diff --git a/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE22FF8DA989FA34FAD2FD8C.xml b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE22FF8DA989FA34FAD2FD8C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6f025a631ae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE22FF8DA989FA34FAD2FD8C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ + + + +Late Eocene (Priabonian) elasmobranchs from the Dry Branch Formation (Barnwell Group) of Aiken County, South Carolina, USA + + + +Author + +Cicimurri, David J. + + + +Author + +Knight, James L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +31 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043964 +0031-0298 +3F95876E-933FF-48AF-9CF0-A840A333220B + + + + + + +RHIZOPRIONODON + +? +GANNTOURENSIS +( +ARAMBOURG, 1952 +) + + + + + +( +FIG. 3J–L +) + + + + +Referred specimens +—SC96.97.2, four teeth; SC +2001.1.18 +, tooth; SC +2001.1.19 +, 40 teeth;SC2013.38.98, anterior tooth ( +Fig. 3J, K +);SC2013.38.99, lateral tooth ( +Fig. 3L +); SC2013.38.100, 18 teeth; SC2013.38.101, 32 teeth; SC2013.38.102, eight posterior teeth; SC2013.38.103, eight distal lateral teeth. + + + + +Remarks +—One hundred thirteen Dry Branch Formation teeth are similar to those of extant + +Rhizoprionodon + +, and to Eocene +Rhiz. ganntourensis, +in particular. The distal heel of + +Rhizoprionodon + +, including +Rhiz. ganntourensis +, is generally cuspidate ( +Arambourg 1952 +, +Herman et al. 1991 +, +Case et al. 1996 +, Noubhani and Cappetta 1997, Mustafa et al. 2005), but our specimens lack enameloid and this feature is not preserved. However, we examined a tooth of +Rhiz +. sp. cf. +Rhiz. ganntourensis +that was recovered by Zullo and Kite (1985) from the Griffins Landing Sand (see Appendix 1), and found that it is very similar to the material listed above. The well preserved Griffins Landing Sand tooth exhibits a cuspidate distal heel, but the translucent enameloid allows us to view the unifromly convex dentine core of the heel, as can be seen on the specimens in our sample. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE2EFF8EAAB5F9A8FE7EFDD7.xml b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE2EFF8EAAB5F9A8FE7EFDD7.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cf31a1da2e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE2EFF8EAAB5F9A8FE7EFDD7.xml @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + +Late Eocene (Priabonian) elasmobranchs from the Dry Branch Formation (Barnwell Group) of Aiken County, South Carolina, USA + + + +Author + +Cicimurri, David J. + + + +Author + +Knight, James L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +31 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043964 +0031-0298 +3F95876E-933FF-48AF-9CF0-A840A333220B + + + + + +GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE GEN. ET SP. INDET. + + + + + +( +FIG. 2H +) + + +Referred specimen +—SC2013.38.7, incomplete anterior tooth. + + + + +Remarks +—This specimen differs from + +Nebrius +sp. + +cf. +Neb. thielensi +(see above) in having only a single pair of large lateral cusplets, and the labial crown foot is distinctively bifid but not drawn out into an elongate basal protuberance. SC2013.38.7 is similar to the anterior teeth of Cretaceous + +Plicatoscyllium +Case and Cappetta, 1997 + +, but there is no indication of labial crown ornamentation. The single pair of lateral cusplets also distinguishes SC2013.38.7 from the various early Paleogene species of + +Ginglymostoma +(Noubhani and Cappetta 1997) + +. In terms of gross morphology, SC2013.38.7 is similar to + +Protoginglymostoma ypresiensis +( +Casier, 1946 +) + +from the early to middle Eocene of +Belgium +and +Morocco +( +Casier 1946 +, +Herman 1977 +, Tabuce et al. 2005), but the poor condition of the only available tooth makes a more precise identification difficult. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE3DFF92AA59FEADFA2DF980.xml b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE3DFF92AA59FEADFA2DF980.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6ea276b98f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E7/87/03E787A6FE3DFF92AA59FEADFA2DF980.xml @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ + + + +Late Eocene (Priabonian) elasmobranchs from the Dry Branch Formation (Barnwell Group) of Aiken County, South Carolina, USA + + + +Author + +Cicimurri, David J. + + + +Author + +Knight, James L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +31 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043964 +0031-0298 +3F95876E-933FF-48AF-9CF0-A840A333220B + + + + + + +PSEUDAETOBATUS UNDULATUS +CICIMURRI AND EBERSOLE, 2015 + + + + + + +( +FIG. 7F–I +) + + + + +Referred specimens +—SC96.97.52, 22 medial tooth fragments; SC96.97.53, lateral tooth; SC +2001.1.3 +, 118 partial medial teeth; SC +2001.1.4 +, three lateral teeth; SC +2001.1.5 +, 10 lateral teeth; SC +2001.1.6 +, lateral tooth; SC +2001.1.7 +, lateral tooth; SC2013.38.84, lower medial tooth; SC2013.38.85, upper medial tooth; SC2013.38.86, upper medial tooth; SC2013.38.87, upper medial tooth; SC2013.38.88, incomplete upper medial tooth; SC2013.38.89, incomplete upper medial tooth; SC2013.38.90, lower medial tooth; SC2013.38.91, lower distal-most lateral tooth; SC2013.38.92, upper distal-most lateral tooth; SC2013.38.93, five lower distal-most laterals; SC2013.38.94, 12 upper distal-most lateral teeth; SC2013.38.95, lateral tooth; SC2013.38.96, five lateral teeth; SC2013.38.97, 87 incomplete medial teeth. + + + + +Remarks +—We assign 275 teeth in our sample to + +Pseudaetobatus +. + +Upper median teeth of + +Pseudaetobatus + +are wide and straight ( +Fig. 7F +), whereas median teeth from the lower dental battery are more arcuate ( +Fig. 7G +). Median teeth are easily distinguished from those of + +Aetomylaeus + +(see above) in that the labial and lingual crown faces are only weakly ornamented (as opposed to heavily pitted labially and with granular texture lingually) and the lingual ridge at the crown/root junction is thick and rounded instead of thin and sharp. These features can also be used to distinguish the lateral teeth of both species, and the distal-most lateral teeth of + +Pseudaetobatus + +are also sinuous ( +Fig. 7I +). + + + +Pseudaetobatus + +has only recently been formally reported from the +United States +, with two new species described by +Cicimurri and Ebersole (2015) +. + +Pseudaetobatus belli +Cicimurri and Ebersole, 2015 + +is an early Eocene species that occurs in +Mississippi +and +Alabama +, whereas + +Ps. undulatus + +is thus far only known from the upper Eocene Dry Branch Formation of +South Carolina +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8DFFF92768FC0F3E187AD6.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8DFFF92768FC0F3E187AD6.xml index eb024c03047..6c5a94c5aeb 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8DFFF92768FC0F3E187AD6.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8DFFF92768FC0F3E187AD6.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -92,11 +93,11 @@ co-occur in gen. nov. in a unique way, as follows. Circumfila have long posterior extension threads ( -Fig. 32C +Fig. 32C ), a condition found typically in Dicerurini , whereas the scutum has membranous presutural windows and the parameral apodemes are short and two-branched ( -Fig. 32A +Fig. 32A ), two conditions known from Porricondylini . The number of flagellomeres is reduced from 14, the plesiomorphous state in @@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ in a unique way, as follows. Circumfila have long posterior extension threads ( Wohllebenia ( -Fig. 32A +Fig. 32A ) compared with other Porricondylinae (↓ diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8EFFFB2745FE853F307818.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8EFFFB2745FE853F307818.xml index caf511b3514..ffb60cb20e6 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8EFFFB2745FE853F307818.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF8EFFFB2745FE853F307818.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 32 +Fig. 32 @@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ forest BOLD GBDTA 10006-21; ZSM-DIP-42304-C07. - + Fig. 32. @@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ gen et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ZSM-DIP-42305-A09). HEAD . Frons glabrous. Eye bridge dorsally 1‒2 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape and pedicel concolorous with flagellum; circumfila including posterior extensions present on flagellomeres 1‒11, partly evenly ring-shaped, partly meandering; fourth flagellomere with neck and node equally long ( -Fig. 32C +Fig. 32C ). Palpus as long as head height, 4-segmented, apical segment longest of all. @@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ gen et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ZSM-DIP-42305-A09). WING ( -Fig. 32B +Fig. 32B ). Slightly longer than body. Length /width ratio 2.3. M 1+2 missing. M @@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ short, separated from CuA, weakly pigmented, multiply interrupted, nearly straig TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 32A +Fig. 32A ). Ninth tergum membranous and glabrous. Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; ventral portions broadly horseshoe-shaped, densely setose; dorsal apodemes unusually short and broad. Gonostylus 2.5× as long as thick, thickest near midlength, tapered towards apex; apical tooth small, fingernail-shaped. Aedeagal apodeme almost as long as gonocoxae, strongly sclerotized; ducts of accessory glands unusually distinct, enter apodeme on apical third. Tegmen elongate, 3× as long as broad, slightly narrowed towards apex, the latter strongly bent dorsad (↓ 3 ). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF92FFF8274BFE783A557EE0.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF92FFF8274BFE783A557EE0.xml index f33909aa298..683f6c72f1a 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF92FFF8274BFE783A557EE0.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF92FFF8274BFE783A557EE0.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 31 +Fig. 31 @@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ is the only species of Spungisomyia known to have two small, clearly separate prescutellar windows that are in juxtaposition with each other; the usual condition in this genus is a single, large prescutellar window. As regards male terminalia characters ( -Fig. 31A +Fig. 31A ), the compact gonostylus has a conspicuously thick base, which in ventral view is indicated by the strongly convex outer margin next to the basolateral apophysis (↓ 1 ); the small, U-shaped gonocoxal emargination has a broad, darkly pigmented margin (↓ @@ -515,7 +516,7 @@ leg.; 2.3‒2.7 mm . - + Fig. 31. @@ -534,7 +535,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge 0‒1 ommatidium long dorsally. Antenna markedly longer than body; scape and pedicel concolorous with flagellum; circumfila present on all flagellomeres; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.8 × as long as node ( -Fig. 31B +Fig. 31B ). Palpus 4-segmented, about as long as head height, apical segment longest of all. @@ -560,7 +561,7 @@ absent. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 31A +Fig. 31A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite markedly narrowed towards base; narrow portion with same large setae as rest of ventral surface; anterior margin straight rather than rounded; true processes absent. Gonostylus 1.5× as long as thick, slightly tapered towards apex, with setae of greatly varying sizes; frontal portion as strongly convex as basal portion; pectinate tooth of considerable size. Parameres for most of their lengths fairly thin, only apically slightly broader; parameral apodemes large, branched. Aedeagal apodeme shorter than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized; apex vanishing into membranous cap; ducts of accessory glands evident (not illustrated). Membranous portion of aedeagus expansive (not illustrated). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF96FFE32733FDA23E297E6C.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF96FFE32733FDA23E297E6C.xml index 040082a59bc..d410a28bd7f 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF96FFE32733FDA23E297E6C.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF96FFE32733FDA23E297E6C.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 29 +Fig. 29 @@ -82,15 +83,15 @@ bears a close resemblance to : fig. 119), the very few differences in terminalia structures being as follows. In the new species, the gonocoxal ventral emargination is markedly shallower, resembling the shape of a watch glass (↓ 1 , -Fig. 29A +Fig. 29A ); each of the parameres ends in a single small knob (↓ 2 , -Fig. 29A +Fig. 29A ) rather than in several knobs of various sizes; and the gonostylus is slightly more elongate and more slender, and has a larger area covered by thick black spines, especially along the inner margin (↓ 3 , -Fig. 29B +Fig. 29B ). Also, in S. impressus @@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ the gonostylar inside has a transverse ridge, which in is absent so that the inner surface is fairly evenly concave (↓ 4 , -Fig. 29B +Fig. 29B ). Larvae and females of the new species are unknown. - + Fig. 29. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF97FFE32739FC1C3E297AD6.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF97FFE32739FC1C3E297AD6.xml index 7e821048385..04cb487906a 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF97FFE32739FC1C3E297AD6.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF97FFE32739FC1C3E297AD6.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 @@ -84,25 +85,25 @@ in having shorter flagellomeral necks (the neck-to-node ratio in the fourth flag S. subimpressus ( -Fig. 30C +Fig. 30C ) versus 2.0 in S. paraimpressus ( -Fig. 29C +Fig. 29C )) and in the construction of the gonostylus, of which the particulars are as follows. The gonostylus of S. subimpressus ( -Fig. 30B +Fig. 30B ) is more compact; the thick black spines cover a markedly smaller area apically and apicomedially; the inside is less sharply separated from the outside (note the sharp longitudinal edge with black spines in S. paraimpressus , -Fig. 29B +Fig. 29B ); and the ventral protrusion bears not just ordinary setae but a small cluster of black spines. The two species might also differ in body length ( 1.7 mm in diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF98FFED2770FDD039D07B12.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF98FFED2770FDD039D07B12.xml index cb3847cea4c..bce9f6ad8b9 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF98FFED2770FDD039D07B12.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF98FFED2770FDD039D07B12.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 27 +Fig. 27 @@ -73,11 +74,11 @@ This new Porricondyla differs from congeneric species in the unusually large and strongly flattened gonostylus ( -Fig. 27A +Fig. 27A ). The fairly large tooth at the gonostylar apex transitions dorsally into a finely serrate margin (↓ 1 , -Fig. 27A +Fig. 27A ). Larvae and females of P. plana @@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ specimen detailed below is available in BIN BOLD:AEO7191. Search on BOLD’s BIN ). - + Fig. 27. @@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3‒4 ommatidia long. Antenna slightly longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒13; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.8× as long as unusually slender node ( -Fig. 27B +Fig. 27B ). Palpus 4-segmented, slightly longer than head height, apical segment longest of all. @@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ not retained. Acropods, to assess structure of claws and empodia, not retained. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 27A +Fig. 27A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination U-shaped, with darkly pigmented margin; processes nearly straight, rounded apically, reinforced laterally; a narrowed portion anteriorly with only a few, mostly marginal setae; dorsal apodemes protrude beyond ventroanterior margin. Gonostylus: outside slightly convex, with numerous setae of various sizes; inside slightly concave, with much fewer setae of which 3‒4 are conspicuously long and bristle-like. Parameres fairly slender, crossing each other apically, with narrow transverse bridge subbasally. Aedeagal apodeme longer than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized, slightly broadened and with large membranous cap apically; ducts of accessory glands evident (not illustrated). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF99FFEF2768F9E7387F7862.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF99FFEF2768F9E7387F7862.xml index 7c98ff49d52..a931379d71c 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF99FFEF2768F9E7387F7862.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF99FFEF2768F9E7387F7862.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 28 +Fig. 28 @@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ is missing. The construction of the terminalia is absolutely -like and includes tusk-shaped parameres and large, albeit completely membranous gonocoxal processes. A peculiarity is that the gonocoxa has a small, setose lobe near the gonostylar base (↓ 1 , -Fig. 28A +Fig. 28A ). Larvae and females of P. pumila @@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ leg.; . - + Fig. 28. @@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape and pedicel somewhat brighter than flagellum; slightly sinuous circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒8; neck of fourth flagellomere 0.7× length of node ( -Fig. 28B +Fig. 28B ). Palpus 4-segmented, as long as head height, apical segment longest of all. @@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 28A +Fig. 28A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination shallow, with darkly pigmented margin; processes straight, rounded apically; a small portion ventroanteriorly devoid of setae; ventroanterior margin broadly rounded. Gonostylus: outside convex, with setae of various sizes; inside slightly concave, with fewer and finer setae, including 1 subapical bristle; apical tooth plate-like. Parameres slender, with narrow transverse bridge at about half length; apices directed posteriorly, not crossing each other. Aedeagal apodeme shorter than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized; apex slightly bent ventrally. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9CFFE9276AFE8539177858.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9CFFE9276AFE8539177858.xml index e26a228a543..feb65d96081 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9CFFE9276AFE8539177858.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9CFFE9276AFE8539177858.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 25 +Fig. 25 @@ -72,11 +73,11 @@ Males of this new have large, semicircular lobes on both sides of the gonocoxal ventral emargination (↓ 1 , -Fig. 25A +Fig. 25A ). The lobes, which bear setae of various sizes, occur in addition to the small, completely membranous gonocoxal processes (↓ 2 , -Fig. 25A +Fig. 25A ). A further peculiarity is that the parameres are bifid apically, which in ventral view is not always easy to see (see the section on other male characters). Larvae and females of P. ornata @@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ The name ’, the Latin adjective for ‘decorated’, is an allusion to the lobe-bearing gonocoxae found in this species. - + Fig. 25. @@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 4‒5 ommatidia long. Antenna longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒12; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.7 × as long as node ( -Fig. 25B +Fig. 25B ). Palpus 4-segmented, slightly longer than head height, apical segment longest of all. @@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ not retained. Acropods, to assess structure of claws and empodia, not retained. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 25A +Fig. 25A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite massive; densely setose ventrally except for a glabrous, narrowed portion anteriorly; ventral emargination with broad, darkly pigmented margin; dorsal apodemes project only slightly beyond ventroanterior margin. Gonostylus small in relation to gonocoxa, about twice as long as thick in ventral view, apparently flattened dorsoventrally, with fairly small, plate-like tooth apically. Parameral apices bifid, which is not apparent in the holotype , though evident in the diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9EFFEA2704FB733F8D7AD6.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9EFFEA2704FB733F8D7AD6.xml index a96731a27b7..1f36773727a 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9EFFEA2704FB733F8D7AD6.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9EFFEA2704FB733F8D7AD6.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ -Fig. 26C +Fig. 26C @@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ Jaschhof & Jaschhof (2013) . Note also the peculiar shape of the gonocoxal processes ( -Fig. 26C +Fig. 26C ), a character not mentioned earlier. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9FFFEC275FFE853E557F21.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9FFFEC275FFE853E557F21.xml index b79d4856d49..a5a11f31216 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9FFFEC275FFE853E557F21.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FF9FFFEC275FFE853E557F21.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 26A‒B +Fig. 26A‒B @@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ differs from is broadly rounded apically, with the entire curve occupied by a tooth consisting of countless, irregularly arranged spines (↓ 1 , -Fig. 26A +Fig. 26A ), whereas in P. pilosa @@ -97,13 +98,13 @@ the gonostylar apex is pointed and equipped with a comparatively small brush of are slightly bent outwards (↓ 2 , -Fig. 26A +Fig. 26A ), while those of P. pilosa are slightly bent inwards ( -Fig. 26C +Fig. 26C ). Apart from these distinctions in terminalia structures, the flagellomeral necks of P. pilosoides @@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ are shorter compared to those of P. pilosoides ( -Fig. 26B +Fig. 26B ) versus twice the nodal length in P. pilosa @@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ The specific epithet means . - + Fig. 26. A‒B . diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA2FFD72761FDB23FA37EE3.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA2FFD72761FDB23FA37EE3.xml index bc04c433eae..2f0149042a3 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA2FFD72761FDB23FA37EE3.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA2FFD72761FDB23FA37EE3.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 24 +Fig. 24 @@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ are actually found in all these species, notably the conspicuously banded abdome Porricondyla oblonga is distinguished as follows ( -Fig. 24A +Fig. 24A ): the gonostylus is slightly elongated, thus longer than in the other species (↓ 1 ), the gonocoxal processes bear fairly large microtrichia, which are most numerous on the dorsal side (↓ @@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3 ommatidia long. Antenna longer than body; scape and pedicel concolorous with flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒13; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.4× as long as node ( -Fig. 24B +Fig. 24B ). Palpus 4-segmented, markedly longer than head height, apical segment almost twice as long as preceding segment. @@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 24A +Fig. 24A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: setae confined to ventrolateral and dorsal portions; ventral emargination with broad, darkly pigmented margin; dorsal apodemes project only slightly beyond ventroanterior margin. Gonostylus: pectinate tooth large, dented in the middle, which results in a sinuous margin; inside glabrous except for 5‒6 long bristles inserted below tooth. Parameres similar to these found in the sibling species, with broad, slightly bent transverse bridge subbasally. Aedeagal apodeme as long as gonocoxae, strongly sclerotized, slightly broadened apically. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA4FFD12755FE853F307905.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA4FFD12755FE853F307905.xml index f3e74418321..8dc4d0a9030 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA4FFD12755FE853F307905.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA4FFD12755FE853F307905.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 22 +Fig. 22 @@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ The gonostylar tooth of is comb-shaped, i.e., consists of numerous individual spines with a common, conjunctive base, which places this species in subdivision A of Jaschhof & Jaschhof’s (2013) intrageneric classification. Within that subdivision, the new species is characterized by a set of terminalia characters, as follows ( -Fig. 22A +Fig. 22A ). The gonostylus is both markedly bent and tapered towards the apex (↓ 1 ); the long, slender and for the most part moderately sclerotized parameres have conspicuously pale, strongly bent apices (↓ @@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ specimen is available in BIN BOLD:AER2210. Search on BOLD’s BIN Database retri The specific name, an adjective, means ‘with pointed gonostylus’. - + Fig. 22. @@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 1‒2 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒14; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.8× as long as node ( -Fig. 22B +Fig. 22B ). Palpus concealed in only specimen available for study. @@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ not retained. Acropods not retained. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 22A +Fig. 22A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite with subtriangular protuberances ventroapically; ventral emargination very broadly U-shaped; a large, narrowed portion anteriorly with only a few, mostly lateral setae; anterior margin broadly rounded. Parameres with unusually broad transverse bridge subbasally. Aedeagal apodeme including its extensive membranous apex as long as gonocoxae, for the most part moderately sclerotized; ducts of accessory glands evident (not illustrated). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA6FFD4276DF9C5389B7816.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA6FFD4276DF9C5389B7816.xml index 756623e8b98..3cfe2ffb878 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA6FFD4276DF9C5389B7816.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA6FFD4276DF9C5389B7816.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 23 +Fig. 23 @@ -72,11 +73,11 @@ This small-size is distinguished by male terminalia characters, as follows. The unusually small gonocoxal ventral emargination forms an elongate, narrow U (↓ 1 , -Fig. 23A +Fig. 23A ). The gonostylus, which in ventral view looks narrow and elongate, is strongly flattened dorsoventrally and bears apically a large, plate-like tooth (↓ 2 , -Fig. 23A +Fig. 23A ). The tusk-shaped parameres, which are generally similar to those found in other Porricondyla @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ is distinguished by male terminalia characters, as follows. The unusually small , fall out of the ordinary in that they are linked with each other on the dorsal side through a conical membranous structure (↓ 3 , -Fig. 23C +Fig. 23C ). Larvae and females of P. insolita @@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ leg.; . - + Fig. 23. @@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 2‒3 ommatidia long. Antenna about as long as body; scape and pedicel concolorous with flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒7; neck of fourth flagellomere as long as node ( -Fig. 23B +Fig. 23B ). Palpus 4-segmented, about as long as head height, apical segment longest of all. @@ -369,13 +370,13 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA . Gonocoxal synsclerite ( -Fig. 23A +Fig. 23A ): ventral emargination with broad, darkly pigmented margin; processes small, rounded apically, moderately sclerotized; a large, narrowed portion anteriorly with only a few, mostly lateral setae; anterior margin broadly rounded. Gonostylus ( -Fig. 23A +Fig. 23A ): outside slightly convex, with large setae; inside slightly concave, with finer setae. Parameres ( -Fig. 23C +Fig. 23C ) crossing each other apically, with narrow transverse bridge subbasally. Aedeagal apodeme ( -Fig. 23A +Fig. 23A ) shorter than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized; apex covered by large, inflated membranous cap (presumably the apical portion of aedeagus); ducts of accessory glands evident (not illustrated). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA8FFDE277EFBE33E167FC6.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA8FFDE277EFBE33E167FC6.xml index 6d7131cd4cc..028baae772b 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA8FFDE277EFBE33E167FC6.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFA8FFDE277EFBE33E167FC6.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 21 +Fig. 21 @@ -76,11 +77,11 @@ The male of is characterized by the gonostylus whose thick basal portion extends apicodorsally into an elongate-subtriangular process (↓ 1 , -Fig. 21A +Fig. 21A ), and by the H-shaped tegmen whose lateral pillars are markedly bent dorsad beyond the cross connection (↓ 2 , -Fig. 21A +Fig. 21A ). Larvae and females of the new species are unknown. @@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3‒4 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒13; neck of fourth flagellomere 2.0‒2.2 × as long as node ( -Fig. 21B +Fig. 21B ). Palpus 4-segmented, slightly longer than head height. @@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ leg.; . Longer than body. Length / width ratio 2.9‒3.2. - + Fig. 21. @@ -336,7 +337,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 21A +Fig. 21A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination deeply U-shaped, reinforced basally; setose portion below emargination very short; anterior margin membranous, of varying outline. Gonostylus: medial bulge subglobular, with 2‒3 ordinary setae and 1 long bristle below pectinate tooth. Aedeagal apodeme markedly longer than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized; both base and apex broadened, apical broadening subrectangular, slightly sclerotized; ducts of accessory glands evident (not illustrated). @@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ The new species exhibits morphological variation to the same, normal extent as f sp. nov. is that, in slide-mounted specimens examined ventrally, the length of the tegminal processes varies depending on how strongly the tegminal apex is bent dorsally under the pressure of the cover slip ( -Fig. 21A, C +Fig. 21A, C ). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB2FFD8272DF95D3FDE7963.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB2FFD8272DF95D3FDE7963.xml index 1d657d8d15b..9ff90aafbc7 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB2FFD8272DF95D3FDE7963.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB2FFD8272DF95D3FDE7963.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 20 +Fig. 20 @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ differs from L. spungisi in several details of the male terminalia ( -Fig. 20A +Fig. 20A ). The most obvious difference concerns the gonostylus, whose apex is strongly flattened and pointed in the new species (↓ 1 ) versus slightly flattened and rounded in @@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ leg.; ; windthrow of willow and aspen trees; ZSM-DIP-42476-A08. - + Fig. 20. @@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3‒4 ommatidia long. Antenna longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; 14 flagellomeres; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒11; neck of fourth flagellomere 2.3× as long as node ( -Fig. 20B +Fig. 20B ). Palpus 4-segmented, markedly longer than head height. @@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 20 +Fig. 20 ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination U-shaped, with broad sclerotized margin anteriorly; processes large, thin-membranous, glabrous; a large, narrowed setose portion ventroanteriorly. Gonostylus in ventral view 3 × as long as broad, broadest at about midlength; a large plate-like tooth arising from a short process subapicoventrally; outside with setae of various lengths; inside sparsely setose, including 2‒3 long subapical bristles. Aedeagal apodeme longer than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized, brodened apically. Tegminal apex membranous, slightly incised. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB6FFC32759FDD03F797ECD.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB6FFC32759FDD03F797ECD.xml index 80b8d6832e1..d1c348757c4 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB6FFC32759FDD03F797ECD.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB6FFC32759FDD03F797ECD.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 @@ -73,11 +74,11 @@ A distinctive morphological structure of is the tegmen: its sclerotization is stronger than usually found in this genus and the construction includes unusual details, such as a pair of large, subtriangular outgrowths ventrobasally (↓ 1 , -Fig. 18B +Fig. 18B ) and a pair of tiny spikes subapically (↓ 2 , -Fig. 18B +Fig. 18B ). Larvae and females of the new species are unknown. @@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ leg.; ; fen; ZSM-DIP-42303-E06. - + Fig. 18. @@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 4‒5 ommatidia long. Antenna slightly longer than body; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒8; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.4× as long as node ( -Fig. 18C +Fig. 18C ). Palpus 4-segmented, about as long as head height. @@ -202,15 +203,15 @@ leg.; ; ventral emargination small, broadly U-shaped, with broad sclerotized margin; protuberances small, abruptly protruding, each with 2 large setae (↓ 3 , -Fig. 18A +Fig. 18A ); processes large, thin-membranous, glabrous (↓ 4 ); dorsoposterior portions protruding beyond ventroposterior portions. Gonostylus ( -Fig. 18A +Fig. 18A ) tapered towards apex, with at least 3 plate-like teeth apically, ventralmost largest, inside with 1 long subapical bristle. Aedeagal apodeme ( -Fig. 18A +Fig. 18A ) markedly longer than gonocoxae, moderately sclerotized, pointed apically. Membranous portions of aedeagus extensive (indicated in -Fig. 18A‒B +Fig. 18A‒B ). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB7FFC52719F8B638DD7F15.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB7FFC52719F8B638DD7F15.xml index e8de6503789..ca3d35f97b7 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB7FFC52719F8B638DD7F15.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB7FFC52719F8B638DD7F15.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ -Fig. 19 +Fig. 19 @@ -71,23 +72,23 @@ CO1 sequences (652‒659bp) were obtained of detailed below and allocated to two BINs, BOLD:AEP5411 (ZSM-DIP-42303-G10) and BOLD:AEP5413 (ZSM-DIP-42303-E02). The fact that the two genetic clusters, labeled here A and B, are supported by morphological differences, suggests the presence of two discrete species. In A, the tegmen is strictly parallel-sided (↓ 1 , -Fig. 19A +Fig. 19A ) and sharply pointed apically (↓ 2 ); in B, it is slightly constricted near the midlength (↓ 1 , -Fig. 19B +Fig. 19B ) and narrowly rounded apically (↓ 2 ). Also, the gonocoxal ventral emargination of A might be broader and U- rather than V-shaped compared with B (↓ 3 , -Fig. 19A‒B +Fig. 19A‒B ), and the undulating sclerotized rim at the inside of the gonocoxal wall is entirely sharply demarcated in A, while it is seemingly interrupted in B (↓ 4 , -Fig. 19A‒B +Fig. 19A‒B ). Both characters, outline of the emargination and appearance of the rim, might be interdependent. Since possible effects of individual variation and preparation artefacts cannot be assessed in the absence of further specimens for study, I refrain here from naming the potential sibling species. Also, it remains to be settled through study of the holotype which of the clusters is the genuine @@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ which of the clusters is the genuine ). - + Fig. 19. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB9FFCE2740FD7B3A0C7EE4.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB9FFCE2740FD7B3A0C7EE4.xml index c79d76ed736..aeba8e84447 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB9FFCE2740FD7B3A0C7EE4.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFB9FFCE2740FD7B3A0C7EE4.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 17 +Fig. 17 @@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ are the only species of in which the gonostylar tooth is not shaped like a fingernail but consists of several separate spines that form a comb. In the new species, the comb is made of about 4 spines, which hardly stand out from the gonostylar bulgeʾs dense cover with microtrichia and fine setae (↓ 1 , -Fig. 17A +Fig. 17A ), whereas in C. toelgi @@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ is markedly shorter dorsally compared with that of C. parvidentata are shorter (1.5‒1.7 versus 2.0‒2.2 times the nodal length in the fourth flagellomere, -Fig. 17B +Fig. 17B ) and lack the dark pigmentation found in C. toelgi @@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 17A +Fig. 17A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination U-shaped, with narrow, darkly pigmented margin anteriorly; 2 pairs of processes arising from a common base, dorsal pair less than half the size of ventral pair, both pointing ventrad; protuberances near gonostylar bases inconspicuous, pointed, with several fine setae. Gonostylus markedly bent near midlength; outside with numerous setae of various lengths; inside very sparsely setose; apical bulge large, subglobular, with 2‒3 subapical bristles. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBCFFC9276AFE853FD279F4.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBCFFC9276AFE853FD279F4.xml index f12383e5776..d7613519086 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBCFFC9276AFE853FD279F4.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBCFFC9276AFE853FD279F4.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 15C‒E +Fig. 15C‒E @@ -75,11 +76,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: is one of the smallest species known of the genus. The male is barely 1.3 mm long and its terminalia are of tiny dimensions ( -Fig. 15D +Fig. 15D ). A terminalia structure peculiar to this species relates to the gonocoxal processes, which each consist of a broad, presumably flattened portion basally that transitions into a thick, tusk-shaped portion apically (↓ 4 , -Fig. 15D +Fig. 15D ). Larvae and females of the new species are unknown. @@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ specimen is available in BIN BOLD:AER0232. Search on BOLD’s BIN Database retri ). - + Fig. 15. A‒B . @@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 1‒2 ommatidia long. Antenna shorter than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; 12 flagellomeres; apical flagellomere long, composed of two nodes; circumfila present on all flagellomeres, irregularly sinuous; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.1× as long as node ( -Fig. 15C +Fig. 15C ). Palpus 4-segmented, nearly as long as head height. @@ -215,9 +216,9 @@ extremely faint, CuA ending well before wing margin. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 15D +Fig. 15D ). Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long, with dense setae of very different lengths ventrally; ventral emargination faintly contoured, apparently U-shaped. Gonostylus compact, 1.5 × as long as thick; outside with numerous setae of various lengths; inside slightly excavated, sparsely setose incl. 2‒3 long subapical bristles; pectinate claw broad, slightly undulated ( -Fig. 15E +Fig. 15E ). Aedeagal apodeme about as long as gonocoxae, its sclerotized portion narrowed apically and covered by membranous cap. Tegmen: shaped like inverted V , apex bent slightly dorsad, blunt with small indentation. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBEFFCB272AFE853F597B24.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBEFFCB272AFE853F597B24.xml index e052c953327..c89dd3d9f13 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBEFFCB272AFE853F597B24.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBEFFCB272AFE853F597B24.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ -Fig. 16A +Fig. 16A I studied the @@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ male studied here from belongs to the same species. The specimen from Germany is illustrated here ( -Fig. 16A +Fig. 16A ). @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ is illustrated here ( differs from congeneric species in characters of the male terminalia, as follows. The apical bulge of the gonostylus is moderately large, subglobular, and covered with long dense microtrichia, fine setae, and about 2 stiff bristles (↓ 1 , -Fig. 16A +Fig. 16A ); the apices of the gonocoxal processes have 2‒3 small knobs subterminally and are bent ventrad (↓ 2 ); the protuberances near the gonostylar bases are moderately large, pointed, and densely covered with microtrichia (↓ @@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ differs from congeneric species in characters of the male terminalia, as follows holotype in that the eye bridge is 4‒5 ommatidia long dorsally and the neck of the fourth flagellomere is 1.5× as long as the node. - + Fig. 16. A . diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBFFFCC2747F9D439637BAE.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBFFFCC2747F9D439637BAE.xml index 599b5068067..235a59e05f2 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBFFFCC2747F9D439637BAE.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFBFFFCC2747F9D439637BAE.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 16B‒C +Fig. 16B‒C @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ differ from those of other in a combination of several terminalia characters: the slender, nearly parallel-sided gonostylus lacks an apical bulge (↓ 5 , -Fig. 16B +Fig. 16B ), the short, robust parameres have small, barb-like processes dorsomedially (↓ 6 ), and the long, slender gonocoxal processes are strongly bent ventrolaterad (↓ @@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 4‒5 ommatidia long. Antenna longer than body; scape and pedicel somewhat brighter than flagellum; flagellomeral nodes unpigmented; circumfila present on flagellomeres 1‒11; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.5 × as long as node ( -Fig. 16C +Fig. 16C ). Palpus 1.4 × as long as head height. @@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 16B +Fig. 16B ). Gonocoxal synsclerite: ventral emargination broadly U-shaped, with broad, darkly pigmented margin anteriorly; protuberances near gonostylar bases large, pointed, with sparse microtrichia of normal size and several fine setae. Gonostylus markedly bent subbasally, then straight; apex with plate-like tooth; outside with numerous setae of various lengths; inside more sparsely setose, including 2‒3 long subapical bristles. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC0FFB62765FBDE38057CD6.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC0FFB62765FBDE38057CD6.xml index b6c06a41d99..8c6b21cf4ea 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC0FFB62765FBDE38057CD6.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC0FFB62765FBDE38057CD6.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 14 +Fig. 14 @@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ In terms of male morphology (larvae and females are unknown) the new species is B. indubitata , with which it shares the very long gonostylus, the large ventroposterior outgrowths of the gonocoxal synsclerite, and the elongate-triangular tegmen ( -Fig. 14A +Fig. 14A ). As regards distinctions, the gonocoxal synsclerite of B. longissima @@ -92,13 +93,13 @@ lacks the subtriangular lobes so prominently developed in : fig. 80a), with the result that the ventroposterior outgrowths are only slightly convex laterally, not strongly bulging (↓ 1 , -Fig. 14A +Fig. 14A ). Also, the gonostylus of B. longissima is 1.6 × as long as the tegmen ( -Fig. 14A +Fig. 14A ) and thus longer than that of B. indubitata @@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ are markedly shorter compared with those of B. longissima ( -Fig. 14B +Fig. 14B ) and 1.6‒1.8 in @@ -267,10 +268,10 @@ leg.; HEAD . Antenna longer than body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; circumfila on flagellomeres 1 to either 9 or 10 irregularly sinuous ( -Fig. 14B +Fig. 14B ). Palpus markedly shorter than head height, either 4-segmented, with third and fourth segments equally long, or 3-segmented, with third segment slightly longer than second. - + Fig. 14. @@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 14A +Fig. 14A ). Gonostylus straight except for an abrupt bend apically, slightly thicker subapically than subbasally; setae short and sparse. Tegmen: apex directed posteriad rather than ventrad; outline of anterior margin varying, either straight or concave. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC3FFB72763FE853A807AD9.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC3FFB72763FE853A807AD9.xml index 98da94006a1..091b4c58f09 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC3FFB72763FE853A807AD9.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC3FFB72763FE853A807AD9.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 15A‒B +Fig. 15A‒B @@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: sp. nov. differs from congeneric species in a combination of male terminalia characters, as follows ( -Fig. 15B +Fig. 15B ). The aedeagal apodeme is markedly longer than the gonocoxae (↓ 1 ), the tegmen is inversely U- rather than V-shaped (↓ @@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 1‒2 ommatidia long. Antenna as long as body; scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum; 12 flagellomeres; apical flagellomere long, composed of two nodes; circumfila present on all flagellomeres, irregularly sinuous; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.7× as long as node ( -Fig. 15A +Fig. 15A ). Palpus 4-segmented, markedly shorter than head height. @@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 15B +Fig. 15B ). Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long, with dense setae of very different lengths ventrally; ventral emargination faintly contoured, apparently U-shaped. Gonostylus upright, twice as long as thick; outside with numerous setae of various lengths; inside slightly excavated, sparsely setose incl. 2‒3 long subapical bristles; pectinate claw of moderate size. Apex of aedeagal apodeme membranous rather than sclerotized. Tegminal apex bent slightly dorsad, blunt-ended with minor indentation. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC4FFB12715FD2238C67C8E.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC4FFB12715FD2238C67C8E.xml index 28281413124..d7b4eb85ef2 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC4FFB12715FD2238C67C8E.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC4FFB12715FD2238C67C8E.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 13A +Fig. 13A @@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ The new species differs from all Neurepidosis described in the past by its gonocoxal synsclerite, whose ventral emargination has an unusually complex structure ( -Fig. 13A +Fig. 13A ). In ventral view, the broadly sclerotized margins of the emargination appear to be double-layered, with both layers intertwined in a complicated way. Larvae and females of N. hartschimmelhofensis @@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 13A +Fig. 13A ). Posterior margin of ninth tergite almost straight, weakly sclerotized except for a small, sclerotized reinforcement medially. Gonocoxal synsclerite slightly broader than long (not considering the long dorsal apodemes that protrude beyond the anterior gonocoxal margin); ventral setae unusually sparse, confined mostly to posterior portions; ventral emargination narrow and unusually deep, below the emargination a more darkly pigmented area without setae or microtrichia; dorsoposterior portions only slightly protruding beyond ventroposterior portions. Gonostylus compact, barely twice as long as high, its apex narrowly rounded, covered with dense, large microtrichia. Tegmen strongly narrowed towards apex, with about 3 pairs of tiny, inconspicuous barbs subapically. Aedeagal apodeme massive, strongly sclerotized; its greatly extended base protrudes beyond anterior gonocoxal margin; apex weakly sclerotized, transitions seamlessly into tegminal apex. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC5FFB2276CFB0138487E4E.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC5FFB2276CFB0138487E4E.xml index b218c91c0f8..0d76e38aff5 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC5FFB2276CFB0138487E4E.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFC5FFB2276CFB0138487E4E.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 13B‒C +Fig. 13B‒C @@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ This new species of is peculiar for the plain construction of male terminalia structures, such as the simply subtrapezoid ninth tergite and the unmodified subcylindrical gonostylus. The elongate tegmen, which is slightly constricted medially, has unusually robust lateral walls (↓ 1 , -Fig. 13B +Fig. 13B ) and the aedeagal apodeme is unusually short and poorly sclerotized (↓ 2 ). Larvae and females of @@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge devoid of ommatidia dorsally. Scape and pedicel concolorous with flagellum. 14 flagellomeres; circumfila with 2 long posterior extensions, present on flagellomeres 1‒11; neck of fourth flagellomere 1.2× as long as node ( -Fig. 13C +Fig. 13C ). Palpus 4-segmented, shorter than head height. @@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 13B +Fig. 13B ). Posterior margin of ninth tergite straight or slightly concave. Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; ventral setae large; ventral emargination deeply V-shaped, its base reinforced by sclerotized margin; dorsoposterior portions markedly protruding beyond ventroposterior portions. Gonostylus twice as long as high, slightly tapered apically. Tegmen strongly sclerotized, elongate, slightly constricted beyond midlength, apex broad, truncate. Aedeagal apodeme hardly discernible, about as long as gonocoxal dorsal apodemes. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFCCFFB9276AFE853E607988.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFCCFFB9276AFE853E607988.xml index 466c407cdaa..ba6ff84b3d1 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFCCFFB9276AFE853E607988.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFCCFFB9276AFE853E607988.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 @@ -72,11 +73,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: differs from congeneric species in the male terminalia structures, notably the dorsal parameres whose margins are serrate apicolaterally due to the presence of 5‒6 small barbs (↓ 1 , -Fig. 11E +Fig. 11E ). A further peculiarity is the ninth tergite whose posterior margin is indented in an unmistakable manner, and whose cordate central portion, which is darkly pigmented and sparsely setose, has a sclerotized median axis ending in an inverse T-shape (↓ 2 , -Fig. 11C +Fig. 11C ). Larvae and females of the new species are unknown. @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ differs from congeneric species in the male terminalia structures, notably the d The specific epithet, the Latin adjective for ‘serrate’, refers to the peculiar outline of the parameres. - + Fig. 11. @@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ forest; ZSM-DIP-42304-C09. HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 8 ommatidia long. Scape and pedicel brighter than flagellum. Length of flagellum unknown, only 4 flagellomeres retained; neck of fourth flagellomere 0.9× as long as node ( -Fig. 11F +Fig. 11F ). Palpus 4-segmented, longer than head height. @@ -191,11 +192,11 @@ forest; ZSM-DIP-42304-C09. TERMINALIA . Gonocoxal synsclerite slightly broader than long; ventral setae unusually small and sparse medially, larger and normally dense laterally; ventral emargination small, subtrapezoid, its basal margin membranous, sinuous, with fine setulae in two separate clusters; dorsoposterior portions only slightly protruding beyond ventroposterior portions; dorsal apodemes long and thin ( -Fig. 11D +Fig. 11D ). Gonostylus slender, 3 × as long as high, on apical third slightly curved, pointed; apex with conspicuously dense microtrichia (causing darker coloration), sparse, with fine setulae, 4 short subapical bristles dorsally, and moderately large pectinate tooth ( -Fig. 11A–B +Fig. 11A–B ). Ventral parameres present as a pair of small, slightly bent, pointed appendages situated in apical third of aedeagal apodeme. Aedeagal apodeme twice as long as posterior parameres; its apex protrudes slightly beyond ventral parameres; basal half portion weakly sclerotized, conversely T-shaped; point of junction with accessory gland ducts marked by a pair of parallel, elongate sclerotizations whose appearance is similar to that of the ventral parameres ( -Fig. 11E +Fig. 11E ). diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD7FFA42732FE853E3D7F2E.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD7FFA42732FE853E3D7F2E.xml index 89ebe8e870b..db9d76cb915 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD7FFA42732FE853E3D7F2E.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD7FFA42732FE853E3D7F2E.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 A @@ -63,9 +64,9 @@ male studied here matches that of as illustrated by Spungis (1989 : fig. 3.7), with the exception of the gonostylar apex that in the present specimen is pointed ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ) rather than narrowly rounded. What seems to be a difference in shape is most likely just a matter of how the gonostylus is oriented in the slide mount. Also, in Spungis’s illustration the ventral parameres diverge to form a V-shape, while they are parallel to each other in the specimen studied here ( -Fig. 10B +Fig. 10B ); this difference I deem an indication of these structuresʼ mobility. The few published records of C. heterobia @@ -91,11 +92,11 @@ suggest this species to be widespread in the Palearctic, albeit rarely encounter is characterized by the construction of the parameres, of which the dorsal pair is long and thick, with the apices bent laterad (↓ 1 , -Fig. 10B +Fig. 10B ), whereas the much smaller ventral pair forms two pointed rods laterally attached to the aedeagal apodeme (↓ 2 , -Fig. 10B +Fig. 10B ). Males are large, the body length being 3.3 mm in the German specimen and @@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ The CO1 sequence (653bp) of the specimen listed below is available in BIN BOLD:A ). - + Fig. 10. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD9FFAE2780FE843E1D7FCD.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD9FFAE2780FE843E1D7FCD.xml index e5e0ca0b832..0a3ae2c4357 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD9FFAE2780FE843E1D7FCD.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFD9FFAE2780FE843E1D7FCD.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ Male terminalia characters to distinguish sp. nov. from congeners are as follows ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). The ovoid, setose gonocoxal processes of considerable size are almost completely surrounded by membranes, rendering them strangely separated from the sclerotized gonocoxal portions farther below (↓ 1 ). The gonocoxal ventral emargination resembles a small, sharply outlined U (↓ @@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 9‒10 ommatidia long. Scape and pedicel nearly concolorous with flagellum. 15‒16 flagellomeres; neck of fourth flagellomere 0.9 × as long as node ( -Fig. 9B +Fig. 9B ). Palpus 4-segmented, longer than head height. @@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; ventral surface with large glabrous area around emargination, anterior margin pointed; medial bridges with numerous setae arising from large sockets; dorsoposterior portions subtriangular, protruding markedly beyond ventroposterior portions. Gonostylus nearly 3× as long as high, slightly bent, with pectinate tooth of moderate size. Dorsal parameres (tegmen) subrectangular, slightly longer than broad, lateral margins reinforced by sclerotization. Aedeagal apodeme longer than parameres, moderately sclerotized, beyond the junction of the accessory gland ducts a large, partly sclerotized broadening. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFDFFFAC277FFD713F757F4A.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFDFFFAC277FFD713F757F4A.xml index 072710a4068..f68137470fd 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFDFFFAC277FFD713F757F4A.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFDFFFAC277FFD713F757F4A.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 8 +Fig. 8 @@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ A typical Asynapta , this new species is distinguished from congeners in male terminalia structures, as follows ( -Fig. 8A +Fig. 8A ). Of the gonostylus, the posterior margin is strongly convex (↓ 1 ) and the pectinate tooth of moderate size is located entirely apically, rendering it only vaguely visible ventrally. The ventral parameres form an X-shape whose posterior branches are serrate apically and interconnected by a thin, medially split membrane (↓ @@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 8 ommatidia long. Scape and pedicel nearly concolorous with flagellum. 18 flagellomeres; neck of fourth flagellomere half as long as node ( -Fig. 8B +Fig. 8B ). Palpus: only 3 segments retained, presumably 4-segmented and longer than head height. @@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 8A +Fig. 8A ). Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; setulae on medial bridges with sockets only slightly enlarged; dorsoposterior portions only slightly protruding beyond ventroposterior portions. Gonostylus twice as long as high. Dorsal parameres (tegmen) subrectangular, slightly broader than long, margins sclerotized. Aedeagal apodeme about half as long as tegmen, moderately sclerotized, with arrow-shaped structure at apex indicating the junction of accessory gland ducts. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE3FFA82765FA5D39BD7979.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE3FFA82765FA5D39BD7979.xml index 5e1fca21aca..36b75dfc6a0 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE3FFA82765FA5D39BD7979.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE3FFA82765FA5D39BD7979.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2020 is convex (rounded) and equipped with 2, perhaps even 3 thick, closely spaced spines that upon first sight might appear as one small, solid tooth (↓ 1 , -Fig. 7A +Fig. 7A ), whereas the gonostylus of W. dentata diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE4FF912765FE843A187F40.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE4FF912765FE843A187F40.xml index 33a93a98d6c..e53617cba5b 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE4FF912765FE843A187F40.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE4FF912765FE843A187F40.