209" year="2022">Knapp 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Flowers on fruiting specimens have short styles that are contained almost completely within the anther tube (see Fig.
<figureCitation id="6F70B8B12BD81FF6912F980C627CBA08" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 A</figureCitation>
); this means that recognising short- or long-styled flowers can be difficult, especially on dry specimens. Field verification of the reproductive biology of
<taxonomicName id="E98337D2D3328844D73C1BBE555B419F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="9D38CF2DA652BA32B1BD509D016B0D66" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a priority (as is the case for most of these species outside the Americas).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C8B576BA404D42D957AD03DA72C281C">
Flowers of
<taxonomicName id="2EF77B2EEFC386B876EC45B7486E8A90" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="B9B2CDF1807377620C0D359CBC9B9E14" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are often tetramerous, and this character appears to be geographically fixed in populations, with many specimens from the
<collectingCountry id="5F324EA61A8FC62AF034D45C3BBA4B05" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
mostly being 4 - merous (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6C6D829BCFBF8C888260F752ACBA6E18" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Flowers of Lycianthes in Asia A L. banahaensis with tetramerous yellow flowers, note the stigma sitting almost within the anther tube (Rule s. n., Philippines; DOL 134710) B L. biflora with membranous corolla lobes and a minutely capitate stigma (Knapp et al. 10106, China) C L. laevis flower with green blotches at the base of the corolla lobes (Mustaqim s. n., Indonesia; DOL 207828) D L. parasitica flower with spreading corolla lobes and capitate stigma (Tandang s. n., Philippines; DOL 76576597) E L. rantonnetii rotate corolla with orange, slightly curved anthers (Stevenson s. n., cultivated in Mexico; DOL 183568) F L. shunningensis with very short reflexed calyx appendages and cucullate corolla lobe tips (Nuraliev et al. 2810, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A Greg Rule B Sandra Knapp C Wendy Mustaqim D Danilo Tandang; E Dennis Stevenson F Maxim Nuraliev. DOL numbers are identifiers from PhytoImages (https://phytoimages.siu.edu). Details of collecting localities can be found in Suppl. material 2." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1103797">4 A</figureCitation>
), while 5 - merous collections are found in both the
<collectingCountry id="C648B1F7E7C8172E5A6C4F048FFF5798" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F86F9D60ED345A4C582CB97CEF8FAB1C" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. The truly yellow flowers of many populations of
<taxonomicName id="A8C9E7D08E2E6DFD9B448DC8AF8E0318" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="EFF48C8461D84CBACE967FFB99E2CA05" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unusual in
<taxonomicName id="049BCD777606CC104E67CDFC5F9D94D2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5B584342E94B926AD80070A1AE9D527D" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but cream or white flowers have been recorded on labels, so this appears not to be a constant character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D096132D68BB388E75280535CD50E4C6">
<taxonomicName id="ACC4EBCB61DECCA882E00609A25CB05C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="F08DB7D256459DBE0C9877078655A417" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="E059B2D9F109EC43582DDA740DFC4AD9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="A82E55CD29098454637AAA96C8A15FC4" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the Sunda Islands; both species are trees with fleshy, heterostylous flowers, dense fine pubescence on the new growth and orange or bright red mature berries. The prominently lenticellate stems and pale bark of
<taxonomicName id="D4363934BD6D74638587B55CB037B160" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="E2A303889ECABF8AC28BA62CEAE9B203" italics="true">L. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are diagnostic;
<taxonomicName id="D8B95034EC237C19A8E2FF6AC4DAE637" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="C8C9EED1BF22CDB79B17896F32823495" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smooth stems and dark brown bark.