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ group ( sp. nov. is distinguished by several male terminalia characters occurring in combination ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). The gonostylus, which is unusually strongly narrowed subbasally, bears a slightly obliquely aligned pectinate tooth of considerable size (↓ 1 ). The posterior margin of the ninth tergite has a wide shallow emargination (↓ @@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 1‒2 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape and pedicel of same size, both concolorous with flagellum; 12 flagellomeres, translucent sensilla on flagellomeres 1‒8. Fourth flagellomere with neck 0.8× length of node, node 1.8× as long as broad; sensory hairs fairly sparse, translucent sensilla multiform, either straight, variously U-shaped or irregularly branched ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). Palpus shorter than head height, with 4 setae-bearing segments, apical segment longest of all. Labella small. @@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ long, faint, almost straight; CuA slightly bent apically, both veins extending t TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). Ninth tergite one half of gonopodal length, setae confined to posterior half; anterior margin straight, indistinct. Gonocoxal synsclerite slightly broader than long; a large portion ventroanteriorly glabrous; ventral emargination U-shaped, sharply contoured, without membranous area basally; ventroanterior margin distinct, broadly rounded; dorsoposterior portions narrowly rounded, slightly protruding beyond ventroposterior portions; dorsal apodemes thin, moderately long, widely separated from each other. Gonostylus 2.5× as long as broad; basolateral apophysis small, slightly angulated. Tegmen subtriangular, sharply contoured; flaps with distinct margins; parameral apodemes small. Solid basal portion of aedeagal apodeme short. Aedeagal bulge with closely spaced rows of tiny spikes. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE9FF9E2761FE843F187E38.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE9FF9E2761FE843F187E38.xml index ba89d34da79..6505f6cc21b 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE9FF9E2761FE843F187E38.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFE9FF9E2761FE843F187E38.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ group ( sp. nov. is that the aedeagal apodeme is clearly broadened apically ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A , ↓ 1 ), not narrowed as in the other species of this group. Larvae and females of @@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 2‒3 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape larger than pedicel, both slightly darker than flagellum; 11 flagellomeres, translucent sensilla on flagellomeres 1‒10. Fourth flagellomere with neck 1.2× length of node, node 1.8× as long as broad; sensory hairs numerous, translucent sensilla multiform, from straight to U- or Y-shaped ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). Palpus shorter than head height, 3 or 4 setae-bearing segments depending on whether fourth segment is separate or merged with third, if merged then apical segment by far the longest of all. Labella conspicuously small. @@ -281,7 +282,7 @@ very faint, CuA strongly bent apically, both veins declining before wing margin. TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). Ninth tergite ¾ of gonopodal length, setae confined to posterior half; posterior margin straight, with pigmented area medially; anterior margin straight, indistinct. Gonocoxal synsclerite as long as broad; a large portion ventroanteriorly glabrous; ventral emargination U-shaped, sharply contoured, surrounded by diffuse, darkly pigmented area of variable extent (not illustrated); ventroanterior margin membranous, broadly rounded; dorsoposterior portions subtriangular; dorsal apodemes thick, moderately long. Gonostylus 2.5× as long as broad, strongly narrowed subbasally; basolateral apophysis small, slightly angulated; subapical tooth pectinate, of moderate size, obliquely aligned. Tegmen sharply contoured, rounded apically; flaps with distinct, reinforced margins; parameral apodemes of normal size. Solid basal portion of aedeagal apodeme moderately long, transition to distal portion smooth. Aedeagal bulge with closely spaced rows of tiny spikes. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFEEFF9C2740FB7439857833.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFEEFF9C2740FB7439857833.xml index c86ee43f263..ab79b1cccc5 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFEEFF9C2740FB7439857833.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFEEFF9C2740FB7439857833.xml @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 @@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ Jaschhof & Jaschhof, 2020 sp. nov. are as follows ( -Fig. 4A +Fig. 4A ). The posterior margin of the ninth tergite is deeply indented medially (↓ 1 ), an unusual condition in @@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ leg.; . - + Fig. 4. @@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3‒4 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape larger than pedicel, both brighter than flagellum; 12 flagellomeres, translucent sensilla on flagellomeres 1‒10. Fourth flagellomere with neck 0.6× length of node, node 1.5× as long as broad; sensory hairs numerous, translucent sensilla multiform, straight to U-shaped, occasionally even irregularly branched ( -Fig. 4B +Fig. 4B ). Palpus slightly shorter than head height, 4 setae-bearing segments, fourth segment longest of all. Labella of normal size. @@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ of nearly same length. Acropods: claws slightly bent, basal tooth large; empodia TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 4A +Fig. 4A ). Ninth tergite ¾ of gonopodal length, setae confined to posterior and lateral portions; margin of indentation broadly pigmented; anterior margin straight, indistinct. Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; ventral emargination U-shaped, sharply contoured and with large unsclerotized area basally; ventroanterior margin usually with small subtriangular outgrowth; dorso- and ventroposterior portions ending at same level; dorsal apodemes moderately long. Gonostylus very slightly bent, twice as long as broad; basolateral apophysis fairly large, angulate. Tegmen sharply contoured; parameral apodemes of normal size. Solid basal portion of aedeagal apodeme moderately long. Aedeagal bulge with closely spaced rows of tiny spikes. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF4FF82274AFB0639187F27.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF4FF82274AFB0639187F27.xml index 4a71a9ced06..cfa9590de3f 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF4FF82274AFB0639187F27.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF4FF82274AFB0639187F27.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 @@ -75,11 +76,11 @@ bears a slender microtrichose process (in distinction from a true spine, charact is distinguished by the male ninth tergite, whose emargination extends halfway down the tergiteʼs total length (↓ 1 , -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ), and thus is deeper than in any other species of the genus. The tegmen has the shape of an equilateral triangle (↓ 2 , -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ), which, on condition that this outline is stable, is a further peculiarity of this species. Rhipidoxylomyia bilobata @@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ leg.; HEAD . Eye bridge dorsally 3‒4 ommatidia long. Antenna markedly shorter than body; scape and pedicel slightly darker than flagellum; 11 flagellomeres, necks somewhat brighter than nodes; translucent sensilla on flagellomeres 1‒9, two per flagellomere, either simple, bi- or trifurcate. Neck of fourth flagellomere 0.8× length of node, node slender, twice as long as broad ( -Fig. 2B +Fig. 2B ). Palpus shorter than head height, 4-segmented, fourth segment as long as second and third segments combined. @@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ leg.; ABDOMEN . Pleural membrane devoid of setae. - + Fig. 2. @@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ leg.; TERMINALIA ( -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ). Ninth tergite as long as gonocoxae, setae confined to posterior and lateral portions, anterior margin straight, indistinct. Gonocoxal synsclerite broader than long; ventral emargination very deep, U-shaped; a considerable portion ventrobasally glabrous; dorsoposterior portions protruding beyond ventroposterior portions; dorsal apodemes thin, slightly shorter than distance separating them. Gonostylus massive, subcylindrical, 2.3× as long as broad, broadly rounded apically. Tegminal flaps distinct, broad, slightly sclerotized; parameral apodemes small. Aedeagal apodeme gently narrowing beyond midlength, apex more strongly narrowed for a short distance. Aedeagal bulge with loose, irregular lines of tiny spikes. diff --git a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF7FF85273AF93E3FEC796A.xml b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF7FF85273AF93E3FEC796A.xml index f1521e9a3ff..131c9220f62 100644 --- a/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF7FF85273AF93E3FEC796A.xml +++ b/data/03/F5/87/03F58780FFF7FF85273AF93E3FEC796A.xml @@ -1,42 +1,43 @@ - - - -New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany + + + +New taxa and new records of Winnertziinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Jaschhof, Mathias +Jaschhof, Mathias -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -953 + +953 - -1 -134 + +1 +134 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2649/12235 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 -2118-9773 -8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.953.2649 +2118-9773 +13749629 +8F69D11D-3C9A-4468-A354-7D2F7A84DAEB - + @@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 I identify here several large, unusually colorful males of a @@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ male, whose terminalia were figured both in the original description ( : fig. 47). The terminalia of my specimens from Germany ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ) match those illustrations fairly well; the mismatches I noticed, such as regarding the outline of the ninth tergite, the gonostylus and the tegmen, I attribute to the fact that the holotype specimen is obviously somewhat compressed by the cover slip. Although @@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ described for the specimen 3.5 mm . The basic coloration of the body is a light brown with orange tinge, which contrasts with the flagellomeres with dark-brown nodes and whitish necks, and the mostly yellowish legs with dark-brown femoral apices and tarsi. The legsʼ bicoloration is mainly caused by setae and scales that form a dense, adpressed cover. A dense cover of almost black, erect setae and scales on various parts of the head (clypeus, gena) and thorax (scutum, scutellum) as well as the entire abdomen contributes to the bodyʼs colorful impression, which to appreciate requires undisturbed specimens. Also, the terminalia are twotoned, the gonostyli being yellowish, the rest brown. Apart from that, the terminalia are characterized by the following peculiarities ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ): the large, slightly dorsad-directed and bent gonostylus has a small cluster of dark spines apically that form an irregular comb; of the gonocoxal synsclerite, the ventral emargination is unusually deep and narrow, the medial bridges are conspicuously densely covered with fine setae (↓ 1 ), and the dorsal apodemes end in short, subtriangular processes (↓ @@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ specimen 3 ). - + Fig. 3. diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF832F76FF1AFE66FF4AFADE.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF832F76FF1AFE66FF4AFADE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5074268dc83 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF832F76FF1AFE66FF4AFADE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,396 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema cetratum +(Ach.) +Hale (1974a: 335) +MycoBank + + +no. 343018 + + + + + + + +Parmelia cetrata +Ach. (1814: 198) MycoBank + +no. 373825 + + + + +Type +:— + +USA +. +Pennsylvania +, s.d., + +G.H.E. Muhlenberg +s.n. + +(H, +n.v. +, +lectotype +designated by +Hale +& Fletcher 1990; UPS, +n.v. +, +isolectotype +) + +. + + +≡ + +Rimelia cetrata +(Ach.) Hale & A. Flechter (1990: 26) MycoBank + +no. 102561 + + +( +Fig. 11 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely adnate, membranaceous, 11 × +10 cm +( +Fig. 11C +). +Lobes +irregular, contiguous to imbricate, irregularly branched, +3–6 mm +wide, ± rounded axils, round to subtruncate apices; margins dentate to laciniate, ciliate ( +Fig. 11D +). +Cilia +black, numerous, marginal, simple or squarrose, rarely irregularly branched, up to +2 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, reticulate (occasionally effigurate) white-maculate, ± finely reticulate cracked along the maculae; lacking soredia, isidia, schizidia, pustules, dactyls and phyllidia. +Laciniae +common, especially in the central part, marginal, flat or slightly canaliculate, ± dichotomously branched, up to +15 mm +long, +1–2.5 mm +wide, ciliate. +Lobules +absent. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +punctate, ± shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown marginal zone (ca. +1–2.5 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +black, numerous, ± evenly distributed, often extending to lobe margins, simple or squarrose, up to +3 mm +long. +Apothecia +scarce, immature, laminal, stipitate, up to +2 mm +in diameter, disc perforate, margin slightly crenate, amphithecium smooth. +Ascospores +absent. +Pycnidia +rare, laminal on some laciniae, black. + +Conidia + +not found (11 pycnidia investigated). + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow then dark red, +C− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acid (minor). + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—A tropical and subtropical species extending in some temperate areas. It is known from North (e.g. + +Brodo +et al +. 2001 + +, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +), Central (e.g. +Holz & Gradstein 2005 +, + +Rosabal +et al +. 2012 + +), and South (e.g. + +Marcano +et al +. 1996 + +, +Benatti & Marcelli 2008 +, + +Flakus +et al +. 2011 + +) America, Eastern and Southern Africa (e.g. +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Hale +& Fletcher 1990), Asia (e.g. +Kurokawa & Lai 2001 +, +Aptroot & Feijen 2002 +, + +Jayalal +et al +. 2013 + +, + +Bawingan +et al +. 2017 + +), and Oceania (e.g. +Elix 1994 +; +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +, +2002 +; + +Moon +et al +. 2001 + +; +Galloway 2007 +). In the MIOI hotspot, it is only cited from +Madagascar +( +Hue 1899 +, +des Abbayes 1961 +, Aptroot 1991). On +Réunion Island +, it is an apparently rare species collected only once in a single place on the northern flank of the Piton des Neiges, at an elevation of +800 m +in the Cirque de Salazie ( +Fig. 11A +). + + + + +Ecology +:—Examination of the only specimen from +Réunion +preserved in an herbarium shows that it grew on organic matter, probably on a rocky substrate. The bioclimate of the locality ( +Fig. 11B +) is pluvial tropical in the lower mesotropical belt (It = 482) and the lower hyperhumid ombrotype belt (Io = 13.0). Unfortunately, no other ecological data are available. + + +In +Madagascar +, + +P. cetratum + +is both corticolous and saxicolous. It was recorded from sea level (mangrove) to +1800 m +(cloud forest) ( +des Abbayes 1961 +, Aptroot 1991). A similar elevational range was found in the Hawaiian Islands ( + +Moon +et al +. 2001 + +). + + +Notes +:—The specimen from +Réunion +can be assigned to + +P. cetratum + +owing to its reticulate maculate upper surface, the presence of marginal cilia and laciniae, simple or squarrose rhizines extending to the margin of the lobes, the lack of vegetative propagules, and the presence of salazinic and consalazinic acids in the medulla. The delimitation of this species remains problematic, however, as there is no agreement amongst authors on the diagnostic phenotypic characters. As an example, several taxa placed in synonymy by +Hale +& Fletcher (1990) were recognized as good species by Spielman & Marcelli (2020). The first available molecular data (Divakar +et al +. 2005) also suggest that the morphological characteristics of this taxon need to be reassessed. + + + + +FIGURE 11. + +Parmotrema cetratum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Kalb & Kalb 33714 +); +D +: Laciniate and ciliate lobes, with ± reticulate white-maculate upper surface ( +K. & A. Kalb 33714 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm. + + + + +Specimen examined +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Salazie +, +von Îlet +à +Vidot zum Rivière du Mât +und +Grand Sable +, elev. + +800 m + +, +21°03’S +, +55°30’E +, +Erdanrisse +, +Basaltfelsen +und freistehende +Bäume +, + +17 August 1991 + +, + +K. & A. Kalb +33714 + +( +WIS +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..55fc4d612ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF842F75FF1AFAECFB4AFE18.xml @@ -0,0 +1,821 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema +cf. +clavuliferum + +(Räsänen) +Streimann (1986: 93) +MycoBank + + +no 129346 + + + + + + + + + +Parmelia clavulifera +Räsänen (1944: 4) +MycoBank + + +no 368556 + + + + + +Type:— +FRANCE +. Tahiti, ad corticem arboris, 1868, + +Dr. med +. Bouffon vel E. Vieillard + +(H, +n.v. +, +lectotype +; designated by +Hale +& Fletcher 1990) + + +≡ + +Rimelia clavulifera +(Räsänen) Kurok. (1991: 158) MycoBank + +no. 128246 + + +( +Fig. 12 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 18 × +9 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, contiguous to imbricate, irregularly branched, +2–10 mm +wide, ± rounded axils, round to subtruncate apices; margins dentate to laciniate, ± ciliate ( +Fig. 12C +). +Cilia +black, rare to abundant at the margin of the peripheral lobes, rare at the margin of the central sorediate lobes; simple, rarely slightly squarrose, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, ± conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, occasionally hypermaculate (sensu +Spielmann & Marcelli 2020 +), ± finely reticulate cracked along the maculae; sorediate, very rarely sorediate-isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls and phyllidia. +Soralia +mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae ( +Fig. 12D +), sometimes spreading marginally and/or submarginally. +Soredia +subgranulose, (30)– +44,5 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 120, from +4 specimens +, SD = 7.2 µm). +Isidia +normally absent, but some present on two thalli from the same high elevation locality (no. 974.0234 and 974.0235), marginal and submarginal, simple, cylindrical to inflated, brown tipped, sometimes laterally ciliate, rapidly dissolving into soredia. +Laciniae +common, marginal, initially flat, ± dichotomously branched, then frequently developing digitate expansions soon bearing ± globose soralia; up to +7 mm +long, +0.5–2 mm +wide, ciliate or not. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 2 × +2 mm +, ciliate or not. +Medulla +white throughout, occasionally orange-tinged due to the alteration of salazinic acid. +Lower surface +smooth to punctate, ± shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a brown marginal zone (ca. +1–4 mm +wide), often mottled or fully ivory white at the tip of sorediate lobes and laciniae ( +Fig. 12D +). +Rhizines +black, numerous, ± evenly distributed, often extending to lobe margins, simple, rarely ± squarrosely-branched, up to +2 mm +long. +Apothecia +rather rare (fertile thalli found in four localities), submarginal, more rarely laminal, sessile to shortly stipitate, up to +10 mm +in diameter, disc perforate or imperforate, margin crenate and soon sorediate. +Ascospores +(13)13.5– +15.8 +–(18) × (7.5)– +9.1 +–(10) µm, Q =(1.40)– +1.75 +–(2.13,) epispore (1)–(1.5) µm thick, n = 30, from a single specimen (no. 974.4857). +Pycnidia +submarginal towards apices, black. + +Conidia + +not found (20 pycnidia investigated). + + + +FIGURE 12. + +Parmotrema +cf. +clavuliferum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4027 +); +D +: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone ( +Masson 974.4027 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow then dark red, +C− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acid (minor). + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—It is difficult to properly determine the global distribution of this lichen due to the uncertainty of its taxonomic status. +Kurokawa (2006) +considered it as a pantemperate element. It seems to be widespread in Asia (e.g. Breuβ & +Brunnbauer 1997 +, + +Moon +et al +. 2000 + +, +Kurokawa & Lai 2001 +, +Aptroot & Sparrius 2006 +, +Ahn & Moon 2016 +, + +Bawingan +et al +. 2017 + +), but it is also reported from Pacific islands ( +Kurokawa 1979 +, +Elix 2001b +, + +Moon +et al +. 2001 + +, +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +), +Australia +( +Elix 2001a +), Central Africa ( +Killmann & Fischer 2005 +), Europe ( +Ahn & Moon 2016 +), as well as South America ( +Benatti & Marcelli 2008 +, +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +). + + +Concerning +Madagascar +, the material published by +des Abbayes (1961) +under the name + +Parmelia reticulata +var. +corniculata +Abbayes + +may refer to + +Parmotrema clavuliferum + +, but we could not examine the specimens. On the other hand, we checked three collections made by J. Bosser, including two from the same localities as those cited by des Abbayes, whose thallus morphology is consistent with + +P. clavuliferum + +. In +Réunion +, eleven localities, in 10 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 10 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 12A +), are known to host this taxon. They are distributed in both the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise massifs, between 1330 and +2180 m +in elevation. + + + + +Ecology +:—On Réunion, + +Parmotrema +cf. +clavuliferum + +was found in cloud forests (windward and leeward montane rainforests, + +Acacia + +montane forest) and subalpine shrubland. It grows on trees ( + +Acacia heterophylla +Willd. + +, + +Dombeya +sp. + +), shrubs ( + +Erica reunionensis +E.G.H. Oliv. + +, + +Hubertia ambavilla +Bory + +), tree fern ( + +Cyathea glauca + +), or volcanic rocks. When growing on trees, it was collected significantly more frequently on branches than on trunks (eight collections on branches, none on trunks, Fisher’s exact test, +P += 0.038). The bioclimate of the localities ( +Fig. 12B +) is pluvial tropical, with thermotype belts = from lower mesotropical to lower supratropical (294 ≤ It ≤ 470) and ombrotype belts = from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (8.8 ≤ Io ≤ 38.8). On Réunion, + +P. +cf. +clavuliferum + +appears hardly thermophilous, clearly ombrophilous, and probably rather photophilous. Its elevational distribution is quite comparable to that observed in +Thailand +( + +Moon +et al +. 2000 + +) and in +Taiwan +( +Lai 2001 +), but in Hawaiian ( + +Moon +et al +. 2001 + +) and Galapagos Islands ( +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +), the species also occurs in the lowlands. + + +Notes +:—With its upper surface strongly reticulate maculate, the presence of soralia, and a medulla with salazinic acid as major extrolite, + +Parmotrema clavuliferum + +belongs to the + +P.reticulatum + +aggr. Within this complex, + +P. clavuliferum + +has a controversial status. On the basis of phenotypic traits (capitate soralia on short laciniae, black mottled white lower surface below the sorediate lobes), it was either considered to be a distinct species (e.g. +Kurokawa 1979 +; + +Moon +et al +. 2001 + +; +Elix 2001a +, b; +Benatti & Marcelli 2008 +; +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +) or it was synonymized with + +P. reticulatum +(Taylor) M. Choisy + +(e.g. +Awasthi 1976 +, +Hale +& Fletcher 1990, +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies produced somewhat contradictory results. In the study by + +Divakar +et al +. (2005a) + +, specimens of + +P. clavuliferum + +morphology and those of + +P. reticulatum + +morphology did not +form two +independent monophyletic groups. In +Ahn & Moon (2016) +, specimens of + +P. clavuliferum + +morphology formed a well-supported monophyletic group while those of + +P. reticulatum + +morphology split into three clades. On the other hand, + +Del-Prado +et al +. (2011 + +, +2016 +) showed that their sampled specimens of the + +P. reticulatum + +aggr. (without distinction of + +P. clavuliferum + +) belonged to at least eight distinct species-level lineages. In our phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +), +nine specimens +of the + +P. reticulatum + +aggr. from +Réunion +were recovered in two groups: seven were mixed with samples belonging to ‘species 2’ of + +Del-Prado +et al +. (2016) + +, and two (no. 974.4027 and 974.4857) with samples belonging to their ‘species 3’ [= clade A +2 in + +Del-Prado +et al +. (2011) + +], as well as the specimens identified as + +P. clavuliferum + +by +Ahn & Moon (2016) +. Furthermore, our phylogenetic tree based on 3-locus and the Stacey and bPP analyses show that these two groups are clearly distinct ( +Fig. 3 +). Our +two specimens +from ‘species 3’ share the white, or mottled white, zone on the lower surface at the tip of numerous sorediate laciniae or lobes, a diagnostic character of + +P. clavuliferum + +according to +Kurokawa (1979) +, + +Moon +et al +. (2001) + +, +Kurokawa & Lai (2001) +, +Ahn & Moon (2016) +and +Spielmann & Marcelli (2020) +. The +seven specimens +of the ‘species 2’ group, on the other hand, have a black or brown marginal underside, the ivory-white mottled areas being totally absent or, very rarely, sporadic under some lobes. We did not find any clear differences in the location and morphology of the soralia between these two groups. Therefore, and pending a thorough taxonomic study of the + +P +. +reticulatum + +aggr., we assign all Reunionese specimens of this complex with numerous sorediate lobes (or lacinia) mottled white on the lower surface to + +P. +cf. +clavuliferum + +. + + +Specimens with molecular data examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Le Tampon, le Volcan, près du rempart de la Rivière des Remparts, entre le Nez de Boeuf et le Piton de Sable, ca. +2070 m +, +21°11’52”S +, +55°37’37”E +, recreational area in subalpine shrubland with + +Sophora denudata + +and + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, on vertical face of a volcanic rock, +24 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4857 +(LG); Sainte-Rose, sentier du Fond de la Rivière de l’Est, elev. +1805 m +, +21°12’22”S +, +55°41’34”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, in overall NNE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +25 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4027 +(LG). + + +Specimens with no molecular data examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Possession, +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, près du Piton Ravine à Marquet, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’13”S +, +55°23’38”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4739 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Piton de Bébour, elev. +1390 m +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°33’52”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a dead branch fallen from an undetermined tree, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0013 +(REU), +974.0024 +, +974.5224 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, small paved road from the main road to Échelles (Takamaka), elev. +1370 m +, in windward montane rainforest, on + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +08 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40897 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1710 m +, +20°59’15”S +, +55°25’58”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, at the base of a stipe of + +Cyathea glauca + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3890 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, haut de la forêt de la Crête, elev. +2010 m +, +21°17’37”S +, +55°41’04”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +23 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3991 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., le Petit Mapou, sentier de la Rivière des Remparts, elev. +1700 m +, +21°12’01”S +, +55°37’54”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SSE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +24 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4852 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, Le Maïdo, elev. +2180 m +, +21°04’18”S +, +55°23’14”E +, in subalpine shrubland, on volcanic rocks and on the bark of a stunted + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0225 +(REU), +974.0234 +, +974.0235 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, entre la Ravine Sèche et la Ravine Mère Canal, elev. +1275 m +, +20°58’42”S +, +55°30’58”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on mossy bark of + +Hubertia ambavilla + +, +30 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.5229 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Bélouve, sentier de l’École Normale, elev. +1470 m +, +21°04’04”S +, +55°33’07”E +, in managed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +24 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4008 +(Hb. DM). + + + +MADAGASCAR +. +Analamanga +: environs +de Tananarive, PK +26 de la route +de Tamatave +, +Ambatovory +, sur rocher dans une plantation d’ + +Eucalyptus + +, + +April 1957 + +, + +J. Bosser +11011 + +( +REN 000081 +) + +; + +Tananarive +, +Tsimbazaza +, elev. + +1300 m + +, sur rocher ensoleillé, + +April 1959 + +, + +J. Bosser +12709 + +( +REN 000089 +) + +. + +Vakinankaratra +: +Ankaratra +, +Manjakatompo +, elev. + +2200 m + +, en lisière de forêt ombrophile d’altitude, sur tronc, 1957, + +J. Bosser +10713 + +( +REN 000082 +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF872F4AFF1AFDAFFBBFFE18.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF872F4AFF1AFDAFFBBFFE18.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ca37f98c74b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF872F4AFF1AFDAFFBBFFE18.xml @@ -0,0 +1,461 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema cooperi +(J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sérus. (1984: 4) MycoBank + +no. 107091 + + + + + + +Parmelia cooperi +J. Steiner & Zahlbr. (1926: 528) MycoBank + +no. 397385 + + + + +Type +:— + +SOUTH AFRICA +. +Kapland +, +Kapprana +, 1813, + +Cooper +s.n. + +(W, +n.v. +, +lectotype +; H, M, UPS, + + +US +[image!], +isolectotypes +; designated by +Sérusiaux 1984 +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 13 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, often large, up to 20 × +22 cm +. +Lobes +rounded, imbricate, irregularly branched, +5–20 mm +wide, rarely plane, frequently ascending and irregularly convolute when sorediate, with margins undulated, often crenate, ciliate ( +Fig. 13C +). +Cilia +black, sparse to moderately dense, simple or 1–2 times branched, up to +6.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale grey, faintly effigurate white-maculate, smooth near lobe tips but often verruculose and reticulated cracked in the older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia; regenerative lobules occasionally present in older parts. +Soralia +marginal at first, then rapidly extending submarginally on revolute and suberect lobe apices ( +Fig. 13D +); rarely orbicular submarginal. +Soredia +granulose, (40)– +53.3 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 90, from +3 specimens +, SD = 7.8 µm), darkening and frequently clumping together in dense, rounded clusters with age. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth to rugulose, black and more or less mat centrally (rarely to the margin), with a shiny, erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +3–13 mm +wide), chestnut brown, sometimes mottled with ivory white at the sorediate lobes. +Rhizines +concolor to the lower surface, in scattered groups, simple to furcate, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +not seen in the specimens examined. +Pycnidia +occasional, submarginal towards apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C ++ red, +KC ++ red, P−, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid. + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—A species with a predominantly paleotropical distribution ( +Louwhoff 2001 +), but recently reported from tropical America in Mexico ( + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +, +León-González & Pérez-Pérez 2020 +) and in the Galapagos Islands ( +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +). In MIOI, present in +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, + +Hale +1965a + +, Aptroot 1991) and in Réunion (van den Boom +et al +. 2011). In Réunion, eight localities in six UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or five UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 13A +) are known so far, all located in the leeward part of the island between 1530 and +1760 m +elevation. It is the only species of + +Parmotrema + +with this distribution pattern on Réunion. + + + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, + +Parmotrema cooperi + +was only found in leeward + +Acacia + +montane forests, natural or cultivated. These are open forests, with undergrowth frequently grazed extensively by livestock. In this habitat, + +P. cooperi + +grows on the trunks and branches of the predominant endemic tree + +A. heterophylla + +[closely related with the Hawaiian + +A. koa +A. Gray ( + +Le Roux +et al +. 2014 + +) + +], more rarely on shrubs such as arborescent + +Erica + +. Interestingly, this species has so far never been found in the much rainier windward + +Acacia + +montane forests. + +Parmotrema cooperi + +also occurs in dry, open montane + +Acacia + +woodlands in +Ethiopia +( +Winnem 1975 +). Mean annual temperatures of the Reunionese localities range from 13 to 18°C, annual rainfall from +1750 to 2700 mm +. Bioclimatic features ( +Fig. 13B +) can be summarized as follow: bioclimate pluvial tropical, thermotype belt mesotropical (330 ≤ It ≤ 465), ombrotype belts from lower humid to lower hyperhumid (8.1 ≤ Io ≤ 16.7). + + +Notes +:—This species is the only one in the genus + +Parmotrema + +with the combination of the following characters: cilia, soredia, and lecanoric acid in the medulla. + +Parmotrema austrosinense + +has the same chemistry and a rather similar morphology, but its lobe margins are eciliate. + + + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Possession, cirque de Mafate, plaine des Tamarins, elev. +1760 m +, +21°04’44”S +, +55°26’36”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on branch of + +A. heterophylla + +, +22 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5071 +(Hb. DM); Les Avirons, route forestière 6 du Tévelave, elev. +1530 m +, +21°11’05”S +, +55°22’19”E +, in an exploited + +Acacia + +forest, on branch of + +A. heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0286 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Louis, forêt des Makes, plateau Goyaves, elev. +1755 m +, +21°10’53”S +, +55°24’32”E +, in an exploited + +Acacia + +forest, on trunk of + +A. heterophylla + +, +19 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4318 +(REU), +974.4319 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, route forestière des Tamarins des Hauts-sous-le-Vent, elev. +1740 m +, +21°04’18”S +, +55°21’42”E +, in an exploited + +Acacia + +forest, on + +A. heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0241, 974.0244, 974.0246 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier F. Francia, elev. +1580 m +, +21°01’50”S +, +55°22’34”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on + +A. heterophylla + +, +31 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1870 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier F. Francia, elev. +1565 m +, +21°01’49”S +, +55°22’28”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on + +A. heterophylla + +, +31 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1864 +(REU), +974.1865, 974.1869 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bras la Source, elev. +1705–1710 m +, +21°04’28”S +, +55°21’37”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on + +Erica +sp. + +and an undetermined shrub, +02 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1911, 974.1912 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier Oméga, elev. +1600 m +, +21°01’52”S +, +55°22’36”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on + +A. heterophylla + +, +31 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1871 +(Hb. DM). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8D2F7DFF1AFB37FC15FCF8.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8D2F7DFF1AFB37FC15FCF8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..26017076f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8D2F7DFF1AFB37FC15FCF8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,597 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema austrosinense +(Zahlbr.) +Hale (1974a: 335) +MycoBank + + +no. 343014 + + + + + + + +Parmelia austrosinensis +Zahlbr. + +in Handel-Mazzetti (1930: 192) MycoBank no. 397194 + + + + +Type +:— + +CHINA +. +Guizhou +: near +Gwanyinschan +, not far from +Guiyang +, + +1250 m + +, living branches of + +Camellia sinensis + +in the warm temperate zone, + +6 July 1917 + +, + +H. Handel-Mazzetti +10580 + + + +( +US +[image!], +lectotype +designated by + +Hale +1959 + +; WU [image!], W [image!] +isolectotypes +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 8 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, subcoriaceous, up to 6 × +2.5 cm +. +Lobes +rounded, imbricate, irregularly branched, +2–8 mm +wide, rarely plane but most often concave, with margins undulated, ascendant, smooth or slightly crenate, eciliate ( +Fig. 8C +). +Upper surface +grey-green, emaculate or faintly effigurate white-maculate, smooth near lobe tips but wrinkled in the older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, lobules, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +linear and marginal (and rarely orbicular submarginal in the Mauritian specimen) ( +Fig. 8D +). +Soredia +farinose, (20)– +30.3 +–(45) µm in diameter (n = 60, from +3 specimens +, SD = 6.4 µm). +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, black and mat in the central part, erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +3–8 mm +wide) more or less shiny, ivory white ( +Fig. 8D +), sometimes mottled with brown at the sorediate lobes, light chestnut brown at the non-sorediate ones. +Rhizines +concolor to the lower surface, sparse to moderately dense, in the central part, up to +0.8 mm +long, mostly simple but occasionally 1–2 times branched. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +submarginal towards apices, black. + +Conidia + +not found (13 pycnidia investigated). + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C ++ red, +KC ++ red, P−, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid. + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—Pantropical species that extends into some warm-temperate areas ( + +Hale +1965a + +, +Louwhoff 2001 +, +Kurokawa 2006 +). It seems to be widespread in +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, +Aptroot 1990 +) but there is no mention from the +Seychelles +( +Seaward & Aptroot 2009 +, + +Diederich +et al +. 2017 + +). In the Mascarene Islands, this taxon is apparently rare, known from only two localities on +Réunion +(van den Boom +et al +. 2011, present work, +Fig. 8A +) and only one on +Mauritius +(present work). + + + + +FIGURE 8. + +Parmotrema austrosinense + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Krog RE33/6 & Timdal +); +D +: Sorediate lobes with marginal linear soralia, and lower surface with erhizinate whitish marginal zone ( + +van +den Boom 40807 + +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm. + + + + +Ecology +:—In the Mascarene Islands and +Madagascar +, corticolous on trunks and branches of various trees or shrubs ( + +Cryptomeria + +, + +Erica + +, + +Ficus + +, + +Jacaranda + +, + +Mangifera + +, + +Uapaca + +, + +Vernonia + +). One of the two collections for +Réunion +was on an introduced tree species ( + +Cryptomeria japonica +D. Don + +), in an anthropized environment (picnic area). Bioclimate of this locality ( +800 m +elevation) is pluvial tropical in the upper thermotropical belt (It = 495) and the upper humid ombrotype belt (Io = 11.4). The bioclimate of the second locality ( +1190 m +elevation) is also pluvial tropical with an ombrotype belt upper humid (Io = 10.9), and a thermotype belt lower mesotropical (It = 415) ( +Fig. 8B +). For this location, the phorophyte and the habitat are not known. + + +Notes +:—Among the Reunionese species of + +Parmotrema + +, + +P. austrosinense + +may be confused with + +P. cooperi + +. Both have linear marginal soralia and lecanoric acid in the medulla; however, + +P +. +cooperi + +has a more coriaceous thallus and ciliate lobes. + + +The typification of + +P. austrosinense + +is confused ( +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +). + +Hale +(1959) + +designated +Handel-Mazzetti 10580 +, from the Plitt lichen herbarium (BPI), as the +lectotype +. The other collection ( +Handel-Mazzetti 8209 +) conserved in BPI was attributed by him to + +Cetrelia cetrarioides + +. Later on, however, in his monograph ( + +Hale +1965a + +), he cited +Handel-Mazzetti 10580 +from WU as the +lectotype +, with +isolectotypes +in BPI and W. Subsequent authors either follow + +Hale +(1965a) + +for the lectotypification (e.g. +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Elix 1994 +, +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +) or follow + +Hale +(1959) + +(e.g. +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +), but without having examined the type collections. Images of the specimens can be seen in the virtual herbaria of +US +, W and WU. The two collections housed at +US +are in accordance with + +Hale +(1959) + +: +Handel-Mazzetti 10580 +( +US +00068729) is marked ‘lectotype’, handwritten on a +Hale +label dated 1959, and +Handel-Mazzetti 8209 +( +US +00068730) is not a + +Parmotrema + +, being pseudocyphellate. The collection +Handel-Mazzetti 10580 +at WU (WU 069715) has a +Hale +label with the handwritten indications ‘lectotype’, underlined twice, and with two dates: 1962 and 1989; the specimen kept at W (W-KRYPT 1923-0004751) has a handwritten annotation ‘lectotype’ by +Hale +dated 1962. The +Handel-Mazzetti 8209 +specimens at WU (WU 069727) and W (W-KRYPT 1926- 0002226) both contain, at least in part, a pseudocyphellate species. As +Hale’s 1959 +lectotypification is valid, the 1965 lectotypification has no status and can be disregarded. + + +This species is photophilous and drought tolerant ( +Krog 1987 +). In eastern and southern Africa, it is common in dry and well-lit sites such as semi-arid open tree savannas ( + +Hale +1965a + +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, + +Zedda +et al +. 2009 + +). Thus, the apparent scarcity of + +P. austrosinense + +on +Réunion +is perhaps explained by the fact that we did not survey the driest habitats of the island, located at low elevation in its western part. + + + +Parmotrema austrosinense + +was resolved as sister to all accessions of + +P. tinctorum + +( +Fig. 3 +), a widespread species also producing lecanoric acid, but with a different morphology and producing isidia. In our phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +), the specimen from +Mauritius +nests in a well supported clade with collections from +South Korea +and Canary Islands. + + + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Cilaos, where the road crosses Ravine Pissa, elev. +1190 m +, +21°06’57”S +, +55°27’26”E +, on bark of twig, +02 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE33/6 & E. Timdal +(O L-231250); Petite-Île, Manapany les Hauts, elev. +800 m +, +21°19.6’S +, +55°35.2’E +, open picnic place with mature + +Cryptomeria japonica + +trees, shrubs and mixed trees, including orchard with fruit trees, on + +Cryptomeria + +, +07 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40807 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom). + + + + + +MADAGASCAR +. +Alaotra-Mangoro +: +Amparafaravola +, lac +Alaotra +, végétation sur dune sableuse, + +June 1955 + +, + +J. Bosser +8083 + +( +REN 000084 +); +Androy +: +Ambovombe +, elev. + +100 m + +, bush dégradé sur sable, + +November 1956 + +, + +J. Bosser +10.131 parte + +( +REN 000085 +) + +. + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Moka District +: +Réduit +, +State House Park +, elev. + +280 m + +, +20°13’43”S +, +57°29’13”E +, + +on + +Ficus microcarpa + + +, + +30 August 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +19278 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8F2F71FF1AFCCFFF58FE50.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8F2F71FF1AFCCFFF58FE50.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e0aa58543df --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFF8F2F71FF1AFCCFFF58FE50.xml @@ -0,0 +1,943 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema brachyblepharum +D.M. Masson, Magain & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853866 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Species of the + +P. subarnoldii + +group, similar to + +P. subarnoldii +(Abbayes) Hale + +, but differs by the much smaller average length of the marginal cilia and the higher average size of soredia. + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +875 m +, +21°07’01”S +, +55°39’03”E +, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +23 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4832 +(MNHN-PC-PC0088069). + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840418), mtSSU ( +PP +842554), EF1-α ( +PP +852817). + + +( +Fig. 9 +) + + +Morphological description and chemistry based on material whose DNA could be examined ( +six specimens +); additional information from other specimens in square brackets. + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous, up to 14 × +17 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, contiguous to imbricate, +5–12 mm +wide, often broadly concave, with margins undulating, crenate to somewhat shortly laciniate when sorediate, mostly ascendant, ciliate ( +Fig. 9E +). +Cilia +conspicuous, black, some with coppery glints (pigments); numerous and ± evenly distributed at lobe margins, sparse on sorediate lobes in the central part, rarely laminal; simple, rarely 1–(2) times branched, ca. +0.04–0.08 mm +in diameter at the base, (0.7)1.1– +2.52 +–3.9(5) mm long (n = 180, from +6 specimens +, mean values for each specimen: 1.64, 2.29, 2.42, 2.72, 2.96, +3.10 mm +, +Fig. 10 +). +Upper surface +pale greenish grey near lobe tips to pale yellowish grey centrally, dull, more shiny towards the periphery, emaculate or faintly ± punctiform white-maculate, smooth, rugulose to ± rugose and cracked in the older parts; sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +marginal, linear discontinuous, then ± labriform ( +Fig. 9D +), or subcapitate at the tip of very short laciniae (< +1 mm +); rarely submarginal subcapitate. +Soredia +subgranulose, (25)– +42.4 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 180, from 6 thalli, SD = 7,8 µm). +Lobules +occasional, marginal and laminal, ciliate, up to 5 × +5 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, dull, shinier towards the lobe tips, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–7 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +moderately dense, ± in scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, sometimes with lighter tip when young, simple, rarely 1–2 times branched or fasciculate, up to +3 mm +long. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +absent [rare, submarginal towards apices, black]. + +Conidia + +[not found (15 pycnidia investigated)]. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (13)– +16.8 +–(24) µm thick. +Algal layer +± continuous, (8)– +14.0 +–(19) µm thick. +Medulla +(75)– +95.1 +–(112) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– +17.6– +(20) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ pink, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), an unidentified fatty acid (Rf classes: A2-3, B1, +C +2; minor), ± unidentified fatty acid (Rf classes:A2-3, B1, +C +3); ± 1–2 unidentified ciliary pigments: P1, P2. + + + + +Etymology +:—The epithet means ‘with short cilia’. It is derived from the Greek +brachys +(short) and +blepharon +(eyelash). + + + +FIGURE 9. + +Parmotrema brachyblepharum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Type locality, a disturbed submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket crossed by a track; +D +: Sorediate lobe with marginal, linear discontinuous soralia and subgranulose soredia ( +Masson 974.4443 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 1 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Geographical distribution +:—The species is only known from one locality on +Réunion +, on the windward side of the island at +870–875 m +elevation ( +Fig. 9A +). + + + + +Ecology +:—This species was only found on smooth bark of trunks and branches of the endemic screw pine + +Pandanus montanus +Bory + +, in a ± disturbed submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket ( +Fig. 9C +). This habitat, which has a very high heritage value in +Réunion +( + +Lacoste +et al +. 2011 + +), is characterized in particular by high edaphic and atmospheric humidity.The bioclimatic features of the locality are: bioclimate = pluvial tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (It = 482), ombrotype belt = ultrahyperhumid (Io = 25.6) ( +Fig. 9B +). + + +Notes +:—Molecular-based phylogeny of + +Parmotrema + +specimens from +Réunion +with marginal cilia, soralia, and whose medulla contains protocetraric acid, protolichesterinic acid, lichesterinic acid and ± an undetermined fatty acid, shows that they are resolved into three distinct clades ( +Fig. 3 +), here proposed as new species: + +P. brachyblepharum + +, + +P. eleonomum + +and + +P +. +udisilvestre + +. These three taxa share a similar range on the island and even co-occur in the same locality (La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, +Fig. 9C +). Only two previously described species have the same combination of characters as those shared by the three taxa cited above: + +P. rubromarginatum + +and + +P. subarnoldii + +. + +Parmotrema rubromarginatum + +is characterized by a unique mixture of four undetermined pigments [two red (R1 & R2), one pink (P1) and one purple (PV)], present on the surface of the cilia and lobe margins ( + +Pooprang +et al +. 1999 + +, first author’s observation). Pigments P1 and PV can be found on the cilia of the three Reunionese taxa, but not R1 or R2. Furthermore, comparison of the ITS sequences of a Thai sample of + +P +. +rubromarginatum + +(GenBank accession MK722224) and of the three taxa from +Réunion +( +Fig. 4 +) supports that none belong to + +P. rubromarginatum + +. The case of + +P. subarnoldii + +, a species described from +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +), must also be considered. We were able to examine the +lectotype +, designed by + +Hale +(1965a) + +, and kept in REN. The specimen is in good condition but, unfortunately, has neither apothecia nor pycnidia. The medulla contains protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), and lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), apparently without any other fatty acid. The marginal cilia are very long [(5.0)5.2– +6.56 +–7.9(8.0) mm, n = 30], and we did not detect the presence of pigment(s). The soralia are similar to those of + +P +. +brachyblepharum + +and + +P. eleonomum + +, but the soredia are farinose [(25)– +38.0 +–(50) µm in diameter, n = 30, SD = 6.4 µm]. Examination of the other specimens cited in the protologue ( +des Abbayes 1961: 113 +) revealed a mixture of different taxa ( +Table 4 +), none of which share the same combination of characters as the +lectotype +. On the other hand, we found two collections in LG that could be attributed to + +P. subarnoldii + +, because of their phenotypic traits matching those of the +lectotype +(i.e., long cilia, marginal soralia linear or becoming subcapitate, farinose soredia, and protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major medullary substances). One collection originates from +Rwanda +, the other from a Malagasy locality, about +65 km +away from the type locality of + +P. subarnoldii + +. Unfortunately, we were unable to generate molecular data from the relatively recent Malagasy sample. The comparison of the morphological characters of + +P. subarnoldii + +, + +P. brachyblepharum + +, + +P. eleonomum + +and + +P. udisilvestre + +( +Table 5 +) suggest, however, that none of the last three taxa found on +Réunion +correspond to + +P. subarnoldii + +s. str. +Further the three samples of + +P. subarnoldii + +s. str. +were collected at higher elevations ( +1770–2000 m +) than the other three taxa ( +685–1230 m +), suggesting differences in ecological niches. + + + +TABLE 4 +. Heterogeneity of the six syntypes cited in the protologue of + +Parmelia subarnoldii +( +des Abbayes 1961 +) + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+locality + +REN accession number + +major medullary acids (extrolites) + +soredia mean size (µm) + +taxon +
Montagne d’Ambre000 059protocetraric, alectoronic, protolichesterinic40.7 + +P. subdeflectens + +
Forêt d’Ambohitantely000 057succinprotocetraric, protolichesterinic40.5 + +P +. cf. +flaccidifolium + +
Forêt d’Analamazaotra000 055protocetraric, alectoronic46.0 + +P +. cf. +deflectens + +
Forêt de Manjakatompo000 061protocetraric, protolichesterinic38.0 + +P. subarnoldii + +( +lectotype +) +
route d’Ambositra à Fianarantsoa000 058protocetraric, alectoronic40.0 + +P. +aff. +deflectens + +
entre Isaka-Ivondro et le col d’Etanetana000 060protocetraric, alectoronic, α-collatolic35.3unnamed
+ + +Amongst the four species of the + +P. subarnoldii + +group studied here, + +P. brachyblepharum + +and + +P. eleonomum + +are the most phenotypically similar ( +Table 5 +), the only discriminating character between these two taxa being the average length of the cilia present at the lobe margins. There seems to be a gap between the two taxa around the mean value +3.5 mm +( +Fig. 10 +), but this will have to be confirmed with more specimens. + + + +FIGURE 10. +Comparison of the mean lengths (± SE) of the marginal cilia of 4 species of the + +P. subarnoldii + +group: + +P. subarnoldii + +(lectotype from Madagascar, 1 specimen from Rwanda), + +P. eleonomum + +(7 specimens from Réunion), + +P. brachyblepharum + +(8 specimens from Réunion), and + +P. udisilvestre + +(14 specimens from Réunion, 1 from Madagascar). Soralia of type A: marginal, linear or ± subcapitate or labriform; soralia of type B: submarginal, arising from pustule-like swellings, or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex. + + + + +TABLE 5 +. Comparison of some morphological characters of four species of the + +P. subarnoldii + +group. All specimens were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses, except those of + +P. subarnoldii + +s. str. +The mean values reported are the observed extremes. For each character, the number of specimens studied appears in brackets. Soralia of type A: marginal, linear or ± subcapitate or labriform; soralia of type B: submarginal, arising from pustule-like swellings, or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +P. subarnoldii + +s. str. + + +P. brachyblepharum + + + +P. eleonomum + + + +P. udisilvestre + +
mean length of cilia (µm)5.92–6.56 (2)1.64–3.10 (6)4.11–4.80 (4)2.82–3.82 (14)
mean size of soredia (µm)36.8–38.0 (2)40.0–44.0 (6)39.3–42.5 (4)51.7–58.7 (14)
type of soraliaA (3)A (6)A (4)B (14)
upper cortexnot fragile (3)not fragile (6)not fragile (4)fragile, flaking (14)