<taxonomicName id="3F538788361B853B1E39C5821750D540" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="8508ECBF84DFA5F13986FC95BE80420D" italics="true">Lycianthes banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller flowers (corolla
<quantity id="AA9D8A39E11BCD17B3228E7A857D438E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter versus
<quantity id="C7FFEA2EBFFC828E210B9E365730A360" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.6 cm</quantity>
in diameter in
<taxonomicName id="7628AE5FCA1B4344C8E9A7047E2A0A79" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="FC765D76E36376661B9A22674EC54608" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with the style of pistillate flowers held within the anther cone and strongly lobed (versus exserted and long-clavate in
<taxonomicName id="E9C1D162B95E2FC13E138EA61A52FB01" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bimensis">
<emphasis id="3B870C2419ADCFDEBFDDDA61D5B4F431" italics="true">L. bimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Both species occur on the island of
<collectingCountry id="3B8704DF2F2E5E38C5BA8B4FD8F00494" name="Indonesia">Flores</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="AD1CFE857ED8F2BE9B880FBC9B85DE5F" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Barat">West Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="736155FB0325A2C01422EAEBB8610EEA" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45556704BF773011C75FD897A815B375">
Adolph Elmer lived and collected in the
<collectingCountry id="1246EDA9CFDFEAE5FF03AF6805A31924" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
from 1904 until his death in a Japanese internment camp in 1942. For the names coined by him (
<taxonomicName id="EE4B89B17E5A4CCB38974559D696CBEC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaensis">
<emphasis id="0155EBCE95703CCD26551B652E0A714F" italics="true">S. banahaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="87558C305B626E7216F67B21D6C6F648" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunense">
<emphasis id="3752FB334DF1062682F7EC7B9B3A411F" italics="true">S. lagunense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACCC24B1D4758910A2C1E097E12F8C7A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophyllum">
<emphasis id="E35016DFE85AFFB104A0DBF47ABEECEF" italics="true">S. anisophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), all specimens upon which they were based that were in his private collection at the Philippine National Herbarium (then the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture under
<collectingCountry id="40DA016EAB9B1B37E2B78DFF9386E118" name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
jurisdiction) were destroyed by fire during the Japanese occupation of the
<collectingCountry id="CDA23EED721A5C3A96E825F2D3D40E10" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
in the Second World War just a day before the liberation of
<collectingRegion id="51E6FDA3AB1F93AA0130CF0FFE21A1E3" country="Philippines" name="Manila">Manila</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="93C1ACA59FA658B706E0DAB4DC53F123" DOI="10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" author="Schultes" firstAuthor="Schultes" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pagination="89-101" refId="B110" refString="Schultes RE (1957) Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation. Taxon 6 (4): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" title="Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation." volume="6" year="1957">Schultes 1957</bibRefCitation>
). Duplicates of these are widely distributed, Elmer sold large numbers of specimens to Harvard, Geneva and Kew. For
<taxonomicName id="62907547356A2D978CEBB9C02DD3B778" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banahaense">
<emphasis id="CAA50394ADBBE0CC8981BED3F4B17B00" italics="true">Solanum banahaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
I have chosen the duplicate held in the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard (A, barcode 00077843) as the
<typeStatus id="8E54486E6A765F4EFB9BF797A2071C13" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
; it is the best preserved of the single collection (
<emphasis id="A505CB8B8DA1D99319F37499C19CCBBB" italics="true">Elmer 7492</emphasis>
) cited in the protologue. Similarly, I have selected the more complete duplicate of
<emphasis id="2C8105442A9ACC2F56E7CA5D6BFF6866" italics="true">Elmer 9425</emphasis>
held at Kew (K 000759392) as the
<typeStatus id="BAA7F421C9A77126F5B47D74007DEC2F" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for
<taxonomicName id="00AC44FA467B73CF43D03A522CE6B75F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagunense">
<emphasis id="281D00FC715DF8F974144EB235D378ED" italics="true">S. lagunense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; other duplicates I have seen lack flowers or fruits.
<bibRefCitation id="642C1B2E76C2B71C99890EE875B105C4" author="Elmer ADE" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="2719-2884" refId="B48" refString="Elmer ADE (1915) Two hundred and twenty new species – II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2884." title="Two hundred and twenty new species - II." volume="8" year="1915">Elmer (1915)</bibRefCitation>
cited two collections in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="1923AD88025A7C5642CB80559BC1AEE1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manucaling">
<emphasis id="C0727DD7E3A97399338C28A57F50C113" italics="true">S. manucaling</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="F8442C11E02300155AFAB5CA3D87AB70" italics="true">Elmer 10489</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="BEAE7D4B8D7308F22FF25992241BD250" italics="true">Elmer 11693</emphasis>
– in flower and fruit respectively). I have selected the Bishop Museum duplicate of
<emphasis id="92522E131E8C8C71CA9DE08DF4A41306" italics="true">Elmer 10489</emphasis>