+ + +As demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis of a 3-locus data matrix ( +Fig. 3 +), + +P. brachyblepharum + +belongs to a strongly supported radiation, comprising ten species, including this one, either described as new in this paper or already described. Five of them are possibly endemic to +Réunion +or the Mascarenes, three also occur on +Madagascar +, and two also occur in the Paleotropics. In our ITS phylogeny ( +Fig. 4 +), + +P. rubromarginatum +, + +so far only known from +Thailand +, belongs to the same clade. + + + +Additional specimens examined +( +paratypes +) + +: + + +Specimens with DNA data:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870–875 m +, 21°07’00–03”S, 55°39’00–06”E, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of trunk and branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, + + +24 August 2013 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4443 + +( +LG +) + +, + + +23 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4814 + +( +LG +) + +, + + +18 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4990, 974.4992, 974.4999 + +( +LG +) + +. + + +Specimens without DNA data:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, 21°07’00–03”S, 55°39’03–06”E, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in overall NE orientation, on bark of trunk and branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +24 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4444 +(REU), +23 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4828 +(Hb. DM). + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema rubromarginatum + +.— + +THAILAND +. +Nakhon Ratchasima Province +: +Khao Yai National Park +, along the trail from the entrance to the old golf course, elev. + +829 m + +, +14°25’07.29”N +, +101°22’18.52”E +, + +on + +Mangifera indica + + +, secondary forest, + +28 November 2003 + +, + +W. Polyiam +22779 + +( +RAMK +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema subarnoldii + +.— + +MADAGASCAR +. +Analamanga +: +Angavokely Forest Station +, E of +Antananarivo +, elev. + +1770–1780 m + +, +18°55’37.9”S +, +47°44’15.2”E +, summit with degraded ericaceous shrub, montane forest and granitic rocks with + +Vaccinium madagascariense + +, on branches, + +14 October 2008 + +, + +E. Sérusiaux + +18 ( +LG +); +Vakinankaratra +: forêt +de Manjakatompo +, massif +de l’Ankaratra +, elev. + +2000 m + +, tronc d’arbre en lisière, + +30 July 1956 + +, + +H. des +Abbayes +2357 + +( +REN 000061 +, +lectotype +; + + +US +[image!], +isolectotype +) + +. + + + +RWANDA +. + +Forêt +de Rugege + +, entre +Garamba +et la plantation +de Gisakura +, elev. ca. + +1900 m + +, petites lianes mortes (cf. + +Embelia + +), fond de vallon dans un défrichement de la forêt de montagne, + +01 September 1974 + +, + +J. Lambinon +74/1038 + +( +LG +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA42F54FF1AFE3BFDF6FAB8.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA42F54FF1AFE3BFDF6FAB8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d7946366960 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA42F54FF1AFE3BFDF6FAB8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,620 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema mezierii +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853871 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Similar to + +P. paulense +(Zahlbr.) Hale + +but differs from it by the coralloid isidia and by the presence in the medulla of protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids, in addition to norlobaridone and loxodin. + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Cilaos +, eastern side of +le Bonnet Carré, GR +R1 trail, elev. + +1350 m + +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°28’13”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall E orientation, on a shaded volcanic rock, + +18 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4714 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088074; +isotype +: LG). + + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840443), EF1-α ( +PP +852831). + + +( +Fig. 25 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 10 × +11 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, sometimes contiguous but generally imbricate, irregularly branched, +3–11 mm +wide, often concave, with margins sinuate to crenate, becoming dentate and sometimes revolute with the development of isidia, rarely lobulate, ciliate ( +Fig. 25E +). +Cilia +black, rarely with coppery glints; moderately dense and ± evenly distributed at the lobe margins, also present on isidia, simple, very rarely once branched, ca. +0.03–0.05 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +greenish grey, pale or ± darkened, ± shiny, more so towards lobe tips, ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, smooth to rugose, sometimes cracked in older parts, isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia; regeneration lobules occasionally present in older parts. +Isidia +marginal, extending submarginally and ± laminally; rapidly coralloid, sometimes irregularly flattened and then ± looking like phyllidia, very often apically and/or laterally ciliate; up to +3 mm +high, brittle ( +Fig. 25C & 25D +). +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, rarely smooth, exceptionally reticulate, shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +2–6 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, isidiate lateral lobes with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled marginal zone ( +0.4–3 mm +wide). +Rhizines +in ± scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, young ones often with pale tips, simple, more rarely 1–2 times branched, up to +1.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +occasional, submarginal towards the lobe apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (13)– +19.7 +–(27) µm thick. +Algal layer +continuous, (13)– +19.5 +–(25) µm thick. +Medulla +(72)– +83.2 +–(98) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– +17.7– +(20) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ pinkish, P−, UV± white. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norlobaridone (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), and loxodin (minor/trace); ± 1 undetermined ciliary pigment: PV. + + +Eponymy +: The epithet commemorates Marie Eustache Mézières de Lépervanche (1808–1861), Justice of the Peace in +Réunion +, but also a naturalist interested in various aspects of the natural history of this island. He corresponded with several members of the French Academy of Sciences such as J.-B. Bory de +Saint-Vincent +, +C +.-F. Brisseau de Mirbel, +C +. Gaudichaud-Beaupré or A. Richard ( +Maillard 1862 +). He collected many lichens ( +Jacob de Cordemoy 1895 +), some of which were studied by +Nylander (1859) +. In particular, a fine specimen of the new species was collected by him in 1840 and sent to Bory de +Saint-Vincent +. It was determined as + +Parmelia perlata +var. +ciliata + +by Nylander and is now kept at PC. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far only known from +Réunion +, where it seems to be rare. The earliest collection dates to 1840; since then, + +P. mezierii + +has been found at four localities in four UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or three UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 25A +). The documented localities are distributed over a fairly narrow range of elevations: +1005–1350 m +, on the southern slopes of the Piton des Neiges massif, in the Cirque de Cilaos or nearby. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema mezierii + +is a saxicolous and corticolous species; it was found twice thriving on volcanic rocks and twice on the bark of trunks of + +Ficus + +and + +Weinmannia + +. According to the scanty data available, +three types +of habitat are involved: submontane mesic forest, leeward submontane rainforest and leeward montane rainforest. The bioclimate of the four documented localities is pluvial tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (412 ≤ It ≤ 482), and ombrotype belt = upper humid (9.1 ≤ Io ≤ 10.4) ( +Fig. 25B +). + + + +FIGURE 25. + +Parmotrema mezierii + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +& +D +: Isidiate lobes with isidia rapidly coralloid, and ± apically and/or laterally ciliate (C: +Masson 974.3960 +, D: holotype); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Notes +:—The phenotype of + +Parmotrema mezierii + +is close to that of + +P. paulense + +, a poorly known and apparently rare lichen, whose +type +was collected near +São Paulo +in +Brazil +( +Zahlbruckner 1909 +). The circumscription of this last taxon is still rather unclear, mainly due to the paucity of available material. Hale’s concept of the species, in his world monograph of + +Parmelia + +subgenus + +Amphigymnia +( +Hale 1965a +) + +, was broad since it included specimens belonging to two other taxa from Africa, + +Parmotrema dolosum +(Abbayes) Hale + +and + +P. diacidulum +(Hale) Hale + +[both synonymized with + +P. lophogenum +(Abbayes) Hale + +by +Krog & Swinscow (1975) +], and a specimen from Réunion, identified in the present work as + +P. intonsum + +(see ‘Erroneous, doubtful and problematic reports’). Later on, +Kurokawa (1969) +stated that the medulla of the +type +of + +P. paulense + +contains norlobaridone and loxodine, while + +Hale +(1971b) + +pointed out that both + +P. dolosum + +and + +P. diacidulum + +have a different chemistry, with gyrophoric acid and a fatty acid in the medulla. The two authors concluded that + +P. paulense + +was represented only by the +type +collection from +Brazil +. Recently, however, + +P. paulense + +was reported from +Mexico +( + +Ryan +et al +. 2000 + +, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +). Unfortunately, the morphological and anatomical descriptions of this species in + +Egan +et al +. (2016) + +are based on + +Hale +(1965a) + +, and hence on an inaccurate concept of the species. As for the medullary substances, they are listed by + +Egan +et al +. (2016) + +as norlobaridone and ‘protolichesteric’ acid. Therefore, it is difficult for us to draw conclusions about the taxonomic status of the Mexican material. Our own study of the +type +collection of + +P +. +paulense + +gives results that are consistent with the comments of +Kurokawa (1969) +. In the protologue, +Zahlbruckner (1909) +stated that the species lacked vegetative propagules, but close examination of thalli shows the presence of small (not more than +0.7 mm +high), granular or ± cylindrical, often ciliate, isidia. Thin layer chromatography revealed the existence of norlobaridone (and loxodin?) in the medulla as well as the absence of any fatty acid (at least in detectable amounts). The ciliary pigment PV was also detected. Without knowing the intraspecific variability of + +P. paulense + +and without molecular data [examination of the Colombian specimen cited in + +Stelate +et al +. (2022) + +reveals that it actually belongs to + +P. mellissii + +, which is consistent with its position in the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences], it is difficult to assess whether the Reunionese material belongs to this Neotropical species or not. The wide disjunction from Réunion to +Brazil +, the constant occurrence of protolichesterinic acid as a major medullary substance, and the regular presence of well-developed coralloid isidia lead us nevertheless to propose a distinct status for the taxon present on Réunion. + + +Phylogenetic analysis of a 3-locus data matrix revealed that + +P. mezierii + +belongs to a strongly supported radiation, comprising ten Reunionese species ( +Fig. 3 +). Five of them, including + +P. mezierii + +, are possibly endemic to +Réunion +or the Mascarenes. + + + + +Additional specimens examined +( +paratypes +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, 1840, + +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche +25 + +( +PC 0009292 +) + +; + +Cilaos +, +Ravine des Calumets +, +NE of Palmiste Rouge +, elev. + +1075 m + +, +21°09’42”S +, +55°29’23”E +, in the bottom of a ravine, in an overall SW orientation, on a 50° sloping face, a little shaded and facing N, of a basaltic rock, in a disturbed submontane mesic forest, + +21 August 2012 + +, + +D. Masson +974.3960 + +( +LG +) + +; + +Saint-Louis +, +Les Makes +, +Bois Bon Accueil +, elev. + +1170 m + +, +21°11’35”S +, +55°23’50”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall S orientation, on the bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, + +28 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.5159 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +1005 m + +, +21°11’57”S +, +55°23’58”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall S orientation, on the bark of a trunk of an old + +Ficus densifolia + +, + +28 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.5226 + +( +Hb. DM +) + +. + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema paulense + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +São Paulo +: +In +monte +Jaraguá +prope +Taipas +, elev. + +800–1050 m + +, corticola, + +June 1901 + +, + +V. Schiffner +s.n. + +(W, +type +collection) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA62F2EFF1AFA0FFD74FF38.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA62F2EFF1AFA0FFD74FF38.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fe56abf6b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA62F2EFF1AFA0FFD74FF38.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1352 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema mirum +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853872 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Ascospores, conidia and chemistry similar to + +Parmotrema subrugatum +(Kremp.) Hale + +, but differs mainly by the constant presence of abundant and well-developed isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple, by the constricted stipe of the apothecium, and by the lower cortex without a white or cream marginal zone. + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: + +Le Tampon + +, +Piton Textor +trail, elev. + +1865 m + +, +21°10’44”S +, +55°38’11”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall north orientation, on the bark of small branches of + +Tambourissa +sp. + +, + +27 August 2012 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4089 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088075; +isotype +: LG). + + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840541), mtSSU ( +PP +842527). + + +( +Fig. 26 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to coriaceous, up to +12 cm +long, +5 cm +wide. +Lobes +often ± elongated along the axis of the support (branch), irregularly or ± dichotomously branched, contiguous to imbricate, +3–12 mm +wide, irregularly wrinkled, apices rounded; with margins sinuate, denticulate to laciniate, rarely lobulate, ± ciliate ( +Fig. 26E +). +Cilia +rare to numerous, black, mostly irregularly distributed at the lobe margins, also occasionally present at the margin of laciniae, on isidioid protuberances of the amphithecium ( +Fig. 26C +), and at the tip of isidia, simple, rarely forked, ca. +0.03–0.09 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, ± shiny, without maculae (except at the base of some apothecia), smooth to rugose, not cracked, isidiate or not, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia. +Isidia +present in 16 of the 26 thalli examined ( +Fig. 26D +), laminal, sometimes also marginal, irregularly distributed, quite often in clusters, cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple, rarely 1–2 times branched, occasionally apically ciliate, up to +0.7 mm +high, up to +0.25 mm +thick, sometimes develop into +phyllidia +. +Laciniae +marginal, usually numerous, elongated, fairly short (< +1 mm +long) and narrow ( +0.2–0.3 mm +wide), not or hardly branched, at times ± canaliculate with subterete apex, sometimes ciliate, occasionally much more developed (up to +5 mm +long and +1 mm +wide) and repeatedly branched. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 5 × +5 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, fairly shiny, especially on the periphery; black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown or grey-brown marginal zone (ca. +2–6 mm +wide), especially at main lobe tips; often becoming ivory or cream under apothecia. +Rhizines +rather numerous, unevenly distributed, sometimes extending to the margin of the lobes, concolor to the lower surface, simple, rarely 1–(2) times branched, up to +1.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +common, laminal and submarginal, up to +10 mm +in diameter, shortly stipitate on constricted stipes (up to +1.8 mm +in diameter); disc perforate or imperforate, irrespective of the stage of development of the apothecium (diameter of the smallest apothecium with perforate disc = +1.3 mm +), orange brown to reddish brown, ± shiny, first concave, then ± flattening with age; thalline margin, amphithecium, and later on sometimes also stipe, early developing numerous, coarse, irregular, ± flattened, and ± branched isidioid protuberances (up to +3 mm +long) which occasionally bear cilia and pycnidia ( +Fig. 26C +); hymenium s. lat. (150)– +158.2 +–(175) µm high, proper exciple with hyaline layer (6)– +11.1 +–(15) µm high, intermediate layer (7)– +11.4 +–(13) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (10)– +14.6 +–(20) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, ellipsoidal, (26)29– +33.8 +–38.5(43) × (13)14.5– +17.6 +–20.5(21.5) µm, Q = (1.44)1.59– +1.94 +– 2.29(2.50), epispore (2)– +3.6 +–(4.5) µm thick, n = 330, from 11 thalli, mean values for each thallus: 31.6 × 16.8, 32.4 × 16.4, 32.4 × 18.3, 32.5 × 17.6, 33.2 × 16.8, 33.3 × 16.7, 34.7 × 19.2, 35.1 × 18.5, 35.4 × 17.9, 35.5 × 17.6, 35.8 × 17.4 µm. +Pycnidia +frequent, mostly submarginal, sometimes also on laciniae or lobules, black. + +Conidia + +unciform to bacilliform 4.5–5.5 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (17)– +19.1 +–(23) µm thick. +Algal layer +continuous, (12)– +17.2 +–(20) µm thick. +Medulla +(95)– +100.5 +–(107) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (12)– +14.0– +(15) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ fleeting purple pink, then orange, P−, UV+ blue-white. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major, constant), ± α-collatolic acid (major, present in 46% of the investigated thalli), ± 1–2 undetermined substances, most probably of the alectoronic acid chemosyndrome (minor/trace). + + + + +Etymology +: From the Latin +mirus +: surprising, remarkable. The specific epithet relates to the unusual outgrowths on thalline exciple of apothecia. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far known from only three locations on +Réunion +(in two UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells, or two UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 26A +), on the north-western and southern slopes of the Piton de la Fournaise massif. The three locations are curiously situated near the upper ( +1865 m +) and lower (1085 and +1100 m +) limits of the montane belt. Although apparently not widespread on +Réunion +, this lichen can be quite abundant where it occurs. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema mirum + +is a corticolous species, found on the bark of small branches of trees and shrubs ( + +Antidesma + +, + +Sideroxylon + +, + +Tambourissa + +) and on a liana stem ( + +Danais + +). It was found in +two types +of habitat: windward montane rainforest and + +Pandanus + +montane wet thicket. According to the pluvial tropical bioclimate and bioclimatic indices of the localities, the species seems to be very ombrophilous [ombrotype belts = upper hyperhumid (Io = 20.6) and ultrahyperhumid (Io = 25.9)], but rather eurythermal [thermotype belts = upper thermotropical (It = 502) and upper mesotropical (It = 345)] ( +Fig. 26B +). + + +Notes +:—With its thallus bearing numerous apothecia, its short unciform to bacilliform conidia, its large and thick-walled ascospores, and its medulla with alectoronic acid as a major and constant extrolite, + +Parmotrema mirum + +is similar to members of the + +P. subrugatum + +group, and especially to + +P. subrugatum + +and + +P. restingense +Marcelli, Benatti & Elix + +(Benatti +et al +. 2010, Marcelli +et al +. 2011). The main distinction of + +P. mirum + +lies in the constant presence of numerous and conspicuous isidioid outgrowths on the amphithecium and thalline margin, even in young apothecia. The shape, size and branching of these protuberances are rather variable, as is the presence of cilia. These outgrowths have an unconstricted, ± massive base and are most likely not vegetative propagules. In + +P. subrugatum + +and + +P. restingense + +, amphithecia are smooth when young and rugose and veined with age; only a few short papilloid-isidioid structures are sometimes present on the thalline margin in + +P. subrugatum + +(Benatti +et al +. 2010; first author’s observation). Another discriminating feature is that the apothecial cups of + +P. mirum + +develop on constricted stipes, whereas those of + +P. subrugatum + +and + +P. restingense + +develop on inflated stipes. + +Parmotrema hanningtonianum +(Müll. Arg.) Hale + +and + +P. uberrimum +(Hue) Hale + +are two species with amphithecia covered with conspicuous and coarse outgrowths, like + +P. mirum + +. However, these taxa produce much smaller ascospores (ca. 15–20 × 8–10 µm), and longer and differently shaped (sublageniform, filiform) conidia, their apothecial stipes are inflated, their lower surfaces are coloured differently, and the medullary chemistry of + +P. hanningtonianum + +is different (gyrophoric acid, fatty acids) ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). + + + +FIGURE 26. + +Parmotrema mirum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Two mature apothecia with well-developed and ciliate isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple ( +Masson 974.4275 +); +D +: Isidia cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple ( +Masson 974.4274 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Unlike the protuberances always present on amphithecia, the development of isidia on the upper surface of the lobes of + +P. mirum + +is much more variable. A substantial proportion of the thalli examined (38%, n = 26) are completely devoid of them. For the isidiate specimens, the abundance of isidia varies from rare to numerous, according to the thalli. In our phylogenetic study based on ITS sequences of +four specimens +, the three isidiate and the one non-isidiate thalli are grouped in the same monophyletic clade ( +Fig. 4 +), supporting the view that only one taxon is involved and that the presence of isidia is a variable character in this species. There is no clear-cut morphological difference between what we have called isidia and the isidioid structures on the amphithecia. The isidia are, however, generally thinner and shorter, and less branched. Both +types +of structures may occasionally be ciliate. + + +Two populations of + +P. mirum + +are known so far, one located at +1865 m +elevation on the northwest slope of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, the other at +1085–1100 m +, on its southern slope.A comparative study of the morphology and anatomy of thalli from these two populations shows that they differ significantly for two characters: the presence/ absence of isidia, and the length of the ascospores ( +Table 7 +). The population located towards the lower limit of the montane rainforest has a higher proportion of isidiate thalli than the one located towards the upper limit (Fisher’s exact test, one-tailed, +P += 0.011), and the ascospores produced are on average shorter (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, one-tailed, U = 5, +P += 0.041). It remains to be determined if environmental parameters can explain these phenotypic differences. + + + +TABLE 7 +. Comparison of two morphological and anatomical characters of two different populations of + +Parmotrema mirum + +from Réunion. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Location +Piton Ravine Basse ValléePiton Textor
+Elevation +1100 m1865 m
+Habitat +lower limit of a windward montane rainforestupper limit of a windward montane rainforest
+Proportion of isidiate thalli (number of examined thalli) +91 % (n = 11)23 % (n = 15)
+Mean of the individual mean length of spores (number of examined thalli) +32.7 µm (n = 5)34.7 µm (n = 6)
+ + +In our 3-locus phylogenetic tree, + +P. mirum + +and + +P. mellissii + +were resolved as a supported group ( +Fig. 3 +). In both species, alectoronic acid is the major secondary metabolites of the medulla. + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Le Tampon, Piton Textor trail, elev. +1865 m +, +21°10’44”S +, +55°38’11”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall north orientation, on the bark of small branches of + +Tambourissa +sp. + +and + +Sideroxylon borbonicum + +, +27 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4092 +(LG), +974.4090 +(REU), +9744091 +, +974.4093 +, +974.4094 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Philippe, forêt de Saint-Philippe, Piton Ravine Basse Vallée, GR R2 trail, elev. +1085 m +, +21°19’28”S +, +55°42’16”E +, in + +Pandanus + +montane wet thicket, in an overall SSW orientation, on the bark of a dead stem of the liana + +Danais fragrans + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4268 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1100 m +, +21°19’26”S +, +55°42’17”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on the bark of branches of + +Antidesma madagascariense + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4272–74 +(Hb. DM), +974.4275 +, +974.4276 +(LG), +974.4277 +(REU). + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema hanningtonianum + +.—Trop. Afric. (or.), 2–7° lat. austr., s.d., +J. Hannington s.n. +(G [image!], +holotype +). + + + +ANGOLA +. +Koiembe +( +Quingenge-Benguela +), ad cortices arborum, circ. + +1400 m + +s.m., + +21 November 1957 + +, + +J.B. Damann +, +C +. +N. Tavares Lichenes Lusitaniae +selecti exsiccati + +168 + +( +US +[image!]). + + + +Parmotrema restingense + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +São Paulo +: +Cananéia +, +Ilha do Cardoso +, restinga +da Vila Marujá +, sobre ramo fino de arbusto, + +20 October 1981 + +, + +M.P. Marcelli +1759 + +(B [image!], +paratype +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema subrugatum + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +: + +Poços +de Caldas + +, on tree branch, 1937, + +Wilberto +s.n. + +( +REN 000063 +) + +; + +Rio de Janeiro +: +Serra dos Órgãos +, + +Helmreichen +s.n. + +(M [image!], +holotype +, +isotype +) + +; + +Rio Grande do Sul +: +Sobradinho +, + +375 m + +, +29°24’20.2”S +, +53°01’25.9”W +, open place near the road, + +17 July 2003 + +, + +A.A. Spielmann +360 + +( +SP +[image!]) + +. + + + +Parmotrema uberrimum + +.— + +KENYA +. s.l., 1912, + + +Vicomte +de Poncins + + +(US [image!], +isotype +); +Eastern Province +, +Machakos District +, lava flow + +5 km +NW of Kibwezi + +, + +1000 m + +, + +February 1974 + +, + +H. Krog +3K 23/118 + +( +US +[image!]) + +. + + + + +Parmotrema +cf. +negrosorientale + +Elix & Schumm + +[as + +‘ +negrosorientalum + +’] (2001: 253) MycoBank no. 546186 + +Type + +:— +PHILIPPINES +. Negros, +Negros Oriental Province +, +Mt Talinis +( + +Cuernos +de Negros + +), Lunga Nature Trail between Camp Vendiola + + +( +9°16’N +, +123°11’E +) + +and +Lake Nailig +( +9°15’N +, +123°10’E +), + +1170 m + +, on bark, + +10 Aug. 2000 + +, + +F. Schumm +s.n. & +U. Schwarz + +(herb. + + + +Schumm 7521 [image!], +holotype +). ( +Fig. 27 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 10 × +14 cm +. +Lobes +irregular to sublinear, mostly imbricate, more rarely contiguous, +3–11 mm +wide, rarely plane, main lobes often broadly concave, sorediate lateral lobes erect, sometimes ± involute, more rarely ± revolute, with margins sinuate in young parts, then crenate to laciniate, mostly ascendant, ciliate ( +Fig. 27C +). +Cilia +black, some with coppery glints (pigment), ± numerous and ± evenly distributed, mostly simple, rarely 1–(2) times branched, ca. +0.03–0.06 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +6 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, quite dull; faintly to clearly white-maculate, maculae irregular; smooth to rugulose, occasionally slightly wrinkled, not cracked; sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +generally terminal at the apex of laciniae ( +Fig. 27D +), then subcapitate or ± labriform, rarely marginal on lobes and linear ± labriform, very rarely extending slightly submarginally, never laminal. +Soredia +subgranulose, (30)– +43.2 +–(60) µm in diameter (n = 150, from 5 thalli, SD = 7.0 µm), sometimes tinged with orange. +Laciniae +numerous, particularly in older parts, marginal, often lingulate, sometimes palmate to ± dichotomously branched, almost always apically sorediate, ciliate or not, up to +2 mm +wide, +5 mm +long. +Lobules +rare, marginal, ciliate or not, up to 5 × +5 mm +. +Medulla +white, at times orange-tinged in soralia and in older, or damaged, parts. +Lower surface +smooth, rugulose, or granulate, moderately shiny, duller centrally, black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–7 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, sorediate laciniae or lateral lobes often with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled apical or marginal zone ( +0.5–3 mm +wide) ( +Fig. 27D +). +Rhizines +scattered to moderately dense, unevenly distributed, concolor to the lower surface, sometimes with lighter tip when young, some submarginal rhizines with coppery glints (pigment) near apex, simple, up to +2 mm +long. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal, black. + +Conidia + +not found (15 pycnidia investigated). + + + +FIGURE 27. + +Parmotrema +cf. +negrosorientale + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.5061 +); +D +: Sorediate lobes with soralia terminal at the apex of laciniae, lower surface of sorediate laciniae ivory-white and erhizinate ( +Masson 974.5059 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 3 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, C−, KC+ fleeting purple pink, then orange, P−, UV+ blue-white; pigmented medulla and soredia K+ purple. +Secondary metabolites +(TLC): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major), α-collatolic acid (major), ± 1–3 unidentified substances (minor/trace), ± skyrin, ± parietin; ± an undetermined ciliary pigment: P1. + + +Geographical distribution +:— + +Parmotrema negrosorientale + +is a recently described species previously known only from Mount Talinis in Negros Island, +Philippines +( +Elix & Schumm 2001 +, + +Bawingan +et al +. 2017 + +). A specimen was collected on Réunion in 1840, but the exact location is unknown. More recently, it was found again at two localities, in two UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or two UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 27A +), on the windward side of the island, at 825 and +870 m +a.s.l. This lichen does not seem to be widespread on Réunion, but it can be locally abundant where it occurs. It also occurs on +Mauritius +, as is attested to by a recent collection by P. Diederich and D. Ertz in the +Black River +Gorges National Park, between 620 and +660 m +a.s.l. + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, the most recent collections come from +two types +of habitats, + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket and windward submontane rainforest, where this lichen grows on the bark of branches of the endemic screw pine + +Pandanus montanus + +. Bioclimatic indices (bioclimate pluvial tropical, +Fig. 27B +) of the two collection localities suggest that the species is ombrophilous and moderately thermophilous: thermotype belts = upper thermotropical (It = 495 and 510), ombrotype belts = lower hyperhumid (Io = 17.5) and ultrahyperhumid (Io = 24.9). Its ecology seems to be close to that of + +Parmotrema subcorallinum + +or + +P. udisilvestre + +, two taxa with similar distributions in +Réunion +. In the +Philippines +, + +P. negrosorientale + +was collected on bark, at elevations of 1170 and +1360 m +( +Elix & Schumm 2001 +). No other ecological data are available in the literature. + + +Notes +:—Three species of + +Parmotrema + +share with the Reunionese and Mauritian taxon a medulla containing both alectoronic and α-collatolic acids with, occasionally, skyrin, the presence of true non-pustular soralia, ciliate lobe margins, and a black underside. + +Parmotrema arnoldii +(Du Rietz) Hale + +mainly differs by its submarginal soralia on revolute lobes or lacinia tips, and its cilia without pink-purple pigment ( + +Hale +1965a + +; first author’s observation). + +Parmotrema rampoddense +(Nyl.) Hale + +, considered a pantropical species extending into temperate areas ( + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Chen +et al +. 2005), has been reported in MIOI from +Madagascar +( + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Aptroot 1990). Some marginal cilia of the type specimens from +Sri Lanka +( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +) and those of Brazilian specimens ( +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +) contain purple-red pigment(s) reacting K+. These ciliary pigments present in + +P. rampoddense + +were identified as fusarubin and anhydrofusarubin lactol in Chinese and Guatemalan collections ( + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +, + +van den Boom +et al +. 2007 + +). The R +F +values of the ciliary pigment P1 found in specimens from the Mascarenes do not match either of these two naphthoquinones, according to +Elix & Wardlaw (2001 +, 2002). Besides, the upper surface of + +P. rampoddense + +is emaculate ( +Elix 1994 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +, +Kurokawa & Lai 2001 +) and soralia are not only marginal, as in the Reunionese and Mauritian taxon, but also laminal [ +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, image (!) of the +isotype +in S]. Finally, according to its ITS sequence, a Thai specimen of + +P. rampoddense + +(GenBank accession MK722222) does not appear phylogenetically close to specimens collected on +Réunion +( +Fig. 4 +). While it is unlikely that the material from the Mascarenes belongs to + +P. rampoddense + +, it does correspond better to the phenotypically close + +P. negrosorientale + +. Sadly, it was not possible to obtain the +holotype +, or even a +paratype +, on loan for comparison. The +isotype +could not be found at CANB (C. Gueidan & J.A. Elix, pers. com.). According to the protologue ( +Elix & Schumm 2001 +) and some images of the type specimens available online (www.fschumm.de, accessed +23 August 2020 +), the Mascarene taxon and + +P. negrosorientale + +share the maculate upper surface, the soralia terminal on laciniae or marginal on involute lobes, and the soredia and medulla sometimes tinged with orange. However, the dehydrocollatolic acid reported as a minor medullary substance in + +P. negrosorientale + +was not detected in +Réunion +and +Mauritius +samples analysed by TLC, and the presence in + +P. negrosorientale + +of K+ reacting ciliary pigment(s) remains to be established. Molecular data on + +P. negrosorientale + +are therefore needed to study whether the Mascarene and the Philippine taxa are really conspecific. + + +A thallus collected on +Réunion +has some old soralia whose soredia are partially stained orange by parietin. This anthraquinone appears to be very rare in the genus + +Parmotrema + +, being reported only once, to our knowledge, in the soralia and an exposed area of the medulla of a specimen of + +P. deflectens + +from +Tanzania +( +Krog & Swinscow 1982 +). We also found parietin in old soralia of + +P. subdeflectens + +. These observations can be considered alongside the fact that, according to our phylogenetic data ( +Fig. 3 +), + +P +. cf. +negrosorientale + +from +Réunion +and + +P. subdeflectens + +belong to the +‘subarnoldii +group’ clade and are therefore related to + +P. deflectens + +, a taxon considered by some authors as a chemotype of + +P. subarnoldii + +(e.g. +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Swinscow & Krog 1988 +, +Krog 2000 +). + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, 1840, +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche 38 +(PC 0009288 a); +ibid +., La Plaine des Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, 21°07’00–04”S, 55°39’04– 06”E, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +23 August 2015 +& +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4858 +(REU), +974.5004–06 +(Hb. DM), +974.4987 +, +974.4998 +(LG); Saint-André, forêt de Dioré, elev. +825 m +, 20°59’35–36”S, +55°34’55”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +21 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5056 +(REU), +974.5060, 954.5227 +(Hb. DM), +974.5059 +, +974.5061 +(LG). + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Plaines Wilhems District +, +Black River +Gorges National Park +, + +Le Pétrin + +, along the trail west of +Pétrin Information Centre +, up to + +600 m + +W of first viewpoint, elev. + +620–660 m + +, +20.40038°S +, +57.45669°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +31 August 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +18780 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + +Selected specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema arnoldii + +.— +FRANCE +. Finistère: Huelgoat, forêt de Huelgoat, elev. +110 m +, +48°21’41”N +, +3°43’45”W +, in Atlantic oak-beech wood, on bark of a branch of + +Quercus petraea + +, +24 August 2007 +, +D. Masson 64.2530 +(Hb. DM). Landes: Moustey, +Grande Leyre +, elev. +30 m +, +44°21’N +, +0°46’W +, in Atlantic oak wood, on bark of a branch of + +Quercus robur + +, +21 November 1997 +, +D. Masson 40.2668 +(Hb. DM). Pyrénées-Atlantiques: Aussurucq, massif des Arbailles, col Sorzauqui, elev. +845 m +, +43°06’56”N +, +0°58’53”W +, in sub Atlantic-montane beech wood, on bark of branches of + +Fagus sylvatica + +, +03 July 2002 +, +D. Masson 64.2655 +(Hb. DM) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA92F5FFF1AFCCFFC13FEAD.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA92F5FFF1AFCCFFC13FEAD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f05f140be99 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFA92F5FFF1AFCCFFC13FEAD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema intonsum +D.M. Masson, Magain & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853869 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Differs from + +P. melanothrix +(Mont.) Hale + +by the presence of granular isidia and/or laciniae, the larger ascospores and shorter conidia, and by the presence of protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids in the medulla. + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Denis, Roche Écrite trail, elev. +1240 m +, +20°57’14”S +, +55°26’15”E +, at the edge of a windward montane rainforest and a + +Cryptomeria japonica + +plantation, in an overall NW orientation, on the bark of an old + +Erica reunionensis + +trunk, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4745 +(MNHN-PC-PC0088072; +isotype +: LG). + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840423), mtSSU ( +PP +842559), EF1-α ( +PP +852822). + + +( +Fig. 21 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous, up to 12 × +20 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, imbricate, +3–15 mm +wide, irregularly wrinkled, often concave, with margins undulated, dentate or lacerate to laciniate, rarely lobulate, ciliate ( +Fig. 21E +). +Cilia +conspicuous, black, rarely with coppery glints (pigments), dense and ± evenly distributed at the lobe margins, also present at the margin of lobules and phyllidia and at the tip of isidia, sometimes laminal, simple, rarely 1–2(3) times branched, ca. +0.03–0.08 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +7 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey centrally, more greenish towards the periphery, mat, glossier towards lobe tips, ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, maculae more conspicuous on the laciniae and near apothecia, smooth to rugose, sometimes slightly granulate, very rarely cracked, generally isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia. +Isidia +mainly marginal and submarginal, occasionally also laminal, very often apically ciliate ( +Fig. 21C +); mainly granular, more rarely cylindrical, sometimes developing into +phyllidia +, up to 3.5 × +4 mm +, or into irregular coralloid-branched outgrowths, up to +3 mm +high; occasionally lacking in highly laciniate thalli. +Laciniae +occasional, but may be abundant in some thalli, marginal, often repeatedly branched and brittle when developed, ciliate, up to +8 mm +long and +1 mm +wide ( +Fig. 21D +). +Lobules +occasional, marginal, rarely laminal, up to 3.5 × +4 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, rarely smooth, exceptionally reticulate, rather dull in the central part, shiny in the periphery, black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–9 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, the margin of the isidiate lobes is most often ivory or ivory-mottled over a width of +0.5–5 mm +, underside of the laciniae ivory or ivory-mottled. +Rhizines +in ± scattered clusters, concolor to the lower surface, simple, rarely 1–2 times branched, heterogeneous in size, up to +4 mm +long. +Apothecia +rather rare (fertile thalli found in six localities out of twenty), submarginal, stipitate on swollen stipes (up to +3 mm +in diameter), up to +13 mm +in diameter; disc imperforate, orange brown, ± glossy, concave and smooth at first ( +Fig. 21D +), flattening and ± rugose with age; margin crenate, generally early isidiate and ciliate, and developing irregular, ± branched and ciliate outgrowths with age ( +Fig. 21C +); amphithecium maculate, rugose-striate; hymenium s. lat. (105)– +121.1 +–(140) µm high, proper exciple with hyaline layer (6)– +9.4 +–(12) µm high, intermediate layer (6)– +8.8 +–(13) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (12)– +18.1 +–(26) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, (21)23– +27.0 +–31(33) × (12)13.5– +15.6 +–17.5(18) µm, Q = (1.33)1.42– +1.74 +–2.06(2.20), epispore (2)– +3.0 +–(4) µm thick, n = 120, from 4 thalli, mean values for each thallus: 25.6 × 15.6, 27.2 × 15.6, 27.2 × 16.0, 28.0 × 15.2 µm. +Pycnidia +frequent, submarginal towards lobe apices, black. + +Conidia + +subbacilliform 5–6 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (11)– +15.8 +–(22) µm thick. +Algal layer +continuous, (10)– +17.6 +–(24) µm thick. +Medulla +(90)– +102.9 +–(115) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (11)– +15.2– +(18) µm thick. + + + +FIGURE 21. + +Parmotrema intonsum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Part of thallus with granular or cylindrical ciliate isidia and a mature apothecium with ± branched and ciliate outgrowths on margin (holotype); +D +: Part of thallus with ciliate phyllidia/laciniae and apothecia of various ages ( +Masson 974.0359 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC− +, P−, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protolichesterinic acid (major) and lichesterinic acid (minor); ± 2 undetermined ciliary pigments: PV, P2. + + + + +Etymology +:—From the Latin +intonsus +: unshaven. The name refers to the shaggy appearance of the thalli due to the abundance of cilia. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far only known from +Réunion +and +Madagascar +. The oldest collections from +Réunion +date to the nineteenth century. Since then, + +Parmotrema intonsum + +has been found on this island at least in 21 localities in 18 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 16 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 21A +). These localities are distributed between 1240 and +1980 m +elev., mainly on the northern and eastern slopes of the Piton des Neiges massif. The specimen (belonging to the laciniate morphotype) collected in +Madagascar +was cited by +des Abbayes (1961) +under the name + +Parmelia melanothrix + +. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema intonsum + +is a corticolous species, growing on various phorophytes ( + +Acacia + +, + +Aphloia + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Erica +, +Hypericum + +, + +Monimia + +, + +Nuxia +, +Phylica + +, + +Weinmannia + +, etc.). On +Réunion +, it was collected significantly more frequently on branches than on trunks (15 collections on branches, five on trunks, χ² = 5, +P += 0.025). This lichen typically grows in cloud forests [‘forêt mésotherme’, +Cadet (1980) +], in four habitats: windward montane rainforest (52% of the localities), leeward montane rainforest (29%), + +Acacia + +montane forest (10%) and + +Erica + +montane thicket (5%). It was also found once in subalpine shrubland. The bioclimate of the Reunionese localities is pluvial tropical; thermotype belts are mainly mesotropical = from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (360 ≤ It ≤ 497), ombrotype belts are variable = from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (8.8 ≤ Io ≤ 28.9) ( +Fig. 21B +). The bioclimate of the Malagasy locality is also pluvial tropical, with thermotype belt = upper thermotropical (It = 498), ombrotype belt = lower humid (Io = 7.5). + + +Notes +:—This taxon has been known from +Réunion +since the 19 +th +century. It was reported there under the name + +Parmelia perlata +var. +ciliata +(DC.) Duby + +by +Nylander (1859) +, then as + +Parmelia melanothrix +var. +lacinulata +Müll. Arg. + +by +Hue (1899) +. Since + +Hale +(1965a) + +, it has been identified as + +Parmotrema melanothrix + +, a species described from +Brazil +. In the western Indian Ocean, + +P. melanothrix + +was also reported from +Madagascar +( +Vainio 1898 +, +Hue 1899 +, +des Abbayes 1956 +, +1961 +) and +Mohéli Island +in +Comoros +( +des Abbayes 1956 +). We had the opportunity to examine several Brazilian specimens of + +P. melanothrix + +, including the +holotype +. Compared to the specimens of + +P. intonsum +, Brazilian + + +P. melanothrix + +lack vegetative propagules, have smaller ascospores (mean values for 3 thalli, including +holotype +collection in italics: +23.7 +× +12.7 +, +22.7 +× +11.6 +, 21.3 × 11.3 µm; epispore 1.5–3 µm thick), longer conidia [6–8(11) µm long], and contain 1–2 undetermined fatty acids (Rf +A +20; Rf +B +26, 31; Rf +C +24, 29) in the medulla [and not protolichesterinic acid as reported by + +Hale +(1965a) + +]. Both taxa share negative medullary chemical spot tests, imperforate apothecial discs, and abundant marginal cilia containing the same ciliary pigments (PV, P2). +Des Abbayes (1956) +cited two collections made in +Madagascar +and on the island of Mohéli (Comoro Archipelago) under the name of + +Parmelia melanothrix + +. These specimens are now in REN, and were examined: they do not belong to + +Parmotrema melanothrix + +, or to + +P. intonsum + +. The Malagasy collection (REN 000049) is a mixture of three taxa without vegetative propagules. Two of them react KC+; the third contains protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids in the medulla, but also an undetermined yellow pigment not reacting with K. The Comoran collection (REN 000048) belongs to a new species, + +P. mwaliense + +, described in this paper below. + + +Besides + +P. intonsum + +, four other species of + +Parmotrema + +have ciliate lobe margins, contain protolichesterinic acid as the only major medullary substance and are esorediate. The Malagasy + +P. glaucocarpoides +(Zahlbr.) Hale + +lacks isidia, its apothecia have an eciliate margin and a perforate and somewhat pruinose disc, and its ascospores are narrower with a thinner epispore ( +Müller 1884 +, +Dodge 1959 +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). The Chinese + +P. laeve +(Zhao) J.B. Chen & Elix + +lacks isidia and laciniae, the apothecial margins are smooth and eciliate, and the ascospores are smaller ( +Zhao 1964 +, + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +). The underside of the African + +P. leonis +(Krog & Swinscow) Krog & Swinscow + +is predominantly white, the upper surface is strongly maculate, isidia and laciniae are lacking, the apothecial disc is perforate, the apothecial margins are smooth and eciliate, the ascospores are much smaller and the conidia much longer ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). The protolichesterinic acid chemotype of + +P. abessinicum +(Nyl. ex Krempelh.) Hale + +lacks isidia and laciniae, the apothecial disc is perforate, and the ascospores are much smaller ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). + + +The development of isidia and laciniae seems to be rather variable in + +P. intonsum + +, at least in +Réunion +. Most thalli produce granular isidia and no laciniae. However, specimens with numerous, branched and ciliate laciniae, but totally devoid of isidia, are sometimes encountered. They include, in particular, the samples cited by +Hue (1899) +as + +Parmelia melanothrix +var. +lacinulata + +and, later, by + +Hale +(1965a) + +as + +P. melanothrix + +. These laciniae are fragile and easily detached; it is likely that they function as propagules. Apart from the +type +of propagules, specimens of the isidiate morphotype and those of the laciniate morphotype are morphologically, anatomically and chemically identical. It was also not possible to find any differences in the ecology or distribution of these two morphs in +Réunion +. Thalli with both isidia and laciniae were also found (e.g. the Malagasy collection REN 000052). For these reasons, we provisionally consider that both morphotypes belong to the same species. Unfortunately, we could not compare the two morphotypes molecularly, as sequences were only obtained from the isidiate specimens. + + +In the ITS and 3-locus phylogenetic trees produced for this study ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +), these isidiate specimens were recovered in two strongly supported sister clades corresponding to two different ITS sequences ( +Table 3 +). No variation in the sequences of the other two loci (mtSSU and EF1-α) was detected. The Stacey and bPP species delimitation analyses gave contradictory results, the former supporting the separation of + +Parmotrema intonsum + +into two distinct species, while the latter merged all specimens into a single species ( +Fig. 3 +). As there is no phenotypic, ecological or chorological data to support the recognition of two different cryptic taxa, we assume that two ITS variants are present in the populations of a single species. + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, 1840, +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche 25 +(PC 0009291); without locality, 1890 & 1893, +frère Rodriguez (= E.A. Marquet) & Chauvet s.n. +(PC 0722516); Cilaos, above Îlet des Salazes, elev. +1730 m +, +21°06’33”S +, +55°26’47”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on the bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3916 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Ravine des Calumets, elev. +1290 m +, +21°09’11”S +, +55°29’37”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in a ravine with an overall SW orientation, on the bark of a branch of an old + +Erica reunionensis + +, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3942 +(LG); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Col de Bébour, along track towards Plaine des Cafres, elev. +1420 m +, +21°07’54”S +, +55°34’31”E +, +04 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE40/30 & E. Timdal +(O L-231259); La Possession, Dos d’Âne, Piton Grand Bazar, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’25”S +, +55°23’25”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on the bark of the trunk of an undetermined shrub, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4723 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’11”S +, +55°23’40”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on the bark of a trunk of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4736 +(LG); Le Tampon, Plaine des Cafres, sentier de Bébour, elev. +1600 m +, +21°08’39”S +, +55°34’17”E +, in disturbed + +Erica + +montane thicket, on the bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +26 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4050 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1605 m +, +21°08’16”S +, +55°34’22”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on the bark of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +26 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4068 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Piton de Bébour, elev. +1355–1360 m +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°33’53”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the bark of a branch of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0127 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1385 m +, +21°07’36”S +, +55°33’56”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the bark of branches of + +Dombeya reclinata + +and an undetermined tree, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0098 +(REU), +974.0166 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, sentier de la Rivière des Marsouins, elev. +1380 m +, +21°06’41”S +, +55°33’47”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the bark of the trunk of an undetermined tree, +15 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0416 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, les Trois Mares, elev. +1400 m +, +21°06’33”S +, +55°33’43”E +, on the edge of a road through a windward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on the bark of a twig of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +21 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4786 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1440 m +, +21°06’11”S +, +55°33’23”E +, on the edge of a road through a windward montane rainforest, in an overall ESE orientation, on the bark of a dead branch of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +21 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4782 +(LG); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, plateau de Duvernay, elev. +1320 m +, +21°07’29”S +, +55°34’27”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on the bark of a branch of a young + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +21 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4774 +(Hb. DM), +D. Masson 974.4775 +, +974.4776 +(LG); +ibid +., NW side of forêt de Bébour, trail GR R1 from gîte de Bélouve to Caverne Mussard, elev. +1980 m +, +21°05.3’S +, +55°31.3’E +, rather well-lit area with mixed shrubs, including + +Erica +sp. + +, on + +Phylica nitida + +, +02 June 2008 +, + +P. van +den Boom 40489 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1480 m +, +20°58’59”S +, +55°24’36”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on the bark of a branch of + +Erica +sp. + +, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1951 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, Grand Coude, elev. +1390 m +, +21°16’29”S +, +55°37’51”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the bark of a branch of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5117 +(LG); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, elev. +1640 m +, +20°59’59”S +, +55°30’25”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane rainforest, on the bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +31 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4154 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1445 m +, +20°58’49”S +, +55°30’05”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NNE orientation, on the bark of a branch of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +30 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4139 +(LG); Salazie, Bélouve, sentier de l’École Normale, elev. +1435 m +, +21°03’32”S +, +55°33’18”E +, in an exploited + +Acacia heterophylla + +forest, on the bark of a branch of + +A. heterophylla + +, +24 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4013 +(LG); +ibid +., montagnes de Salazie, forêt de Bélouve, +February 1893 +, +Chauvet s.n. +(PC 0722520); +ibid +., Piton d’Enchain, elev. +1350 m +, +21°02’35”S +, +55°29’50”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the bark of the trunk of an undetermined tree, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0359 +(Hb. DM). + + + +MADAGASCAR +. +Alaotra-Mangoro +: +Périnet +, forêt +d’Analamazoatra +, elev. + +920 m + +, sur tronc d’arbre, + +06 August 1956 + +, +H. des Abbayes 2507 +( +REN 000052 +) + +. + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema melanothrix + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +: +Sítio +[= Antônio Carlos, +Ahti 1998 +], 1885, + +E.A. Vainio + +, +Lich. Bras. Exs. 1053 +( +PC 0722519 +) + +; + +Rio de Janeiro +: + +Parque Nacional da Serra +dos Orgaos + +, surroundings of +Subsede +near +Barreiro +, elev. + +400 m + +, + +17–18 October 1952 + +, + +F. Mattick +446, c + +(B); +ibid + +., + +Rio de Janeiro +, 1831, + +C +. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 89 bis + +(MNHN-PC-PC0722518, +holotype +; fide + +Hale +1965a + +) + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFAD2F52FF1AFEF2FD84FB18.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFAD2F52FF1AFEF2FD84FB18.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ce9bf20cd65 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFAD2F52FF1AFEF2FD84FB18.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema mascarenense +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853870 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Superficially similar to + +P. sanctae-candidae +Eliasaro + +and sharing the same chemistry, but differs mainly by the effigurate, and not truly reticulate, maculation of the upper surface, the more branched isidia that do not become sorediate, and by the clustered rhizinae not extending to the margin of lobe tips. + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Possession, +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’17”S +, +55°23’30”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4732 +(MNHN-PC-PC0088073). + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840449), mtSSU ( +PP +842574), EF1-α ( +PP +852835). + + +( +Fig. 22 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to coriaceous, up to 11 × +17 cm +. +Lobes +imbricate, irregular, ± rounded towards apices, +2–13 mm +wide, isidiate lateral lobes frequently revolute and forming cone-shaped, or Tshaped, raised structures; margins sinuate to crenate, becoming ± dentate with the development of isidia, rarely shortly laciniate or lobulate, irregularly ciliate or eciliate ( +Fig. 22E +). +Cilia +black, with density very variable among thalli, mostly unevenly distributed at the lobe margins, often ± in clumps in lobe axils ( +Fig. 22D +), sometimes present on isidia, simple to 4 times branched, occasionally ± squarrose, ca. +0.03–0.10 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +4 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, rather dull, somewhat shinier towards lobe tips, rugose, generally distinctly effigurate white-maculate, old parts often finely cracked, sometimes with a subreticular pattern; isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia. +Isidia +marginal, extending submarginally and laminally; simple and cylindrical to coralloid ( +Fig. 22C +), at times granular, seldom slightly flattened, occasionally apically and/or laterally ciliate, up to +3.5 mm +high. +Laciniae +rare, marginal, up to 1 × +2 mm +. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 6 × +7 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout; exceptionally, and very locally, coloured orange-yellow by a K- pigment. +Lower surface +smooth or rugulose, granulose in places, quite often cracked, shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown, or tan, erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–10 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, isidiate lateral lobes often with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled marginal zone ( +0.5–4 mm +wide), some revolute isidiate lobes may even have a completely ivory white underside. +Rhizines +in ± scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, simple, very rarely furcate, generally quite short but some can reach +3 mm +long. +Apothecia +very rare; one thallus (no 974.4312) with a few minute submarginal apothecia, up to +0.8 mm +in diameter, amphithecium isidiate. +Ascospores +absent. +Pycnidia +quite frequent, mainly on isidia but also marginal towards lobe apices, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform, straight or slightly curved, 5–6 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (14)– +18.7 +–(30) µm thick. +Algal layer +here and there briefly interrupted, (10)– +18.9 +–(24) µm thick. +Medulla +(75)– +100.9 +–(115) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (17)– +19.2– +(20) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ slowly orange brown, +C− +, +KC− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with succinprotocetraric acid (major), fumarprotocetraric acid (minor/trace), ± virensic acid (trace), ± unidentified substance (grey; Rf classes:A3, B5, +C +5; trace). + + + + +Etymology +: The species name is based on its occurrence on +Réunion +and +Mauritius +, two islands of the Mascarene Archipelago. + + +Geographical distribution +:—This lichen is so far only known from the two largest islands of the Mascarenes. It seems to be relatively frequent on +Réunion +, having been collected at 25 localities in 24 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 21 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 22A +). These localities are distributed at elevations between 570 and +1500 m +, mainly in the Piton des Neiges massif but also on the southwestern slopes of the Piton de la Fournaise massif. In +Mauritius +, + +P. mascarenense + +is known from 6 localities, between 565 and +700 m +elevation, in the southwestern part of the island. + + + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, + +Parmotrema mascarenense + +is mainly corticolous, but it was also found on basaltic rocks in one location. The trees and shrubs that are phorophytes are indigenous and belong to various genera: + +Antidesma + +, + +Aphloia + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Erica + +, + +Ficus + +, + +Gaertnera + +, + +Melicope + +, + +Molinea + +, + +Ocotea + +, + +Pandanus + +, + +Pittosporum + +, and + +Weinmannia + +. This + +Parmotrema + +was found significantly more often on trunks (21 occurrences) than on branches (seven occurrences) (χ² test with Yates correction, +P += 0.0070, one-tailed). Leeward montane rainforest is the main habitat the species occurs in (43% of the localities), but + +P. mascarenense + +was also collected in windward submontane rainforest (22%), windward montane rainforest (13%), leeward submontane rainforest (13%), submontane mesic forest (4%) or lowland dry forest (4%). The bioclimates of the localities are pluviseasonal tropical and pluvial tropical; thermotype belts are mainly mesotropical = from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (355 ≤ It ≤ 585), ombrotype belts are very variable = from upper subhumid to ultrahyperhumid (5.7 ≤ Io ≤ 29.3) ( +Fig. 22B +). In +Mauritius +, the species was found on tree bark, in localities with bioclimatic features (thermotype belt = upper thermotropical, ombrotype belt = lower humid) similar to those of some Reunionese stations. + + + +FIGURE 22. + +Parmotrema mascarenense + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Part of thallus with laminal, ± coralloid and poorly ciliate isidia (holotype); +D +: Marginal cilia unevenly distributed, ± in clumps in lobe axils ( +Masson 974.3865 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Notes +:—All thalli of + +Parmotrema mascarenense + +whose medullary chemistry was investigated by TLC have succinprotocetraric acid as main substance, as well as fumarprotocetraric acid always in lesser amounts. There is no evidence of the presence of the related compound protocetraric acid. Only four isidiate species of the genus + +Parmotrema + +containing succinprotocetraric acid are currently known: + +P. acrotrychum +(Kurok.) Streimann + +, + +P. adspersum +(Vain.) Elix + +, + +P. sanctae-candidae + +, and + +P. tongaense +Elix. + + +Parmotrema acrotrychum + +and + +P. tongaense + +differ from + +P. mascarenense + +mainly by the emaculate upper surface and by the additional presence of the protolichesterinic acid in the medulla ( +Kurokawa 1979 +, +Elix 1996 +). Furthermore, our molecular investigations suggest that + +P. acrotrychum + +is a chemical variant of + +P. subcorallinum + +, phylogenetically distant from + +P. mascarenense + +(see the entry for + +P. subcorallinum + +, and +Fig. 3 +). Unlike + +P. mascarenense + +, + +P. adspersum + +has an emaculate upper surface and its lobe margins and isidia are eciliate ( +Vainio 1907 +, + +Hale +1976 + +). With its strong reticulate maculation on the upper surface and rhizines that often extend to the lobe margins, the Brazilian + +P. sanctae-candidae + +is similar to species previously included in the genus + +Rimelia +Hale & A. Fletcher ( +Eliasaro 2008 +) + +, and differs from + +P. mascarenense + +precisely in these features. To our knowledge, there does not seem to be a morphological equivalent to + +P. mascarenense + +with protocetraric acid as a major medullary extrolite. + + +Specimens from +Mauritius +are phenotypically similar to those from +Réunion +. At most, they tend to have slightly narrower lobes ( +2–7 mm +) with more lobulate and laciniate margins, and less frequently coralloid isidia. A few Reunionese thalli from low elevation localities show this kind of morphology. Both Mauritian and Reunionese samples were resolved in the same well-supported clade in our phylogenetic trees ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +) and, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analyses, + +P. mascarenense + +belongs to a well-supported clade comprising two other species, either described as new in this paper ( + +P. aurantioreagens + +) or already described ( + +P. meiospermum + +). All three could be endemic to the Mascarene Islands ( +Table 1 +). + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +:Bras-Panon, sentier de la Caroline, elev. +760 m +, +21°01’42”S +, +55°37’08”E +, in disturbed windward submontane rainforest, on bark of trunks of + +Gaertnera vaginata + +and of an undetermined tree, +15 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4954 +(Hb. DM), +974.4955 +(LG); Cilaos, Ravine des Calumets, NE of Palmiste Rouge, elev. +1140 m +, +21°09’34”S +, +55°29’26”E +, in the bottom of a ravine, in an overall south orientation, on 75 and 90° sloping faces, hardly shaded and facing NE and E, of basaltic rocks, in a disturbed submontane mesic forest, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3951 +(REU), +974.3954 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plateau des Chênes, elev. +1350 m +, +21°07’36”S +, +55°28’19”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Antidesma madagascariense + +, +18 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4710 +(LG); +ibid +., Cirque de Cilaos, along trail (GR R2) in canyon just W of Cilaos town, elev. +1150 m +, +21°07’48”S +, +55°28’12”E +, +02 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE34/3, RE34/4 & E. Timdal +(O); Entre-Deux, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +1130 m +, +21°12’45”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Pittosporum senacia + +, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4667 +(Hb. DM); La Possession, Dos d’Âne, Piton Grand Bazar, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’25”S +, +55°23’25”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4722 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’17”S +, +55°23’30”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4732 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’11”S +, +55°23’37”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4733 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Cirque de Mafate, Sentier Scout, elev. +1480 m +, +21°03’10”S +, +55°26’49”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +24 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1714 +(Hb. DM); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +1030 m +, +21°12’50”S +, +55°22’32”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5139 +(LG); Saint-André, forêt de Dioré, elev. +825 m +, +20°59’36”S +, +55°34’55”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +21 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5057 +(LG), +974.5228 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Piton de Bébour, elev. +1390 m +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°33’52”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.1210 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Takamaka, elev. +740 m +, +21°05’27”S +, +55°37’04”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of trunk of an undetermined tree, +24 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4430 +(LG); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1460 m +, +20°59’00”S +, +55°24’22”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of trunks of + +Aphloia theiformis + +and + +Gaertnera vaginata + +, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1943 +(REU), +974.1954 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1485 m +, +20°58’58”S +, +55°24’50”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3865 +(LG); Saint-Joseph, Grand Coude, elev. +1415 m +, +21°16’24”S +, +55°37’52”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of an undetermined young tree, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5115 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier du Piton du Rond, elev. +1140–1175 m +, 21°18’29–32”S, 55°36’04–06”E, in leeward submontane rainforest, in overall S–SW orientation, on bark of a branch of a big + +Ficus +sp. + +and a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4295 +(REU), +974.4296, 974.4298 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1260 m +, +21°18’15”S +, +55°36’11”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4313 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton du Rond, elev. +1375 m +, +21°17’55”S +, +55°36’23”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Molinea alternifolia + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4312 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. +1005 m +, +21°11’57”S +, +55°23’58”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark at the base of a trunk of an old + +Ficus densifolia + +, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5144 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1145 m +, +21°11’38”S +, +55°24’06”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of trunk of an undetermined tree, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5148 +(LG); Saint-Philippe, forêt de Saint-Philippe, sentier de Piton Ravine Basse Vallée, elev. +910 m +, +21°19’53”S +, +55°42’16”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of a young + +Ocotea obtusata + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4254 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Pierre, Piton de Mont Vert, elev. +570–590 m +, 21°19’37–38”S, 55°32’28–32”E, in lowland dry forest, on bark of trunks of undetermined trees, +19 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5009, 974.5010 +(Hb. DM), +974.5017 +(LG); Salazie, Piton d’Enchain, elev. +1350 m +, +21°02’37”S +, 55°29’53–55”E, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Melicope borbonica + +and on bark of trunks of undetermined trees, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0301 +(REU), +974.0305, 974.0320, 974.0324 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Forêt de Bélouve, track from Gîte de Bélouve to viewpoint, elev. +1500 m +, +21°03’39”S +, +55°32’10”E +, +30 September 1996 +, +H. Krog RE25/27 & E. Timdal +(O). + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Plaines Wilhems District +: +Curepipe +, +Curepipe Botanic Gardens +, elev. + +565 m + +, +20.32505°S +, +57.51389°E +, on bark of trees, + +09 September 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +19181, 19192 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +); +ibid +., Trou aux Cerfs, along road surrounding the crater, elev. + +580–605 m + +, +20.31794°S +, +57.51147°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +30 July 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18281 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +); +ibid + +., + +Black River +Gorges National Park +, + +Le Pétrin + +, between +Pétrin Information Centre +and the first viewpoint along the trail to the west, elev. + +610–680 m + +, +20.40189°S +, +57.45883°E +, on bark of trees, + +01 August 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18331, 18596 + +( +Hb P. Diederich +); +ibid +., along the trail west of +Pétrin Information Centre +, up to + +600 m + +W of first viewpoint, elev. + +620–660 m + +, +20.40038°S +, +57.45669°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +31 August 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +18757 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb P. Diederich +) + +; +Rivière Noire District +: + +Black River +Gorges National Park +, 5 +Km +NW of Pétrin, Brise Fer Forest, elev. + +585 m + +, +20.37787°S +, +57.44035°E +, on bark of trees, + +10 September 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +19222, 19410, 19424 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +); +ibid +., along trail to +Piton de la Petite + + +Rivière Noire +, elev. + +630–700 m + +, +20.42133°S +, +57.41947°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +05 August 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18413 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + +Specimen studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema sanctae-candidae + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +Paraná +: +General Carneiro +, +Fazenda Santa Cândida +, + +30 October 2004 + +, + +S. Eliasaro +2794 + +( +UPCB +, +paratype +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB32F46FF1AFC87FDA4FC10.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB32F46FF1AFC87FDA4FC10.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..685e911561d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB32F46FF1AFC87FDA4FC10.xml @@ -0,0 +1,465 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema +cf. +deflectens + +(Kurok.) +Streimann (1986: 93) +MycoBank + + +no. 129347 + + + + + + + +Parmelia deflectens +Kurok. (1979: 130) MycoBank + +no. 115854 + + + + +Type +:— + +PAPUA NEW GUINEA +. +Morobe District +: +Bulolo +, + +780 m + +, + +12 November 1965 + +, + +S. Kurokawa +5810 + +( +TNS +!, +holotype +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 18 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous, ca. 6 × +3.5 cm +(thallus fragmented). +Lobes +imbricate, irregularly branched, up to +10 mm +wide; margins entire to crenate, conspicuously ciliate ( +Fig. 18C +); apices rounded. +Cilia +black, some with coppery glint, numerous, simple or rarely once bifurcate, up to +4 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey, emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, smooth or ± rugose and cracked in places, sorediate, lacking pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia; cortex fragile, flaking (schizidia?). +Soralia +marginal, linear interrupted to somewhat labriform ( +Fig. 18C +), rarely submarginal and ± capitiform. +Soredia +subgranulose, (35)– +45.5 +–(60) µm in diameter (n = 30, SD = 7.2 µm), sometimes tinged with orange ( +Fig. 18D +). +Medulla +white, at times orange-tinged in soralia. +Lower surface +black, rugulose, ± shiny centrally, erhizinate margin duller, chestnut brown, pale tan to ivory, ca. +0.5–6 mm +wide. +Rhizines +concolor to the lower surface, in scattered groups, simple, rarely furcate, short, up to +1 mm +long. +Apothecia +not present. +Pycnidia +not present. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ pink, P+ orange, UV+ white; pigmented medulla and soredia K+ purple. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), alectoronic acid (major), ± skyrin in soralia; it was not possible to extract the pigment(s) that give the coppery glint to some cilia. + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—According to +Louwhoff (2001) +, + +Parmotrema deflectens + +is a broadly paleotropical species. It is known from East Africa (at least in +Tanzania +; +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +1982 +), +Papua New Guinea +( +Kurokawa 1979 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +) and southern +China +( + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +). A unique specimen collected by Krog & Timdal at +1150 m +a.s.l. near Cilaos, on +Réunion Island +( +Fig. 18A +), probably belongs to this species, as well as a specimen collected by des Abbayes in +Madagascar +(at +920 m +a.s.l.) and cited by him under the name + +Parmelia subarnoldii +( +des Abbayes 1961 +) + +. + + + + +Ecology +:—According to the specimen examined, the fragmentary thallus collected on +Réunion +was corticolous. Unfortunately, the label does not provide any information on the phorophyte or the +type +of habitat. The bioclimate of the town of Cilaos, nearby the collection site on +Réunion +, is pluviseasonal tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (It = 427), ombrotype belt = upper humid (Io = 9.3) ( +Fig. 18B +). The bioclimate of the Malagasy locality is pluvial tropical, with thermotype belt = upper thermotropical (It = 498), ombrotype belt = lower humid (Io = 7.5). + + +In +Papua New Guinea +, + +Parmotrema deflectens + +is a rare corticolous species, occurring in a wide range of elevations between 780 and +2600 m +( +Kurokawa 1979 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). + + +Notes +:—The Malagasy specimen is similar to the one from +Réunion +. In particular, it has the same chemistry, a fragile upper cortex, and soredia sometimes tinged with orange. The marginal cilia are, however, more unevenly distributed, the soralia tend to develop at the tips of short laciniae and are more capitate, and the underside is somewhat brighter. We assigned both collections to + +Parmotrema deflectens + +, this taxon being the only one currently described possessing both soralia and the combination of alectoronic and protocetraric acids as major extrolites. +Krog & Swinscow (1981 +, 1988) considered it to be a chemotype of + +P. subarnoldii + +. In contrast, +Kurokawa (1979) +, +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +and + +Chen +et al +. (2005) + +treated it as a distinct species. However, the +two specimens +from +Réunion +and +Madagascar +differ from the two Papuan specimens of + +P +. +deflectens + +we examined (including the +holotype +) in having a fragile upper cortex that flakes off and in the presence of skyrin in some soralia. Skyrin is neither cited in the protologue ( +Kurokawa 1979 +) nor present in the +holotype +. In their monograph on the genus + +Parmotrema + +in +Papua New Guinea +, +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +provide contradictory information on the presence of skyrin in + +P. deflectens + +. It is either cited as an accessory substance (p. 46) or reported as being constantly lacking (p. 24 and p. 48). +Krog & Swinscow (1982) +reported a specimen from +Tanzania +whose soralia were coloured yellow-orange, the pigment involved being parietin, not skyrin. Environmental factors may be responsible for these differences, but we believe that a complex of species sharing the same medullary chemistry (alectoronic and protocetraric acids) and the presence of soralia and marginal cilia should also be considered. In support of this point of view, a specimen from +Burundi +in LG is ciliate, sorediate, and with medulla containing alectoronic and protocetraric acids, but has linear marginal soralia of the same type as those of + +P +. +austrosinense + +and producing farinose soredia. Another example is one of the +syntypes +of + +P. subarnoldii + +( +Table 4 +, REN 000 058) with farinose to subgranulose soredia that arise mainly at the tip of short laciniae. Molecular data that could test for the existence of such a group of species are so far unfortunately lacking. + + + + +Specimens examined +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Cilaos +, along trail (GR R2) in canyon just +W of Cilaos town +, elev. + +1150 m + +, + +02 October 1996 + +, + +H. Krog +RE34/2 & +E. Timdal + +(O) + +. + + + + + +MADAGASCAR +. +Alaotra-Mangoro +: +Andasibe +, forêt +d’Analamazaotra +, elev. + +920 m + +, +18°56’S +, +48°25’E +, sur tronc d’arbre en forêt, + +06 August 1956 + +, +H. des Abbayes 250 +( +REN 000055 +) + +. + + +Specimen studied for comparison +:— + +BURUNDI +. +Bujumbura Rural +: +Gakara +, elev. + +1960 m + +, tronc d’eucalyptus, bord de route, + +05 April 1980 + +, + +J. Lambinon +80/137 + +(LG) + +. + + + +PAPUA NEW GUINEA +. +Eastern Highlands Province +: +Mount Gahavisuka Provincial Park +, + +11 km +N of Goroka + +, along trail to lookout, elev. + +2400 m + +, +6°01’40”S +, +145°25’00”E +, little disturbed mossy mountain forest, + +03 August 1992 + +, + +P. Diederich +10402 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB52F45FF1AFF1AFBBFFE3C.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB52F45FF1AFF1AFBBFFE3C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..481d7553c0c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB52F45FF1AFF1AFBBFFE3C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,605 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema dilatatum +(Vainio) +Hale (1974a: 335) +MycoBank + + +no. 343038 + + + + + + + + + +Parmelia dilatata +Vainio (1890: 32) +MycoBank + + +no. 122344 + + + + + +Type +:— +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +: Sitio [now Antônio Carlos, +Ahti 1998 +], +1000 m +, s.d., +E.A. Vainio s.n., +distributed as +Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati 397 +( +TUR-V +2548 [image!], +holotype +; BM, FH, M [image!], UPS, +isotypes +; fide + +Hale +1965a + +). + + +( +Fig. 19 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, subcoriaceous, up to 12 × +7 cm +. +Lobes +imbricate, irregularly branched, +5–10 mm +wide, rarely plane, frequently ascending when sorediate, occasionally convolute; margins undulated, often crenate or shortly laciniate, occasionally lobulate, with black rim; apices rounded; eciliate or very sparsely ciliate ( +Fig. 19C +). +Cilia +black, rare, simple or rarely once bifurcate, up to +1.6 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey near lobe tips to pale yellowish centrally, emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, smooth near lobe tips but reticulated cracked in older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia; marginal lobules occasionally present, up to +1.5 mm +wide. +Soralia +marginal at first, linear interrupted to somewhat labriform, then more or less subcapitate on short ascending laciniae, finally ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures (up to +3.5 mm +high) ( +Fig. 19D +). +Soredia +granulose, (40)– +54.3 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 30, SD = 8.4 µm). +Medulla +white throughout, rarely with a yellowish tinge near the lower cortex. +Lower surface +smooth to verruculose, black and more or less mat to the margin or with a shiny, chestnut brown naked marginal zone (ca. +2–6 mm +wide). +Rhizines +black, in scattered groups, simple to furcate, short (up to +0.5 mm +long). +Apothecia +not present. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards apices, black. + +Conidia + +not found (7 pycnidia investigated). + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K± yellowish, +C− +, +KC ++ pink, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin, chloroatranorin and usnic acid; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), echinocarpic acid (major), conechinocarpic acid, subechinocarpic acid and 3 undetermined substances. Mauritian collection with the same chemistry, except two undetermined substances instead of three. + + + +FIGURE 19. + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4112 +); +D +: Eciliate sorediate lobes, with young linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia, and older, ± subcapitate soralia on short ascending laciniae, finally ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures ( +Masson 974.4112 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm. + + + +Geographical distribution +:—Considered pantropical by several authors ( +Louwhoff 2001 +, +Nash & Elix 2002 +, +Kurokawa 2006 +) but, given the divergent interpretations in the circumscription of the species (see Notes below), it is premature to have an accurate view of its distribution. Specimens with atranorin and usnic acid in the upper cortex and protocetraric and echinocarpic acids as main extrolites in the medulla are cited from: +Kenya +, +Tanzania +and +Sierra Leone +( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +), NE +Australia +( +Elix 1994 +), +Papua New Guinea +( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +), +Taiwan +( +Kurokawa & Lai 2001 +), +New Caledonia +(Louwoff & Elix 2002), +Mexico +( + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +), SE +USA +( + +Brodo +et al +. 2001 + +) and South America, where the species seems to be widely distributed (see map in +Michlig & Ferraro 2012 +) and locally frequent (e.g. +Donha 2005 +, + +Benatti & Marcelli 2010 +a + +, Cunha-Dias 2012). + + +This species appears to be rare in the countries west and north of the Indian Ocean, as it has only been found at two locations, one in +Kenya +and one in +Tanzania +( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). In +India +, the status of + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +is still very confused. In their monograph on parmelioid lichens in +India +, +Divakar & Upreti (2005) +reported this species, but with chemistry that mentions only atranorin and protocetraric acid. However, on the corresponding chromatographic profile on the plate-50A (No10), a yellow spot, with a Rf similar to that of salazinic acid, appears above the protocetraric acid spot; it could well be echinocarpic acid. The more recent reviews of +Awasthi (2007) +and +Mishra & Upreti (2017) +do not mention + +P. dilatatum + +in +India +. The only data for +Madagascar +are from +des Abbayes (1961) +, who also reported the species from one locality in +Réunion +. Initially, des Abbayes identified his specimens as + +Parmelia robusta + +(= + +Parmotrema robustum + +), but he followed Hale’s suggestion ( +in litt +.) that + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +and + +P. robustum + +might be conspecific. These two taxa were later recognized as distinct by + +Hale +(1977) + +. We were able to examine the specimen collected by des Abbayes from +Réunion +( +REN +000044). Its morphological and chemical characteristics (only protocetraric and several undetermined fatty acids in the medulla) show that it is indeed + +P. robustum + +. Malagasy specimens still need to be checked. On +Réunion +this taxon is apparently rare, known from only one locality (present work, +Fig. 19A +). There is also only one recent collection from +Mauritius +(Diederich & Ertz 2020). The other old collections cited in that paper, from +Dodge (1959) +, refer to + +Parmelia sieberi +Dodge + +, a species synonymized with + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +by + +Hale +(1965a) + +. The +type +collection of + +Parmelia sieberi + +clearly refers to a different species as it contains salazinic acid instead of protocetraric and echinocarpic acids ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Spielmann & Marcelli 2020 +); therefore, these old collections from +Mauritius +need to be re-examined. + + + + +Ecology +:—The single thallus collected on +Réunion +grew on the bark of a well-lit branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, in a + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket ( +725 m +elevation). The bioclimatic features of the locality are: bioclimate: pluvial tropical, thermotype belt: upper thermotropical (It = 495), ombrotype belt: ultrahyperhumid (Io = 26.1) ( +Fig. 19B +). According to the limited ecological data available in the literature, + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +is a mainly corticolous species, occasionally lignicolous ( +Donha 2005 +), which occurs at fairly low elevations (e.g. +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +, +Lai 2001 +, +Donha 2005 +). + + +Notes +:—More than 130 years after its description, the delimitation of this species is still uncertain. It seems clear that phenotypic characters (morphology, secondary metabolites) alone are insufficient to clarify what +Benatti & Marcelli (2010a) +have called the ‘ + +Parmotrema dilatatum + +complex’. The chemistry of the +two specimens +from the Mascarene Islands examined corresponds to that of the type collection [ +isotype +in BM examined by +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +; +isotype +in M examined by Aubel (label dated 1985)]: atranorin and usnic acid in the upper cortex, echinocarpic and protocetraric acids as main medullary substances with 4–6 others undetermined. +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +also pointed out traces of pigments in the +isotype +in BM and considered the medulla of + +P. dilatatum + +as ‘inherently pigmented’, but with variable concentration of pigments. +Elix (1994) +reported secalonic acid A in the specimens from northeast +Australia +, but no pigment was detected in the specimens from the nearby +Papua New Guinea +( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). Specimens with medullary pigments are considered by some authors ( + +Hale +1974 +b + +, Kukwa +et al +. 2012, +Michlig & Ferraro 2012 +, + +Flakus +et al +. 2014 + +) to belong to + +P. affluens +(Hale) Hale. + + + +According to the protologue ( +Vainio 1890 +) and the +type +collection, + +P. dilatatum + +is eciliate. This is also the case for the Mauritian sample, whereas that from +Réunion +has a few short and sparse cilia. Some authors report American specimens densely ciliated at the margin of the lobes ( +Donha 2005 +, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +), which led them to consider that the development of cilia was variable in + +P. dilatatum + +. An alternative hypothesis is that their material is heterogeneous and includes more than one species. + + +ITS sequences of +two specimens +identified as + +P. dilatatum + +are available on GenBank. They were generated and studied by + +Stelate +et al +. (2022) + +. In their phylogenetic tree, both are associated with a Portuguese sequence identified as + +P. robustum + +in a well-supported clade. Similarly, these + +two + +P. + + +dilatatum were recovered within the + +P. robustum + +clade in our phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +). We were able to examine these two collections from La Gomera (Canary Islands) preserved in MAF (see Selected specimens studied for comparison in the section on + +P. robustum + +). Because of the lack of echinocarpic acid in their medullae, we believe that these +two specimens +fit better with + +P. robustum + +than with + +P. dilatatum + +. Despite three attempts, we were unable to study the DNA of the Reunionese material, but we had more success with the + +P. dilatatum + +specimen collected on +Mauritius +. In our 3-locus tree ( +Fig. 3 +), this specimen was part of a strongly supported clade comprising + +P. robustum + +. The two species are strongly supported as different by bPP and Stacey analyses. + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Benoît, Saint-François les Hauts, Sainte-Marguerite trail, elev. +725 m +, +21°07’11”S +, +55°40’39”E +, + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +28 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4112 +(Hb. DM). + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Plaine Wilhems District +: +Curepipe +, +Curepipe Botanic Gardens +, elev. + +565 m + +, +20°19’28”S +, +57°30’49”E +, on bark of tree, + +30 July 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18308 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB72F5BFF1AFD83FA0BFCF8.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB72F5BFF1AFD83FA0BFCF8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3caa626edac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB72F5BFF1AFD83FA0BFCF8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,497 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema eleonomum +D.M. Masson, Magain & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853868 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Species of the + +P. subarnoldii + +group similar to + +P. brachyblepharum + +, but differs by having marginal cilia of greater mean length (ca. +4–5 mm +) and by the ITS sequence ( +Table 3 +). + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in disturbed submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +24 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4448 +(MNHN-PC-PC0088071). + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840574), mtSSU ( +PP +842541), EF1-α ( +PP +852802). + + +( +Fig. 20 +) + + +Morphological description and chemistry based on accessions whose molecular data are available ( +four specimens +). + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous, up to 11 × +14 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, imbricate, +4–11 mm +wide, frequently broadly concave or irregularly crumpled, sorediate lobes often ± involute; margins wavy, crenate to somewhat shortly laciniate when sorediate, mostly ascendant, ciliate ( +Fig. 20E +). +Cilia +conspicuous ( +Fig. 20D +), black, some with coppery-red glints (pigment), numerous and ± evenly distributed at lobe margins, simple, occasionally forked, ca. +0.04–0.09 mm +in diameter at the base, (2)2.9– +4.54 +–6.2(6.3) mm long (n = 120, from +4 specimens +, mean values for each specimen: 4.11, 4.48, 4.78, +4.80 mm +, +Fig. 10 +). +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, dull, somewhat shinier towards the periphery, emaculate or faintly ± punctiform white-maculate, smooth, rugulose to ± rugose and cracked in the older parts; sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +most often terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae (< +1 mm +), also linear discontinuous on lobe margins ( +Fig. 20C & 20D +). +Soredia +subgranulose, (30)– +41.6 +–(60) µm in diameter (n = 120, from 4 thalli, SD = 6.9 µm). +Lobules +rare, marginal, ciliate or not, up to 2.5 × +2.5 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose, dull, shinier towards the lobe tips, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +2–7 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +moderately dense, ± in scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, sometimes with lighter tip when young, simple, rarely 1–2 times branched or fasciculate, rather short and thick centrally but more slender and looking like cilia near margins, then up to +5 mm +long. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards lobe apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (15)– +20.8 +–(30) µm thick. +Algal layer +± continuous, (13)– +18.0 +–(22) µm thick. +Medulla +(65)– +89.4 +–(100) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (13)– +14.5– +(16) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ pink, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), ± unidentified fatty acid (Rf classes:A2-3, B1, +C +2; minor); it was not possible to extract the pigment(s) that give the coppery glint to some cilia. + + + + +Etymology +:— From the Greek +eleionomos +: marsh-dwelling. Eleionomae were marshland naiads in ancient Greek mythology. It is said that these nymphs deceived travellers with their illusions. The epithet refers to the habitat of the species in the +type +locality (wet thicket of + +Pandanus + +) as well as the deceptive morphological and chemical similarities with the sympatric + +P. brachyblepharum + +. + + +Geographical distribution +:— + +So +far only known from +Réunion +. +It +seems to be a rare species, collected on the windward side of the island at + +870 m + +elevation ( +type +locality) and, possibly, at + +1230 m + +( +Fig. 20A +) + +. + + + + +Ecology +:—At its +type +locality, + +Parmotrema eleonomum + +was found on the smooth bark of branches of the endemic screw pine + +Pandanus montanus + +, in a ± disturbed submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket. A specimen, which could belong to this species on the basis of its morphological and chemical features (but without molecular data), was also collected on the bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +in a windward montane rainforest. The bioclimates of the two locations are similar: pluvial tropical in the lower mesotropical belt (It = 482 and 425) and the ultrahyperhumid ombrotype belt (Io = 25.6 and 28.3) ( +Fig. 20B +). + + + +FIGURE 20. + +Parmotrema eleonomum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cell = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cell with a cross = specimen without molecular data; +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +& +D +: Sorediate lobes with conspicuous long cilia, and soralia terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae, or linear discontinuous on lobe margins (C: holotype, D: +Masson 974.4997 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 1 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Notes +:— + +Parmotrema eleonomum + +is phenotypically very similar to + +P. brachyblepharum + +with which it co-occurs in the +type +locality. The only character discriminating the two species seems to be the mean length of cilia fringing the lobes ( +Table 5 +, +Fig. 10 +). In the specimens studied, the average length of the cilia is greater than +3.5 mm +in + +P. eleonomum + +, whereas it is less than this value in + +P. brachyblepharum + +. On the other hand, comparison of ITS sequences strongly support the separation of two taxa ( +Fig. 4 +, +Table 3 +). Further, phylogenetic analysis based on a 3-locus dataset confirm they are indeed different, the isidiate + +P. subcorallinum + +being the closer sister species to + +P. eleonomum + +and the clade formed by both of them being strongly supported as sister to + +P. brachyblepharum + +( +Fig. 3 +). Lastly, Stacey and bPP analyses clearly separate + +P. eleonomum + +from + +P. brachyblepharum + +. + + +Morphological characteristics clearly distinguish + +P +. +eleonomum + +from + +P. udisilvestre + +( +Table 5 +). + +Parmotrema eleonomum + +(as well as + +P. brachyblepharum + +) has a non-fragile upper cortex (versus fragile and flaking in + +P +. +udisilvestre + +), its soralia have a different location and development, and the soredia produced have a smaller mean size (subgranular versus granular). + + + +Additional specimens examined +( +paratypes +) + +: + + +Genetically analysed specimens:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4993, 974.4995, 974.4997 +(LG). + + +Non-genetically analysed specimens:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +24 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4449 +(REU), +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4996 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, forêt de Bébour, trail to Takamaka, elev. +1230 m +, +21°05’52”S +, +55°34’46”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +29 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1854 +(Hb. DM). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB82F4CFF1AF99DFDD1FCA4.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB82F4CFF1AF99DFDD1FCA4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a64e7f6dc1a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFB82F4CFF1AF99DFDD1FCA4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2013 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema crinitum +(Ach.) M. +Choisy (1952: 175) +MycoBank + + +no. 368891 + + + + + + + +Parmelia crinita +Ach. (1814: 196) MycoBank + +no. 119691 + + + + +Type +:— +USA +. +Pennsylvania +: [Lancaster County?], s.d., +G.H.E. Muhlenberg s.n. +(H [image!], +lectotype +; +PH +[image!], +isolectotype +; designated by + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Lendemer & Hewitt 2002). + + +( +Fig. 14 +) + + +Morphological description, chemistry and ecology based on genetically analysed material from +Réunion +(ten specimens). + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous, rarely subcoriaceous, up to 10 × +14 cm +. +Lobes +irregularly branched, imbricate, rarely contiguous, +2–9 mm +wide, irregularly wrinkled; margins incised to laciniate, or lobulate, irregularly isidiate, ciliate ( +Fig. 14D +). +Cilia +black, generally numerous and ± evenly distributed at the margin of the lobes, lobules and laciniae, rarely sparse, mostly simple, rarely 1–(2) times branched or slightly squarrose, up to +3 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, dull, slightly shinier towards the periphery, faintly to clearly white-maculate, rugulose to ± rugose; often finely cracked, even in young parts; isidiate, lacking soralia, schizidia, pustules, dactyls. +Isidia +moderately dense to dense, marginal and laminal, but often tend to concentrate submarginally, granular to coralloid, very occasionally irregularly flattened and then looking like +phyllidia +; often apically and/or laterally ciliate; up to +5 mm +high ( +Fig. 14E +). +Laciniae +occasional, marginal, sparse, unbranched to slightly branched, up to +1.5 mm +long, +0.2–1 mm +wide, ciliate, at times isidiate. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 2 × +3 mm +, ciliate, ± isidiate. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose or granulate, ± shiny, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown, erhizinate or partly rhizinate, marginal zone (ca. +0.5–4 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, lateral lobes with isidia or apothecia often with an erhizinate or rhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled, marginal zone ( +0.2–2 mm +wide). +Rhizines +numerous, ± evenly distributed, black, slender, simple, rarely 1–2 times branched or squarrose, up to +3 mm +long. +Apothecia +present in +two specimens +out of ten, submarginal, up to +8 mm +in diameter, stipitate on constricted stipes, disc non perforate; margin ± crenate, early with eciliate or ciliate isidia, which extend on the amphithecium and stipe with age ( +Fig. 14F +); hymenium s. lat. (74)– +102.2 +–(130) µm high, proper exciple with hyaline layer (2)– +4.0 +–(7) µm high, intermediate layer (6)– +8.4 +–(13) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (11)– +21.8 +–(37) µm high. +Ascospores +(18.5)– +26.6 +– (33.5) × (10.5)– +15.4 +–(21) µm, Q =(1.42)– +1.73 +–(2.06,) epispore (2.5)– +3.4 +–(4.5) µm thick, n = 60, from +two specimens +, mean values for each specimen: 22.5 × 13.8, 30.8 × 17.1 µm. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal on lobes, but also on isidia, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform 5–6 × ca. 1 µm. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow, +C− +, +KC− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), menegazziaic acid (minor), cryptostictic acid (trace) and hypostictic acid (trace). + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—This taxon is usually considered cosmopolitan (e.g. +Du Rietz 1924 +, + +Hale +1965a + +, +Louwhoff 2001 +), and occurring in numerous tropical, temperate, and even sub-boreal and sub-Antarctic regions ( +Øvstedal & Gremmen 2008 +, +Michlig & Ferraro 2010 +, +Elix & Thell 2011 +). In the MIOI hotspot, it has been reported from +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +), +Mauritius +(Diederich & Ertz 2020) and +Réunion +( +Hue 1899 +, +des Abbayes 1961 +, van den Boom +et al +. 2011). According to the DNA data obtained from material collected on +Réunion +, + +P. crinitum + +s. str. +seems to be widespread in the uplands of the island ( +Fig. 14A +). These specimens were collected between 1080 and +2075 m +elevation. If we consider (see Notes below) that most of the collections of + +Parmotrema + +from +Réunion +showing the + +crinitum + +phenotype and whose DNA has not been studied (= + +P. +cf. +crinitum + +) actually belong to + +P. crinitum + +s. str. +, then this taxon is the most frequently collected species of + +Parmotrema + +on the island (found in possibly up to 60 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells, or 48 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 14A & 14B +). + + + + +Ecology +:—Molecularly analysed specimens were all epiphytic. They grew on mosses (developing on bark or volcanic rock), on stipe of a tree fern ( + +Cyathea + +), and on bark of trunks and branches of various native trees and shrubs belonging to the genera + +Aphloia + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Hypericum + +, + +Pandanus + +, and + +Stoebe + +. They were collected in cloud forests (montane rainforest, + +Acacia + +montane forest, + +Erica + +montane thicket), but also in submontane rainforest, subalpine + +Sophora + +thicket, as well as in a cultivated area with pastures. Bioclimatic features of the localities are also diverse ( +Fig. 14C +): bioclimate pluvial tropical, thermotype belts from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (325 ≤ It ≤ 532), ombrotype belts from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (7.1 ≤ Io ≤ 27.8). The ecological niche of + +Parmotrema crinitum + +on +Réunion +seems therefore rather wide: if there is sufficient humidity in the atmosphere or on the substrate, the species is present. This is consistent with reports from other parts of the world (e.g. +Tavares 1945 +, +Schauer 1965 +, +Dey 1978 +, +Lai 2001 +, Lendemer 2015). + + +Notes +:— + +Parmotrema crinitum + +is a species typically characterized by ciliate lobe margins, commonly ciliate isidia, black lower surface, and unpigmented medulla with stictic and constictic acids as main extrolites ( +Poelt & Vezda 1977 +, +Swinscow & Krog 1988 +, +Elix 1994 +, + +Brodo +et al +. 2001 + +, +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +). However, our molecular investigations show that these morphological and chemical characters are shared, at least on +Réunion +, by two sibling taxa ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +). Ten out of twelve thalli for which ITS is available are nested into the same clade as the specimens from Europe and the +USA +. As the +type +collection of + +P. crinitum + +comes from +Pennsylvania +, +USA +, we attribute these ten specimens to this species. The two remaining thalli form a well-supported monophyletic group, which we describe as a new species, + +P. occultum + +(see below the entry taxon). If the average thickness of the cupular exciple is indeed a diagnostic character allowing to discriminate these two phenotypically very similar taxa, then all the ascospore-producing thalli collected, but not molecularly analysed, belong to + +P. crinitum + +( +Fig. 15A +). The measurements of the ascospores produced by these thalli strongly suggest the existence of large intraspecific variability in the populations of + +P. crinitum + +from +Réunion +( +Fig. 15B +). + + +There is little information in the literature on the morphology and size of the conidia produced by + +P. crinitum + +. + +Hale +(1965a) + +cited a length of 3–4 µm, ‘after Asahina’. Unfortunately, we failed to find any trace of this data in Asahina publications (1952a, b) dealing with this lichen. +Elix (1994) +reported sublageniform conidia, with the same dimensions 3–4 × 1 µm. Our data from +Réunion +are not consistent with those published so far: we observed conidia different in shape (bacilliform vs sublageniform) and longer (5–6 vs 3–4 µm). On the other hand, the conidia of + +P. crinitum + +from +Réunion +share similar characteristics with those of + +P. perlatum + +, a closely related, or even conspecific, taxon ( + +Stelate +et al +. 2022 + +), as well as with the related + +P. occultum + +, + +P. internexum +(Nyl.) Hale ex DePriest & B.W. Hale + +, and + +P. nephophilum +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + + +sp. nov. + +( +Fig. 3 +, +Table 6 +). Further data from +Australia +and Asia are needed, especially molecular data, to clarify this apparent divergence in the morphology of the conidia of + +P. crinitum + +. + + + +FIGURE 14. + +Parmotrema crinitum + +. +A +: + +P. crinitum + +s. str. +: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens without molecular data but with mature apothecia; +B +: + +P. +cf. +crinitum + +: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), specimens without apothecia and molecular data; +C +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +), hatched: + +P. crinitum + +s. str. +, dotted: only + +P. +cf. +crinitum + +; +D +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.3889 +); +E +: Isidiate lobes with coralloid and ciliate isidia ( +Masson 974.3889 +); +F +: Apothecia with ciliate isidia on margin and amphithecium ( +Masson 974.4477 +). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 4 mm. + + + + +FIGURE 15. A +: Comparison of the average thickness (± SE) of the cupular exciple of mature apothecia of 10 specimens of + +P. crinitum + +and one specimen of + +P. occultum + +. Means and standard errors were calculated from 5–12 measurements taken on a mature apothecium from each specimen of + +P. crinitum + +, and on two different mature apothecia from the same thallus of + +P. occultum + +( +Masson 974.4966 +); +B +: Scatter plot of mean ascospore width versus mean ascospore length for 10 specimens of + +P. crinitum + +, two of which were also genetically analysed. For each sample, 30 randomly selected ascospores from a single well-developed apothecium were measured. + + + + +TABLE 6 +. Morphology of the conidia of + +Parmotrema crinitum + +and some related species according to the literature and the + + +present work. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+shape + +size (µm) + +location + +source +
+ +P. crinitum + +?3–4Japan? + +Hale +1965a + +
sublageniform3–4 × 1Australia +Elix 1994 +
bacilliform5–6 × ca. 1Réunionpresent study
+ +P. perlatum + +bacilliform6.5–7.5 × 0.8Portugal +Tavares 1945 +
cylindrical, straight5–7 × 1Netherlands +Maas Geesteranus 1947 +
+ +P. occultum + +bacilliform5.5–7.5 × ca. 1Réunionpresent study
+ +P. internexum + +bacillar to slightly sublageniform5–7 × ca. 1Brazil +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +
bacilliform(4)5–7 × ca. 1Brazil +Benatti & Marcelli 2010a +
+ +P. nephophilum + +bacilliform6–9 × ca. 1Réunionpresent study
+ + +In our 3-locus analysis ( +Fig. 3 +), three accessions of + +P. crinitum + +(including one from continental +France +) were resolved in a single clade, and were recovered as sister to an accession of + +P. perlatum + +(from continental +France +). However, Stacey and bPP analyses merge the +four specimens +into a single species. Whether the sorediate taxon ( + +P. perlatum + +) is conspecific with the isidiate taxon ( + +P. crinitum + +) is still a matter of debate ( + +Stelate +et al +. 2022 + +). + + +Specimens with molecular data examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Cilaos, above Îlet des Salazes, elev. +1740 m +, +21°06’31”S +, +55°26’48”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3927 +(LG); Entre-Deux, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +1115 m +, +21°12’47”S +, +55°28’58”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on a mossy and shady volcanic rock, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4662 +(LG); La Possession, +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’21”S +, +55°23’31”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus +sp. + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4725 +(LG); +ibid +., Piton Marmite, elev. +1800 m +, +21°03’31”S +, +55°27’09”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, in an overall NW orientation, on mossy bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5107 +(LG); Le Tampon, sentier du Piton Textor, elev. +2075 m +, +21°10’59”S +, +55°38’24”E +, in subalpine + +Sophora + +thicket, in an overall NW orientation, on mossy bark of a trunk of + +Sophora denudata + +, +27 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4081 +(LG); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +1080 m +, +21°12’40”S +, +55°22’36”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall west orientation, on bark of a dead branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5143 +(LG); Petite-Île, Haut de la forêt communale, Piton la Mare, elev. +1530 m +, +21°17’31”S +, +55°35’55”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4981 +(LG); Saint-Benoît, forêt de Bébour, les Trois Mares, elev. +1405 m +, +21°06’19”S +, +55°33’30”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, in an overall east orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Stoebe passerinoides + +, +21 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4777 +(LG); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1710 m +, +20°59’15”S +, +55°25’58”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, at the base of a stipe of + +Cyathea +sp. + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3889 +(LG); Saint-Joseph, Grand Coude, elev. +1195 m +, +21°17’09”S +, +55°37’31”E +, cultivated area with pastures, on bark of branche of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5122 +(LG). + + + + +Specimens without molecular data but with mature apothecia examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Cilaos, sentier du col du Taïbit, Plaine des Fraises, elev. +1925 m +, +21°06’49”S +, +55°26’17”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall SW orientation, on mossy bark of the trunk of an old + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +17 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4706 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., above Îlet des Salazes, elev. +1805 m +, +21°06’26”S +, +55°26’56”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on mossy basalt rock, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3932 +(Hb. DM); Le Tampon, Notre-Dame de la Paix, elev. +1630 m +, +21°16’18”S +, +55°36’01”E +, edge of track in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4973 +(Hb. DM); Petite-Île, Haut de la forêt communale, Piton la Mare, elev. +1505 m +, +21°17’35”S +, +55°35’55”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of a trunk of + +Phyllanthus phillyreifolius + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4982 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, forêt de Bébour, Coteau des Calumets, elev. +1520 m +, +21°05’48”S +, +55°33’03”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +16 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4971, 974.4972 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton de Bébour, elev. +1390 m +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°33’52”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branches of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +and undetermined trees, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0023 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Bélouve, Pic des Chèvres, elev. +1780 m +, +21°04’46”S +, +55°31’39”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +25 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4477 +(Hb. DM). + + + +Specimens without molecular data nor mature apothecia examined ( + +P +. cf. +crinitum + +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Cilaos, Bras Sec, la Mare à Montfleury, elev. +1390 m +, +21°08’50”S +, +55°29’35”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3933 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bras Sec, sentier Kervéguen, elev. +1435 m +, +21°07’45”S +, +55°29’53”E +, on the edge of a leeward montane rainforest and a + +Cryptomeria japonica + +plantation, in an overall west orientation, on a 60° inclined and south oriented face of a big basalt rock, +22 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3980 +(REU), +974.3981 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier du col du Taïbit, Plaine des Fraises, elev. +1930 m +, +21°06’50”S +, +55°26’21”E +, thicket of old + +Erica + +in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +17 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4703 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., above Îlet des Salazes, elev. +1710 m +, +21°06’47”S +, +55°26’42”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on mosses on a subvertical and SSE oriented face of a large volcanic breccia rock, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3899 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1730 m +, +21°06’33”S +, +55°26’47”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on ± mossy bark of + +Hubertia +sp. + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3918, 974.3925 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1775 m +, +21°06’29”S +, +55°26’54”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on mossy basalt rock, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3929 +(Hb. DM); Entre-Deux, crête du Dimitile, elev. +1850–2000 m +, montane heath with + +Erica + +, + +Stoebe + +, + +Hypericum + +; on trunk of + +Nuxia + +in shade, +04 August 1994 +, +D.H. Lorence 7556a +, +A Rolland & A. Coret +(O); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, col de Bébour, along track towards Plaine des Cafres, elev. +1420 m +, +21°07’54”S +, +55°34’31”E +, +04 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE40/31 & E. Timdal +(O); +ibid +., col de Bellevue, elev. +1600 m +, +21°09’55”S +, +55°35’25”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +18 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1472 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton des Cabris, elev. +1620 m +, +21°09’20”S +, +55°39’02”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall north orientation, on mossy bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +21 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4346 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1690–1700 m +, +21°09’27”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of branch and trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +21 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4349, 974.4350 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1710 m +, +21°09’31”S +, +55°39’13”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of branches of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +21 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4363 +(REU), +974.4364 +, +974.4365 +(Hb. DM); La Possession, +la Grande montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1320 m +, +20°58’11”S +, +55°23’37”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4734 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., cirque de Mafate, Plaine des Tamarins, elev. +1765 m +, +21°04’58”S +, +55°26’19”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on mossy bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +22 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5081 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton Marmite, elev. +1830 m +, +21°03’32”S +, +55°27’12”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, in an overall NW orientation, on mossy bark of twigs of + +Melicope obscura + +, +23 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5106 +(Hb. DM); Les Avirons, route forestière 6 du Tévelave, elev. +1660 m +, +21°10’46”S +, +55°22’46”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of a trunk of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0284 +(Hb. DM); Le Tampon, forêt de Notre-Dame de la Paix, sentier botanique, elev. +1700 m +, +21°15’57”S +, +55°36’07”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined trees, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1436, 974.1441 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., le Belvédère, elev. 1715– +20 m +, +21°15’49”S +, +55°36’07”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined trees, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1377 +(REU), +974.1414 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., trail at south rim, from picnic place up to +200 m +inside the forest, elev. +1720 m +, rainforest, +06 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40776 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); +ibid +., Nez de Boeuf, elev. +2120 m +, in subalpine + +Sophora + +thicket, corticolous, +28 September 1956 +, +H. des Abbayes 2969 +(REN); +ibid +., elev. +2000 m +, highland vegetation, on + +Sophora denudata + +, +June 1957 +, +J. Bosser 11.245 +(REN); +ibid +., elev. +2035 m +, +21°12’17”S +, +55°37’19”E +, in disturbed subalpine + +Sophora + +thicket, on bark of a branch of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +20 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5036 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +2040 m +, +21°12’37”S +, +55°36’53”E +, in subalpine + +Sophora + +thicket, on mossy bark of + +Sophora denudata + +, +19 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1573 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., between Nez de Boeuf and Piton Textor, elev. +2090 m +, +21°11.6’S +, +55°37.5’E +, picnic place with + +Sophora denudata + +trees, on + +Sophora denudata + +, +04 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40679 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); +ibid +., sentier du Piton des Tangues, elev. +2160 m +, +21°11’32”S +, +55°38’51”E +, small + +Acacia + +wood in subalpine shrubland, in an overall NNE orientation, on bark of a branch of an old + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +22 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4390 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., rempart des Basaltes, elev. +2410 m +, +21°12’38”S +, +55°39’17”E +, small + +Sophora + +thicket in subalpine shrubland, on bark of a branch of + +Sophora denudata + +, +22 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4794 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plaine des Cafres, Piton Desforges, elev. ca +1700 m +, on trunk and branches of an old + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +29 September 1956 +, +H. des Abbayes 2981 +(REN); +ibid +., forêt de la Plaine des Cafres, GR R2 trail, NW of Piton Tortue, elev. +1905 m +, +21°08’25”S +, +55°32’23”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, in an overall SE orientation, on ± mossy bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4428 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton Grand-Mère, elev. +1640 m +, +21°10’45”S +, +55°35’17”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on ± mossy bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5030, 974.5031 +(Hb. DM); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +1075 m +, +21°12’43”S +, +55°22’36”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5140 +(Hb. DM); Petite-Île, Haut de la forêt communale, Piton la Mare, elev. +1525 m +, +21°17’23”S +, +55°35’52”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on stipe of a dead + +Cyathea glauca + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4985 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1530 m +, +21°17’29”S +, +55°35’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4980 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, forêt de Bébour, sentier des Tamarins, elev. +1550 m +, +21°04’46”S +, +55°32’38”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Monimia +sp. + +, +19 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1540 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1555 m +, +21°04’54”S +, +55°32’38”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +19 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1548 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Takamaka forest track, elev. +1360 m +, +21°06’40”S +, +55°33’56”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on the stem of an old + +Solanum mauritianum + +, +16 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4970 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier du Bassin des Hirondelles, elev. +1260 m +, +21°07’05”S +, +55°34’47”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of an undetermined tree, +22 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1632 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton de Bébour, elev. +1330 m +, +21°07’45”S +, +55°34’10”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0036 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. 1385– +90 m +, +21°07’33”S +, +55°33’52”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branches of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +and undetermined trees, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0027, 974.0128 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1355 m +, +21°07’35”S +, +55°33’57”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0091 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Denis, along road towards Plaine d’Affouches, near the kiosque, elev. +1230 m +, +20°57’38”S +, +55°25’00”E +, +26 September 1996 +, +H. Krog RE07/15 & E. Timdal +(O); Saint-Joseph, sentier de la Rivière des Remparts, le Petit Mapou, elev. +1820 m +, +21°11’53”S +, +55°37’57”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SSE orientation, on a mossy volcanic rock, +24 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4841 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. +1185 m +, +21°11’30”S +, +55°23’56”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5157 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plateau Goyaves, elev. +1710 m +, +21°10’58”S +, +55°24’33”E +, in + +Cryptomeria japonica + +and + +Acacia heterophylla + +plantation, in an overall south orientation, on ± mossy bark of the trunk of a young + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +19 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4315 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, route forestière des Tamarins des Hauts-sous-le-Vent, elev. +1710 m +, +21°05’26”S +, +55°21’32”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on + +Solanum auriculatum + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0265 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1740 m +, +21°04’18”S +, +55°21’42”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0252, 974.0254 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., ravine la Source, elev. +1700 m +, +21°04’39”S +, +55°21’36”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +02 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1923 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier Oméga, elev. +1600 m +, +21°01’44”S +, +55°22’39”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +31 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1873 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Le Maïdo, elev. +2180 m +, +21°04’18”S +, +55°23’14”E +, in subalpine shrubland, on bark of a stunted + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0227, 974.0228 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Pierre, forêt du Haut de Mont Vert, La Mare, elev. +1580 m +, +21°17’10”S +, +55°36’08”E +, disturbed area with former grassland and leeward montane rainforest remnants, on bark of a branch of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4978 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Camp Mussard, elev. +1625 m +, +21°16’44”S +, +55°36’12”E +, trackside in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4976 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, elev. +1635 m +, +20°59’59”S +, +55°30’25”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall NE orientation, on ± mossy bark of the trunk of a young + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +31 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4145 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., near Ravine Grand Bras Sec, elev. +1430 m +, +20°59’14”S +, +55°30’43”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +31 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4141 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Rose, Rampe Liot, elev. +2015 m +, +21°12’48”S +, +55°41’03”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall NNW orientation, on mossy bark of a trunk of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +25 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4024 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., fond de la Rivière de l’Est, elev. +1860 m +, +21°12’33”S +, +55°41’21”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of the trunk of a dead undetermined tree, +20 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1618 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Mare d’Affouches, elev. +970 m +, +21°02’44”S +, +55°29’42”E +, in disturbed windward submontane rainforest, on mossy bark of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0297 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bélouve, track from gîte de Bélouve to viewpoint, elev. +1500 m +, +30 September 1996 +, +H. Krog RE25/28 & E. Timdal +(O); +ibid +., sentier de l’École Normale, elev. +1565 m +, +21°04’34”S +, +55°32’35”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of trunks of + +Acacia heterophylla + +and + +Claoxylon +sp. + +, +24 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3997, 974.4022, 974.4023 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1520 m +, +21°04’19”S +, +55°32’55”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of branches of + +Claoxylon +sp. + +, +24 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3999–4001 +(Hb. DM). + + +Non-Reunionese specimen with molecular data studied for comparison +:— + +FRANCE +. +Landes +: +Escource +, +Laurence +, elev. + +40 m + +, +44°10’31”N +, +01°04’36”W +, in +Atlantic +oak forest, on mossy bark of a trunk of + +Quercus robur + +, + +20 January 2013 + +, + +D. Masson +40.4184 + +( +LG +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFBE2F42FF1AFCEBFDB7F800.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFBE2F42FF1AFCEBFDB7F800.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f07a1b57146 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFBE2F42FF1AFCEBFDB7F800.xml @@ -0,0 +1,993 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema cristiferum +(Taylor) +Hale (1974a: 335) +MycoBank + + +no. 343031 + + + + + + + + + +Parmelia cristifera +Taylor (1847: 165) +MycoBank + + +no. 120260 + + + + + +Type +:— + +INDIA +. +West Bengal +: Calcutta, s.d., + +N. Wallich +s.n. + +( +FH +[image!], +lectotype +, designated by Berry 194; BM, +n.v. +, +isolectotypes +, designated by +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 16 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, up to 18 × +15 cm +. +Lobes +imbricate, irregularly branched, +5–15 mm +wide, often concave, frequently ascending when sorediate; apices rounded; margins smooth or sometimes crenate, often undulated, occasionally with black rim ( +Fig. 16C +); eciliate, or sometimes lateral lobes sparingly ciliate ( +Fig. 16D +), rarely clearly ciliate. +Cilia +black, simple or 1–2 times branched, up to +1.4 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey, emaculate, rarely faintly punctiform white-maculate, smooth near lobe tips, slightly cracked in older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia, lobules and isidia. +Soralia +marginal, linear to labriform, sometimes also submarginal to laminal and then capitate ( +Fig. 16D +); very occasionally ciliate. +Soredia +subgranulose, (30)– +43.5 +–(60) µm in diameter (n = 90, from +3 specimens +, SD = 6.6 µm). +Medulla +white, seldom slightly pinkish orange in places. +Lower surface +smooth, granulate or verruculose in places, sometimes cracked, black and more or less shiny to the margin, or with a shiny, chestnut brown or buff naked marginal zone (ca. +1–10 mm +wide), often mottled or fully ivory at the tip of sorediate lobes. +Rhizines +black, occasionally brownish with pale tip when young, in scattered groups, simple, rarely furcate, short, ca. +0.5 mm +long (rarely up to +1 mm +). +Apothecia +not present. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow then dark red, +C− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic (major) and consalazinic acids (minor), ± eumitrin A (minor or trace). + + +Geographical distribution +: A pantropical species ( +Kurokawa 2006 +) that extends into several subtropical and temperate areas ( + +Brodo +et al +. 2001 + +, +Galloway 2007 +, + +Jayalal +et al +. 2013 + +). Widely distributed in the MIOI hotspot, where it has been reported from +Madagascar +( +Hue 1899 +, as + +Parmelia latissima +f. +cristifera + +; +des Abbayes 1961 +; +Aptroot 1990 +), +Comoros +( +Krempelhuber 1877 +, as + +Parmelia hildebrandtii + +; +Müller 1891 +, as + +Parmelia hildebrandtii +f. +sorediosa + +), +Seychelles +( +Seaward & Aptroot 2009 +, + +Diederich +et al +. 2017 + +), +Mauritius +( +Taylor 1847 +, + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Parnell +et al +. 1989) and +Réunion +( +Hue 1899 +, as + +Parmelia latissima +f. +cristifera + +; + +Hale +1965a + +; van den Boom +et al +. 2011). In +Réunion +, + +P. cristiferum + +was found in 18 localities in 14 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 10 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 16A +). These localities are located in the windward part of the island, between 10 and +750 m +elevation. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +was corticolous in the 11 most eastern and coastal localities. In the two most western and inland locations, however, the species was saxicolous. When corticolous, it grows preferably on smooth bark, especially that of + +Pandanus utilis +Bory + +, a tree originating from the Mascarenes ( +Bosser & Guého 2003 +) and regularly planted on the coastline in +Réunion +( +Blanchard 2000 +). It seems to favour the coastal lowlands, where more than 80% of the total human population lives ( + +Strasberg +et al +. 2005 + +). The species is therefore almost always found in disturbed habitats. The bioclimate of the localities is pluvial tropical, with thermotype belts = lower and upper thermotropical (500 ≤ It ≤ 680) and ombrotype belts = from upper humid to ultrahyperhumid (11.2 ≤ Io ≤ 30.6) ( +Fig. 16B +). + + + +FIGURE 16. + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4243 +); +D +: Sparingly ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal linear and submarginal ± capitate soralia ( +Masson 974.4631 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm. + + + +The ecology of + +P. cristiferum + +in Réunion is rather similar to what has been observed elsewhere: mainly corticolous, more rarely saxicolous ( +Elix 1994 +, +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +, +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +). It is common at lower elevation in the Hawaiian Islands ( +Smith 1991 +, +1993 +) and in +India +( +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +), but can also be found at higher elevations in +Papua New Guinea +( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +) and in +Taiwan +( +Lai 2001 +). + + +Notes +: +Dodge (1959) +described + +Parmelia sieberi + +from +Mauritius +and +Madagascar +. According to the protologue, this taxon seems morphologically very similar to + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +but with ‘margins of the sides of the lobes (…) with an occasional marginal cilium up to +2 mm +long’ ( +Dodge 1959: 149 +). + +Hale +(1965a) + +regarded it as a synonym of + +P. dilatatum +(Vainio) Hale + +, and later as a synonym of + +P. cristiferum +( +Hale & DePriest 1999 +) + +. +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +examined the +holotype +of + +Parmelia sieberi + +and considered it conspecific with the +lectotype +of + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +. +Spielmann & Marcelli (2020) +, on the other hand, recognised + +Parmelia sieberi + +as a species and proposed the new combination + +Parmotrema sieberi +(C.W. Dodge) Spielmann & Marcelli. Their + +treatment was based on the comparative examination of type collections. According to them, the +holotype +of + +P. sieberi + +differs from the +lectotype +of + +P. cristiferum + +by the presence of cilia (up to +2 mm +long) at the margins of the lobes and the absence of eumitrins in the medulla. Of the 21 thalli from +Réunion +examined, eight (including 974.4637 and 974.4641) are completely devoid of cilia, 12 have less than forty (generally concentrated at the margins of a few lateral lobes), and one (974.4631) has clearly ciliated lobes. The comparison of the ITS sequences of the +three specimens +(974.4631, 974.4637 and 974.4641) shows that they are identical. Concerning the presence of eumitrin A in the medulla, we detected it in three of the 16 Reunionese specimens that were analysed by TLC. These observations lead us to consider that the presence of cilia at the margin of the lobes and that of eumitrin A in the medulla are two variable characters in + +P. cristiferum + +, and we therefore attribute all the +Réunion +specimens examined to this species. + + +The morphology and chemistry of + +Parmotrema stuppeum +(Taylor) Hale + +are very similar to those of + +P. cristiferum + +( + +Hale +1965a + +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Spielmann & Marcelli 2020 +). However, + +P. stuppeum + +generally has more developed cilia and its rhizines are significantly longer: ca. +1mm +long (up to +2.5 mm +) in the two collections examined (see also +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +). + + + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +is part of a poorly supported clade including three other taxa: + +P. dilatatum +, + + +P. robustum +(Degel.) Hale + +and + +P. +cf. +clavuliferum + +. +All these species are strongly supported as different by bPP and Stacey analyses ( +Fig. 3 +). One GenBank accession (MK722211, from +Thailand +), identified as + +P. cristiferum + +, was resolved as sister to two accessions of + +P. gardneri +(C.W. Dodge) Sérus. + +with strong support ( +Fig. 4 +). The relevant material has not been examined. + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Benoît, Pointe du Bourbier, elev. +20 m +, +21°01’13”S +, +55°42’13”E +, coastal recreational area with many + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of + +P. utilis + +, +12 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4216 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., vallée de Grand Fond, elev. +750 m +, on lava rock, +06 October 1956 +, +H. des Abbayes s.n. +(REN 000041); Saint-Philippe, Ravine Angot, elev. +25 m +, +21°21’02”S +, +55°47’38”E +, anthropized coastal thicket with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +, + +Pandanus utilis + +, etc., on bark of a branch of + +Ficus +sp. + +, +17 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4290 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +25 m +, +21°21’05”S +, +55°47’33”E +, anthropized coastal thicket with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +and + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a branch of + +P. utilis + +, +17 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4291 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., coast near Petite Vache, elev. +15 m +, +21°21’43”S +, +55°46’40”E +, anthropized coastal thicket, on bark of the trunk of a young + +Terminalia catappa + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4643 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., coast near Petite Vache, elev. +15 m +, +21°21’46”S +, +55°46’38”E +, coastal grove of + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a branch of + +P. utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4641 +(LG); Sainte-Rose, la Marine, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’31”S +, +55°47’26”E +, anthropized coastal thicket, on bark of the trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +15 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4241 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +10 m +, +21°07’31”S +, +55°47’32”E +, anthropized coastal thicket, on bark of the trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +15 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4243 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., between Pointe de Sainte-Rose and Bassin des Harengs, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’43”S +, +55°48’04”E +, anthropized coastal thicket with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +and + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a branch of + +P. utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4637 +(LG); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, route forestière 18, elev. +105 m +, +21°11’41”S +, +55°49’06”E +, landscaped park with forestry plantations, on bark at the base of a trunk of an undetermined tree, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4626 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +165 m +, +21°11’40”S +, +55°48’52”E +, landscaped park with forestry plantations, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined tree, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4631 +(LG); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, near Quai de Tigo, elev. +25 m +, +21°12’18”S +, +55°49’24”E +, coastal grove of + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of an adventitious root of + +P. utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4621 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, near Roche du Pas de Cabri, elev. +20 m +, +21°12’08”S +, +55°49’29”E +, coastal grove of + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a branch of + +P. utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4624 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Pointe Rouge, elev. +30 m +, +21°10’30”S +, +55°49’58”E +, anthropized coastal grove with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +, + +Pandanus utilis + +, etc., on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4229 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., les Cascades, elev. +30 m +, +21°11’07”S +, +55°49’52”E +, anthropized coastal thicket, on bark of the trunk of an undetermined tree, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4218 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., les Cascades, elev. +20 m +, +21°11’05”S +, +55°50’01”E +, anthropized coastal grove with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +and + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a trunk of + +P. utilis + +, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4224 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., les Cascades, elev. +20 m +, +21°10’51”S +, +55°50’06”E +, anthropized coastal grove with + +Casuarina equisetifolia + +and + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of a branch of + +P. utilis + +, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4226 +(REU), +974.4227 +(Hb. DM); ibid., les Cascades, elev. +10 m +, coastal area with + +Pandanus + +trees, on + +Pandanus + +, +30 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40147 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); Salazie, between Mare à Citrons and Mare à vieille Place, roadside D52, elev. +690 m +, +21°02’00”S +, +55°31’22”E +, cultivated area (mainly sugar cane), on a large exposed block of volcanic breccia, +14 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0432 +(Hb. DM). + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +.— + +FRANCE +. +Guadeloupe +: +Vieux-Habitants +, +Grande Rivière valley +, elev. + +400 m + +, degraded mesophilous forest, corticolous, + +15 November 1989 + +, + +J. Vivant +24 + +( +Hb. DM +); +ibid +., Marigot, +Rivière de Beaugendre valley +, elev. + +150–200 m + +, degraded mesophilous forest with cocoa and coffee plantations, on isolated dead tree trunks near the stream, + +December 1988 + +, + +J. Vivant +76 + +( +Hb. DM +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema stuppeum + +.— +FRANCE +. Pyrénées-Atlantiques: Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette, vallon d’Azaléguy, elev. +445 m +, +43°04’53”N +, +0°59’35”W +, wooded valley with + +Fagus + +, + +Fraxinus + +and + +Acer + +, on bark of a fallen branch of + +Fagus + +, +18 May 2007 +, +D. Masson 64.2449 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +.: Musculdy, vallon de la Bidouze, elev. +370 m +, +43°08’29”N +, +1°01’25”W +, on the boundary of a riparian forest and a beech forest, on mossy bark of a fallen branch of + +Fagus + +, +26 April 2005 +, +D. Masson 64.1317 +(Hb. DM). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFC52F0AFF1AFDCBFCE8FB28.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFC52F0AFF1AFDCBFCE8FB28.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..23c4e7097ec --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFC52F0AFF1AFDCBFCE8FB28.xml @@ -0,0 +1,982 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema reunionicum +D.M. Masson + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853878 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Shares with + +Parmotrema inexspectatum +(Abbayes ex Krog & Swinscow) D.M. Masson + + +comb. nov. + +and + +P. lambinonii +Sérus. + +the same rare medullary chemistry (colensoic acid-lividic acid chemosyndrome), but differs from them mainly by the presence of true soralia. + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Sainte-Marie +, +Plaine des Fougères +, +between Ravine Sèche and Ravine Mère Canal +, elev. + +1220 m + +, +20°58’29”S +, +55°31’04”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of + +Pandanus montanus + +, + +17 April 2003 + +, + +D. Masson +974.0446 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088081; +isotype +: LG). + + + +( +Fig. 36 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 6 × +9 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, imbricate, +3–10 mm +wide, rarely plane but mostly concave, rarely convolute, with margins undulated, crenate to somewhat shortly laciniate when sorediate, very rarely lobulate, often ascendant, ciliate ( +Fig. 36E +). +Cilia +conspicuous, black, some with coppery glints (pigment), abundant, mostly simple but sometimes 1–2 times dichotomously branched, ca. +0.04–0.06 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey, rather dull, emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, smooth or slightly wrinkled in the older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +marginal, at first linear interrupted or at the tip of very short laciniae, then coalescent and forming ± rounded clusters ( +Fig. 36C +); very rarely submarginal, and then subcapitate ( +Fig. 36D +). +Soredia +subgranulose to granulose, (35)– +48.8 +–(65) µm in diameter (n = 90, from 3 thalli, SD = 6.0 µm). +Lobules +very occasional, marginal, up to 1.5 × +2 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth or slightly rugulose, rather dull in the central part, more shiny towards the periphery, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown or buff erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +0.5–5 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +scanty, in clusters, concolor to the lower surface, frequently with white tip when young, some marginal with coppery glints, simple or 1–2(3) times branched, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (15)– +20.2 +–(30) µm thick. +Algal layer +continuous or discontinuous, (10)– +18.0 +–(30) µm thick. +Medulla +(47)– +76.1 +–(115) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– +17.6– +(22) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ slowly pinkish brick-red, +C− +, +KC ++ fleeting violet then brick-red, P± pale orange, UV+ white. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with colensoic acid, hydroxycolensoic and/or norcolensoic acid, 4-Omethylphysodic acid, 4-O-methyllividic acid, physodic acid, lividic acid, oxyphysodic acid and two unidentified substances; ± an undetermined ciliary pigment: P1. + + + + +Etymology +:—Named after +Réunion +where this species was discovered. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far known from two collections gathered nine years apart at the same locality, at an elevation of +1220 m +on the northern side of the Piton des Neiges massif, on +Réunion +( +Fig. 36A +). + + + + +Ecology +:—The collected thalli grew on ± mossy bark of + +Pandanus montanus + +, in a windward montane rainforest covering a northeastern facing slope. The bioclimatic features of the locality are: bioclimate = pluvial tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (It = 452), ombrotype belt = lower hyperhumid (Io = 16.0) ( +Fig. 36B +). + + +Notes +:—Whereas it is frequently found in species of the genus + +Hypotrachyna + +, the lividic acid chemosyndrome is very rare in the genus + +Parmotrema + +( + +Hale +1973 + +, +Sérusiaux 1984 +). Until now, it was only known in three African taxa: + +Parmotrema inexspectatum + +[see nomenclatural and taxonomic comment below], + +P. lambinonii + +and + +P. paradoxum +(Hale) Hale. + + +Parmotrema inexspectatum +and +P. paradoxum + +lack vegetative propagules and usually produce apothecia. They have been reported from +Côte d’Ivoire +( +des Abbayes 1958 +, + +Hale +1965a + +) and +Uganda +( + +Hale +1973 + +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +). + +Parmotrema lambinonii + +produces laminal and submarginal pustules that erupt without forming typical soredia. It was collected in +Democratic Republic of the Congo +and in +Rwanda +( +Sérusiaux 1984 +). A third species, + +P. menyamyaense +Louwhoff & Elix + +, has a rather similar medullary chemistry, but without lividic acid and with eumitrin pigments ( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). Like + +P. inexspectatum + +and + +P. paradoxum + +, it lacks vegetative propagules, but its ascospores are smaller. It was previously known only from +Papua New Guinea +. However, it appears that this taxon is also present in the Indian Ocean indeed, the + +Parmelia subrugata +Kremp. + +cited by +des Abbayes (1956) +from Mohéli Island in the Comoro Archipelago is a + +Parmotrema menyamyaense + +, according to its morphology, medullary chemistry and ascospore size [(19)19.5– +21.6 +–23.5 × 11.5– +12.4 +–13.5 µm, epispore 2–2.5 µm thick, n = 30]. It is unfortunately not yet possible to elucidate the relationship between + +P. inexspectatum + +, + +P. lambinonii + +, + +P. menyamyaense +, +P. paradoxum + +and + +P. reunionicum + +, notably due to the lack of phylogenetic information. We have not been able to study the DNA of the + +P. reunionicum + +specimens, despite two attempts. + + + +FIGURE 36. + +Parmotrema reunionicum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Sorediate lobes with marginal soralia, at first ± linear interrupted or at the tip of very short laciniae, then coalescent and forming ± rounded clusters (holotype); +D +: Sorediate lobe with some subcapitate submarginal soralia (holotype); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 3 mm; D = 2 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Nomenclatural and taxonomic comment +:— + +Parmelia inexspectata + +was described by des Abbayes in +Bulletin de l’Institut français d’Afrique noire A +20(1): 16, 1958. The material cited by des Abbayes consists of +two specimens +that are currently in REN with the reference numbers 000046 and 000047. According to the labels handwritten by des Abbayes, both specimens were collected from the same locality ( +Côte d’Ivoire +, mont Tonkoui, cercle de Man, +1150 m +) but on two different substrates (‘tronc d’arbre dans la forêt à + +Parinari excelsa + +’ for REN 000046, ‘troncs de jeunes Quinquinas’ for REN 000047), and on two different dates ( +17 Oct. 1951 +for REN 000046, +16 Oct. 1951 +for REN 000047). REN 000047 has ‘TYPUS’ handwritten on the packet. A duplicate of REN 000047, probably sent by des Abbayes to +Hale +between 1958 and 1965 and with a typewritten label in Latin, is also present in +US +. In the protologue published in 1958, des Abbayes unfortunately did not indicate which of these collections was the +type +; consequently, the name proposed by him is not validly published (Art. 40.1). To our knowledge, +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +were the first to validate the name: (1) they accepted the name, (2) they clearly cited the relevant page in the 1958 publication, thereby providing the necessary reference to a previous effectively published description (Art. 38.1) and (3) they clearly indicated a single collection (the one kept in +US +) that they considered to be the +type +. In the same publication, Krog & Swinscow synonymised + +Parmelia paradoxa +Hale Phytologia + +27: 1, 1973, described from +Uganda +, with + +P. inexspectata +Abbayes + +, from +Ivory Coast +. This synonymy was also mentioned by + +Hale +& DePriest (1999) + +. If the two taxa are indeed conspecific, + +Parmelia paradoxa +Hale + +would be the earlier validly published name for the species concerned. However, according to the literature and our own observations ( +Table 11 +), the relationship between the two taxa appears rather confusing. In addition, two Malagasy specimens with a phenotype close to that of + +Parmotrema inexspectatum + +and + +P. paradoxum + +cannot be confidently assigned to either species. The available data seem insufficient to clarify the taxonomy of the African + +Parmotrema + +with ciliate lobe margins, an emaculate upper surface, no vegetative propagules, an imperforate apothecial disc, large spores and a medulla with the lividic acid complex. + + + +TABLE 11. +Comparison, for some phenotypical characters, of the taxa of the genus + +Parmotrema + +with ciliate lobe margins, an emaculate upper surface, no vegetative propagules, an imperforate apothecial disc, large spores and a medulla with the lividic acid (± colensoic acid) complex. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +P. inexspectatum + +(Ivory Coast) + + +P. paradoxum + +(Uganda) + + +P. +sp. + +(Madagascar) +
+source + +protologue ( +des Abbayes 1958 +) +isotype (REN 000047)paratype (REN 000046) +protologue ( + +Hale +1973 + +) + +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +REN 000065REN 000066
+lower surface +–matmat––shinyshiny
+ascospore length (µm) +23–27.5– +25.5– +28.0 +– 30.5 +24–2625–28 +23– +25.9 +–29 + +21.5– +24.6 +– 27.5 +
+ascospore width (µm) +11–13.5– +14– +17.4 +–20.5 +1217–20 +12.5– +15.1 +– 17.5 + +12– +14.1 +–16 +
+Q +–– +1.35– +1.62 +– 1.89 +–– +1.50– +1.73 +– 1.97 + +1.45– +1.76 +– 2.07 +
+epispore width (µm) +–– +(2.5)– +3.2 +–(4) +2– +(2.5)– +2.9 +–(3) + +(2)– +2.6 +–(3) +
+medullary extrolites +–colensoic acidlividic acid complexcolensoic acidlividic acid complexlividic acid complexlividic acid complexcolensoic acidlividic acid complexcolensoic acidlividic acid complex
+ + +When + +Hale +(1974a) + +transferred + +Parmelia inexspectata + +to + +Parmotrema + +, he used the invalid ‘basionym’ citing +des Abbayes (1958) +, and hence Hale’s combination is not validly published, either as a combination or as the name of a new taxon. We have not found any validation of the name + +Parmotrema inexspectatum + +published after 1974, so it is necessary to make a new combination: + + + +Parmotrema inexspectatum +(Abbayes ex Krog & Swinscow) D.M. Masson + +, + +comb. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853924 + + +Basionym: + +Parmelia inexspectata +Abbayes ex Krog & Swinscow, Bull. Br. Mus. + +nat. Hist. (Bot.), 9(3): 188, 1981. MycoBank no. 853923 + + + +Type +:— +CÔTE D’IVOIRE +. +In Monte Tonkoui +, prope +Man +, ad truncum +Cinchonae +, + +1150 m + +, + +16 October 1951 + +, + +H. des +Abbayes +s.n. + +( +US +, +holotype +; REN 000047, +isotype +) + +. + + + +Additional specimen examined ( +paratype +) + +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Sainte-Marie +, +Plaine des Fougères +, +between Ravine Sèche and Ravine Mère Canal +, elev. + +1220 m + +, +20°58’29”S +, +55°31’04”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on ± mossy bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, + +30 August 2012 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4124 + +( +Hb. DM +) + +. + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema inexspectatum + +.— + +CÔTE D’IVOIRE +. +Man District +: +Mont Tonkoui +, elev. + +1150 m + +, troncs de jeunes +Quinquinas +, + +16 October 1951 + +, + +H. des +Abbayes +s.n. + +( +REN 000047 +, +isotype +); +ibid +., tronc d’arbre dans la forêt à + +Parinari excelsa + +, + +17 October 1951 + +, H. des Abbayes +s.n. +( +REN 000046 +, +paratype +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema lambinonii + +.— +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO +. Massif du Kahuzi, piste Mukaba (ancienne route Kavumu-Kahuzi), km 17, elev. +2210 m +, forêt de Bambous, sur le sommet de bambous inclinés, en lisière de la piste, +24 December 1971 +, +J. Lambinon 71/Z/1195 +(LG, +holotype +); Massif du Kahuzi, en bordure du marais Musisi, à proximité de la route Bukavu-Walikale, elev. +2180 m +, taillis dense à + +Kotschya +cf. +africana + +, + +Hypericum revolutum + +, + +Agauria salicifolia + +…, sur petites branches tombées (généralement + +Kotschya + +), +22 December 1971 +, +J. Lambinon 71/Z/1149 +(LG, +paratype +). + + + +RWANDA +. + +Forêt +de Rugege + +, partie W du marais +Kamiranzovu +, elev. ca. + +1950 m + +, sur branches moussues de + +Syzygium + +mourant, + +18 August 1974 + +, + +J. Lambinon +74/928 + +( +LG +, +paratype +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema menyamyaense + +. — + +COMOROS +. +Mohéli +: massif +de Mafondrodjo +[= Mafoumboudjou], elev. + +620 m + +, + +July 1945 + +, unknown collector ( +REN 000064 +) + +. + + + + +Parmotrema +sp. + + +— + +MADAGASCAR +. +Diana +: +Montagne d’Ambre +, elev. + +1100 m + +, branches d’arbre en forêt, + +29 October 1956 + +, + +H. des +Abbayes +3119 + +( +REN 000065 +); +ibid +., Montagne d’Ambre, poste des Roussettes, elev. + +1000 m + +, sur Quinquina, + +31 October 1956 + +, +H. des Abbayes 3144 +( +REN 000066 +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCA2F3FFF1AFC17FE51FDA0.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCA2F3FFF1AFC17FE51FDA0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4bbadb66671 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCA2F3FFF1AFC17FE51FDA0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,880 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema orarium +D.M. Masson, Magain & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853876 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Characterized by a medium-sized, adnate thallus, the sublinear to subirregular narrow lobes ( +1–4 mm +wide) with margins generally eciliate, the maculate upper surface with isidia and/or soredia, the medium-sized ascospores (16–24 × 7–10.5 µm), the short (4–5 µm) bacilliform conidia, and the presence of succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids in the medulla. + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Sainte-Rose, les Cascades, elev. +30 m +, +21°11’07”S +, +55°49’57”E +, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket, on cliff top, on bark of branch of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4219 +(MNHN-PC-PC0088079; +isotype +: LG). + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840561), mtSSU ( +PP +842533), LSU ( +PP +836528) + + +( +Fig. 32 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, adnate to tightly adnate ( +Fig. 32D +), membranaceous, up to 6.5 × +11 cm +. +Lobes +sublinear to subirregular, contiguous to imbricate, +1–4 mm +wide, plane to ± concave; margins crenate, isidiate-dentate to shortly laciniate, occasionally lobulate, sometimes with a narrow brown or black rim, eciliate to weakly ciliate ( +Fig. 32D +). +Cilia +black, generally absent, occasionally present at lobe margins, mostly in lobe axils, or on some isidia, very rarely laminal, simple, ca. +0.03–0.05 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +0.7 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, shiny towards lobe apices, duller centrally, ± distinctly effigurate white-maculate, smooth to rugose, ± cracked, especially in old parts; isidiate, sorediate, pustulate, lacking schizidia, true dactyls. +Isidia +present in all thalli examined but sometimes only in the early stages of development, at the margin of lobes and apices of laciniae, often also submarginal and ± laminal; granular or subcylindrical, sometimes ± tapering, very rarely dactyliform (one thallus), rarely ciliate, simple or ± branched; usually quickly sorediate ( +Fig. 32E +), very rarely developing into +phyllidia +; up to +1 mm +high. +Soralia +present in 34 of the 37 thalli examined, marginal, submarginal and ± laminal, often originating from rapid decay of young isidia, more rarely from pustules, occasionally orbicular or subcapitate. +Soredia +subgranulose to granulose, (35)– +51.0 +–(80) µm in diameter (n = 90, from +3 specimens +, SD = 9.4 µm). +Pustules +submarginal, or subapical on lateral lobes, soon bursting into soredia ( +Fig. 32F +). +Laciniae +occasional, marginal, short, unbranched or sparsely branched, up to +1.5 mm +long, +0.3–0.6 mm +wide, apices often isidiate or sorediate. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 2 × +2.5 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth to rugulose, shiny, black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown, erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +0.5–2 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +numerous, ± evenly distributed, black, simple, rarely once branched, up to +0.8 mm +long. +Apothecia +rare (fertile thalli found in 2 localities out of 18), laminal and submarginal, cupuliform, up to +1.6 mm +in diameter, sessile; disc imperforate, orange brown, concave, shiny, smooth; margin crenate-isidiate, amphithecium early isidiate; hymenium s. lat. (54)– +65.6 +–(80) µm high, hyaline layer (6)– +6.4 +–(7) µm high, intermediate layer (7)– +10.0 +–(12) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (12)– +15.4 +–(18) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, ellipsoidal, sometimes slightly reniform, 16– +19.7 +–24 × 7– +8.7 +–10.5 µm, Q = (1.78)– +2.29 +–(2.67), epispore (1)– +1.4 +–(2) µm thick, n = 30, from 1 thallus. +Pycnidia +fairly rare, mostly submarginal on lobes, but sometimes also on isidia, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform (3)4–5(6) × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, (12)– +15.8 +–(19) µm thick. +Algal layer +± continuous, (12)– +15.9 +–(20) µm thick. +Medulla +(59)– +69.4 +–(78) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (10)– +10.9– +(13) µm thick. + + + +FIGURE 32. + +Parmotrema orarium + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Coastal stand of + +Pandanus utilis + +, a typical habitat for + +P. orarium + +on Réunion Island (Sainte-Rose, Bois Blanc, 13 August 2015); +D +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); +E +: Sorediate isidia ( +Masson 974.4646 +); +F +: Submarginal pustules, bursting into soredia ( +Masson 974.4221 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; D = 20 mm; E = 1 mm; F = 2 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ slowly orange brown, +C− +, +KC− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with succinprotocetraric acid (major), fumarprotocetraric acid (minor/trace), virensic acid (trace), unidentified substance (grey; Rf classes:A3, B5, +C +5; trace), ± gyrophoric acid (trace). + + + + +Etymology +: From the Latin +orarius +: of the coast; in reference to the coastal distribution of the species. + + +Geographical distribution +:—Currently known only from +Réunion +, where it was found at low elevations ( +10– 590 m +) at 18 localities, in 14 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 10 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 32A +). All known occurrences are coastal, or close to the coast, and located in the southeastern part of the island. + + + + +Ecology +:—This lichen typically grows on smooth bark, especially of + +Pandanus utilis + +, more occasionally of + +P. sylvestris +Bory + +or + +Ficus +sp. + +, on trunks as well as branches. The main phorophyte (95% of the occurrences), the common screw-pine + +P. utilis + +, is a tree native and endemic to the Mascarenes, which is now introduced into many tropical regions ( +Bosser & Guého 2003 +). In +Réunion +, it forms adlittoral woodlands that are either natural or the result of plantations ( + +Delbosc +et al +. 2011 + +). These coastal + +P. utilis + +woodlands are the main habitat of + +Parmotrema orarium + +( +Fig. 32C +). It was also collected once in a lowland dry forest, +4 km +from the coast. Thalli of + +P. orarium + +are frequently associated with those of + +Dirinaria + +and + +Pyxine +species. + + + +The bioclimate of the localities is pluvial tropical, thermotype belts = lower and upper thermotropical (585 ≤ It ≤ 685), ombrotype belts are variable = from upper subhumid to upper hyperhumid (5.7 ≤ Io ≤ 20.7) ( +Fig. 32B +). + + +Notes +:—With its small or medium adnate thallus, sublinear to subirregular and rather narrow lobes, + +Parmotrema orarium + +looks more like a + +Canoparmelia + +s. lat. +than a + +Parmotrema + +. Our molecular data ( +Fig. 2 +) demonstrate that + +P. orarium + +does indeed belong to + +Parmotrema + +s. str. +, and not to the taxa + +Canoparmelia + +s. str. +, + +Crespoa + +, or +Africanae +( + +Kirika +et al +. 2016 + +). + + + +Parmotrema orarium + +is a rather enigmatic species, with a unique combination of characters within + +Parmotrema + +s. str. +Some of them are shared with + +P. adspersum +(Vain.) Elix + +, the most phenotypically similar + +Parmotrema + +s. str. +This taxon is known from +Thailand +, +Philippines +, +Papua New Guinea +and +Christmas Island +( + +Hale +1976 + +, +Aptroot & Sipman 1991 +, McCarty & Elix 2002), and was previously placed in the genus + +Canoparmelia + +( + +Elix +et al +. 1986 + +, 2002). However, + +P. adspersum + +has more rounded and wider lobes (3–15 vs +1–4 mm +), isidia that do not become sorediate, and fumarprotocetraric acid as major medullary extrolite instead of succinprotocetraric acid ( +Vainio 1907 +, + +Hale +1976 + +). A thallus of + +P. orarium + +with pustular soralia and poorly developed isidia could be misidentified as + +P. pustulatum +Louwhoff & Elix. But + +this New Caledonian species possess wider lobes ( +4–6 mm +), lacks isidia, and the medulla contains protocetraric acid in addition to succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids ( +Louwhoff & Elix 2000 +). + + +Within our material here assigned to + +P. orarium + +, two different ITS sequences have been detected ( +Table 3 +). The other two loci studied (mtSSU and EF1-α) do not show any variation. No other characters, either morpho-anatomical, chemical or ecological, could be found to support the recognition of two entities. The rather large variation in the soralia and isidia developed within the populations of this species does not correlate with the two ITS sequences. Further neither of the two species discovery methods used for species delimitation (bPP and Stacey) supported the recognition of two different species ( +Fig. 3 +). We therefore assign this variation to the presence of two different ITS within the populations of this species. + + +According to our phylogenetic tree based on 3-locus data ( +Fig. 3 +), + +P. orarium + +belongs to a well-supported clade comprising four other species, all of them potentially endemic to the Mascarenes. + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +): + +— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Philippe, Basse Vallée, Cap Mascarin, elev. +15 m +, 21°22’35–36”S, 55°42’06–10”E, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket, on bark of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +26 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5130 +(REU), +974.5132 +, +974.5135 +(Hb. DM), +974.5131 +, +974.5134 +(LG); +ibid +., Cap Méchant, elev. +20 m +, +21°22’30”S +, +55°42’39”E +, in coastal landscaped picnic area, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4646 +(LG); +ibid +., near Pointe de la Mare d’Arzule, elev. +10 m +, 21°21’52–53”S, 55°46’25–26”E, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket, on bark of trunks of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4640 +(REU), +974.4645 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., near la Petite Vache, elev. +15 m +, +21°21’43”S +, +55°46’40”E +, in disturbed coastal thicket, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4642 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Ravine Angot, elev. +25 m +, +21°21’02”S +, +55°47’38”E +, in secondary coastal thicket with + +Casuarina + +, + +Pandanus + +, + +Psidium + +, etc., on bark of a branch of + +Ficus +sp. + +, +17 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4288 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Pierre, Piton de Mont Vert, elev. +590 m +, +21°19’40”S +, +55°32’33”E +, in lowland dry forest, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus sylvestris + +, +19 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5016 +(LG); Sainte-Rose, le Port, elev. +9 m +, +21°07’32”S +, +55°47’21”E +, in coastal landscaped picnic area, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +12 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0291 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., la Marine, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’31”S +, 55°47’26– 32”E, in secondary coastal thicket, on bark of trunks of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +15 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4242 +(REU), +974.4245 +, +974.4246 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., near Pointe de Sainte-Rose, elev. +15 m +, +21°07’36”S +, +55°47’50”E +, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4639 +(LG); +ibid +., between Pointe de Sainte-Rose and Bassin des Harengs, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’41”S +, +55°48’02”E +, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4638 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., La Cayenne, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’59”S +, +55°48’23”E +, in coastal landscaped picnic area, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +14 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4636 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, SW of Quai au Bois, elev. +20–30 m +, 21°12’33– 34”S, 55°49’03–05”E, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of trunks and adventitious root of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4610 +(LG), +974.4611–13 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, between Quai au Bois and Quai de l’Église, elev. +25 m +, 21°12’26–29”S, 55°49’15–18”E, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of trunks of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4616 +(LG), +974.4617 +(REU), +974.4618 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, near Quai de Tigo, elev. +25 m +, 21°12’15–18”S, 55°49’24–25”E, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of trunks of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4619 +(LG), +974.4622 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, between Quai de Tigo and Roche du Pas de Cabri, elev. +20 m +, +21°12’11”S +, +55°49’29”E +, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4623 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bois Blanc, near Pointe de Bois Blanc, elev. +20 m +, +21°11’54”S +, +55°49’30”E +, in coastal + +Pandanus + +thicket on cliff top, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4625 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., les Cascades, elev. +30 m +, +21°11’07”S +, 55°49’57–58”E, in secondary coastal thicket with + +Pandanus + +and + +Casuarina + +, on cliff top, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4221 +(LG), +974.4222 +(REU), +974.4247 +, +974.4248 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., between Pointe des Cascades and Pointe des Bambous, elev. +20 m +, +21°10’51”S +, +55°50’06”E +, in secondary coastal thicket with + +Pandanus + +and + +Casuarina + +, on cliff top, on bark of branch of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +13 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4225 +(Hb. DM). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCD2F3DFF1AFDF7FAC5FD55.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCD2F3DFF1AFDF7FAC5FD55.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4c0c0c4df56 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCD2F3DFF1AFDF7FAC5FD55.xml @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + +Parmotrema paramascarenense +D.M. Masson + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank +no. 853877 + + +Diagnosis. +Similar to + +P. mascarenense + +but differs from it by the presence of soredia instead of isidia. + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Cilaos +, +Ravine des Calumets +, elev. + +1310 m + +, +21°09’06”S +, +55°29’39”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of + +Melicope obtusifolia + +, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3938 +(MNHN- PC-PC0088080). + +( +Fig. 33 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 11 × +13 cm +. +Lobes +imbricate, irregular, +3–8 mm +wide; lateral lobes, especially when sorediate, frequently erect and revolute, and forming complex T-shaped structures with age; margins sinuate, dentate to laciniate, occasionally lobulate, irregularly ciliate or eciliate ( +Fig. 33E +). +Cilia +black, scarce to almost absent, mostly unevenly distributed at the lobe margins, often ± in groups, simple to 3 times branched, ca. +0.03–0.06 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +3 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, rather dull, rugose, distinctly effigurate white-maculate, old parts finely cracked, sometimes with a subreticular pattern; sorediate, lacking isidia, schizidia, pustules, dactyls. +Soralia +at first terminal at the apex of tiny laciniae, then ± labriform or subcapitate, finally ± spreading submarginally, mostly when the lobes become revolute ( +Fig. 33D +); in old parts, sorediate laciniae may develop into arbuscular structures (‘sorediate arbusculae’ of +Spielmann & Marcelli 2020 +), up to +5 mm +long ( +Fig. 33C +). +Soredia +subgranulose to granulose, (40)– +49.8 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 60, from +2 specimens +, SD = 6.8 µm). +Laciniae +frequent, marginal, simple or somewhat branched, sorediate, up to 2 × +4 mm +. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 5 × +6 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth or rugulose, granulose in places, ± cracked, shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1.5–5 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, sorediate lateral lobes often with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled marginal zone ( +1–2 mm +wide), underside of sorediate laciniae often ivory white or cream ( +Fig. 33D +). +Rhizines +in ± scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, simple, very rarely furcate, up to +1.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +not present. +Pycnidia +not present. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (13)– +18.4 +–(27) µm thick. +Algal layer +here and there briefly interrupted, (10)– +17.4 +–(23) µm thick. +Medulla +(62)– +69.9 +–(90) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (16)– +17.9– +(20) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ slowly orange brown, C−, KC−, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +(TLC): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with succinprotocetraric acid (major) and fumarprotocetraric acid (minor). + + + + + + +Etymology +: +— +From the Greek +para +, near or beside, a reference to the very similar, but isidiate, + +P. mascarenense + +. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far only known from three collections from +Réunion +, and one from +Madagascar +. For +Réunion +, the exact location of the oldest collection (1989) is unfortunately unknown. The two others come from the Cirque de Cilaos, in the southern part of the Piton des Neiges massif, between 1300 and +1500 m +( +Fig. 33A +). The Madagascan collection site is located in the central part of the Central Highlands, at an elevation of +1610 m +. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +The +four specimens +examined were corticolous. +The +holotype +was found on the more or less mossy bark of a trunk of + +Melicope obtusifolia +(DC.) T.G. Hartley + +, a tree endemic to +Réunion +and +Mauritius +( +Hartley 2001 +), at + +1.8 m + +above the ground. +The +habitat is a leeward montane rainforest in a ravine, with a general southern orientation. +The +bioclimate of the locality is pluvial tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (It = 430), ombrotype belt = upper humid (Io = 11.1) ( +Fig. 33B +). +The +bioclimate of the +Malagasy +locality is pluviseasonal tropical, with thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (It = 442), ombrotype belt = lower humid (Io = 8.3) + +. + + + +FIGURE 33. + +Parmotrema paramascarenense + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Sorediate arbusculae in old part of thallus (holotype); +D +: Soralia at the apex of tiny laciniae, ± labriform or subcapitate, in young part of thallus (holotype); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Kalb & Kalb 33656 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 8 mm. + + + +Notes +:—This taxon is very similar to + +Parmotrema mascarenense + +, both morphologically and chemically. It differs only by the nature of the vegetative propagules, soralia instead of isidia. This is reminiscent of the case of + +P. nephophilum + +in +Réunion +, where a widespread isidiate/phyllidiate form is sympatric with a much less frequent sorediate form. It could be that + +P. paramascarenense + +is only a morphotype of + +P. mascarenense + +. Unfortunately, no molecular data could be obtained for the sorediate form, despite two attempts to extract DNA from the most recent sample. It is therefore not possible to test this hypothesis, unlike in the case of + +P +. +nephophilum + +. We therefore treat this sorediate form as a separate species pending further study, as suggested by + +Lücking +et al +. (2021) + +. + + +Only two sorediate species with a maculate upper surface and containing succinprotocetraric acid as a major extrolite have been described so far in + +Parmotrema + +. The New Caledonian + +P. pustulatum +Louwhoff & Elix + +differs from + +P +. +paramascarenense + +by its sorediate pustules and the additional presence of protocetraric acid as minor medullary substance ( +Louwhoff & Elix 2000 +, +2002 +). The South American + +P +. +succinreticulatum +(Eliasaro & Adler) Blanco +et al +. + +seems to be the sorediate counterpart of the isidiate + +P. sanctae-candidae + +, in the same way as the + +P. paramascarensense + +/ + +P. mascarenense + +pair. It differs mainly from + +P. paramascarenense + +by the strong reticulate maculation on the upper surface, and the rhizines that often extend to the lobe margins ( +Eliasaro & Adler 1997 +, +Eliasaro 2001 +). + + + + + + +Additional specimens examined +( +paratypes +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, + +April 1989 + +, + +G. Follmann +& +I. Follmann-Schrag +s.n + +. (B); +Cilaos +, +Rundweg von Thermales +zum Roche Merveilleuse, elev. + +1400–1500 m + +, +21°07’S +, +55°28’30”E +, in kümmerlichen +Primärwald-Resten +, + +20 August 1991 + +, + +K. & A. Kalb +33656 + +( +WIS +) + +. + + + +MADAGASCAR +. Analamanga: Manankazo, lambeau forestier +de Farazana +, km 133 route +de Majunga +, elev. + +1610 m + +, [ +18°09’S +, +47°13’E +], forêt claire, tronc d’arbre, + +20 August 1956 + +, +H. des Abbayes 2666 +( +REN 000056 +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCF2F33FF1AFD5BFBD7FDDB.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCF2F33FF1AFD5BFBD7FDDB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e4a19c22990 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFCF2F33FF1AFD5BFBD7FDDB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,538 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema praesorediosum +(Nyl.) +Hale (1974a: 338) +MycoBank + + +no. 343106 + + + + + + + +Parmelia praesorediosa +Nyl. (1891: 18) MycoBank + +no. 398093 + + + + +Type +:— + +SINGAPORE +. [without locality], + +30 November 1879 + +, + +E. Almquist +s.n. + +(H-NYL 35547 [image!], +holotype +; S [image!] +isotype +; fide + +Hale +1965a + +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 34 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate to adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to +8 cm +in diameter. +Lobes +rounded, usually imbricate, rarely contiguous, irregularly branched, +2–7 mm +wide, rarely plane but most often slightly concave, with margins undulated, ascendant, smooth or irregularly crenate, eciliate ( +Fig. 34C +). +Upper surface +greenish grey, emaculate, dull, smooth near lobe tips but slightly wrinkled in the older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, lobules, phyllidia and isidia. +Soralia +linear marginal at first, next labriform and crescent-shaped ( +Fig. 34D +), rarely submarginal and then subcapitate. +Soredia +subgranulose, (30)– +42.5 +–(60) µm in diameter (n = 60, from +2 specimens +, SD = 6.9 µm). +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose and mat, black in the central part, turning brown towards the margins, naked marginal zone (ca. +1–2.5 mm +wide) buff, or whitish under some sorediate lobes. +Rhizines +moderately dense, irregularly distributed, concolor to the lower surface, frequently with white tip when young, simple, rarely furcate, short (up to +0.5 mm +long). +Apothecia +absent. +Pycnidia +absent. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K− or K± yellow, +C− +, +KC− +, Por P+ yellowish, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 2−3 undetermined fatty acids (Rf classes:A2−4, B3−4, +C +3−5), ± atranorin. + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—A pantropical species ( + +Hale +1965a + +, +Louwhoff 2001 +) that extends into some warm-temperate areas ( +Kurokawa 2006 +, +Hodkinson & Case 2008 +). In MIOI, present in +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, Aptroot 1991) and in +Réunion +(van den Boom +et al +. 2011). Not reported from +Mauritius +by Diederich & Ertz (2020), but +15 specimens +from seven localities, collected by Krog & Timdal in 1991 and determined as + +Parmotrema praesorediosum + +, are in O ( +GBIF 2022a +). On +Réunion +, the taxon was collected at one documented locality ( +Fig. 34A +) and one undetermined locality. + + + + +Ecology +:—According to the literature, + +Parmotrema praesorediosum + +is corticolous or saxicolous (e.g. +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Elix 1994 +, +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +). On trees, the species can grow on twigs, branches, as well as on trunks ( +Martins & Marcelli 2011 +). It is found at low elevations in fairly dry, generally well-lit sites, often in areas disturbed by human activity, where it is sometimes considered a weedy species ( + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Smith 1993, +Elix 1994 +, +Lai 2001 +, +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +). The species can be found on wind-exposed trees growing near the sea ( +Marcelli 1991 +); this is the case on +Réunion +at the only documented locality where + +P. praesorediosum + +was collected on smooth bark of several + +Pandanus utilis + +growing in a recreational area just near the sea. The bioclimatic features of this locality are: bioclimate: pluvial tropical, thermotype belt: lower thermotropical (It = 660), ombrotype belt: upper humid (Io = 11.8) ( +Fig. 34B +). + + +Notes +:—The two major aliphatic acids occurring in the medulla of + +Parmotrema praesorediosum + +were described as praesorediosic and protopraesorediosic by + +David +et al +. (1990) + +. We were unable to identify these two acids with any certainty in the Reunionese specimens, as the TLC performed did not allow us to differentiate them from those of the constipatic acid group. Spot tests with K applied to the medulla and soralia of the specimens collected gave results ranging from a distinctly yellow colour to no reaction ( +Table 10 +), suggesting the occurrence of atranorin in variable concentrations in these anatomical structures. + +Hale +(1971a) + +distinguished + +P. mordenii +(Hale) Hale + +from + +P. praesorediosum + +by its substrate ecology (saxicolous vs corticolous), the presence (vs absence) of atranorin in the medulla, and by some minor morphological differences (size of the lobes, size of the soredia, morphology of the soralia). In East Africa, +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +found no clear difference in medullary reactions and morphology between corticolous and saxicolous specimens, and therefore reduced + +P. mordenii + +to synonymy with + +P. praesorediosum + +. Some later authors did not accept their proposal (e.g. +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +, + +Benatti & Marcelli 2010 +b + +, Gerlach & Eliasaro 2012, +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +), mainly because of the presence of atranorin in the medulla of + +P. mordenii + +, a feature considered diagnostic by these authors. The concentration of atranorin in the cortex of lichen thalli, including + +Parmotrema + +, was shown to vary with environmental factors (e.g. + +Armaleo +et al. +2008 + +, + +Shukla +et al +. 2015 + +). The same may be assumed for medullary atranorin, which could explain the variability observed in Reunionese material, even between corticolous specimens ( +Table 10 +). Evidence of the existence of + +P. mordenii + +on +Réunion +is further complicated by the uncertainty surrounding the identity of the fatty acids present in its medulla. + +Hale +(1971a) + +, +Nash & Elix (2002) +and Nash +et al +. (2016) reported caperatic and protolichesterinic acids. Marcelli & Benatti (2010) and +Benatti (2014) +reported caperatic, protolichesterinic, praesorediosic, protopraesorediosic and two undetermined acids. + +Flakus +et al +. (2014) + +reported the constipatic acid group, and +Bungartz & Spielmann (2019) +cited praesorediosic and protopraesorediosic acids. We were unable to identify the 2−3 fatty acids present in the Reunionese material by TLC, but they are neither caperatic acid nor protolichesterinic acid. We echo +Benatti’s (2014) +conclusion that indepth morpho-anatomical, chemical, molecular and ecological studies are needed to clarify the relationship between + +P. praesorediosum + +and + +P. mordenii + +. Lacking such studies, all the material collected on +Réunion +is assigned to + +P. praesorediosum + +. + +Unfortunately, we have not been able to study the DNA of specimens from Saint-Benoît, despite two attempts. + +Specimens examined: +— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Benoît, Pointe du Bourbier, elev. +20 m +, +21°01’13”S +, +55°42’13”E +, coastal recreational area with many + +Pandanus utilis + +, on bark of + +P. utilis + +, +11 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40992 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); +ibid +., +12 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4214 +, +974.4215 +(Hb. DM); without locality, +April 1989 +, +G. Follmann & I. Follmann-Schrag s.n. +(B). + + + + +FIGURE 34. + +Parmotrema praesorediosum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4214 +); +D +: Sorediate lobes, with ± labriform and crescent-shaped marginal soralia ( +Masson 974.4215 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 3 mm. + + + + +TABLE 10. +Colour reactions with potassium hydroxide of the medulla and soralia of corticolous and saxicolous specimens + + + + +of + +Parmotrema praesorediosum + +from +Réunion +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Specimens + +medulla + +Spot tests + +soralia + +Substrate ecology +