(BISH 1005081, acc. # 581198) as the
<typeStatus id="B3BB239FA7CB8C78829324D29EB31434" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, as it is one of the few duplicates of either of these collections that still has numerous flowers. For
<taxonomicName id="7798FE8B85489F853A8CA7A986BA3EEA" authority="Elmer (1915)" authorityName="Elmer" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisophyllum">
<emphasis id="345DC20851F8E3F192ABC3436FBEE3C8" italics="true">S. anisophyllum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="75ACC79CFCD6DE7721EE7CF0B4D54063" author="Elmer ADE" firstAuthor="Elmer" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pagination="2719-2884" refId="B48" refString="Elmer ADE (1915) Two hundred and twenty new species – II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2884." title="Two hundred and twenty new species - II." volume="8" year="1915">Elmer (1915)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
cited a single collection (
<emphasis id="6EC32A82CF3557AFF6106CB4485DF5C9" italics="true">Elmer 13887</emphasis>
) now represented in many herbaria; most of the duplicates are sterile or only have flowers in packets. I have selected the Arnold Arboretum duplicate (A, barcode 00077840) as the
<typeStatus id="619642BEA974A4A47A376C573BFF27A7" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
as it has flowers attached to the stems.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F158EAB58AC06C8B3318CBBE0B36581">
<bibRefCitation id="D6115C8321A148749198DA899850CC38" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
cited a single collection in the Bogor herbarium (“ Teysmann n. 8918! hb. Bogor ”) in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="DBB17B9F62279189D8B61450F149471D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aceratia">
<emphasis id="F9D4765C4410D0DA46971D8DEAE97CD5" italics="true">L. aceratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Bogor specimen (acc. # BO- 1323491) bears an annotation slip in Bitter’s distinctive hand, suggesting he had this material in his possession at some point. Bitter never travelled to
<collectingCountry id="97DEB8903FC1DABF6BFCE1BE3C9FA79D" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="189F8F6DBF2B52E3828D1070080506E6" DOI="10.1111/j.1438-8677.1928.tb03768.x" author="Weber" firstAuthor="Weber" refId="B131" refString="Weber CA (1929) Georg Bitter (Obituary). Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 46 (2 Gen. - Heft): 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1928.tb03768.x" year="1929">Weber 1929</bibRefCitation>
) but must have had material on loan from Bogor itself; he never cites the Leiden collections in his
<taxonomicName id="661F93EA9C0C1C991359DB6D873A6B85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AE43E9837651F5C3915D31312E4F2EA5" italics="true">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
monograph. This indicates he only saw the Bogor sheets of collections that are duplicated in Leiden, as when he examined sheets of the same collection from various herbaria his practice was to cite them all. I have therefore treated the Bogor sheet of
<emphasis id="D5A9C9BE226D5204BCB02A07BAFD9B24" italics="true">Teijsmann 8918</emphasis>
as the
<typeStatus id="272A5424895040C66C3324BA5E5A1D4A" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="3FF3A980B47F18AF6E137EEBA456712C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aceratia">
<emphasis id="9BFFA8E9B73D462511F04D210F5E8F18" italics="true">L. aceratia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="810E130CAC5A87119883D1E4263C9580">
In the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="0704E04E3065DF2DE912EEFEC5CC496A" authority="Bitter (1919)" authorityName="Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins" authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="anisophylla" variety="masbateensis">
<emphasis id="C3000B5920EB83943FE21C1063F1C457" italics="true">L. anisophylla var. masbateensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5CB6843A7AAD03B6D73CA0AD755F58AD" author="Bitter G" firstAuthor="Bitter" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint]" pagination="292-520" refId="B12" refString="Bitter G (1919) Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen [preprint] 24: 292–520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes." volume="24" year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
cited a duplicate of
<emphasis id="3B4A63CBD299C65A5A267CC0E25A36C9" italics="true">Merrill 3046</emphasis>
at Berlin, now destroyed. I have selected the
<collectingCountry id="7626B35F9484B601CCA3AA1C477FECD2" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
duplicate (barcode 0027867, acc. # 438017) as the
<typeStatus id="EDAE79D83B299BBC863F6F740703ABD4" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
; Merrill worked for the
<collectingCountry id="13F51426AE8ABA6ACD9248B351BA9011" name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
government as the Director of the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture during the first quarter of the 20
<superScript id="AA1DB6E9C13F9FF30FBEADF0AF8D8DE2">th</superScript>
Century, leaving in 1923 to return to the
<collectingCountry id="1E252C4FDB0C8F7C151BFF14A8DB410C" name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CCB014718FEAF679059773C0D844D4C0" DOI="10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" author="Schultes" firstAuthor="Schultes" issue="4" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pagination="89-101" refId="B110" refString="Schultes RE (1957) Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation. Taxon 6 (4): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02704.x" title="Elmer Drew Merrill: An appreciation." volume="6" year="1957">Schultes 1957</bibRefCitation>
). He regularly sent duplicates to the National Herbarium and the specimen there is the best preserved of those I have seen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>