+Masson 974.4215 +K−K−corticolous
+Masson 974.4214 +K+ faint yellowK+ faint yellowcorticolous
+ +van +den Boom 40992 + +K+ faint yellowK+ yellowcorticolous
+G. Follmann s.n. +K+ yellowK+ yellowsaxicolous
+ + +Specimen studied for comparison +:— +FRANCE +. +Guadeloupe +: Basse-Terre, Sainte-Rose, Morne Rouge, elev. 3 + + +m, on + +Avicennia germinans + +in a mangrove, +27 October 1992 +, +J. Vivant s.n. +(Hb. DM). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD02F26FF1AFF1AFC2BFA08.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD02F26FF1AFF1AFC2BFA08.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7403beed290 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD02F26FF1AFF1AFC2BFA08.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema nephophilum +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853874 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Similar to + +Parmotrema crinitum + +, but differs by the longer conidia (6–9 vs 5–6 µm) and by the various vegetative propagules produced: marginal and submarginal isidia that mostly develop early into phyllidia, conspicuous branched laciniae, and occasional granular soredia. + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Saint-Joseph +, + +Piton du Rond + +, elev. + +1370 m + +, +21°17’57”S +, +55°36’27”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, + +18 August 2013 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4310 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088077; +isotype +: LG). + + + +GenBank accession number: ITS ( +PP +840570). + + +( +Fig. 29 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous, rarely subcoriaceous, up to 13 × +20 cm +. +Lobes +irregularly branched, contiguous to imbricate, +3–14 mm +wide, irregularly wrinkled; with margins sinuate, denticulate to laciniate, occasionally lobulate, ± ciliate ( +Fig. 29D +). +Cilia +black, rare to numerous, irregularly distributed at the margin of the lobes, lobules, laciniae, on isidia, phyllidia, and isidioid outgrowths of the amphithecium, mostly simple, sometimes 1–3 times branched, rarely slightly squarrose, ca. +0.03–0.06 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +3.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, sometimes more yellowish towards the periphery, ± shiny, faintly to clearly white-maculate, ± undulating, smooth to rugulose, becoming finely cracked centrally, laciniate, isidiate and/or sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls. +Isidia +generally present, mostly at the margin of lobes and laciniae, more rarely submarginal or laminal, first granular or ± cylindrical and terete, ciliate or not, rarely erumpent, rapidly developing into ± branched and ciliate +phyllidia +of variable size. +Laciniae +marginal, usually numerous and conspicuous ( +Fig. 29E +), ciliate, repeatedly branched, ± elongated, sometimes partly canaliculate, up to +10 mm +long, +0.2–2 mm +wide, ± clumping, fragile when well developed, at times isidiate or sorediate. +Soralia +rare, present in 9 of the 71 thalli examined, mostly terminal on marginal teeth or short laciniae, more rarely laminal and ± erumpent and orbicular in the submarginal zone of the lobes ( +Fig. 29F +). +Soredia +granulose, (40)– +54.6 +–(70) µm in diameter (n = 90, from +3 specimens +, SD = 7.4 µm). +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 5 × +6 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose or granulate, rarely smooth, shiny at the periphery of the thallus, duller towards the centre; black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown, erhizinate or sparsely rhizinate, marginal zone (ca. +1–6 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, lateral lobes with vegetative propagules or apothecia with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled marginal zone ( +0.5–5 mm +wide). +Rhizines +generally rather numerous, unevenly distributed, concolor to the lower surface, simple, rarely 1–2(3) times branched or squarrose, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +rare (fertile thalli found in 8 localities out of 51), submarginal, cupuliform, ± flattening with age, up to +11 mm +in diameter, stipitate on ± swollen stipes (up to +3 mm +in diameter); disc imperforate, orange brown, concave, initially shiny and smooth, then ± rough and dull; margin crenate, early with ± flattened protuberances evolving either into soralia or, more frequently, into variable combinations of ± branched isidia, isidioid outgrowths or laciniae, ciliate or not, which extend on the amphithecium and stipe with age; amphithecium and stipe distinctly white-maculate; hymenium s. lat. (88)– +106.6 +–(125) µm high, proper exciple with a hyaline layer very thin, not clearly distinct from subhymenium, intermediate layer (10)– +14.4 +–(17) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (20)– +30.5 +–(38) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, (22)23– +28.3 +–33.5(34) × 13– +15.9 +–18.5(19) µm, Q = (1.35)1.49– +1.79 +–2.09, epispore (3)– +3.5 +–(4.5) µm thick, n = 150, from 5 thalli, mean values for each thallus: 30.1 × 16.9, 30.0 × 16.7, 28.2 × 15.8, 27.6 × 14.9, 25.6 × 15.0 µm. +Pycnidia +fairly rare, mostly submarginal on lobes, but also on laciniae, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform 6–9 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, fragile, (18)– +21.8 +–(25) µm thick. +Algal layer +± continuous, (8)– +13.1 +–(18) µm thick. +Medulla +(74)– +95.0 +–(104) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (14)– +16.3– +(18) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow, +C− +, +KC− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), menegazziaic acid (trace), cryptostictic acid (trace) and hypostictic acid (trace). + + + + +Etymology +:—The specific epithet is derived from the Greek +nephos +(cloud) and +philos +(having affinity for), in reference to the cloud forests where the species grows. + + +Geographical distribution +:—Currently known only from +Réunion +, where it seems to be quite common and widespread between 685 and +1835 m +elevation. It was found in at least 52 locations in 42 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 33 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 29A & 29B +), in the Piton des Neiges massif as well as in the Piton de la Fournaise massif. The earliest collection dates to 1840. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema nephophilum + +is a mainly corticolous lichen (90% of the mentions), but thalli can also occasionally grow on volcanic rocks and, very rarely, on wood. When corticolous, it was found on trunks (63% of the mentions) as well as branches (37%), the observed difference in frequency being not statistically significant + + +(n = 51, χ² = 3.31, +P += 0.069). The phorophytes are diverse ( + +Aphloia + +, + +Badula + +, + +Cinnamomum + +, + +Claoxylon + +, + +Cyathea + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Ficus + +, + +Geniostoma + +, + +Hypericum + +, + +Nuxia + +, + +Phyllanthus + +, + +Sideroxylon + +, + +Weinmannia + +), the most frequent being trees of the genus + +Dombeya + +(21% of the mentions). Montane rainforests are the main habitat that the species occurs in (71% of the localities), followed by submontane rainforests (24%). + +Pandanus + +wet thicket and camphor tree plantation are more marginal habitats (2% each). The species occurs equally on windward and leeward slopes. The bioclimate of the localities is pluvial tropical; thermotype belts are mainly mesotropical = from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (355 ≤ It ≤ 567), ombrotype belts are variable = from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (7.8 ≤ Io ≤ 29.0) ( +Fig. 29C +). + + + +FIGURE 29. + +Parmotrema nephophilum + +. +A +: Distribution of the isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Distribution of the sorediate form on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +C +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +), light dotted: only sorediate form, medium dotted: only isidiate/phyllidiate/laciniate form, heavy dotted: both forms; +D +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype); +E +: Heavily phyllidiate/laciniate lobe (holotype); +F +: Sorediate lobe with marginal and submarginal soralia and granulose soredia ( +Masson 974.4716 +). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 2 mm. + + + +Notes +:—This taxon is puzzling because of the variability of vegetative propagules present from one thallus to another, or even within the same thallus. Two main forms can be distinguished. The most common one has a variable combination of isidia/phyllidia and branched laciniae that are easily shed. When the laciniae are poorly developed, this +form may +be mistaken for an atypical + +Parmotrema crinitum + +; when they are predominant, which is the most frequent case, it resembles + +P. eliasaroanum +Benatti, Marcelli & Elix + +, a Brazilian species, or + +P. laciniatulum +Krog + +, a Tanzanian species. + +Parmotrema crinitum + +, + +P. eliasaroanum + +and + +P. nephophilum + +share the same medullary chemistry, the stictic acid complex, but + +P. eliasaroanum + +differs in lacking menegazziaic acid ( + +Marcelli +et al +. 2008 + +). In addition, + +P. eliasaroanum + +differs from + +P. nephophilum + +by the complete absence of isidia and by the slightly smaller size of the ascospores. Compared to + +P. nephophilum + +, + +P. laciniatulum + +lack isidia, its conidia are sublageniform and its medulla contains alectoronic and α-collatolic acids instead of the stictic acid complex ( +Krog 1991 +). A sorediate +form has +also been encountered, more rarely, on +Réunion +. When sorediate, the thalli have short and generally unbranched laciniae. The formation of soralia is variable from +one specimen +to another, even from one lobe to another in the same thallus. Granulose soredia may appear at the tip of marginal teeth or short laciniae, within more-or-less erumpent and orbicular submarginal soralia, or occasionally by disintegration of short laminal isidioid outgrowths. This sorediate form of + +P. nephophilum + +could be confused with + +P +. +bangii +(Vain.) Hale + +, a similar sorediate species with the same stictic acid chemosyndrome. However, + +P. bangii + +differs by its very fragile and flaking upper cortex, its sorediate pustules, and the complete absence of isidioid structures ( + +Hale +1965a + +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Sérusiaux 1984 +, +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +). When compared with the sorediate form of + +P. nephophilum + +, + +P. perlatum + +shares the same chemistry and is also sorediate, but its soralia are more conspicuous and are usually located at the tips of revolute lobes, its soredia are less granular, and the lower marginal surface of its sorediate lobes is never white or mottled with white (except under lobes also bearing apothecia). Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses show that the two taxa are clearly distinct ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +). Apart from the vegetative propagules, the morphology and anatomy of both forms of + +P. nephophilum + +are similar, including the shape and size of the conidia, as well as the chemistry. Moreover, both forms were recovered intermixed in a single, well-supported clade in the phylogenetic trees ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +), and both species discovery methods here used (bPP and Stacey) failed to separate them ( +Fig. 3 +). Based on our current state of knowledge, the sorediate +form seems +to have a more restricted distribution ( +Fig. 29B +) than the isidiate/phyllidiate form ( +Fig. 29A +); it has only been found at nine localities (versus 45 localities). At two of them, both forms were found side by side on the same substrate. The elevations and bioclimates of the localities frequented by the two forms are similar, except for the ombrotypes. The sorediate +form was +found on average in less humid locations (mean Io = 10.6) than those inhabited by the isidiate/ phyllidiate form (mean Io = 16.5) (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, +P += 0.012, one-tailed). All these observations led us to consider these two main forms as morphotypes of a single species that is highly polymorphic in the production of vegetative propagules. + + +The phylogenetic relationships of + +P. nephophilum + +are unclear but it was resolved in a supported clade in the 3- locus tree ( +Fig. 3 +) comprising our accessions of + +P. crinitum + +, + +P. occultum + +and + +P. perlatum + +, three species which share the same medullary chemistry with + +P. nephophilum + +(stictic acid chemosyndrome). The same supported clade appears in the ITS tree ( +Fig. 4 +), including + +P. internexum + +, whose medulla also contains the stictic acid chemosyndrome along with norlobaridone (Lendemer 2015). + + + +Additional specimens examined +( +paratypes +): + + + +Isidiate/phyllidiate morphotype +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, 1840, +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche 38 +(PC 0009288 b & c); Cilaos, Ravine des Calumets, elev. +1140 m +, +21°09’34”S +, +55°29’26”E +, disturbed wooded ravine, in an overall south orientation, on a 75° inclined and NE oriented face of a ± mossy basalt rock, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3953 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1205 m +, +21°09’19”S +, +55°29’31”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in a ravine in an overall SSW orientation, on the bark of twigs of an undetermined shrub, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3945 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., la Mare à Monfleury, elev. +1410 m +, +21°08’57”S +, +55°29’38”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NNW orientation, on a 55° inclined and NE oriented face of a mossy small basalt rock, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3935 +(LG); +ibid +., south edge of Forêt du Grand Matarum, elev. +1360 m +, +21°07.4’S +, +55°28.9’E +, picnic place, big boulders and outcrops along stream, on outcrop, +31 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40214 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); Entre-Deux, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +1115 m +, +21°12’46”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on old bark and wood of a trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4664 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1200 m +, +21°12’31”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall west orientation, on bark of a branch of a young + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4675 +(Hb. DM); La Plaine-de-Palmistes, col de Bellevue, elev. +1600 m +, +21°09’55”S +, +55°35’25”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya ficulnea + +, +18 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1473 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier du Piton des Cabris, elev. +1690 m +, +21°09’26”S +, +55°39’04”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of a trunk of an undetermined young tree, +21 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4348 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., along road to forêt de Bébour, + +Cryptomeria + +forest with ‘Sentier botanique’, elev. +1220 m +, +21°08.50’S +, +55°35.20’E +, path in small rainforest and outcrops near stream, on unidentified tree, +30 cm +diam., +26 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 39744 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); La Possession, Roche Verre Bouteille, elev. +1300 m +, +20°59’16”S +, +55°23’36”E +, in montane + +Erica + +thicket, on a volcanic rock, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1935 +(Hb. DM); La Possession, Dos d’Âne, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1175 m +, +20°58’34”S +, +55°23’22”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest on a steep south-facing slope, on bark of the trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +17 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3862 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1145 m +, +20°58’28”S +, +55°23’35”E +, scree largely overgrown by + +Lantana camara + +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on a 40° inclined and SE oriented face of a basalt boulder, +17 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3859 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., southern slope of Piton Grand Bazar, elev. +1210 m +, +20°58’33”S +, +55°23’23”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of the trunk of an undetermined tree, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4721 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., +La Grande Montagne +, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’19”S +, +55°23’30”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on mossy bark of the trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +19August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4730 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’11”S +, +55°23’40”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of the trunk of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4735 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1350 m +, +20°58’07”S +, +55°23’45”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of the branch of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4738 +(Hb. DM); Le Tampon, forêt de Notre-Dame de la Paix, elev. +1700 m +, +21°15’55”S +, +55°36’06”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined trees, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1437 +(REU), +974.1438 +, +974.1439 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1715 m +, +21°15’50”S +, +55°36’05”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1378 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., le Volcan, trail to Piton Textor, elev. +1805 m +, +21°10’38”S +, +55°38’09”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on a NNW facing slope, on mossy bark of trunk of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +27 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4088 +(LG); Petite-Île, Haut de la forêt communale, Piton la Mare, elev. +1530 m +, +21°17’24”S +, +55°35’55”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on trunk of dead + +Cyathea glauca + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4984 +(Hb. DM); Saint-André, forêt de Dioré, elev. +765–770 m +, +20°59’38”S +, +55°35’34”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, on bark of branch of + +Geniostoma borbonicum + +and trunks of undetermined trees, +28 July 2005 +& +21 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.1806 +(REU), +974.1811, 974.5048 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Piton de Bébour, elev. +1330 m +, +21°07’45”S +, +55°34’10”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0038 +(REU), +974.0039 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1345 m +, +21°07’38”S +, +55°33’59”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branch of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0078 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. 1380– +85 m +, +21°07’34”S +, +55°33’54”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +and on trunk of a dead undetermined tree, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0122 +(REU), +974.0142 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, plateau de Duvernay, elev. +1320 m +, +21°07’27”S +, +55°34’28”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SE orientation, on bark of branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +21 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4771 +(LG); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, piste forestière de Takamaka, elev. +1335 m +, +21°06’16”S +, +55°34’11”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on mossy bark of branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +16 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4967 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, sentier de Takamaka, elev. +1360 m +, +21°06’23”S +, +55°33’58”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branch of + +Claoxylon +sp. + +, +29 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1839 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Denis, Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1540 m +, +20°59’04”S +, +55°25’17”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a sub-horizontal branch of + +Sideroxylon borbonicum + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3866 +(LG); Saint-Joseph, sentier du Piton du Rond, elev. +1115 m +, +21°18’35”S +, +55°36’04”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of trunk of an undetermined tree, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4292 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1140 m +, +21°18’32”S +, +55°36’04”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall SW orientation, on ± mossy bark of trunk of + +Ficus +sp. + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4293 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1300 m +, +21°18’08”S +, +55°36’08”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall WSW orientation, on bark of branch of an undetermined dead tree, +18August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4300 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Grand Coude, elev. +1290 m +, +21°16’42”S +, +55°37’39”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5109 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1340 m +, +21°16’36”S +, +55°37’44”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5110 +(LG); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. +1160 m +, +21°11’36”S +, +55°24’07”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of trunk of an undetermined tree, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5150 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Philippe, forêt de Saint-Philippe, sentier de Piton Ravine Basse Vallée, elev. +780 m +, +21°20’15”S +, +55°42’24”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, in an overall SW orientation, on ± mossy bark of trunk of an undetermined tree, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4249 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +915 m +, +21°19’52”S +, +55°42’16”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on ± mossy bark of a branch and trunk of + +Phyllanthus phillyreifolius + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4255 +(REU), +974.4256 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1030 m +, +21°19’34”S +, +55°42’13”E +, in + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall SSW orientation, on ± mossy bark of trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +16August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4266 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1100 m +, +21°19’26”S +, +55°42’17”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of branches of + +Phyllanthus phillyreifolius + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4270 +(Hb. DM), +974.4271 +(LG); +ibid +., route forestière des Camphriers, elev. +685 m +, +21°20’28”S +, +55°42’33”E +, on the edge of a camphor tree plantation, on mossy bark of trunk of + +Cinnamomum camphora + +, +25 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5124 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, elev. +1440 m +, +20°58’49”S +, +55°30’08”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NNE orientation, on ± mossy bark of trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +30 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4137 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1235 m +, +20°58’31”S +, +55°31’01”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branch of an undetermined tree, +17 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0451 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., between Ravine Sèche and Ravine Mère Canal, elev. +1250 m +, +20°58’33”S +, +55°30’59”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of trunk of a young + +Badula barthesia + +& on mossy bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +30 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4125 +(REU), +974.4126 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Suzanne, les Hauts de la Perrière, ravine Bras Laurent, elev. +755 m +, +20°58’49”S +, +55°33’48”E +, in disturbed windward submontane rainforest, on a NE-facing slope, on mossy bark of branch of an undetermined big tree, +11 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4596 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Piton d’Enchain, elev. +1350 m +, +21°02’39”S +, +55°29’57”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Claoxylon +sp. + +, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0326 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Forêt de Bélouve, track from Gîte de Bélouve to viewpoint, elev. +1500 m +, +21°03’39”S +, +55°32’10”E +, +30 September 1996 +, +H. Krog RE25/27 & E. Timdal +(O). + + +Sorediate morphotype +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Cilaos +, sentier du col +du Taïbit +, near source +Ti Louis +, elev. + +1835 m + +, +21°06’46”S +, +55°26’26”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall east orientation, on bark of the trunk of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, + +17 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4709 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., +Aufstieg von Thermales Richtung Col du Taïbit +, elev. + +1300 m + +, +21°07’S +, +55°28’E +, sekundärer +Niederwald +, + +22 August 1991 + +, + +K. & A. Kalb +32144 + +( +WIS +) + +; + +ibid +., southern slope of +Bonnet Carré, GR +R1 trail, elev. + +1380 m + +, +21°07’35”S +, +55°28’06”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of the trunk of + +Nuxia verticillata + +, + +18 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4716 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., +Bras Sec +, sentier +Kervéguen +, elev. + +1500 m + +, +21°07’42”S +, +55°29’55”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall west orientation, on ± mossy bark of a horizontal branch of an undetermined dead tree, + +22 August 2012 + +, + +D. Masson +974.3964 + +( +LG +) + +; + +Entre-Deux +, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. + +1115 m + +, +21°12’46”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on wood and old bark of trunk of an undetermined dead tree, + +16 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4663 + +( +Hb. DM +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +1200 m + +, +21°12’31”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall west orientation, on bark of branch of a young + +Dombeya +sp. + +, + +16 August 2015 + +, + +D. +Masson +974.4676 + +( +Hb. +DM) + +; + +Saint-Joseph +, +Grand Coude +, elev. + +1195 m + +, +21°17’09”S +, +55°37’31”E +, cultivated area with pastures, on bark of branches of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, + +24 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.5123 + +( +LG +) + +; + +Saint-Louis +, +Les Makes +, +Bois Bon Accueil +, elev. + +1055 m + +, +21°11’51”S +, +55°23’57”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, + +28 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.5146 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +1105 m + +, +21°11’44”S +, +55°23’59”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on mossy bark of + +Phyllanthus phillyreifolius + +, + +28 August 2017 + +, + +D. +Masson +974.5147 + +( +LG +) + +. + + +Specimen studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema eliasaroanum + +.— + +BRAZIL +. +São Paulo +: +Cananéia +, +Ilha do Cardoso +, restinga +da Vila Marujá +, sobre ramo fino de arbusto, + +20 October 1981 + +, + +M.P. Marcelli +1757 + +(B, +isotype +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD42F25FF1AF99FFE95FBFC.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD42F25FF1AF99FFE95FBFC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ad1793455a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD42F25FF1AF99FFE95FBFC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,696 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema occultum +D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853875 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Similar to + +Parmotrema crinitum + +, but differs by the thicker cupular exciple and by its ITS barcode ( +Table 3 +). + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Saint-Benoît +, +Bébour +, piste forestière 3 +de Takamaka +, elev. + +1240 m + +, +21°05’59”S +, +55°34’44”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, + +16 August 2017 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4966 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088078). + + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840530), mtSSU ( +PP +842604), EF1-α ( +PP +852872). + + +( +Fig. 30 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 16 × +19 cm +. +Lobes +irregularly branched, imbricate, +5–11 mm +wide, irregularly wrinkled; margins sinuate, crenate to dentate, irregularly isidiate, at times shortly laciniate or lobulate, ciliate ( +Fig. 30E +). +Cilia +black, sparse to moderately dense, unevenly distributed at the margin of the lobes and lobules, also present on isidia, slender, mostly simple, rarely 1–2 times branched or slightly squarrose, ca. +0.03–0.05 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +1.8 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, shiny at the periphery, duller towards the centre, ± clearly white-maculate, ± rugose, occasionally a little cracked in the older parts, isidiate, lacking soralia, schizidia, pustules, dactyls. +Isidia +sparse to dense, marginal and laminal, but often more concentrated submarginally, cylindrical to coralloid, occasionally irregularly flattened; often laterally and/or apically ciliate; up to +2.5 mm +high ( +Fig. 30D +). +Laciniae +rare, marginal, poorly developed, unbranched to slightly branched, up to +1 mm +long, +0.2–0.5 mm +wide, ciliate, at times isidiate. +Lobules +occasional, marginal, up to 6 × +9 mm +, ciliate. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth, rugulose or granulate, shiny towards the lobe tips, duller in the central parts, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown, erhizinate or partly rhizinate, marginal zone (ca. +1–4 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, lateral lobes with isidia occasionally with a narrow erhizinate, buff or buff-mottled, marginal zone ( +0.2–1 mm +wide). +Rhizines +numerous, ± evenly distributed, black, slender, mostly simple, rarely 1–2 times branched or squarrose, up to +3 mm +long. +Apothecia +present in the +holotype +, submarginal, cupuliform, ± flattening with age, up to +8 mm +in diameter, stipitate on constricted stipes (up to +1.3 mm +in diameter); disc imperforate, orange-brown, concave, initially shiny and smooth, then ± rough and dull; margin crenate, with ± branched and ciliate isidia; amphithecium rugose, white-maculate, not or weakly isidiate; hymenium s. lat. (80)– +114.8 +–(150) µm high, proper exciple with hyaline layer (8)– +12.3 +–(17) µm high, intermediate layer (10)– +16.2 +–(25) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (32)– +39.7 +–(45) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, (22)23– +27.6 +–32 × 12– +14.7 +–17(18) µm, Q = (1.57)– +1.88 +–2.22(2.31), epispore (3)– +3.5 +–(4) µm thick, n = 30, from one thallus. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform 5.5–7.5 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, (15)– +19.0 +–(25) µm thick. +Algal layer +here and there briefly interrupted, (15)– +20.3 +–(27) µm thick. +Medulla +(110)– +136.7 +–(163) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– +18.5– +(20) µm thick. + + + +FIGURE 30. + +Parmotrema occultum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Transverse sections of mature apothecia of + +P. crinitum + +(left, +Masson 974.5107 +) and + +P. occultum + +(right, holotype), stained in lactic cotton blue, showing the cupulate proper exciple clearly thicker in + +P. occultum + +; +D +: Isidiate lobe with ciliate, simple to coralloid-branched isidia ( +Masson 974.4269 +); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 100 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow, +C− +, +KC− +, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), menegazziaic acid (trace), cryptostictic acid (trace) and hypostictic acid (trace). + + + + +Etymology +:—From the Latin +occultus +: hidden, concealed. The new taxon is phenotypically very similar to + +Parmotrema crinitum + +and was confused with it before molecular analysis. + + +Geographical distribution +:—Currently known only from two localities on the windward side of the +Réunion Island +( +Fig. 30A +), at relatively low elevations (1085 and +1240 m +). + + + + +Ecology +:—The two collected specimens were found in cloud forests (windward montane rainforest and + +Pandanus + +montane wet thicket), one on the bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, the other on the mossy bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus montanus + +. + +Parmotrema occultum + +appears to be an ombrophilous species and somewhat more thermophilous than its close relative + +P. crinitum + +, as suggested by the bioclimatic indices (bioclimate pluvial tropical) of the two collection localities: thermotype belts = upper thermotropical (It = 500) and lower mesotropical (It = 415), ombrotype belts = upper hyperhumid (Io = 20.8) and ultrahyperhumid (Io = 29.2) ( +Fig. 30B +). We did not collect + +P. crinitum + +at the same locations where + +P. occultum + +was found, and it would be very interesting to precisely compare the ecological niches of these two lichens, for example in the Forêt de Bébour where both were found, but at different elevations: +1240 m +for + +P. occultum + +, 1390, 1405 and +1520 m +for + +P. crinitum + +. + + +Notes +:—Molecular investigations of Reunionese + +Parmotrema + +with ciliate lobe margins, commonly ciliate isidia, black lower surface, and unpigmented medulla with stictic and constictic acids as main secondary metabolites revealed the existence of two distinct lineages ( +Fig. 3 +& +4 +). One is most likely + +P. crinitum + +(see the entry for this taxon). The other relates to a very similar taxon overall, but a posteriori comparative analysis of specimens from both lineages suggests the existence of subtle differences. Compared to + +P. crinitum + +, the near-cryptic taxon tends to have wider lobes (5–11 vs +2–9 mm +), and the isidiate lateral lobes less frequently have an erhizinate margin on the underside and, when it occurs, it is narrower and buff rather than ivory-white. The average thickness of the cupular proper exciple is an interesting anatomical diagnostic feature, as it is distinctly thicker in + +P. occultum + +( +Fig. 15A +, +Fig. 30C +). However, these potential phenotypic differences need to be confirmed by examining more thalli, particularly those of + +P. occultum + +. We found no differences in the relative thickness of the three layers of the proper exciple (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, +P += 0.795), or in the size and shape of the ascospores or conidia ( +Table 6 +), or in the secondary chemistry (at least with the resolution capacity of TLC). + + + +Hale +(1965a) + +and + +Hale +& DePriest (1999) + +listed seven species-level names as heterotypic synonyms of + +P. crinitum + +. + +Parmelia proboscidea +Taylor + +, + +Parmelia excrescens +(Arnold) Zopf + +(based on + +Imbricaria perlata +var. +excrescens +Arnold + +), and + +Parmelia pilosella +Hue + +were described from European material ( +Taylor 1836 +, +Arnold 1882 +, +Hue 1898 +). Our phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +) shows that European specimens from +France +, +Norway +, mainland +Portugal +, and +Switzerland +nest together with North American specimens, and part of the Reunionese material, in the same + +Parmotrema +crinitum-P. +perlatum + +clade ( + +Stelate +et al +. 2022 + +). So, it is unlikely that the names + +Parmelia excrescens +, +P. pilosella + +and + +P. proboscidea + +would apply to our near-cryptic taxon. This is also the case with + +Parmelia schweinfurthii +Müll. Arg. + +, described from the island of +Socotra +, +Yemen +( +Müller 1882 +). A specimen from this island, whose ITS has been studied (GenBank accession AY251442), seems to be more closely related to + +Parmotrema crinitum + +than our near-cryptic taxon ( +Fig. 4 +). + +Parmelia pseudocatharinensis +Gyeln. + +is based on + +P. catharinensis +Müll. Arg. f. +isidiosa +Müll. Arg. + +, from +Brazil +( +Müller 1891 +). The +type +material in G is accompanied by two annotation labels by M. +Hale +. One, typed, is dated 1959 and indicates ‘ + +Parmelia crinita +Ach. + +[probably]. Atranorine, stictic acid +’. The other, handwritten and dated 1974, mentions ‘ + +Parmelia internexa +Nyl. TLC + +: stictic, norlobaridone, atranorin, constictic’. The occurrence of norlobaridone in addition to stictic acid and related substances, as well as the non-ciliated isidia (cf. photograph of +type +material from G; cilia not cited in the protologue) are indeed characteristic of + +Parmotrema internexum + +( +Spielmann & Marcelli 2009 +, Lendemer 2015). + +Parmelia catharinensis +f. +isidiosa + +is therefore a junior synonym of + +Parmotrema internexum + +, and not of + +P. crinitum + +as indicated by + +Hale +(1965a) + +and + +Hale +& DePriest (1999) + +. The enigmatic + +Parmelia tuckermanii +Du Rietz + +, from +Cuba +, has non-ciliate isidia and produces small ascospores (7–9 × 14–17 µm), with a thin epispore (ca. 1 µm) ( +Du Rietz 1924 +). It is therefore quite different from our near-cryptic taxon, and even its synonymy with + +Parmotrema crinitum + +is questionable. It is much the same for + +Parmelia chlorocarpa +Müll. Arg. + +, described from +Venezuela +. Philippe Clerc kindly examined for us the +type +in G. Norlobaridone was not detected by TLC and the lobe margins are copiously ciliate. However the isidia are eciliate, and the average thickness of the cupular exciple is more similar to those found in + +Parmotrema crinitum + +from +Réunion +than to those of our near-cryptic taxon. As we have not found any existing species-level name that could match the near-cryptic species related to + +P. crinitum + +, we describe it as new. + + +In our 3-locus analysis, the four species + +P. crinitum +, +P. nephophilum + +, + +P. occultum + +and + +P. perlatum + +were resolved as a single supported clade ( +Fig. 3 +). The sibling species + +P. occultum + +was resolved with strong support on a distant branch, and recognized as a distinct species by both Stacey and bPP analyses. + + + +Additional specimen examined ( +paratype +) + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Saint-Philippe, forêt de Saint-Philippe, sentier de Piton Ravine Basse Vallée, elev. +1085 m +, +21°19’28”S +, +55°42’16”E +, in + +Pandanus + +montane wet thicket, in an overall SSW orientation, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +16 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4269 +(LG). + + +Nomenclatural comment +:—The status of species rank for + +Imbricaria perlata +var. +excrescens +Arnold + +needs further comments. + +Hale +& DePriest (1999) + +as well as Mycobank (www.mycobank.org, accessed +21 November 2022 +) stated + +Parmelia excrescens +(Arnold) Hav. + +The combination + +P. excrescens + +was indeed used by +Havaas (1918) +in his work reporting the presence of + +Parmotrema crinitum + +in +Norway +. However, +Index Fungorum +(www.indexfungorum. org, accessed +21 November 2022 +) proposes + +Parmelia excrescens +(Arnold) Zopf + +, according to an earlier publication ( +Engler & Prantl 1907: 34 +). Indeed, the new combination already appears in a paper by Zopf published in 1897 ( +Zopf 1897: 280 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD72F38FF1AFBC3FD92FC80.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD72F38FF1AFBC3FD92FC80.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4985eeab181 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFD72F38FF1AFBC3FD92FC80.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1070 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema odontatum +(Hue) D.M. Masson & Sérus. + +, + +comb. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853883 + + + + + + + + +Parmelia odontata +Hue (1899: 185) +MycoBank + + +no. 397978 + + + + + +Type +:— + +FRANCE +. +La +Réunion +[without locality], 1889, + +frère +Rodriguez +s.n. + +( +PC +, +n.v +., +holotype +, fide + +Hale +1965a + +; US [image!], +isotype +) + +. ( +Fig. 31 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, coriaceous, up to 14 × +20 cm +. +Lobes +irregular to sublinear, sometimes ± separate or contiguous but generally imbricate, +3–13 mm +wide, often ± involute to partly convolute, lobe axils usually rounded, with margins sinuate, crenate or dentate, rather frequently laciniate, fairly often lobulate, eciliate ( +Fig. 31C +), often with a black rim. +Cilia +absent, but exceptionally a few ± clumped rhizines can be located on the black rim at the margin of some lobes and thus resemble cilia. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey centrally, more greenish towards the periphery, ± dull, glossier towards lobe tips, faintly to clearly effigurate white-maculate, smooth to rugose, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, isidia, soralia. +Laciniae +occasional to frequent, mostly on lateral lobes, mainly marginal, rarely also laminal, plane, rarely ± terete, sometimes ± dichotomously or irregularly branched, not brittle, up to +4 mm +long and +2 mm +wide. +Lobules +frequent, marginal, up to 7 × +7.5 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +rugulose or granulate, ± shiny, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–4.5 mm +wide) at main lobe tips. +Rhizines +in scattered clusters, black, simple, sometimes furcate, up to +1 mm +long. +Apothecia +frequent, laminal or submarginal ( +Fig. 31D +), up to +17 mm +in diameter, shortly stipitate on constricted stipes (up to +1.6 mm +in diameter), disc imperforate, margin crenate, dentate, occasionally shortly laciniate (up to +1.2 mm +long), amphithecium maculate, smooth ( +Fig. 31D +), rarely reticulate cracked with age. +Ascospores +(14)16– +18.4 +–21(22) × (7)7.5– +9.2 +–11 µm, Q = (1.55)1.57– +2.01 +–2.45(2.71), epispore (1)– +1.6 +–(2) µm thick, n = 150, from 5 thalli, mean values for each thallus: 17.7 × 8.6, 17.8 × 9.4, 18.5 × 9.3, 18.8 × 8.7, 18.9 × 10.0 µm. +Pycnidia +common, submarginal, also on laciniae when present, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform (8)9–11(12) × ca. 1 µm. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ pink, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid. + + +Geographical distribution +:—The species was described by +Hue (1899) +from +Réunion +and so far it is only known from this island. The oldest collection dates from 1840, and since then, + +Parmotrema odontatum + +has been found at nine localities in seven UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or six UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 31A +). All recent collections are located at low elevations ( +50–345 m +), at the southwestern end of the island at the bottom of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. As with + +P. nemorum + +, it is likely that this lichen also occurs at other localities with parks and gardens with trees in the windward coastal zone, as these anthropogenic lowland habitats have been under-surveyed by lichenologists visiting the island. + + + + +FIGURE 31. + +Parmotrema odontatum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4655 +); +D +: Apothecia of various ages, with smooth amphithecium, on lobes with eciliate margins ( +Masson 974.4655 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 20 mm; D = 8 mm. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema odontatum + +is a corticolous lichen, found on the trunk, branches or twigs of native or introduced trees and shrubs. This species seems to be restricted to the warm and humid low-lying area, as evidenced by the bioclimatic characteristics of the localities: bioclimate pluvial tropical, with thermotype belt = lower thermotropical (605 ≤ It ≤ 638) and ombrotype belts = from lower to upper hyperhumid (14.5 ≤ Io ≤ 19.9) ( +Fig. 31B +). It does not occur within the lowland rainforest remnants themselves (except perhaps high in the canopy?), which are probably too dark, but in more lighted secondary habitats such as the sides of forest roads or tracks, tree plantations and parks. + + +Notes +: + +Hale +(1965a) + +reduced + +Parmelia odontata + +into synonymy with + +Parmelia disparilis +Nyl. + +[= + +Parmotrema disparile +(Nyl.) Hale + +], a poorly circumscribed species described by +Nylander (1860) +from the island of Nosy Be, northwest of +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1956 +). According the protologue, +des Abbayes (1956: 10–11) +comments, our own examination of two collections from northern +Madagascar +(REN) and a photograph of a +syntype +in H, + +Parmotrema disparile + +has a maculate upper surface, eciliate lobe margins with conspicuous ± canaliculate/corniculate laciniae, apothecial margins without or with laciniae (up to +4 mm +long), medium size ascospores [21–25 × 10–12 µm, according to the protologue; (15)16– +18.7 +–21.5 × (7)8– +9.2 +–10.5 µm, Q = (1.50)1.63– +2.04 +–2.45(2.63), epispore (1)– +1.3 +–(1.5) µm thick, n = 60, from the two Malagasy thalli], and protocetraric acid in the medulla ( +one specimen +, REN 000038, also has an unknown yellow pigment). +Conidia +of + +P. disparile + +were not described so far. Those of the two Malagasy specimens are faintly sublageniform, sometimes slightly curved, and 5–6 µm long. Thus, + +P. disparile + +and + +P. odontatum + +have quite similar phenotypes ( +Table 9 +), but + +P. odontatum + +does not have long and well-developed canaliculate/corniculate laciniae at lobe margins, the epispore is slightly thicker, and above all, the conidia are different. + +Hale +(1965a) + +cited three collections of + +P. disparile + +from two localities in +Mexico +. Two of these collections belong to + +P. cornigerum +Kurok. + +(Kurokawa 2001, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +), one being the type collection. Study of an +isotype +of + +P. cornigerum + +in REN has shown that this taxon is very similar to + +P. disparile + +( +Table 9 +), and it is unfortunate that Kurokawa did not compare the two taxa in the protologue. Both have a maculate upper surface and amphithecium (‘emaculate’ in the protologue of + +P. cornigerum + +), eciliate lobe margins with conspicuous corniculate laciniae, non-perforate apothecial disk (‘perforate’ in the protologue of + +P. cornigerum + +), and ascospores of similar size.According to the +isotype +of + +P. cornigerum + +investigated, conidia are faintly sublageniform and 6–7 µm long. A molecular investigation of this complex is needed to better understand the relationship between + +P. disparile + +, + +P. odontatum + +and + +P. cornigerum + +. + + + +TABLE 9 +. Comparison of the three taxa + +P. disparile + +, + +P. odontatum + +and + +P +. +cornigerum + +for some phenotypical characters. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +P. disparile + + + +P. odontatum + + + +P. cornigerum + +
+source + +protologue ( +Nylander 1860 +) +REN 000038 REN 000039 +protologue ( +Hue 1899 +) +present studyprotologue (Kurokawa 2001)isotype (REN 000040)
+lobe margin laciniae +corniculatemostly canaliculate to corniculateplanemostly plane, rarely ± teretecanaliculate, terete near apicesmostly canaliculate to corniculate
+upper surface +–maculate–maculateemaculatemaculate
+apothecial disc +–imperforate–imperforateperforateimperforate
+apothecial margin +without laciniaewith canaliculate to corniculate laciniae in some old apotheciacrenate, dentate, without laciniaecrenate, dentate, occasionally shortly laciniate–crenate, without laciniae
+ascospore size (µm) +21–25 × 10–12 +16– +18.7 +–21.5 × 8– +9.2 +–10.5 +13–20 × 8–11 +16– +18.4 +–21 × 7.5– +9.2 +–11 +20–21 × 9–10 +19– +21.7 +–24.5 × 10– +11.2 +–12.5 +
+epispore width (µm) +– +(1)– +1.3 +–(1.5) +1.5 +(1)– +1.6 +–(2) +– +(1)– +1.5 +–(2) +
+conidia type, and size (µm) +–faintly sublageniform 5–6bacciliform 8–11bacciliform (8)9–11(12)–faintly sublageniform 6–7
+medullary extrolites +–protocetraric acid, ± unknown yellow pigment–protocetraric acidprotocetraric acidprotocetraric acid
+ + +Some collections from +Réunion +were initially identified as + +P. zollingeri +(Hepp) Hale + +(e.g. van den Boom +et al +. 2011). In his revision of the + +P. zollingeri + +group, +Elix (1998) +found that the +isotypes +of + +P. zollingeri + +contain fumarprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric acids as major medullary substances, whereas + +P. merrillii +(Vain.) Hale + +and + +P. overeemii +(Zahlbr.) Elix + +contain protocetraric acid as the only major substance. These two species, however, differ from + +P. odontatum + +mainly in their ± ciliate margins, emaculate upper surface, and sublageniform conidia that are 5–7 µm in length ( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). In our phylogenetic tree constructed from ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +), a Thai accession identified as + +P. overeemii + +(GenBank MK722218) does not appear to be closely related to the well-supported clade of + +P +. +odontatum + +. + + +As demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis of a 3-locus data matrix ( +Fig. 3 +), + +P. odontatum + +belongs to a well-supported clade, comprising four other species ( + +P. aurantioreagens + +, + +P. mascarenense + +, + +P. meiospermum + +and + +P. orarium + +). According to the distribution data currently available, it is possible that all are endemic to the Mascarene Islands ( +Table 1 +). + + +Specimens examined +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +:: ‘provient de mon jardin où il croissait sur le tronc rugueux d’un acacia’, 1840, + +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche +7 + +( +PC 0009289 +) + +; + +Saint-Philippe +, +Le Tremblet +, elev. + +140 m + +, +21°17’41”S +, +55°47’57”E +, GR R2 variante trail, kiosque by the road, ca. 20 years old tree plantation, + +15 October 2003 + +, + +U. Schiefelbein +1718 + +(B) + +; + +ibid +., +Mare Longue +, on road towards +Mare Longue nature reserve +, elev. + +50 m + +, +21°21’41”S +, +55°44’45”E +, on tree, + +28 September 1996 + +, + +H. Krog +RE16/1 & +E. Timdal + +(O) + +; forêt de Mare Longue, Sentier botanique, elev. +240 m +, +21°22’S +, +55°44’E +, trees and shrubs along the road, on unidentified tree, +03 June 2008 +, +P. & B. v.d. Boom 40567 +(Hb. P. v.d. Boom); + +ibid +., +Mare Longue +, route forestière 4, elev. + +120 m + +, +21°21’31”S +, +55°44’32”E +, on the roadside in a disturbed lowland rainforest, in a general southern orientation, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined young tree, + +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4655 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +230 m + +, +21°21’12”S +, +55°44’36”E +, on the side of a track in a disturbed lowland rainforest, in a general southern orientation, on bark of twigs of + +Codiaeum +sp. + +, + +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. +Masson +974.4656 + +( +Hb. +DM) + +; + +ibid +., +Basse Vallée +, route forestière 36, elev. + +345 m + +, +21°21’14”S +, +55°42’20”E +, on the roadside in a disturbed lowland rainforest with vanilla cultivation, in a general SE orientation, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined tree, + +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4651 + +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +310 m + +, +21°21’22”S +, +55°42’23”E +, on the roadside in a disturbed lowland rainforest with vanilla cultivation, in a general SSE orientation, on bark of a dead branch of an undetermined tree, + +16 August 2013 + +, + +D. +Masson +974.4286 + +( +Hb. +DM) + +; + +Sainte-Rose +, +Bois Blanc +, elev. + +80 m + +, +21°11’S +, +55°49’E +, in a garden along a road, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, + +12 April 2003 + +, + +D. Masson +974.0288 + +( +Hb. DM +) + +; + +ibid +., +Bois Blanc +, route forestière 18, elev. + +155–175 m + +, +21°11’40”S +, +55°48’51”E +, in a managed lowland rainforest with various woodland plantations, on bark of trunks of undetermined trees, + +13 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4627 + +, +974.4632 +( +LG +) + +, +974.4629 +(Hb. DM). + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema cornigerum + +.— + +MEXICO +. +Chiapas +: + +El Sumidero + +canyon, north of +Tuxtla Gutiérrez +, elev. + +1220 m + +, scrub deciduous forest bordering rim of +El Sumidero +, on deciduous trees, + +21 March 1960 + +, + +M.E. +Hale +20078 & +T.R. Soderstrom + +( +REN 000040 +, +isotype +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema disparile + +.— + +MADAGASCAR +. +Diana +: district +d’Ambilobe +, vallée +de l’Ifasy +en aval +d’Anaborano +, elev. + +50–200 m + +, 1950–1951, + +H. Humbert +s.n. + +( +REN 000038 +, +000039 +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema zollingeri + + +s. lat. +— +MEXICO +. +Chiapas +: +50 km +west of +Tuxtla Gutiérrez +on highway 190, elev. + +1040 m + +, deciduous mist forest, on deciduous trees, + +18 March 1960 + +, + +M.E. +Hale +19954 & +T.R. Soderstrom + +( +REN 000067 +) + +; + +ibid +., road to + +El Suspiro + +, +5–7 km +north of +Berriozábal +, elev. + +920 m + +, scrubby deciduous pasture, mist forest, on deciduous trees, + +22 March 1960 + +, + +M.E. +Hale +20157 & +T.R. Soderstrom + +( +REN 000068 +) + +; + +ibid +., +2 km +north of highway 190 on road to +Puebla +Nueva +, west of +Chiapas +, elev. + +1070 m + +, pine pasture, on deciduous trees, + +23 March 1960 + +, + +M.E. +Hale +20186 & +T.R. Soderstrom + +( +REN 000069 +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFDC2F2DFF1AFE8FFE02F87D.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFDC2F2DFF1AFE8FFE02F87D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7917848ac2f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFDC2F2DFF1AFE8FFE02F87D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1064 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + +Parmotrema nemorum +D.M. Masson, Magain & Sérus. + +, + +sp. nov. + +MycoBank no. 853873 + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Similar to + +Parmotrema amaniense +(J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Krog & Swinscow + +, but differs by the constant presence of protolichesterinic acid in addition to alectoronic and protocetraric acids as major medullary extrolites, the amphithecium developing prominent veins with coarse isidioid structures, the occasional presence of laminal isidia, and the occasional occurrence of a reddish purple pigment in the medulla. + + + + + + +Holotype + +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Sainte-Rose +, +Bois Blanc +, route forestière 18, elev. + +185 m + +, +21°11’40”S +, +55°48’47”E +, landscaped lowland rainforest with tree plantations and recreation areas, on bark of a trunk of an unidentified tree, + +13 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4634 + +(MNHN-PC-PC0088076). + + + +GenBank accession numbers: ITS ( +PP +840447), mtSSU ( +PP +842572), EF1-α ( +PP +852834). + + +( +Fig. 28 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, up to +28 cm +long, +20 cm +wide. +Lobes +irregular, contiguous or imbricate, apices ± rounded, +5–18 mm +wide, lateral lobes often ± revolute to somewhat erect and partly convolute; margins sinuate or crenate, rarely dentate, laciniate or lobulate, ciliate ( +Fig. 28E +), occasionally tinged with a reddish purple pigment. +Cilia +always present but with variable density and ± irregular distribution at the lobes margins, also occasionally laminal or on isidioid protuberances of the amphithecium, black, very often with coppery red glints (pigments), simple, rarely 1–(2) times branched, ca. +0.04–0.10 mm +in diameter at the base, up to +3.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale yellowish grey centrally, more greenish towards the periphery, ± dull, more shiny towards lobe tips, generally emaculate, rarely faintly white-maculate, maculation more conspicuous near apothecia, smooth to rugose, occasionally isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia. +Isidia +present in 7 of the 12 thalli examined, laminal or submarginal, irregularly distributed, never abundant, granular, verrucose, ± cylindrical or flattened, rather stout, simple, often apically ciliate or with pycnidia, up to +1 mm +high ( +Fig. 28D +). +Laciniae +rare, marginal, up to 0.5 × +1 mm +. +Lobules +occasional, marginal or laminal, ciliate, up to 3.5 × +4.5 mm +. +Medulla +usually white throughout, but may be tinged with a reddish purple pigment (K+ purple), especially when exposed. +Lower surface +smooth or rugulose, dull, shinier towards the periphery; black to the margin, or with a buff erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–8 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, lateral lobes sometimes with an erhizinate, ivory white or cream- mottled marginal zone ( +1–4 mm +wide); often becoming ivory or cream under apothecia. +Rhizines +sparse, in ± scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, simple or fasciculate, rarely 1–2 times branched, up to +2 mm +long, generally rather stout, exceptionally some at the periphery are slender and copper-red pigmented like cilia. +Apothecia +quite common, submarginal, on swollen stipes becoming ± constricted with age, or at the tip of convoluted and erect lateral lobes, first concave, then flattening with age, up to +20 mm +in diameter; disc imperforate, orange brown; amphithecium and stipe strongly white-maculate, developing a network of ± prominent and anastomosing veins with coarse, irregular, ± flattened, and ± branched isidioid protuberances (up to +2.5 mm +long) quite often bearing cilia and/or pycnidia ( +Fig. 28C +); thalline margin dentate to fringed with isidioid protuberances or lobules, sometimes with cilia and/or pycnidia; hymenium s. lat. (82)– +89.0 +–(102) µm high, proper exciple with hyaline layer (4)– +6.1 +–(9) µm high, intermediate layer (18)– +23.2 +–(27) µm high, cortex-like basal layer (22)– +26.9 +–(35) µm high. +Ascospores +8 per ascus, simple, colourless, ellipsoidal, (22)22.5– +25.6 +–29(30) × 11– +13.7 +–16.5(19) µm, Q = (1.37)1.53– +1.89 +–2.25(2.42), epispore (2)– +2.7 +–(3.5) µm thick, n = 240, from 8 thalli, mean values for each thallus: 24.7 × 12.6, 24.8 × 12.9, 25.1 × 13.5, 25.4 × 13.3, 25.4 × 13.5, 26.3 × 13.6, 26.3 × 16.3, 26.8 × 13.7 µm. +Pycnidia +common, mostly submarginal on lobes, black. + +Conidia + +clearly sublageniform 5–7 × ca. 1 µm. +Upper cortex +palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (15)– +21.9 +–(32) µm thick. +Algal layer +continuous, (15)– +18.3 +–(20) µm thick. +Medulla +(140)– +149.3 +–(162) µm thick. +Lower cortex +prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– +16.1– +(18) µm thick. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C− +, +KC ++ fleeting purple pink, then pink-orange, P+ orange, UV+ blue-white, pigmented medulla and cilia K+ purple. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major), protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor), ± α-collatolic acid (minor/trace), ± an undetermined pink-purple pigment: P1; ± 1–2 undetermined ciliary pigments: P1, O1. + + + + +Etymology +: +— +From the Latin +nemus +: forest with glade or pasture. The specific epithet refers to the open woodlands where the taxon was found. + + +Geographical distribution +:—So far only known with certainty from +Réunion +. The oldest collection dates to 1840, and since then, + +Parmotrema nemorum + +has been found at four localities in four UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or four UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 28A +). The recent occurences were clustered in two low elevation areas ( +155–380 m +), on the northeastern and southern slopes of the Piton de la Fournaise massif. However, it is quite possible that the species is more widespread in the windward zone, as potential habitats (lowland parks, vanilla plantations or wooded gardens), often with private access, have been under-prospected. + + + +FIGURE 28. + +Parmotrema nemorum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Amphithecium of a mature apothecium developing prominent and anastomosing veins with coarse and ciliate isidioid structures (holotype); +D +: Submarginal isidia, ± cylindrical or flattened, rather stout, simple, often with pycnidia, some apically ciliate (holotype); +E +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4635 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 20 mm. + + + +This lichen may also exist in +Mauritius +. Indeed, in addition to the thallus collected in 1840 on +Réunion +by Lepervenche-Mézières, and examined by us, +Hue (1899: 197) +cited, under the name + +Parmelia proboscidea +Tayl. + +in Mack., a specimen from the Bory de +Saint-Vincent +herbarium (PC) collected on +Mauritius +in the year X [French Republican calendar; probably between +December 1801 +and +March 1802 +, during Bory’s second stay on +Mauritius +( + +Bory de +Saint-Vincent +1804 + +)], and which could also belong to + +P. nemorum + +. However, it has not been possible to examine it. + + + + +Ecology +:— + +Parmotrema nemorum + +typically grows on the rather well-lit bark of tree trunks and branches in secondary lowland rainforests. It is a thermophilous and ombrophilous lichen, as shown by the bioclimatic characteristics of its localities: bioclimate pluvial tropical, with thermotype belt = lower thermotropical (600 ≤ It ≤ 620) and ombrotype belts = from lower to upper hyperhumid (14.5 ≤ Io ≤ 19.7) ( +Fig. 28B +). Its ecology appears to be broadly similar to that of + +P. odontatum + +, and both taxa can occur at the same locality. + + +Notes +:—According to our molecular analyses using three loci, + +Parmotrema nemorum + +constitutes a well-supported clade, phylogenetically close to that of + +P. subdeflectens + +, but quite distinct ( +Fig. 3 +). To our knowledge, these two new + +Parmotrema +species + +are the only ones whose medulla contains the combination of protocetraric, alectoronic and protolichesterinic acids as major extrolites. + +Parmotrema subdeflectens + +is a sorediate taxon, whereas + +P. nemorum + +is commonly fertile with, occasionally, some isidia-like outgrowths ( +Fig. 28D +), most likely not functioning as vegetative propagules. In the current state of knowledge, the distribution and ecology of these two lichens appear to be quite distinct. + +Parmotrema nemorum + +is confined to the Piton de la Fournaise massif at low elevations (< +400 m +), in hot and very humid localities, while + +P. subdeflectens + +is confined to the Piton des Neiges massif at higher elevations (> +1000 m +), in cooler and drier localities. + + +Two sexually reproducing species are phenotypically close to + +P. nemorum + +: + +P. amaniense + +, described from +Tanzania +( +Zahlbruckner 1926 +), and + +P. pachysporum +(Hale) Hale + +, described from +Angola +( + +Hale +1965a + +) ( +Table 8 +). According to their broad concept of + +P. amaniense +, +Krog & Swinscow (1981) + +reduced + +P. pachysporum + +to synonymy with + +P. amaniense + +. However, + +P. pachysporum + +differs from both + +P. amaniense + +and + +P. nemorum + +by the longer ascospores, the +type +of conidia, and the medullary chemistry. + +Parmotrema nemorum + +differs from + +P. amaniense + +s. str. +by its tendency to develop isidia-like protuberances, that are often ciliate, on the surface of the amphithecium and, to a lesser extent, on the upper surface of the lobes. In addition, its medullary chemistry is distinctive in that it includes protocetraric, alectoronic and protolichesterinic acids as constant major substances, as well as an accessory reddish purple pigment (also often present on cilia).A thallus from the +type +collection of + +P. amaniense + +(W-1909/8386) that we could examine has some cilia with reddish pigmentation, but the medulla is entirely white. No author, to our knowledge, has reported any medullary pigmentation in the + +P. amaniense + +group. Another similar taxon, but with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids in the medulla, was included as a chemotype in Krog & Swinscow’s concept of + +P. amaniense + +. It was cited from +Tanzania +and +Uganda +by +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +and + +Alstrup +et al +. (2010) + +. We found a collection from +Rwanda +and one from +Tanzania +that could correspond to it. However, the conidia are clearly sublageniform (6–7 µm long) in the first, and bacilliform (rarely weakly sublageniform, 7–9 µm long) in the second. The specimens from +Papua New Guinea +cited by +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +under the name + +P. elacinulatum +(Kurok.) Streimann + +(including + +P. submerrillii +Elix + +in the opinion of these two authors) also seem to fit with this taxon. According to +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +, these specimens contain protocetraric, protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids as major medullary substances. However, in the protologues of + +Parmelia elacinulata + +and + +Parmotrema submerillii +, +Kurokawa (1979) + +and +Elix (1993) +report only protocetraric acid in the medulla, without any mention of fatty acids. We examined a specimen of + +P. submerrillii + +, collected near the +type +locality, which also contained only protocetraric acid in the medulla. The other phenotypic characters match the diagnosis of + +P. submerillii + +perfectly, including the 5–6 µm long sublageniform conidia [and not the conidia ‘bacilliform, 6–7 × 1 µm’ cited by +Elix (1998) +and +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +]. Interestingly, we found the undetermined pigment PV in the cilia of this Australian specimen. This overview, albeit not complete, of the + +P. amaniense + +group shows that we can only hope to make progress in our understanding of this complex by acquiring molecular data on each of its representatives, and by analysing them globally. + + +On +Réunion +, + +P. nemorum + +can be confused with + +P. odontatum + +, an equally large and fertile species that shares the same distribution and ecology, and displays a similar morphology. However, + +P. nemorum + +can be differentiated by the presence of marginal cilia, the outgrowths often present on the amphithecium, the stipes of the young apothecia that are swollen and not constricted, the larger ascospores with wider epispore, and the occurrence in the medulla of alectoronic and protolichesterinic acids in addition to protocetraric acid, as well as an occasional reddish purple pigment. + + + +TABLE 8 +. Comparison of the three taxa + +P. nemorum + +, + +P. amaniense + +and + +P +. +pachysporum + +for some phenotypical characters. +(1) +Our data; +(2) + +Hale +(1973) + +added alectoronic acid; +(3) +From a TLC made by H. Krog in 1973 (label), also +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +P. nemorum + + + +P. amaniense + + + +P. pachysporum + +
+source +present study +protologue ( +Zahlbruckner 1926 +) +type collection(1) (W) +protologue ( +Hale +1965) +holotype(1) (UPS)
+amphithecium surface of mature apothecia +with ± prominent veins, often with isidioid outgrowthsrough veinedwith ± prominent veinsstrongly rugosewrinkled-plicate
+ascospore size (µm) + +22.5– +25.6 +–29 × 11– +13.7 +–16.5 +19–30 × 12–17 +24.5– +28.6 +–32.5 × 13– +15.1 +–17.5 +30–34 × 13–15 +28– +32.7 +–37 × 15.5– +16.5 +–17.5 +
+epispore width (µm) + +(2)– +2.7 +–(3.5) +– +(2)– +2.4 +–(3) +3 +(2.5)– +2.8 +–(3) +
+conidia type, and length (µm) +clearly sublageniform 5–7elongatedlageniform 4–6clearly sublageniform 6–75–6bacilliform, rarely weakly sublageniform 6–8
+isidia +occasionalabsentabsentabsentabsent
+medullary pigment +reddish purple, occasional–absent–absent
+major medullary extrolites +protocetraric acid alectoronic acid protolichesterinic acid–protocetraric acid alectoronic acidprotocetraric acid(2)protocetraric acid α-collatolic acid(3)
+ + +Specimens examined +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: without locality, 1840, + +M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche +7 + +( +PC 0009290 +) + +; + +Saint-Philippe +, +Basse Vallée +, route forestière 36, elev. + +265–280 m + +, 21°21’29–34”S, 55°42’24–28”E, roadside in a secondary lowland rainforest with vanilla plantations, in an overall SE orientation, on bark of trunk and a dead branch of unidentified trees, + +16 August 2013 +& +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4287 + +( +LG +) + +, + +974.4654 +( +Hb. DM +); +ibid +., elev. + +310–350 m + +, 21°21’14–22”S, 55°42’19–24”E, roadside in a secondary lowland rainforest with vanilla plantations, in an overall SE orientation, on bark of trunks and a branch of unidentified trees, + +16 August 2013 +& +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4285 + +( +REU +) + +, + +974.4650 +, +974.4653 +( +Hb. +DM), +974.4652 +( +LG +) + +; + +ibid +., elev. + +380 m + +, +21°21’09”S +, +55°42’15”E +, roadside in a secondary lowland rainforest with vanilla plantations, in an overall SE orientation, on bark of the trunk of a young unidentified tree, + +15 August 2015 + +, + +D. +Masson +974.4649 + +( +Hb. +DM) + +; + +Sainte-Rose +, +Bois Blanc +, route forestière 18, elev. + +155–185 m + +, 21°11’39–41”S, 55°48’47–53”E, landscaped lowland rainforest with tree plantations and recreation areas, on bark of trunks of unidentified trees, + +13 August 2015 + +, + +D. Masson +974.4628 + +( +REU +) + +, + +974.4630 +, +974.4633 +( +Hb. +DM), +974.4635 +( +LG +) + +. + + +Specimens studied for comparison +: + + + +Parmotrema amaniense + +— + +TANZANIA +. +Ost-Usambara +, +Amani +, + +800 m + +, im +Regenwald +, an +Stämmen +häufig, + +July 1909 + +, +Brunnthaler s.n. +(W, +type +collection) + +. + + + +Parmotrema amaniense + + +s. lat. +[with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids]— +RWANDA +. + +Forêt +de Rugege + +, entre +Garamba +et la plantation +de Gisakura +, ca. + +1900 m + +, lisière de la forêt de montagne ± secondarisée, en bordure d’un défrichement de fond de vallon, branche tombée, + +1 September 1974 + +, + +J. Lambinon +74/1039 + +( +LG +) + +. + + + +TANZANIA +. +Tanga +: +Amani +, +Usambara Mts +, +Karimi Estate +(road towards Monga), elev. + +800–900 m + +, +5°07’S +, +38°37’E +, + +on + +Grevillea + + +along a road, + +10 January 1971 + +, + +R. Moberg +1485b + +( +UPS +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema pachysporum + + +s. str. +— +ANGOLA +. +Huila +: + +Sá +da Bandeira + +[= Lubango], c. +10 km +N of the town, elev. + +2000 m + +, + +Brachystegia + +(etc.) forest by the road, on trees, + +03 February 1960 + +, + +G. Degelius +s.n + +. ( +UPS +, +holotype +) + +. + + + +Parmotrema submerrillii + +.— + +AUSTRALIA +. +Queensland +: +Paluma village +, +Palluma Range +, + +40 km +S of Ingham + +, elev. + +830 m + +, +19°01’S +, +146°13’E +, regrowth on old quarry site, on semi-shaded treelet stem ( + +Sloanea + +), + +27 October 1995 + +, + +H. Streimann +57903 + +(B) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFC5EFDA1F7EC.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFC5EFDA1F7EC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..07259505b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFC5EFDA1F7EC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema thomsonii +(Stirt.) A. +Crespo, Divakar & Elix (2010a: 1746) +MycoBank + + +no. 516755 + + + + + + + +Platysma thomsonii +Stirt. (1879: 321) MycoBank + +no. 401623 + + + + +Type +:— + +INDIA +. +West Bengal +: near Darjeeling, s.d., + +J.A. Thomson +36 + +( +GLAM +, + +n.v +. + +, +holotype +; fide +Awasthi 1987 +) + +. + + + + + += + + +Parmelia pachysperma +Hue (1899: 178) +MycoBank + + +no. 398000 + + + + + +Type +:— + +FRANCE +. +La +Réunion +: +Mafate +, 1889, + +frère +Rodriguez +s.n. + +(MNHN-PC-PC0728354!, +holotype +; fide +Culberson 1962 +) + +. + + + + +Hue (1899) +described + +Parmelia pachysperma + +from a single specimen sent by frère Rodriguez (= E.A. Marquet) from +Réunion +. Examination of the +type +specimen by +Culberson (1962) +revealed that + +P. pachysperma + +was a junior synonym of + +Platysma thomsonii + +described twenty years earlier ( +Stirton 1879 +). Later on, +Awasthi (1987) +showed that this species was not homogeneous but comprised two distinct taxa, + +Parmelaria thomsonii +(Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi + +and + +P. subthomsonii +D.D. Awasthi + +, differing, in particular, in ascospore size, epispore thickness, and the apothecial disc, perforate or not ( +Awasthi 1987 +, +2007 +). Both species are unusual as they combine a general parmelioid habit with a cetrarioid feature, namely the presence of conspicuous verruciform marginal pycnidia with gaping ostiole ( +Fig. 43B +) ( +Culberson 1962 +, +Awasthi 1987 +). Molecular data further showed that both species belong to the genus + +Parmotrema +( + +Crespo +et al +. 2010a + +) + +, as suspected by +Culberson (1962) +. + + +Examination of the +holotype +of + +Parmelia pachysperma + +( +Fig. 43A & 43B +) confirms Hue’s description and that it belongs to + +Parmotrema thomsonii + +, not to + +P. subthomsonii +(D.D. Awasthi) A. Crespo, Divakar & Elix. + +The disc of the apothecia is perforate, the ascospores are large [(24.5)25– +29.2 +–33 × 14.5– +16.6 +–19 µm, Q = (1.42)1.52– +1.77 +– 2.02(2.06), n = 30], and the epispore wide [(3.5)– +4.2 +–(5) µm thick]. The label on the +holotype +, written in Hue’s hand, reads ‘Legit fr. Rodriguez à Mafate, Bourbon, 1889’. The name of the locality (Mafate or Mafatte) refers either to a small spa village established in the second half of the 19 +th +century and abandoned since 1913 ( +Vidal 2020 +), or to the whole of the cirque surrounding it and which bears its name. The Cirque de Mafate has been very little studied by lichenologists ( +Fig. 1B +), and this may be the reason why + +P. thomsonii + +has not been refound on +Réunion +since 1889. Elsewhere, the species has mainly been reported from the Himalayas ( +1400–3900 m +elevation) in +India +and +Nepal +( +Awasthi 1987 +, +Sinha & Singh 2005 +), and also occurs in the mountains of northern +Thailand +( + +Wolseley +et al +. 2002 + +). Therefore, the single report from +Réunion Island +is puzzling. However, among the lichens collected by frère Rodriguez in Mafate in 1889 and studied by +Hue (1899) +is a unique collection of + +Hypotrachyna +cf. +cirrhata +(Fr.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch (Culberson & Culberson 1981) + +, a parmelioid taxon with an ecology quite similar to that of + +P. thomsonii + +, and probably also with Asian affinities ( + +Wang +et al +. 2020 + +). Like + +P. thomsonii + +, it has never been found again from the island after 1889. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFE3AFB31FC48.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFE3AFB31FC48.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c51a7d8eee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFE3AFB31FC48.xml @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema paulense +(Zahlbr.) +Hale (1974a: 338) +MycoBank + + +no. 343102 + + + + + + + +Parmelia paulensis +Zahlbr. (1909: 175) MycoBank + +no. 398025 + + + + + + +Type + +:— +BRAZIL +. +São Paulo +: +In +monte +Jaraguá +prope +Taipas +, + +800–1050 m + +, corticola, + +June 1901 + +, + +V. Schiffner +s.n. + +(W!, +type +collection) + +. + + + + +In his monograph of + +Parmelia + +subgenus + +Amphigymnia +, +Hale (1965a: 335) + +cited, under the name + +Parmelia paulensis + +, a specimen from +Réunion +[‘no locality, +Rodriguez +, 1890 (P)’]. In their subsequent circumscriptions of + +P. paulensis + +, neither +Kurokawa (1969) +nor + +Hale +(1971b) + +re-examined this material, which is probably the same as that which was cited by +Hue (1899: 199) +under the name + +Parmelia melanothrix +var. +lacinulata + +. In PC we found a collection of two thalli (no PC +07222516 +) with a label written by Hue ‘ + +Parmelia melanothrix +var. +lacinulata +Mull.Arg. + +, legerunt Fr. Rodriguez et M. Chauvet, Bourbon, 1890 et 1893’. One thallus belongs to the laciniate morphotype of + +Parmotrema intonsum + +, the other to the morphotype with granular isidia of the same species. It seems likely that the latter corresponds to the specimen cited by + +Hale +(1965a) + +, given his concept of + +Parmelia paulensis + +at that time, although no annotation by this author appears on the attached label. The species was also reported from +Réunion +by van den Boom +et al +. (2011). The collection concerned ( + +P. van +den Boom 40489 + +) is + +Parmotrema intonsum + +(isidiate morphotype). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFF1AFC51FE74.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFF1AFC51FE74.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5f0d067450f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFEC2F1EFF1AFF1AFC51FE74.xml @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema melanothrix +(Mont.) +Hale (1974a: 337) +MycoBank + + +no. 398619 + + + + + + + +Parmelia urceolata +var. +melanothrix +Mont. (1834: 372) MycoBank + +no. 459269 + + + + +Type +:— + +BRAZIL +. +Rio de Janeiro +, 1831, + +C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré +89 bis + +(MNHN-PC-PC0722518!, +holotype +; fide + +Hale +1965a + +) + +. + + +This species was reported from +Réunion +by + +Hale +(1965a) + +from two collections already cited by +Hue (1899) +under the name + +Parmelia melanothrix +var. +lacinulata +Müll. Arg. Examination + +of these specimens shows that they belong to the newly described species + +Parmotrema intonsum + +(see entry for + +P. intonsum + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF22F06FF1AFC0DFE97FA40.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF22F06FF1AFC0DFE97FA40.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9460dcd8462 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF22F06FF1AFC0DFE97FA40.xml @@ -0,0 +1,677 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema subisidiosum +(Müll. Arg.) +Hale (1974a: 339) +MycoBank + + +no. 343134 + + + + + + + +Parmelia cetrata +var. +subisidiosa +Müll. Arg. (1894: 256) MycoBank + +no. 373829 + + + + +Type +:— + +TANZANIA +. +Tanga +: +Usambara Mountains +, +Bumba +, 1894, + +Holst +8772 + +p.p. (G [image!], +lectotype +; designated by + +Hale +& Flechter 1990 + +) + +. + + + + + +≡ + + +Parmelia subisidiosa +(Müll. Arg.) C.W. +Dodge (1959: 87) +MycoBank + + +no. 368820 + + + +≡ + +Rimelia subisidiosa +(Müll. Arg.) Hale & A. Flechter (1990: 29) MycoBank + +no. 102570 + + + + +( +Fig. 40 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 11 × +12 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, contiguous to imbricate, irregularly branched, +2–8 mm +wide, often concave, rounded axils, round to subtruncate apices; margins often ascending, crenate to isidiate-dissected, sometimes shortly laciniate, ± ciliate ( +Fig. 40C +). +Cilia +black, abundant to rare, mostly simple, occasionally squarrose, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, conspicuously reticulate white-maculate ( +Fig. 40D +), ± finely reticulate cracked along the maculae, sometimes white-pruinose near lobe tips, isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and soralia; regeneration lobules occasionally present in older parts. +Isidia +mainly marginal and submarginal, occasionally also laminal in older parts, sometimes shortly ciliate, ± cylindrical, generally soon branched and coralloid ( +Fig. 40D +), occasionally becoming arbuscular with age; most 0.05–0.1 × +0.3–0.8 mm +, but up to +3 mm +high when arbuscular; apices often brownish. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +shiny near the margins, duller towards the centre, smooth to punctate, black and rhizinate to the margin, or with a narrow chestnut brown marginal zone (ca. +1–3.5 mm +wide), rhizinate or not. +Rhizines +black, fairly dense in places, simple, squarrose, or irregularly branched, up to +2 mm +long. +Apothecia +not seen in the specimens examined. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards apices, black. + +Conidia + +bacilliform/filiform, 9–11 × ca. 1 µm. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K+ yellow then dark red, C−, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +(TLC): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic (major) and consalazinic acids (minor). + + +Geographical distribution +:— + +Parmotrema subisidiosum + +occurs on the Americas from +40° North +to southern +Uruguay +( +Osorio 1983 +, +Curtis 2017 +, +Waters & Lendemer 2019 +, +Spielmann & Marcelli 2020 +), as well as in the Galapagos ( +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +), West Indies ( +Imshaug 1957 +, +Mercado-Díaz 2009 +) and Azores ( +Arvidsson 1990 +, + +Purvis +et al +. 1993 + +). It is also present in eastern and southern Africa ( +Dodge 1959 +, Krog & +Swinscow 1988 +, +GBIF 2022c +), +Madagascar +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, +Aptroot 1990 +) and the Mascarene Islands of +Réunion +(van den Boom +et al +. 2011) and +Mauritius +(Diederich & Ertz 2020). + + +Hue (1899) +was the first author to mention this taxon (as + +Parmelia cetrata +var. +subisidiosa +Müll.Arg. + +) on +Réunion +, from a corticolous specimen collected by Frère Rodriguez in +1889 in +Salazie. Now, at least fifteen localities, in 14 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 12 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 40A +), are known in +Réunion +to host this species. All but one are located in the leeward part of the island, mainly in the Piton des Neiges massif, between 910 and +1930 m +elevation. This lichen seems to be most frequent inside and near the Cirque de Cilaos. + + + + +FIGURE 40. + +Parmotrema subisidiosum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.3962 +); +D +: Upper surface of isidiate lobe conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, and with cylindrical, ± coralloid-branched isidia ( +Masson 974.3931 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 2 mm. + + + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, + +Parmotrema subisidiosum + +was found in submontane and montane rainforests, thriving on various substrates: bark (trees and branches), basaltic rocks, mosses (overgrowing bark or rock), or decaying wood. According to its elevational range ( +910–1930 m +), the species appears to be moderately thermophilous. It is probably also mildly ombrophilous, on the basis of its predominantly leeward distribution on the island. The bioclimate of these leeward localities is pluvial tropical, with thermotype belts = from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (370 ≤ It ≤ 530) and ombrotype belts = from lower humid to lower hyperhumid (7.1 ≤ Io ≤ 13.0). The only windward location differs by its utrahyperhumid ombrotype belt (Io = 25.0) ( +Fig. 40B +). + + +In East Africa, the species was collected in mountain massifs between 1500 and +3200 m +elevation (Krog & +Swinscow 1988 +, +Krog 2000 +); the two Malagasy localities are located at 920 and +1800 m +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, +Aptroot 1990 +). In the mountains of +Tanzania +, where the +type +material comes from, + +P. subisidiosum + +has been found in natural habitats similar to those of +Réunion +(i.e. submontane and montane rainforests), but also in mossy elfin forest and + +Erica + +heath, as well as in some human-made habitats like tea plantation or edge of golf-course ( +Krog 2000 +). + + +Notes +:—The combination of an upper surface that is strongly reticulate maculate, the presence of true isidia, and a medulla with salazinic acid as major extrolite is characteristic of + +Parmotrema subisidiosum + +and the recently described + +P. saxoisidiatum +Spielmann & Bungartz ( +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +) + +. According to +Bungartz & Spielmann (2019) +and +Spielmann & Marcelli (2020) +, + +P. saxoisidiatum + +is distinguished from + +P. subisidiosum + +by its less branched and non-ciliate isidia, and by its saxicolous ecology. We found a specimen from +Réunion +(No. 974.3860) with characters similar to those of + +P. saxoisidiosum + +. However, given the variability observed in the set of specimens from +Réunion +concerning the development of the isidia and the presence of cilia on them, as well as the diversity of substrates, we treated all of the collections from this island as + +P. subisidiosum + +. + +Parmotrema saxoisidiatum + +is so far only known from one collection from the Galapagos Islands and further data, including sequences, would be useful to test the relationship of this taxon with + +P. subisidiosum + +. + + +In our phylogenetic tree constructed from ITS sequences ( +Fig. 4 +), the +four specimens +studied (three from +Réunion +, one from +Mauritius +) formed a well-supported monophyletic group. + +Parmotrema subisidiosum + +was recovered as sister to the + +P. reticulatum + +aggr. clade in our 3-locus analysis ( +Fig. 3 +). + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +:Cilaos,above Îlet des Salazes,elev. +1820m +, +21°06’26”S +, +55°26’56”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined shrub, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3931 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., ca. +1 km +W of Îlet des Salazes, trail GR R1-GR R2, elev. ca. +1750 m +, in mesotherm rainforest, south-facing slope, +07 October 2003 +, +U. Schiefelbein 1495 +(B); +ibid +., Plaine des Fraises, elev. +1930 m +, +21°06’50”S +, +55°26’21”E +, old + +Erica + +thicket in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +17 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4701 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bras Sec, sentier Kervéguen, elev. +1505 m +, +21°07’42”S +, +55°29’55”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +22 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3967 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bras Sec, western slope of Bonnet de Prêtre, elev. +1350 m +, +21°09’03”S +, +55°29’19”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on mosses on the WNW oriented and subvertical face of a small basalt rock, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3962 +(LG); +ibid +., Ravine des Calumets, elev. +1200 m +, +21°09’20”S +, +55°29’31”E +, in secondary leeward montane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of a branch of an undetermined shrub, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3948 +(REU); +ibid +., sentier des Calumets, elev. +1075 m +, +21°09’42”S +, +55°29’23”E +, in an anthropized wooded ravine, on a 62° inclined and WSW oriented face of a basalt rock, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3957 +(Hb. DM); Entre-Deux, la +Grande Jument +, elev. +1115 m +, +21°12’46”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on wood and decaying bark of a trunk of an undetermined dead tree, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4665 +(LG); +ibid +., sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +910 m +, +21°13’15”S +, +55°28’53”E +, in secondary leeward submontane rainforest with + +Psidium cattleianum + +, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined shrub, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4660 +(Hb. DM); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Bras Noir, elev. +1220 m +, +21°08.50’S +, 55°35.20’, sheltered outcrop near stream, +26 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 39763 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); La Possession, Dos d’Âne, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1140 m +, +20°58’30”S +, +55°23’31”E +, in secondary leeward submontane rainforest with + +Psidium cattleianum + +, on the NW oriented and subvertical face of a basalt rock, +17 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3860 +(Hb. DM); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +1075 m +, +21°12’41”S +, +55°22’36”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5141 +(LG); Saint-Joseph, sentier du Piton du Rond, elev. +1140 m +, +21°18’32”S +, +55°36’04”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of a big + +Ficus + +tree, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4294 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton du Rond, elev. +1375 m +, +21°17’55”S +, +55°36’23”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Molinea alternifolia + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4311 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. +1185 m +, +21°11’30”S +, +55°23’56”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5156 +(Hb. DM). + + + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Rivière Noire District +: +Black River +Gorges National Park +, along trail to +Piton de la Petite + + +Rivière Noire +, elev. + +630–700 m + +, +20.42133°S +, +57.41947°E +, on the bark of trees, + +05 August 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18464 + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF42F1AFF1AFA57FC42F824.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF42F1AFF1AFA57FC42F824.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ed7e79a0d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF42F1AFF1AFA57FC42F824.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1766 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema tinctorum +(Despr. ex Nyl.) +Hale (1974a: 339) +MycoBank + + +no. 343140 + + + + + + + +Parmelia tinctorum +Despr. ex Nyl. (1872: 547) MycoBank + +no. 542088 + + + + +Type +:— + +SPAIN +. +Canary Islands +, s.d., + +J.M. Despréaux + +(?) +s.n. +(H-NYL 35365, +n.v +., +holotype +; fide +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 41 +) + + +Thallus +foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to coriaceous, up to 15 × +18 cm +. +Lobes +irregular, generally broadly rounded, contiguous to imbricate, +5–20 mm +wide; margins ± sinuate, entire, crenate or dentate, eciliate ( +Fig. 41C +). +Upper surface +pale greenish grey to pale yellowish grey, ± shiny, duller towards centre, emaculate to faintly white-maculate, smooth to rugose, occasionally ± cracked in older parts, isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia. +Isidia +sparse to dense, at times partly obscuring the thallus surface, marginal and laminal; ± globose to cylindrical, simple to coralloid-branched, apices concolor or brownish, eciliate ( +Fig. 41D +), +0.05–0.14 mm +in diameter, up to +2.5 mm +high; sometimes granular and ± sorediate; in old, ± decaying parts, some isidia early flattened and give rise to phyllidia or lobules. +Lobules +occasional, mostly marginal, also laminal in old parts, up to 10 × +13 mm +. +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth or rugulose, ± shiny, duller towards centre, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +4–15 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, lateral isidiate lobes occasionally with an ivory-white erhizinate marginal zone (up to +3.5 mm +wide). +Rhizines +in ± scattered clusters, concolor to the lower surface, simple or fasciculate, often short and fairly coarse, occasionally slender and up to +2.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +very rare (fertile thalli found in two localities out of 53), laminal, shortly stipitate, up to +6 mm +in diameter, disc perforate, margin ± crenate, isidiate; amphithecium maculate, isidiate. +Ascospores +absent. +Pycnidia +quite frequent, submarginal towards the lobe apices, occasionally also on isidia, black. + +Conidia + +filiform, 8–13(16) × ca. 1 µm. + + + +FIGURE 41. + +Parmotrema tinctorum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens examined, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens not examined; +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Part of thallus showing the eciliate lobe margins ( +Masson 974.5078 +); +D +: Isidiate lobe with coralloid-branched and eciliate isidia ( +Masson 974.4767 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 2 mm. + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, +C ++ and +KC ++ red, P−, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major), ± undetermined substance ( +UV ++ golden yellow; pale yellowish with sulphuric acid and heating; Rf classes: A4-5, +C +5; minor/trace) + + + + +Geographical distribution +:—Widespread pantropical species that extends into some subtropical and temperate areas to about the 40 +th +parallels ( + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +, +GBIF 2023a +). In the MIOI hotspot, it has been reported from +Madagascar +( +Hue 1899 +, +des Abbayes 1961 +, + +Hale +1965 +a + +, Aptroot 1990), +Seychelles +( +Seaward & Aptroot 2003 +, +2006 +, +2009 +; + +Diederich +et al +. 2017 + +), +Mauritius +( +David & Hawksworth 1995 +, Diederich & Ertz 2020) and +Réunion +( +Hue 1899 +, van den Boom +et al +. 2011). On the latter island, + +Parmotrema tinctorum + +has been collected since the end of the 19 +th +century ( +Hue 1899 +), and it is currently one of the most frequently recorded species of + +Parmotrema + +( +Fig. 5 +). It was found to occur in at least 58 localities, distributed in 54 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 46 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 41A +), and located mainly in the Piton des Neiges massif and in the oldest parts of the Piton de la Fournaise massif between 10 and +1845 m +elevation. The species is newly reported from the island of Rodrigues, in the Mascarenes. + + + + +Ecology +:—Of the 62 samples from +Réunion +examined, 53 were found on bark, nine on volcanic rock. When corticolous, + +Parmotrema tinctorum + +grows equally well on trunks and branches. Phorophytes are various native and introduced trees and shrubs belonging to the genera + +Acacia + +, + +Agauria + +, + +Cocos + +, + +Cryptomeria + +, + +Cyathea + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Erica + +, + +Euodia + +, + +Hubertia + +, + +Melicope + +, + +Molinea + +, + +Monimia + +, + +Pandanus + +, + +Quercus + +, + +Sideroxylon + +, and + +Weinmannia + +. The endemics + +Acacia heterophylla + +and + +Erica reunionensis + +are the most frequent phorophytes (respectively 21 and 15 % of the collections). The species was found from sea level to the upper limit of cloud forests in various anthropogenic and natural lowland (coastal thicket, dry forest), submontane (leeward and windward rainforests, + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, mesic forest), and montane (leeward and windward rainforests, + +Acacia + +forest, + +Erica + +thicket) habitats. Bioclimatic features of the localities are also diverse ( +Fig. 41B +): bioclimates pluviseasonal tropical and pluvial tropical, thermotype belts from lower thermotropical to upper mesotropical (336 ≤ It ≤ 680), ombrotype belts from upper dry to ultrahyperhumid (2.9 ≤ Io ≤ 27.6). + + +While + +Parmotrema tinctorum + +appears to be very tolerant regarding rainfall regime, it seems, on the other hand, to be more selective in terms of temperature. On Réunion, this lichen has not been found above +1850 m +elev., where the average annual temperature falls below ca. 13°C (our own calculation from data available in + +Jumaux +et al +. 2011 + +). The few available data from tropical islands with high relief confirm that + +P. tinctorum + +does not occur at high elevations. In the Hawaiian Islands, it ranges from +0 to 1250 m +( +Smith 1993 +); in New +Guinea +, from +580 to 1900 m +( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +); in Borneo (Mount Kinabalu), from +700 to 1650 m +( +Sipman 1993 +); in +Taiwan +, it does not exceed the montane belt ( +Lai 2001 +). The need for an average annual temperature of over ca. 13°C would be moreover consistent with the limits of the species distribution in temperate zones, such as in +East Asia +, +Australia +, +New Zealand +, or the eastern +USA +( +Elix 1994 +, + +Brodo +et al +. 2001 + +, + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +, +Galloway 2007 +, + +Jayalal +et al +. 2013 + +, +GBIF 2023a +). + + +Notes +:—Within the genus + +Parmotrema + +, four species with isidia and a medulla containing only lecanoric acid as a major extrolite are currently recognized, and primarily distinguished on the basis of the morphology of the isidia: thin (ca. +0.1 mm +thick), papillate granular to cylindrical in + +P. tinctorum + +, inflated ( +0.2–0.5 mm +thick) and ± papillate in + +P. pseudotinctorum +(Abbayes) Hale + +, coarsely granular in + +P. stuhlmannii +(C.W. Dodge) Krog & Swinscow + +, granularglobose and pustulate in + +P. pustulotinctum +Spielmann & Bungartz + +( +des Abbayes 1951 +, +Dodge 1959 +, + +Hale +1965a + +, +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Bungartz & Spielmann 2019 +). Depending on the authors, however, there are divergent opinions on the recognition of these species. For example, + +Hale +(1965a) + +and + +Roca-Valiente +et al +. (2013) + +put + +P. stuhlmannii + +in synonymy with + +P. pseudotinctorum + +, whereas +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +and +Farkas & Muhoro (2022) +recognised + +P. stuhlmannii + +as a separate species, mainly on account of its narrower lobes and strongly fastened thallus but treated + +P. pseudotinctorum + +as a synonym of + +P. tinctorum + +. A molecular phylogeny study of + +P. tinctorum + +s. lat. +using two loci showed the existence of two distinct and well-supported clades ( + +Roca-Valiente +et al +. 2013 + +). On the basis of isidium morphology, one was assigned to + +P. tinctorum + +s. str. +(‘thin cylindrical isidia’), the other to + +P. pseudotinctorum + +, including + +P. stuhlmannii + +(‘thick coarse isidia’). It appears however that the sampling of that study did not cover the whole morphological diversity of isidia encountered in the + +P. tinctorum + +group, as for example the isidia ‘partly or wholly dissolved into granular soredia’ reported by +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +, also found on +Réunion +and +Mauritius +. + + + + +Molecular inferences with our 3-locus dataset resolved our 13 accessions (from +Mauritius +, +Réunion +and Rodrigues) as a strongly supported clade, with + +P. austrosinense + +(a sorediate species with the same extrolite as + +P. tinctorum + +) as a sister group ( +Fig. 3 +). Species delimitation methods used in this study support two species with Stacey and a single one with bPP. Our detailed phenotypical and ecological studies of these specimens do not support recognition of two different taxa. In particular, sequences of specimens with ± sorediate granular isidia were not resolved as a different taxon. We thus opt for a single species in this work, with three ITS variants ( +Table 3 +), pending further analysis on a much wider scale. + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Bras-Panon, sentier de la Caroline, elev. +760 m +, +21°01’42”S +, +55°37’08”E +, in disturbed windward submontane rainforest with patches of + +Pandanus + +wet thickets, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +15 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4956 +(Hb. DM); Cilaos, western side of Bonnet Carré, on GR R1 trail, elev. +1330 m +, +21°07’31”S +, +55°27’48”E +, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall westerly orientation, subvertical face of a large volcanic rock, +18 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4718 +(LG); +ibid +., Ravine des Calumets, elev. +1140 m +, +21°09’34”S +, +55°29’26”E +, in the bottom of a ravine, in an overall south orientation, in a disturbed submontane mesic forest, on a 75° sloping face, a little shaded and facing NE, of a large basaltic rock, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3952 +(LG); +ibid +., Plateau des Chênes, elev. +1320 m +, +21°07’36”S +, +55°28’29”E +, picnic area with introduced trees ( + +Cryptomeria + +, + +Pinus + +, + +Quercus + +…), on bark of the trunk of an old + +Quercus robur + +, +18 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4720 +(Hb. DM); Entre-Deux, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +790 m +, +21°13’38”S +, +55°28’57”E +, in disturbed leeward submontane rainforest with numerous + +Psidium cattleianum + +, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of a branch of a large + +Agauria +sp. + +, +16August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4657 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +840 m +, +21°13’28”S +, +55°28’56”E +, in disturbed leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4658 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1115 m +, +21°12’46”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Agauria +sp. + +, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4666 +(LG); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in submontane + +Pandanus + +wet thicket, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5000 +(Hb. DM); La Possession, Dos d’Âne, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1140 m +, +20°58’30”S +, +55°23’31”E +, in disturbed leeward submontane rainforest with numerous + +Psidium cattleianum + +, on a subvertical and NW oriented face of a basalt rock, +17 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3861 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Roche Verre Bouteille, elev. +1270 m +, +20°59’26”S +, +55°23’20”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on a 60° inclined and south oriented face of a volcanic rock, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1932 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., +La Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’17”S +, +55°23’30”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4731 +(LG); +ibid +., Piton Grand Bazar, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’25”S +, +55°23’27”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4743 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Cirque de Mafate, sentier Scout, elev. +1510 m +, +21°02’50”S +, +55°26’44”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined tree, +24 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1715 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plaine des Tamarins, elev. +1760 m +, +21°04’49”S +, +55°26’23”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +27 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1794 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1760 m +, +21°04’49”S +, +55°26’30”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +22 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5087 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1760 m +, +21°04’44”S +, +55°26’36”E +, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +22 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5072 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1755–1765 m +, +21°05’00”S +, 55°26’16–19”E, in grazed + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of a branch of + +Acacia heterophylla + +and on a 50° inclined and west oriented face of a basalt rock, +22 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5078 +(LG), +974.5086 +(Hb. DM); Les Avirons, route forestière 6 du Tévelave, elev. +1050 m +, +21°12’04”S +, +55°21’24”E +, in disturbed leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Cryptomeria japonica + +, +10 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0287 +(Hb. DM); Le Tampon, forêt de Notre-Dame de la Paix, le Belvédère, elev. +1720 m +, +21°15’51”S +, +55°36’09”E +, at the edge of a leeward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined tree, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1413 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Notre-Dame de la Paix, elev. +1570 m +, +21°14’24”S +, +55°35’05”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +23 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1674 +(REU), +974.1675 +(Hb. DM); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +950 m +, +21°13’13”S +, +55°22’16”E +, on a ridge in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of a horizontal trunk of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5136 +(LG); Petite-Île, Manapany les Hauts, elev. +800 m +, +21°19.6’S +, +55°35.2’E +, open picnic place with some mature + +Cryptomeria + +trees, shrubs and mixed trees, including orchard with fruit trees, on + +Cryptomeria japonica + +, +07 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40804 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); Saint-André, forêt de Dioré, elev. +825 m +, +20°59’36”S +, +55°34’55”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +21 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5055 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Forêt Communale, elev. +770 m +, +20°59’39”S +, +55°35’33”E +, in windward submontane rainforest, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +28 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1804 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, Pointe du Bourbier, elev. +20 m +, +21°01’13”S +, +55°42’13”E +, coastal recreation area, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +12 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4217 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton de Bébour, elev. +1430 m +, +21°07’38”S +, +55°33’39”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0155 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, sentier de Takamaka, elev. +1360 m +, +21°06’23”S +, +55°33’58”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on stipe of a dead + +Cyathea +sp. + +, +29 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1838 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bébour, sentier de la Rivière des Marsouins, elev. +1320 m +, +21°06’47”S +, +55°33’47”E +, in windward montane rainforest, along a river, on a shaded volcanic rock, +15 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0415 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Denis, sentier de la Roche Écrite, elev. +1415 m +, +20°57’47”S +, +55°26’25”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall north orientation, on bark of the trunk of a dead + +Erica reunionensis + +, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4750 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1625 m +, +20°58’29”S +, +55°26’35”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Melicope obtusifolia + +, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4764 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1710 m +, +20°58’43”S +, +55°26’41”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest with + +Nastus borbonicus + +, in an overall NW orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4767 +(LG); +ibid +., Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1715–1720 m +, 20°59’14–15”S, 55°26’00–02”E, in + +Acacia + +montane forest with + +Nastus borbonicus + +and + +Cyathea glauca + +, on bark of a trunk of an old + +Acacia heterophylla + +and branches of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3871 +(REU), +974.3872, 974.3885 +, +974.3886 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, Piton du Rond, elev. +1380 m +, +21°17’57”S +, +55°36’26”E +, on a ridge in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Molinea alternifolia + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4309 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Grand Coude, elev. +1345 m +, +21°16’35”S +, +55°37’44”E +, in disturbed windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Sideroxylon borbonicum + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5111 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1455 m +, +21°16’31”S +, +55°38’01”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Monimia rotundifolia + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5119 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Leu, le Piton Saint-Leu, on basalt rock, on the roadside, +June 1957 +, J. +Bosser 11348 +(REN 000076); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. +1010 m +, +21°11’56”S +, +55°23’56”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall south orientation, on bark of a trunk of a young + +Weinmannia +sp. + +, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5145 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1145 m +, +21°11’38”S +, +55°24’06”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined tree, +28 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5149 +(LG); +ibid +., forêt des Makes, elev. +1845 m +, +21°10’39”S +, +55°25’13”E +, in cultivated + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall SSW orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Hubertia ambavilla + +, +19 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4331 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, sentier F. Francia, elev. +1565 m +, +21°01’49”S +, +55°22’28”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +31 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1863 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Pierre, Piton de Mont Vert, elev. +585 m +, +21°19’37”S +, +55°32’28”E +, in lowland dry forest, on bark of trunks of + +Pandanus sylvestris + +and undetermined trees, +19 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5011 +(REU), +974.5012 +(LG), +974.5013 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt du Haut de Mont Vert, elev. +1540 m +, +21°17’13”S +, +55°35’59”E +, disturbed area with former grasslands and remnants of leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of an isolated + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4979 +(LG); Sainte-Marie, Plaine des Fougères, elev. +1380 m +, +20°59’02”S +, +55°30’50”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya reclinata + +, +31 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4162 +(REU), +974.4163 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1465 m +, +20°58’51”S +, +55°30’00”E +, in windward montane rainforest, in an overall north orientation, on ± mossy bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +30 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4138 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Rose, le Port, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’32”S +, +55°47’21”E +, coastal recreation area, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +12 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0290 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., la Marine, elev. +10 m +, +21°07’31”S +, +55°47’32”E +, disturbed coastal thicket, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus utilis + +, +15 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4244 +(Hb. DM); Sainte-Suzanne, les Hauts de la Perrière, elev. +765 m +, +20°58’44”S +, +55°33’52”E +, on roadside in disturbed leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +11 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4597 +(LG); +ibid +., le Grand Hazier, elev. +75 m +, +20°54’19”S +, +55°35’21”E +, in a vanilla plantation, on bark of + +Cocos nucifera + +, +24 October 2012 +, +J.L. & B. Martin 01 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Piton d’Enchain, elev. +1350 m +, 21°02’35–37”S, 55°29’50–53”E, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Melicope borbonica + +and an undetermined tree, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0300 +(REU), +974.0358 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Mare d’Affouches, elev. +830 m +, +21°02’59”S +, +55°29’46”E +, in disturbed thicket with + +Psidium cattleianum + +and + +Erica reunionensis + +, on a mossy volcanic rock, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0293 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., D52 road between Mare à Citrons and Mare à vieille Place, elev. +700 m +, +21°02’00”S +, +55°31’22”E +, in a cultivated area (mainly sugar cane), on large exposed rocks of volcanic breccia, +14 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0437 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bélouve, elev. +1595 m +, +21°04’11”S +, +55°31’58”E +, in cultivated + +Acacia + +montane forest, in an overall NE orientation, on bark of a trunk of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +25 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4454 +(LG); +ibid +., near Gîte de Bélouve, elev. +1520 m +, +21°03.5’S +, +55°32.5’E +, area with mature + +Acacia heterophylla + +trees in mixed forest along road and path, on + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +27 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 39864 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom). + + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Moka District +: Réduit, trees close to the Mauritius Herbarium building, elev. +310 m +, +20.23554°S +, +57.4944°E +, on + +Pinus + +, +30 August 2019 +, +P. Diederich 18694 & D. Ertz +(Hb. P. Diederich); +ibid +., State House Park, elev. +280 m +, +20.22875°S +, +57.48705°E +, on + +Cinnamomum + +, + +Ficus microcarpa + +, and a wall, +30 August 2019 +, +P. Diederich 18703, 18713, 18724 & D. Ertz +(Hb. P. Diederich); +Pamplemousses District +: +Pamplemousses +, Jardin botanique Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, elev. +80 m +, +20.10631°S +, +57.58133°E +, on bark of trees, +28 July 2016 +, +P. Diederich 18233, 18266 +(Hb. P. Diederich); +Plaines Wilhems District +: Curepipe, Curepipe Botanic Gardens, elev. +565 m +, +20.32505°S +, +57.51389°E +, on bark of trees, +09 September 2019 +, +P. Diederich 19459 & D. Ertz +(Hb. P. Diederich); +ibid +., elev. +565 m +, +20.32442°S +, +57.51361°E +, on bark of trees, +30 July 2016 +, +P. Diederich 18299, 18595 +(Hb. P. Diederich); +Rivière Noire District +: +Black River +Gorges National Park, along trail to Piton de la Petite +Rivière Noire +, elev. +630–700 m +, +20.42133°S +, +57.41947°E +, on the bark of trees, +05 August 2016 +, +P. Diederich 18451 +(Hb. P. Diederich); +ibid +., Chamarel, near the Seven Coloured Earths, future ecotourism park ‘Ebony Forest’, around the viewpoint, elev. +350 m +, +20.43034°S +, +57.37412°E +, on the bark of trees, +08 August 2016 +, +P. Diederich 18543 +(Hb. P. Diederich); +Rodrigues +: +Grande Montagne +Nature Reserve, elev. +330 m +, +19.70512°S +, +63.46596°E +, on exposed rocky outcrop surrounded by forest rich in + +Pandanus + +trees, +04 September 2019 +, +P. Diederich 19026, 19517 & D. Ertz +(Hb. P. Diederich); +ibid +., elev. +330–360 m +, +19.70611°S +, +63.46447°E +, on a rock, +04 September 2019 +, +P. Diederich 19003 & D. Ertz +(Hb. P. Diederich). + + +Specimens not examined, but included in the distribution map +:— + +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: +Cilaos +, +Bassin des Salazes +, where the road crosses +Ravine Pissa +, elev. + +1190 m + +, +21.12°S +, +55.45°E +, + +02 October 1996 + +, + +leg. & det. +H. Krog +( +RE33 +/4, RE33/5) & +E. Timdal + +(O); +ibid +., along trail ( +GR +R2 +) in canyon just +W of Cilaos town +, elev. + +1150 m + +, +21.13°S +, +55.47°E +, + +02 October 1996 + +, + +leg. & det. +H. Krog +( +RE34 +/1) & +E. Timdal + +(O); +ibid +., along road towards +Bras Sec +, at intersection with canyon of + +Bras +de Benjoin + +, elev. + +1360 m + +, +21.13°S +, +55.48°E +, + +02 October 1996 + +, + +leg. & det. +H. Krog +( +RE35 +/8) & +E. Timdal + +(O); +Saint-Benoît +, forêt +de Bébour +, the ‘kiosque’ +between Ravine Pavée and Ravine Misère +, elev. + +1510 m + +, +21.10°S +, +55.54°E +, + +30 September 1996 + +, + +leg. & det. +H. Krog +( +RE27 +/4) & +E. Timdal + +(O); +Saint-Denis +, along road towards +Plaine d’Affouches +, above +Bras Citron +, at point where road meets track, elev. + +1220 m + +, +20.96°S +, +55.40°E +, + +26 September 1996 + +, + +leg. & det. +H. Krog +( +RE08 +/6, RE08/7) & +E. Timdal + +(O) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF82F0FFF1AFB7FFC99FBD8.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF82F0FFF1AFB7FFC99FBD8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f674c0984a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFF82F0FFF1AFB7FFC99FBD8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1892 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema robustum +(Degel.) +Hale (1974a: 338) +MycoBank + + +no. 343120 + + + + + + + +Parmelia robusta +Degel. (1941: 33) MycoBank + +no. 368777 + + + + +Type +:— + +FRANCE +. +Finistère +: forêt +du Cranou +, 1898, + +C +. Picquenard s.n. + +( +PC +, +n.v +., +lectotype +designated by + +Hale +1965a + +; + + +US +[image!], +isolectotype +) + +. + + +( +Fig. 37 +) + + +Morphological description and chemistry based on molecularly analysed material from +Réunion +and mainland +France +( +10 specimens +, including +topotype +). Additional information from non-genetically analysed specimens is provided in square brackets. + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 16 × +13 cm +[17 × +14 cm +]. +Lobes +imbricate, rarely contiguous, irregularly branched, +5–20 mm +wide, mostly concave when non-sorediate, frequently ascending and convolute when sorediate; margins undulated, smooth, crenate or laciniate, rarely lobulate, sometimes with black rim; apices rounded; eciliate to irregularly ciliate, rarely conspicuously ciliate ( +Fig. 37C +). +Cilia +black, simple or irregularly branched, up to +3.5 mm +[ +5 mm +] long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey to pale yellowish grey [pale greenish yellow], emaculate to ± punctiform white-maculate, most often faintly white-maculate, smooth near lobe tips but rugose and ± reticulated cracked in older parts, sorediate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and isidia; marginal rounded lobules occasionally present, up to +6 mm +wide. +Soralia +at first marginal ± linear at the apex of laciniae of variable sizes ( +0.2–3 mm +long) [sometimes the laciniae are indistinct, in such case the soralia are initially linear at the margins of the lobes], then ± labriform or subcapitate, finally ± coalescing and slightly spreading submarginally ( +Fig. 37D +) [occasionally, sorediate laciniae develop into arbuscular structures, up to +4 mm +long]; at times also laminal and subcapitate. +Soredia +granulose, (40)– +53.7 +–(75) µm in diameter (n = 120, from +4 specimens +, SD = 8.4 µm). +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +smooth, granulate or verruculose in places, ± dull in the central part, brighter towards the periphery, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown or buff marginal zone (ca. +1–10 mm +wide), sometimes mottled or fully ivory at the tip of sorediate lobes. +Rhizines +concolor to the lower surface, in ± scattered groups, simple, rarely irregularly branched, up to +1 mm +[ +2 mm +] long. +Apothecia +not present [laminal, stipitate, up to +6 mm +in diameter, disc non perforate, margin crenate and soon sorediate, from three fertile specimens from mainland +France +(no. 40.0973, 40.0979, 40.4179)]. [ +Ascospores +(17)19.5– +24.4 +–29.0(30) × 12.0– +14.3 +–16.5(17) µm, n = 90, from the +three specimens +previously cited, mean values for each specimens: 25.4 × 14.4, 23.3 × 13.9, 24.5 × 14.6 µm; epispore 2– +3.0 +–3.5 µm thick]. +Pycnidia +not present [found in specimen no. 29.2525, submarginal towards apices, black]. [ + +Conidia + +sublageniform 5–7 × ca. 1 µm]. + + + +FIGURE 37. + +Parmotrema robustum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974. 4044 +); +D +: Sorediate lobes with young soralia ± labriform or subcapitate at the apex of laciniae, then ± coalescing and slightly spreading submarginally with age ( +Masson 974.4826 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm + + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K± slowly brownish, +C− +, +KC ++ pinkish, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +( +TLC +): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin [± usnic acid]; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), ± 1–3 unidentified fatty acids. + + + + +Geographical distribution +:— + +Parmotrema robustum + +is classically considered to have a wide range, mainly tropical but also including some temperate areas ( +Louwhoff 2009 +). However, remaining uncertainties in the delimitation of morphologically and chemically similar taxa (especially + +P. gardneri + +) prevent a clear understanding of its distribution. For example, it is puzzling that only + +P. gardneri + +has been considered to occur in North America ( +Brodo 2016 +, +Esslinger 2021 +) as well as in East Africa ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, +Swinscow & Krog 1988 +, +Krog 2000 +), and not + +P. robustum + +. By contrast, only + +P. robustum + +has been reported from Europe, Macaronesia, North Africa and +India +( +Divakar & Upreti 2005 +, + +Hawksworth +et al +. 2008 + +, + +Boutabia +et al +. 2015 + +, +Mishra & Upreti 2017 +). + + +In the islands of the western Indian Ocean, + +P. robustum + +is only known with certainty so far from +Réunion +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, as + +Parmelia dilatata + +; van den Boom +et al +. 2011). On this island, this relatively common species is reported from 46 localities in 39 UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or 33 UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 37A +). These localities are distributed at elevations between 690 and +1980 m +. + + + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, + +Parmotrema robustum + +is a mainly corticolous lichen; it has only been found once on rock. When corticolous, it grows on trunks as well as on branches. The phorophytes are various ( + +Acacia + +, + +Aphloia + +, + +Cryptomeria + +, + +Dombeya + +, + +Erica + +, + +Euodia + +, + +Hubertia + +, + +Melicope + +, + +Molinea + +, + +Monimia + +, + +Pandanus + +, + +Weinmannia + +, etc.) but a little more than half of the collections were made on tree heathers, especially + +Erica reunionensis + +. Leeward montane rainforest is the main habitat (48% of the localities), but + +P. robustum + +can also be found in + +Erica + +montane thicket (16%), windward montane rainforest (14%), + +Acacia + +montane forest (9%) or + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket (4.5%). Windward and leeward submontane rainforests, subalpine shrubland and degraded montane rainforest are less frequently reported habitats (2% each). The bioclimate of the localities is pluvial tropical; thermotype belts are mainly mesotropical = from upper thermotropical to upper mesotropical (330 ≤ It ≤ 543), ombrotype belts are variable = from lower humid to ultrahyperhumid (6.9 ≤ Io ≤ 26.7) ( +Fig. 37B +). + + +Notes +:—When +Degelius (1941) +introduced + +Parmelia robusta + +, he did not explicitly cite a type collection, but referred to +Hue (1898) +‘syn. + +P. perlata +Hue + +, verosim; +non Lichen perlatus +Huds.; descriptio ap. Hue in Journ. de Bot., 1898, p. 17–18’ [Note: the pagination quoted by Degelius (‘p. 17–18’) does not agree with the pagination in the +Journal de Botanique +(p. 242–244). It probably corresponds to the pagination of an offprint, since Hue’s description of + +Parmelia perlata + +occurs on the seventeenth, eighteenth and ninth pages of his article]. In Hue’s paper, two locations and two different substrates are reported on page 243 (= p. 18): ‘sur les rochers des monts d’Arès’ [= monts d’Arrée] and ‘sur les arbres dans la forêt de Crannou’ [= forêt du Cranou], and five other localities are listed on page 244. Thus, Hue cited more than +one specimen +, and none was indicated as a type. It seems that it was + +Hale +(1965a: 245) + +who first designated a type: ‘Forêt de Crannou, Finistère, +France +, +Picquenard +in 1898 (P, +holotype +)’. Hale’s choice therefore corresponds to a +lectotype +rather than the +holotype +. + + +Protocetraric acid is a constant medullary secondary metabolite in + +Parmotrema robustum + +. The additional presence of unidentified fatty acids [up to three different ones in the material examined, up to five in a Bolivian specimen ( + +Kukwa +et al +. 2012 + +)] is, however, highly variable in this species. Our ITS-based phylogenetic study shows that specimens with (no. 974.4708, 974.4751, 974.4826, +29.4170 +, +40.4176 +) and without (no. 974.3882, 974.3940, 974.4044, 974.4302) fatty acids are identical ( +Fig. 4 +, +Table 3 +). In addition to atranorin and chloroatranorin, the upper cortex may contain usnic acid in variable amounts, to the point of giving it a greenish-yellow hue. This possible presence of usnic acid in the upper cortex of + +P. robustum + +, although reported by +Sipman (2002) +, has remained largely unreported until now. Specimens without usnic acid were found on +Réunion +at 30 localities (mean elevation: +1447.7 m +), while those containing it were found at 21 localities (mean elevation: +1495.5 m +). Both chemotypes were collected together at five of these locations. In mainland +France +, we know one coastal locality (Finistère, Crozon, pointe de Dinan) with saxicolous + +P. robustum + +that also belong to both chemotypes. Thalli of both chemotypes can be found in the same square metre, or even closely intermingled. Apart from the colour of the upper surface, we did not find any morphological differences between these +two types +of thallus. It is unfortunate that we could only study sequences of specimens without usnic acid, despite several attempts to obtain molecular data for specimens containing usnic acid. + + +Although known for more than a century in Europe ( +Hue 1898 +, +Picquenard 1904 +, +Hillmann 1939 +), the species now named + +Parmotrema robustum + +has remained poorly known, and the diagnostic characters to differentiate it from morphologically and chemically similar taxa are poorly defined. From our investigations, we can confirm that the development of marginal cilia, the +type +of soralia, the occurrence of usnic acid in the upper cortex and fatty acid(s) in the medulla are variable characters in this species. Regarding the development of marginal cilia, for example, the clade comprising our + +P. robustum + +whose ITS was studied ( +Fig. 4 +) includes +one specimen +with no cilia at all, seven with cilia of varying abundance and length, ± unevenly distributed, and one with abundant long cilia. The existence of thalli of + +P. robustum + +with conspicuous cilia is the origin of the erroneous records of + +P. subarnoldii + +from +France +and +Ireland +( +des Abbayes 1961 +, +Mitchell 1962 +). Of the taxa similar to + +P. robustum + +, + +P. gardneri + +is undoubtedly the most tricky to differentiate ( + +Kukwa +et al +. 2012 + +, + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +). The morphologies of the two taxa appear almost identical, and both species share the same chemistry: atranorin, chloroatranorin, protocetraric acid and ± fatty acids (usnic acid, however, has not been reported in the upper cortex of + +P. gardneri + +to our knowledge). Two supposedly discriminating characters are generally used ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +; +Elix 1994 +; +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +, +2002 +; +Sipman 2002 +; +Galloway 2007 +; + +Egan +et al +. 2016 + +): the consistency of the thallus (membranaceous in + +P. robustum + +, coriaceous in + +P. gardneri + +) and the location of the soralia (mainly on marginal laciniae in + +P. robustum + +, mainly linear marginal or submarginal in + +P. gardneri + +). We are rather sceptical about the discriminatory value of these two criteria. On one hand, because the more or less coriaceous character of a foliose thallus depends, at least partly, on the environmental conditions ( +Krog & Swinscow 1981 +, + +Wang +et al +. 2018 + +; first author’s observation). On the other hand, because the morphology of the soralia in + +P. robustum + +is very variable, as +Tavares (1945) +pointed out for Portuguese specimens and confirmed for our material from +Réunion +. According to the available information, it seems possible however to distinguish + +P. robustum + +from + +P. gardneri + +on the basis of ascospore size ( +Table 12 +). The dimensions 18–22 × 8–10 µm that appear in several publications for each of the two species are probably taken from +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +for + +P. gardneri + +, and from + +Hale +(1965a) + +for + +P. robustum + +. In his monograph, +Hale +placed + +Parmelia robusta + +, and some other taxa, in synonymy with + +Parmelia dilatata + +and gave for the latter species ascospore size of 18–22 × 8–10 µm (dimensions which, in fact, apparently do not correspond to either + +P. robustum + +or + +P. dilatatum + +). For + +P. robustum + +, our data from collections from mainland +France +are consistent with those of +des Abbayes (1934) +from a specimen collected at the +type +locality (Cranou). The same applies to the measurements given by +Dodge (1959) +in the protologue of + +Parmelia gardneri + +and those published by +Krog & Swinscow (1981) +. These results suggest that the ascospores of + +P. robustum + +are larger than those of + +P. gardneri + +. In this case, the measurements given by +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +for + +P. gardneri + +would in fact correspond to a + +P. robustum + +. + + + +TABLE 12 +. Ascospores sizes of + +Parmotrema robustum + +and + +P. gardneri + +according to the literature and the present work. Original data are in bold, others are probably compilations. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +Parmotrema robustum + + + +Parmotrema gardneri + +
+des Abbayes (1934) + +21–26 × 11–14 +–
+Dodge (1959) +– +16–20 × 10–12 +
+Krog & Swinscow (1981) +– +18–22 (24) × 8–10 (11) +
+Elix (1994) +18–22 × 8–1018–22 × 8–10
+Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +– +24–26 × 12–14 +
Nash & Elix (2001)–18–22 × 8–10
+ +Egan +et al +. (2016) + +18–22 × 8–1018–22 × 8–10
present work +19.5–29 × 12–16.5 +–
+ + +The seven Reunionese specimens whose ITS was studied were clustered in the same well-supported monophyletic group, along with +two specimens +from mainland +France +(including a +topotype +), one from +Portugal +, and two from Canary Islands (both under the name + +P. dilatatum + +; see entry for + +P. dilatatum + +) ( +Fig. 4 +). These +seven specimens +were collected in different localities scattered around the island ranging from +870 to 1925 m +in elevation. In comparison, the only + +two + +P. + + +gardneri whose ITS sequences are available in GenBank (accessions KP941029 and MK722215) form, together with + +one + +P. + + +cristiferum, another well-supported clade ( +Fig. 4 +). These three samples were all collected in +Thailand +. The results of this DNA-based approach tend to confirm that + +P. robustum + +and + +P. gardneri + +are two distinct species. However, the presence of a Thai specimen of + +P. cristiferum + +in the + +P. gardneri + +clade (already reported by DelPardo +et al +. 2019), and not in the Reunionese + +P +. +cristiferum + +clade, is puzzling. + +Parmotrema cristiferum + +and + +P. gardneri + +have quite similar morphologies, but the former species contains salazinic acid as a major substance while the latter contains protocetraric acid. Interestingly, some Kenyan specimens identified as + +P. gardneri + +were found to contain both salazinic and protocetraric acids in significant quantities ( +Follmann & Schulz 1993 +). Clearly, more data, particularly molecular data, are needed to unravel this group. In the absence of any convincing evidence as to the presence of + +P. gardneri + +on +Réunion +, we therefore attribute all the specimens from this island examined to + +P. robustum + +. + + +In our 3-locus phylogenetic tree, + +P. robustum + +was part of a strongly supported clade that also includes + +P. dilatatum + +( +Fig. 3 +), both species being strongly supported as different by bPP and Stacey analyses ( +Fig. 3 +). + + +Specimens examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Bras-Panon, sentier de la Caroline, elev. +715 m +, +21°01’35”S +, +55°37’11”E +, in windward submontane secondary rainforest with small + +Pandanus + +wet thickets, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +15 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4963 +(LG); +ibid +., sentier de la Plaine des Lianes, elev. +690 m +, +21°01’34”S +, +55°36’45”E +, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +25 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1724 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., La Plaine des Lianes, Eden, along trail from the end of the road to kiosque, elev. +690 m +, +21°01’39”S +, +55°37’35”E +, +01 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE31/15, RE31/16 & E. Timdal +(O); Cilaos, Plateau des Chênes, on the GR R1 trail, elev. +1350 m +, +21°07’31”S +, +55°28’15”E +, in secondary leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +18 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4711 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Ravine des Calumets, elev. +1310 m +, +21°09’06”S +, +55°29’39”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of + +Aphloia theiformis + +, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3940 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1210 m +, +21°09’18”S +, +55°29’31”E +, in secondary leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +21 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3944 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., sentier du col du Taïbit, Plaine des Fraises, elev. +1925 m +, +21°06’49”S +, +55°26’17”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark at the base of an old + +Erica reunionensis + +trunk, +17 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4707 +(Hb. DM), +974.4708 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1930 m +, +21°06’50”S +, +55°26’21”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, old +Erica +thicket, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +17 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4704 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., above Îlet des Salazes, elev. +1695 m +, +21°06’48”S +, +55°26’41”E +, in secondary leeward montane rainforest with + +Pinus + +and + +Quercus + +plantations, on bark of a trunk of + +Quercus + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3894 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1730 m +, +21°06’34”S +, +55°26’46”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3906 +(REU), +974.3919 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1740 m +, +21°06’31”S +, +55°26’48”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Hypericum lanceolatum + +, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3926 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1775 m +, +21°06’29”S +, +55°26’54”E +, rocky scree colonized by + +Erica reunionensis + +in leeward montane rainforest, on ± mossy basalt rock, +20 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3930 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., along road towards Bras Sec, at intersection with canyon of Bras de Benjoin, elev. +1360 m +, +21°07’24”S +, +55°28’53”E +, +02 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE35/9, RE35/10 & E. Timdal +(O); Entre-Deux, sentier de la +Grande Jument +, elev. +1115 m +, +21°12’47”S +, +55°28’58”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4661 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1130 m +, +21°12’43”S +, +55°28’59”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined tree trunks, +16 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4670 +(REU), +974.4671 +(Hb. DM); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’06”E +, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on bark of branches of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +23 August 2015 +& +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4826 +(LG), +974.4827 +(REU), +974.4988, 974.5108 +(Hb. DM); La Possession, +la Grande Montagne +, sentier des Lataniers, elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’21”S +, +55°23’31”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus + +, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4726 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1330 m +, +20°58’17”S +, +55°23’30”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of the trunk of an undetermined shrub, +19 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4742 +(Hb. DM); Piton Fougères, elev. +1420 m +, +20°59’03”S +, +55°24’07”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Weinmannia + +, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1941 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton Marmite, elev. +1865 m +, +21°03’28”S +, +55°27’15”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on ± mossy bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5101 +(REU), +974.5102 +, +974.5103 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1840 m +, +21°03’32”S +, +55°27’12”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5105 +(Hb. DM); Le Tampon, Plaine des Cafres, sentier de Bébour, elev. +1600 m +, +21°08’43”S +, +55°34’14”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +and + +Hubertia tomentosa + +, +26 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4044 +(LG), +974.4071 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plaine des Cafres, GR R2 trail, west of Piton Tortue, elev. +1740 m +, +21°09’03”S +, +55°32’43”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on ± mossy bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4409 +(REU), +974.4419 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plaine des Cafres, GR R2 trail, between Piton Tortue and Piton Lepervanche, elev. +1720 m +, +21°09’11”S +, +55°33’00”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on ± mossy bark at the base of a trunk of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +23 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4404 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton Desforges, elev. +1650 m +, +21°11’46”S +, +55°34’29”E +, on bark of a trunk of + +Monimia + +, +30 September 1956 +, +H. des Abbayes 29 +(REN 000044); +ibid +., Piton Grand-Mère, elev. +1640 m +, +21°10’45”S +, +55°35’17”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on bark of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +19 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5026 +(REU), +974.5027–29 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Notre-Dame de la Paix, botanical Trail, elev. +1700 m +, +21°15’57”S +, +55°36’07”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of undetermined trees, +17 July 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1440 +(REU), +974.1442 +(Hb. DM); L’Étang-Salé, Chemin Canal, elev. +1075 m +, +21°12’41”S +, +55°22’36”E +, in leeward submontane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +27 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5142 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Benoît, trail GR R1 from Gîte de Bélouve to Caverne Mussard, elev. +1980 m +, +21°05.3’S +, +55°31.3’E +, rather well-lit area with mixed shrubs, including + +Erica +sp. + +, on bark of + +Erica +sp. + +, +02 June 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 40520 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom); +ibid +., Piton de Bébour, elev. +1330 m +, +21°07’45”S +, +55°34’10”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +07 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0033 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bébour, piste forestière de Takamaka, elev. +1360 m +, +21°06’37”S +, +55°33’57”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +16 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4969 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Denis, sentier de la Roche Écrite, elev. +1420 m +, +20°57’48”S +, +55°26’24”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of a young + +Erica reunionensis + +, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4751 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1515 m +, +20°58’09”S +, +55°26’26”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of an old + +Erica reunionensis + +, +20 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4759 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Plaine d’Affouches, elev. +1720 m +, +20°59’14”S +, +55°26’02”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest with + +Cyathea glauca + +and + +Nastus borbonicus + +, on bark of a branch of an old + +Erica reunionensis + +, +18 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.3882 +(LG), +974.3883 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1480 m +, +20°58’59”S +, +55°24’35”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica +sp. + +, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1944 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., elev. +1490 m +, +20°58’58”S +, +55°24’51”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Erica +sp. + +, +04 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1950 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, sentier du Piton du Rond, elev. +1320 m +, +21°18’07”S +, +55°36’11”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Melicope obscura + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4302 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +1360 m +, +21°17’55”S +, +55°36’19”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4304 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Piton du Rond, elev. +1375 m +, +21°17’55”S +, +55°36’23”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a trunk of + +Molinea alternifolia + +, +18 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4305 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Grand Coude, elev. +1375 m +, +21°16’32”S +, +55°37’48”E +, in secondary windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Cryptomeria japonica + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5114 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Paul, ravine La Source, elev. +1700 m +, +21°04’39”S +, +55°21’36”E +, in + +Acacia + +montane forest, on bark of + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +02 August 2005 +, +D. Masson 974.1922 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Le Maïdo, along the road to the viewpoint, elev. +1950 m +, +21°03’42”S +, +55°22’43”E +, + +Acacia heterophylla + +forest, +05 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE44/6 & E. Timdal +(O); Saint-Pierre, forêt du Haut de Mont Vert, Camp Mussard, elev. +1600 m +, +21°16’52”S +, +55°36’12”E +, in leeward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Dombeya +sp. + +, +17 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4977 +(Hb. DM); Salazie, Piton d’Enchain, elev. +1350 m +, +21°02’37”S +, +55°29’53”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of + +Melicope borbonica + +, +13 April 2003 +, +D. Masson 974.0311 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Bélouve, elev. +1690 m +, +21°04’34”S +, +55°31’46”E +, in + +Erica + +montane thicket, on bark of branches of + +Erica reunionensis + +, +25 August 2013 +, +D. Masson 974.4458 +(REU), +974.4459 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., forêt de Bélouve, track from Gîte de Bélouve to viewpoint, elev. +1500 m +, +21°03’39”S +, +55°32’10”E +, +30 September 1996 +, +H. Krog RE25/29 & E. Timdal +(O); +ibid +., forêt de Bélouve, near Gîte de Bélouve, elev. +1520 m +, area with mature + +Acacia heterophylla + +trees in mixed forest along road and path, on + +Acacia heterophylla + +, +27 May 2008 +, + +P. & +B. van +den Boom 39783 + +( +Hb. van +den Boom). + + + + +Selected specimens studied for comparison +:— +FRANCE +. Finistère: Crozon, pointe de Dinan, elev. +35 m +, +48°14’13”N +, +4°33’57”W +, low maritime heath on rocky headland, on ± mossy quartzite rocks, +23 August 2007 +, +D. Masson 29.2518 +, +29.2519 +, +29.2521–25 +(Hb. DM); Hanvec, forêt du Cranou, elev. +110 m +, +48°18’59”N +, +4°06’03”W +, in oak-beech forest with bilberry, on mossy bark of + +Quercus petraea + +, +21 August 2007 +, +D. Masson 29.2490 +( +topotype +, Hb. DM); Le Faou, forêt du Cranou, east of the Manoir forest house, elev. +130 m +, +48°18’58”N +, +4°06’25”W +, in Atlantic beech forest, on bark of + +Quercus + +, +23 December 2012 +, +J.-Y. Monnat 29.4170 +( +topotype +, LG); Plougastel, rochers de quartzite entre le bourg et le pont, exposition N, +31 March 1933 +, +des Abbayes s.n. +(REN 000054). Landes: Ondres, Yrieu, elev. +20 m +, +43°34’22”N +, +1°25’33”W +, in an old pine plantation with + +Prunus laurocerasus + +undergrowth, on bark of a trunk of a dead + +Pinus pinaster + +, +28 December 2012 +, +D. Masson 40.4176 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +15 m +, +43°34’19”N +, +1°25’30”W +, at the edge of a small pond, on bark of a trunk of + +Salix atrocinerea + +, +28 December 2012 +, +D. Masson 40.4179 +(Hb. DM); Soustons, Piquère, elev. +10 m +, +43°46’26”N +, +1°19’46”W +, in an alder wood at the western edge of Étang de Soustons, on bark of a trunk of + +Alnus glutinosa + +, +24 February 2004 +, +D. Masson 40.0979 +(Hb. DM); +ibid +., Tuquéou, elev. +10 m +, +43°46’21”N +, +1°20’20”W +, in a pine forest with + +Quercus suber + +and + +Ilex aquifolium + +, on ± mossy bark of a trunk of + +Pinus pinaster + +, +24 February 2004 +, +D. Masson 40.0973 +(Hb. DM). + + + +SPAIN +. +Canary Islands +: + +La Gomera + +, +Alrededores +del monte +de El Cedro +, + +560 m + +, sobre la corteza, + +04 August 2009 + +, + +A. Crespo +& +A. Santos +6i, 6h + +(MAF-Lich 20689, 20698) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFFD2F0DFF1AFBEFFBEAF998.xml b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFFD2F0DFF1AFBEFFBEAF998.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..58f7f6ac1f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FA/86/03FA864EFFFD2F0DFF1AFBEFFBEAF998.xml @@ -0,0 +1,791 @@ + + + +Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean + + + +Author + +Masson, Didier +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + + + +Author + +Magain, Nicolas +0000-0001-5409-9518 +Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium nicolas. magain @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5409 - 9518 +nicolas.magain@uliege.be + + + +Author + +Sérusiaux, Emmanuël +0000-0002-3340-5472 +Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 & Evolution and Conservation Biology, InBios research centre, Sart Tilman B 22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la vallée 4, B- 4000 Liège, Belgium e. serusiaux @ uliege. be; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0456 - 0131 * Corresponding author & Vertevoye, 2860 route d’Irieu, F- 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx, France di. masson @ wanadoo. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3340 - 5472 +di.masson@wanadoo.fr + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2024 + +2024-06-27 + + +657 + + +1 + + +1 +138 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1 +1179-3163 +13217474 + + + + + + + + +Parmotrema subcorallinum +(Hale) +Hale (1974a: 339) +MycoBank + + +no. 343133 + + + + + + + + + +Parmelia subcorallina +Hale (1962: 345) +MycoBank + + +no. 345524 + + + + + +Type +:— + +TAIWAN +. +Taichung +: +Keitau +, + +24 December 1933 + +, + +Y. Asahina +3312 + +( +TNS +!, +holotype +; + + +US +[image!], +isotype +) + +. + + + +Parmelia acrotrycha +Kurok. (1979: 126) + +, + +syn. nov. + +MycoBank no. 115850 + + +Type +:— + +PAPUA NEW GUINEA +. +Eastern Highland District +: +Kundibesa +logging area, +22 miles +east of +Kainantu +, + +1560 m + +, + +18 November 1965 + +, + +S. Kurokawa +6086 + +( +TNS +, +n.v +., +holotype +) + +. + + + + + += + + +Parmotrema acrotrychum +(Kurok.) +Streimann (1986: 92) +MycoBank + + +no. 129345 + + + +( +Fig. 38 +) + + + + +Description and chemistry are based on specimens from +Réunion +( + +P. subcorallinum + +s. str. +). + + +Thallus +foliose, loosely to moderately adnate, membranaceous, up to 13 × +16 cm +. +Lobes +rounded, imbricate, irregularly branched, +4–12 mm +wide, often concave; margins ascending, crenate to isidiate-dissected, ciliate ( +Fig. 38C +). +Cilia +conspicuous, black, sometimes with coppery glints (pigments), abundant, simple, up to +5 mm +long. +Upper surface +pale greenish grey, emaculate or faintly white-maculate, ± cracked and somewhat scrobiculate in the older parts, isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, phyllidia and soralia; regeneration lobules occasionally present in older parts. +Isidia +mainly marginal and submarginal, occasionally also laminal in older parts, very often apically ciliate, irregular, at first granular or cylindrical, then ± coralloid or arbuscular and inflated, up to +2 mm +high, brittle ( +Fig. 38D +). +Medulla +white throughout. +Lower surface +± shiny, smooth to rugulose, black to the margin, or with a chestnut brown or buff erhizinate marginal zone (ca. +1–8 mm +wide) at main lobe tips, isidiate lateral lobes often with a narrow ( +0.2–1.2 mm +), erhizinate, ivory white marginal zone. +Rhizines +concolor to the lower surface, in scattered groups, simple, sometimes furcate or 1–2 branched, up to +2.5 mm +long. +Apothecia +not seen in the specimens examined. +Pycnidia +rare, submarginal towards apices; only primordia seen. + +Conidia + +not found. + + +Chemistry +:— +Spot tests and fluorescence +: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, C−, KC+ fleeting pinkish, P+ orange, UV−. +Secondary metabolites +(TLC): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor or trace), ± undetermined fatty acid (Rf classes:A2-3, B1, C2; minor); ± 2 undetermined ciliary pigments: P1, PV. + + + +FIGURE 38. + +Parmotrema subcorallinum + +. +A +: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); +B +: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from + +Rivas-Martínez +et al +. 2011: 17–18 + +); +C +: Gross morphology of thallus ( +Masson 974.4961 +); +D +: Lobes with irregular isidia, at first granular or cylindrical, then ± coralloid or arbuscular and inflated, often apically ciliate ( +Masson 974.4961 +). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm + + + +Geographical distribution +:— + +Parmotrema subcorallinum + +is a paleotropical species with a curious insular/ peninsular distribution. Specimens with protocetraric acid ( + +P. subcorallinum + +s. str. +) have been reported from +Taiwan +( + +Hale +1962 + +, Kurukowa & +Lai 2001 +), Hainan Island ( + +Chen +et al +. 2005 + +), Java ( + +Hale +1965a + +), the Malay Peninsula ( +GBIF 2022b +), Borneo ( + +Din +et al +. 1999 + +), New +Guinea +( +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +), +Seychelles +( +Seaward & Aptroot 2009 +, + +Diederich +et al +. 2017 + +), +Mauritius +( + +Hale +1962 + +, Diederich & Ertz 2020, present work), and +São Tomé Island +( + +Hale +1965a + +). They are here reported as new for Réunion from nine localities in eight UTM 1× +1 km +grid cells (or seven UTM 2× +2 km +grid cells, +Fig. 38A +). These localities are located on the windward part of the island, between 685 and +1395 m +elevation. Specimens with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids ( + +P. acrotrychum + +) have been reported from Borneo ( + +Din +et al +. 1999 + +, +2008 +), New +Guinea +and northern +Queensland +in +Australia +( +Kurokawa 1979 +, +Elix 1994 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). They have also been collected at two locations in +Mauritius +, between 565 and +680 m +elevation (Diederich & Ertz 2020; also herein). + + + + +Ecology +:—On +Réunion +, + +Parmotrema subcorallinum + +was found in +two types +of habitats, + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket and windward submontane rainforest, where it was corticolous on branches and trunks of trees (especially + +Pandanus montanus + +). Its localization on the windward side of the island and at medium elevation ( +685–1395 m +) suggests that it is an ombrophilous and moderately thermophilous species. Bioclimatic features of the localities ( +Fig. 38B +) can be summarized as follow: bioclimate pluvial tropical, thermotype belts = upper thermotropical and lower mesotropical (425 ≤ It ≤ 542), ombrotype belts = from lower hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid (12.7 ≤ Io ≤ 27.1). In +Mauritius +, the species was collected between 565 and +750 m +elevation; on +Mahé Island +( +Seychelles +), between 600 and +800 m +( +Seaward & Aptroot 2009 +, + +Diederich +et al +. 2017 + +). + + +Notes +:—All the collections from +Réunion +and one from +Mauritius +examined by TLC contain protocetraric, protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids as constant medullary extrolites. +Two specimens +from +Mauritius +contain succinprotocetraric, fumarprotocetraric, protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids in their medullae, which react K+ slowly brick red, C-, KC-, P+ orange. They are morphologically indistinguishable from those containing protocetraric acid. They also contain the same two ciliary pigments: P1 and PV. These two Mauritian specimens fit morphologically and chemically with + +Parmotrema acrotrychum + +described from +Papua New Guinea +and +Australia +( +Kurokawa 1979 +). According to +Kurokawa (1979) +, +Elix (1994) +and +Louwhoff & Elix (1999) +, + +P. acrotrychum + +and + +P. subcorallinum + +are closely related and differ mainly in medullary chemistry. A subtle distinction in the shape of the isidia was proposed by +Kurokawa (1979) +: ‘isidia of + +P. subcorallina + +often become granular (…), those of + +P. acrotrycha + +are usually coralloid in shape’. However, we were unable to find any correlation between isidia morphology and medullary chemistry in the Mascarene material examined. + + +Our phylogenetic study based on three loci from +five specimens +from +Réunion +with protocetraric acid and +two specimens +from +Mauritius +with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids further show that a single taxon is involved and can be recovered with phylogenetic inferences ( +Fig. 3 +). We therefore propose to place + +P. acrotrychum + +in synonymy with + +P. subcorallinum + +, and distinguish two chemotypes within + +P. subcorallinum + +, one with protocetraric acid as major substance, the other with the biosynthetically related succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids. + + + +Parmotrema subcorallinum + +can be confused with + +P. kaisenikianum +(Kurok.) Streimann + +, which appears to be endemic to +Papua New Guinea +, but the latter species has eciliate isidia and its medulla lacks protolichesterinic acid ( +Kurokawa 1985 +, +Louwhoff & Elix 1999 +). + + +In our 3-locus phylogenetic tree, the isidiate + +P. subcorallinum + +formed part of a well-supported clade that also included the sorediate + +P. eleonomum + +( +Fig. 3 +). Both species further belong to a strongly supported radiation, comprising a total of ten species, either described as new in this paper (eight) or already described (two). + + +Specimens with protocetraric acid examined +:— +FRANCE +. +Réunion +: Bras-Panon, sentier de la Caroline, elev. +710 m +, +21°01’36”S +, +55°37’11”E +, in windward submontane secondary rainforest with small + +Pandanus + +wet thickets, on bark of a trunk of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +15 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.4961 +(LG); +ibid +., La Plaine des Lianes, elev. +750 m +, +21°01’52”S +, +55°36’39”E +, on bark, +01 October 1996 +, +H. Krog RE32/9, RE32/10, RE32/11 & E. Timdal +(O L-231245, L-231246, L-231247); La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Ligne Deux Mille en Dessous, elev. +870 m +, +21°07’03”S +, +55°39’05”E +, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on bark of a branch of + +Agauria +sp. + +, +18 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5001 +(LG), +974.5002 +(Hb. DM); Saint-André, forêt de Dioré, elev. +825 m +, +20°59’36”S +, +55°34’55”E +, in windward submontane secondary rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +21 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5058 +(LG); Saint-Benoît, Saint-François les Hauts, sentier Sainte-Marguerite, elev. +685 m +, +21°06’57”S +, +55°40’42”E +, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on bark of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +28 August 2012 +and +23 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4108 +(Hb. DM), +974.4836 +(LG); +ibid +., elev. +725 m +, +21°07’11”S +, +55°40’39”E +, in + +Pandanus + +submontane wet thicket, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +28 August 2012 +, +D. Masson 974.4116 +(Hb. DM); Saint-Joseph, Grand Coude, elev. +1395 m +, +21°16’28”S +, +55°37’51”E +, in windward montane rainforest, on bark of a branch of + +Pandanus montanus + +, +24 August 2017 +, +D. Masson 974.5116 +(LG); Sainte-Suzanne, les Hauts de la Perrière, elev. +765 m +, +20°58’48”S +, +55°34’06”E +, open picnic place in a windward submontane secondary rainforest, on bark of a trunk of an undetermined tree, +11 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4590 +(LG); +ibid +., ravine Bras Laurent, elev. +755 m +, +20°58’49”S +, +55°33’48”E +, edge of a ravine in a windward submontane secondary rainforest, on bark of a branch of an undetermined tree, +11 August 2015 +, +D. Masson 974.4591 +(Hb. DM). + + + +MAURITIUS +. +Savanne District +: +Black River +Gorges National Park +, along the trail to +Mt Cocotte +, elev. + +720–750 m + +, +20.44174°S +, +57.47106°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +01 September 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +18884 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +) + +. + + +Specimens with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids examined +:— + +MAURITIUS +. +Plaines Wilhems District +: +Curepipe +, +Curepipe Botanic Gardens +, elev. + +565 m + +, +20.32505°S +, +57.51389°E +, on bark of trees, + +09 September 2019 + +, + +P. Diederich +19114 & +D. Ertz + +( +Hb. P. Diederich +); +ibid + +., + +Black River +Gorges National Park +, + +Le Pétrin + +, between +Pétrin Information Centre +and the first viewpoint along the trail to the west, elev. + +610–680 m + +, +20.40189°S +, +57.45883°E +, on the bark of a tree, + +01 August 2016 + +, + +P. Diederich +18332 + +( +Hb P. Diederich +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.xml b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..49d37b71363 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ + + + +Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover + + + +Author + +Squires, Richard L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +22 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043434 +0031-0298 + + + + + + +GALEODEA CALIFORNICA +CLARK, 1942 + + + + + + +FIG. 4A–C + + + + + +Galeodea +( +Caliagaleodea +) +californica +Clark, 1942 + +. p. + +118; pl. 19, figs. 15–19. + + +Galeodea californica +Clark. +Givens and Kennedy, 1979 + +. p. 86. + + + +Galeodea +( +Caliagaleodea +) +californica +Clark. +Squires, 1984 + +. p. 26; fig. 7j. Squires. 1988a. pl. 1, fig. 12; Squires. 1988b. p. 13, fig. 29. +Squires and Demetrion, 1994 +. p. 130; fig. 9. + + +Primary Type Material— + +Holotype +UCMP 34376 +and +paratype +UCMP 34377 +, both from +UCMP +Locality +UCMP 7004 +, +Llajas Formation +, north side +Simi Valley +, +Ventura County +, southern +California +. + + + + + +Material examined— + +The +thirty-one specimens +include: Hypotypes +LACMIP 6530 +, +14834 +, and 28 unfigured +topotype +specimens + +. + + +Emended description— +Shell small to medium size (up to +33 mm +height, incomplete), globose with thin shell. Spire very small, low, mostly submerged. Sutural “ramp” flat, between spire and last whorl. Callus thin to absent on parietal region of inner lip. Spiral ribs prominent, numerous, and smooth with wide interspaces, especially on most of last whorl. Spiral ribs on neck much thinner, very weak, and bearing closely spaced minute weak nodes. Interspaces on shell neck narrower and bearing three or four spiral threads. Anterior canal moderately long, twisted leftward (broken on nearly all specimens), and umbilicate. Episodic varices lacking. Terminal varix wide, flange-like, and reflected. + + +Stratigraphic occurrence— +Lower Eocene to lower middle Eocene, southern California to +Baja California Sur +, +Mexico +. “ +Capay Stage +”: Bateque Formation, +Baja California Sur +, +Mexico +( +Squires and Demetrion 1994 +); “ +Domengine Stage +”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California ( +Squires 1988c +; [for age update, see +Squires (2000) +]. Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California ( +Clark 1942 +; +Squires 1984 +); lower Scripps Formation, San Diego, San Diego County, southern California ( +Givens and Kennedy 1979 +). + + + + +Remarks— +Most of the specimens are internal molds or nearly so. The anterior canal is broken off on nearly all of them. +Clark (1942) +named +Caliagaleodea +as a subgenus of + +Galeodea + +. +Beu (2008 +: p. 288) regarded +Caliagaleodea +as a synonym. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.xml b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e8a3d137823 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.xml @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + + +Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover + + + +Author + +Squires, Richard L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +22 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043434 +0031-0298 + + + + + + +GALEODEA TUBERCULIFORMIS +HANNA, 1924 + + + + + + +FIGS. 4D–H + + + + + +Morio +( +Sconsia +) +tuberculatus +Gabb, 1864 + +. p. 104, pl. 19, fig. 57. +Arnold, 1907 +. pl. 39, fig. 9. + + +[ +non +] + +Cassidaria tuberculata +Risso, 1826 + +. p. 186 (see +Dall, 1909 +. p. 64). + + + + +Cassadaria +[sic] ( + +Phalium + +) +turberculata +[sic] Dall, in +Diller (1896 +. p. 458). + + + +Figure 4. +See caption on the bottom of page 11. + + + + +Galeodea tuberculata +(Gabb) + +. +Dickerson, 1916 +. pl. 42, fig. 2. + + + +Galeodea +( +Morio +) +tuberculata +(Gabb) + +. +Waring, 1917 +. pl. 15, fig. 17. + + + + + +Galeodea tuberculiformis +Hanna, 1924 + +. p. 167. +Anderson and Hanna, 1925 +. p 110. +Schenck, 1926 +. p. 83; pl. 14, figs. 12–16. +Stewart, 1927 +. p. 380; pl. 28, figs. 11. +Vokes, 1939 +. p. 149; pl. 19, figs. 19, 21, 23–27. + + + +Coalingodea tuberculiformis +(Hanna) + +. +Durham, 1942 +. p. 186; pl. 29, figs. 5, 9. +Givens, 1974 +. p. 78; pl. 8, fig. 7. +Squires, 1977 +. table 1. + + + +Cassis +( +Coalingodea +) +tuberculata +(Gabb) + +. +Abbott, 1968 +. p. 59; pl. 34 (three views). + + + + + +Phalium tuberculiformis +(Hanna) + +. +Givens and Kennedy, 1979 +. pp. 86, 88. + + + + + + +Phalium +( +Semicassis +) +tuberculiformis +(Hanna) + +. +Squires, 1984 +. p. 27; figs. +7l. + +Squires, 1987 +, p. 40 + +; fig. 50. +Kappeler et al., 1984 +. table 2 on p. 17. + + + + +Phalium +( +Semicassis +) +louella +Squires and Advocate. +Squires and Demetrion, 1994 + +. p. 130; figs. 10–11. + + + +Phalium +( +Semicassis +) +tuberculiformis +(Hanna) + +. +Squires, 1999 +. p. 19; fig. 37. + + + + +Primary Type Material— +Lectotype +ANSP 4343, designated by +Stewart (1927 +: p. 380), Muir Sandstone, Bull’s Head Point, Martinez, north of Mount Diablo, Contra +Costa +County, northern +California +( +Weaver 1953 +). + + + + +Material examined— + +The +thirty-six specimens +include: Hypotypes +LACMIP 6532 +and 14835, plaster replica of +lectotype +ANSP 4343 +, and the following unfigured specimens: eleven from +LACMIP +Locality 7180, two from +LACMIP +Locality 40371, nineteen from +LACMIP +Locality 40374, and one from +LACMIP +loc. 40764 + +. + + +Emended description— +Size moderately small,height up to 34.2 mm height. Immature shell fusiform, early adults can have moderately high spire and tabulate last whorl, whereas late adults can have lower spire and somewhat “rounded-look” on periphery of last whorl or less, commonly, tabulate shoulder. Protoconch low (naticoid) or moderately high, 2.5 smooth whorls, with abrupt contact with earliest sculptured whorl. Teleoconch up to 3.5 whorls. Spire overall low, 0.23 to 0.24 of shell height, partially submerged. Radial ribs present on spire whorls. Suture impressed and somewhat wavy; bordered by sutural cord only on some upper spire whorls. Sutural ramp moderately inclined. Last whorl enlarged, posterior two-thirds of last whorl with widely spaced three (rarely four) carinae bearing spinose nodes (unaligned between carinae); anteriormost carina much weaker and with weaker nodes; carina on shoulder with 10 nodes. Sculpture on rest of shell (including short neck) consisting of many, closely spaced, spiral threads (visible to naked eye) crossed by growth lines and minutely cancellate, commonly producing “beaded” look on well preserved individuals. Parietal/columellar lip callus wide and well developed; separated from shell and forming umbilicus anteriorly. Siphonal canal moderately short, twisted, and unnotched; 7 to 8 transverse lirae on callused columellar lip with lirae becoming more closely spaced toward anterior end of aperture. Siphonal canal dorsally directed, with false umbilicus at posterior end. Episodic varix (or two varices) can be present (rarely none) but only on last whorl; location of varices variable. Terminal varix thick and with well developed denticles on inner edge of varix; posteriormost denticle can be prominent, thereby creating constriction in this region. + + +Stratigraphic occurrence— +Lower to middle Eocene, southwestern Washington to San Diego, California. “ +Meganos Stage +”: Upper Santa Susana Formation, south side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California ( +Squires 1999 +). “ +Capay Stage +”: Bateque Formation, San Ignacio area, +Baja California Sur +, +Mexico +( +Squires and Demetrion 1994 +). “ +Domengine Stage +”:Domengine Formation, Coalinga area, San Benito County, central California ( +Vokes 1939 +); Avenal Sandstone, Reef Ridge area, Kings County, central California ( +Kappeler et al. 1984 +). Muir Sandstone, Contra Costa County, northern California ( +Weaver 1953 +). Upper Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County, southern California ( +Givens 1974 +). Upper Juncal Formation and Matilija Sandstone?, Whitaker Peak area, Ventura County, southern California ( +Squires 1987 +). Llajas Formation, Ventura County, southern California ( +Squires 1984 +). Ardath Shale, San Diego County ( +Givens and Kennedy 1979 +). + + + + +Figure 4A–C. + +Galeodea californica +Clark, 1942 + +, Llajas Formation, (Eocene, “Domengine Stage”), Las Llajas Canyon, north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Apertural ( +A +) and abapertural ( +B +) views of hypotype LACMIP 6530, LACMIP Locality 7242. +C. +Abapertural ( +C +) view of hypotype LACMIP 14834, LACMIP Locality 22312. +D–H. + +Galeodea tuberculiformis +Hanna, 1924 + +, Llajas Formation, (Eocene, “Domengine Stage”), Devil Canyon, northern Simi Valley, Los Angeles County, southern California. Apertural ( +D +), abapertural ( +E +), left-lateral ( +F +), and right-lateral ( +G +) views of hypotype LACMIP 6532, LACMIP Locality 16115. +H. +Apertural view of hypotype LACMIP 14835, LACMIP Locality 40371. +I–P. + +Echinophoria trituberculata +( +Weaver, 1912 +) + +. Apertural ( +I +) and abapertural ( +J +) views of hypotype LACMIP 14836, LACMIP Locality 22340, Tejon Formation, (Eocene, “Tejon Stage”), Grapevine Canyon, Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, southern California. Apertural ( +K +), abapertural ( +L +), and right-lateral ( +M +) views of hypotype LACMIP 14837, LACMIP Locality 5654. Apertural ( +N +), abapertural ( +O +), and left-lateral ( +P +) views of hypotype LACMIP 14838, LACMIP Locality 3125. K–P=Cowlitz Formation, (Eocene, “Tejon Stage”), Cowlitz River near Vader, Lewis County, southwestern Washington. Scale bars=10 mm. + + + + +Remarks— +Figure 4D +shows the prominent posteriormost denticle on the interior of the outer lip. Although the anterior siphonal canal is damaged or broken on most specimens, a few specimens from the Llajas Formation show that this canal is short, twisted, not notched ( +Fig. 4H +), and with an angular left-lateral edge. At one locality in the Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, southern +California +, four out of +16 specimens +of this species have an episodic varix, and one of these specimens has two episodic varices. + + +The strength of the fine-beaded spiral sculpture on + +G. tuberculiformis + +is largely a function of how much a specimen is weathered. +Beu (2008 +: p. 289) reported that + +G +. +tuberculiformis + +is more like a species of + +Cassis + +, but + +Cassis + +has a well developed siphonal notch, whereas + +tuberculiformis + +is unnotched. + + + +Galeodea tuberculiformis + +has the most widespread latitudinal distribution of any of the cassids found in the CSWNA region ( +Fig. 1 +). It is found, therefore, in numerous formations, and it is likely the earliest cassid found in this region ( +Fig. 2 +). As noted by +Durham (1942) +, it is very similar to + +Galeodea coronota +( +Deshayes, 1830 +) + +of middle Eocene (Lutetian) age in +England +and +France +(see +Wrigley 1934 +: pl. 17, figs. 36–38). + + +For discussions regarding whether or not +Hanna (1924) +was justified in renaming +Gabb’s (1864) + +tuberculatus + +, see +Schenck (1926) +, +Stewart (1927) +, and +Abbott (1968 +: p. 60). The renaming was necessary, however, because Dall (in +Diller 1896 +: p. 458) used the name +Cassadaria +( + +Phalium + +) +turberculata +[sic] (Gabb), which created a secondary homonym of + +Cassidaria tuberculata +Risso, 1826 + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.xml b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f9a91b249ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ + + + +Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover + + + +Author + +Squires, Richard L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +22 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043434 +0031-0298 + + + + + + +ECHINOPHORIA +SAcco, 1890 + + + + + + + +Type +species— + +By subsequent designation ( +Dall, 1909 +), + +Buccinum intermedium +Brocchi, 1814 + +. Oligocene and Miocene of +Italy +( +Abbott 1968 +: p. 96). + + +Geologic range— +Middle Eocene to Recent. + +Echinophoria + +is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as uncommonly in the modern record, in +the Dominican +Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region ( +Beu 2010 +). + + + + +Differential diagnosis— +Spire height moderately low. Inner lip callus thin or absent and columellar callus absent; no false umbilici created by calluses. Aperture wide. Columella long, anterior siphonal canal strongly twisted, slightly to moderately notched, and fasciolate. Siphonal fasciole very distinct, with posterior edge of anterior canal noticeably producing two long “plica-like” spiral structures extending across ventral surface of siphonal canal and reaching notch area; siphonal fasciole separated from base of last whorl by distinct groove. Previous varices rare (on fossils), absent (on modern specimens). Episodic varices rare on fossils and very rare to absent on modern specimens. Terminal varix on outer lip thin to thickened and reflected ( +Beu 2010 +: p. 231). + + + + +Remarks— +Beu (2010 +: p. 242) gave six genus-groups names of + +Echinophoria + +. The protoconch of + +Echinophoria + +is low-turbiniform, with a well-impressed suture and about three strongly inflated, smooth whorls. +Beu (2008 +, +2010 +) opined that + +Echinophoria + +, with its prominent sculpture resembling that of + +Galeodea + +, is likely to have been the stem group of the +Phaliinae +, evolving from + +Galeodea + +late in Cretaceous time. + + +Durham (1942) +was the first to recognize the presence of + +Echinophoria + +in the CSWNA region, and he used + +Echinophoria +species + +to help establish a cassid-biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This zonation was developed further and expanded by +Armentrout (1975 +: pp. 18–25). +Moore (1984) +used the phylogeny of the phaliine genera + +Echinophoria + +and especially + +Liracassis + +for the purpose of also furthering the PNW cassid-biostratigraphic zones. +Prothero and Armentrout (1985) +used high-resolution, magnetostratigraphy for refining these zones, and this technique was utilized further by Prothero (2001: fig. 2), +Prothero (2003 +: fig. 1.3), +Nesbitt (2003 +: fig. 4.1), and +Nesbitt et al. (2010) +to update the cassid zonation. The + +Galeodea trituberculata + +zone, which includes the Cowlitz Formation and the tropical-Eocene fauna, is followed, in vertical stratigraphic succession, by the cooler water + +Echinophoria dalli + +, + +E. fax + +, and + +Liracassis + +zones ( +Fig. 2 +). + +Liracassis + +is one of several genera that diverged from + +Echinophoria + +during the Cenozoic but is now extinct ( +Beu 2008 +: p. 362). + +Echinophoria + +differs from + +Liracassis + +by having a smaller shell size, absence of strap-like spiral ribs, spiral ribbing never as dominant, nodes never as weak, longer and straighter anterior canal, and weaker development of longitudinal spiral cords on the anterior canal. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.xml b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..74e69ba2802 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ + + + +Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover + + + +Author + +Squires, Richard L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +22 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043434 +0031-0298 + + + + + + +GALEODEA +LINK, 1807 + + + + + + + +Type +species— + +By monotypy. + +Buccinum echinophorum +Linné, 1758 + +(= + +Morio echinophora +Linné, 1758 + +). Pliocene to Recent, southern Europe to Mediterranean. + + +Geologic range— +Late Cretaceous (Santonian to early Campanian) to Recent. + +Galeodea + +is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as rarely to uncommonly in the modern record; namely, in +the Dominican +Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region ( +Beu 2010 +). + + + + +Differential diagnosis— +Spire moderately low to moderately high, partially submerged or not. Radial ribs absent on spire. Last-whorl shoulder distinct, tabulate (common) or rounded, and bearing nodes strong (common) or weak. Anterior siphonal canal moderately short to long, twisted (leftward), and unnotched (therefore no siphonal fasciole). Canal reflected leftward and upward (dorsally). Aperture moderately wide; inner lip can have lirae or pustules; posterior end of inner canal can have parietal node and consequent restriction. Shell can have multiple episodic varices, and terminal varix weak to prominent; outer lip can be slightly flared and can bear denticles on its interior. + + + + +Remarks— +Dall (1909 +: p. 64) gave a very detailed synonymy, up to the year 1909, of + +Galeodea + +, and +Beu (2010 +: p. 231) gave nine genus-group names. +Beu (2008) +demonstrated that + +Galeodea + +belongs in the +Cassinae +. He commented that protoconchs of all the Recent + +Galeodea +species + +have almost no specific characters. They are like + + +Provincial Key Ma Epochs Chrons Polarity / Nannos Stages Molluscan and biozones Stages Stratigraphic Units Taxa/Ranges Climate Events Faunal 30 Olig. Lower C12 CP CP 16 17 Rupelian Matlockian + +Liracassis rex +Blakeley + +cooler water 35 Upper C C C C 16 15 17 13 CP15 Priabonian Galvinian + +Echinophoria +E E.. +dalli + + +fax +Keasey Cowlitz Tukwila Creek Lincoln + + +sutterensis + +cooling global turnover fauna turnover 40 Middle C C 18 19 CP14 Bartonian ″Tejon” Tejon + +meganosensis +Galeodea californica +Galeodea +Galeodea tuberculiformis + +warmwater fauna C20 CP13 Lutetian ″Transition” up. Juncal 45 Eocene C21 CP12 ″Domengine” Domengine Llajas + +Galeodea louella trituberculata + +conditions warm 50 Lower C C 22 23 CP CP 10 11 Ypresian ″Capay” Lodo Capay up low Crescent Maniobra Lookingglass. Juncal. Juncal Shale + +Galeodea +Echinophoria + +Paleocene- Meganos Eocene C24 CP9 ″Meganos” up.Santa Thermal taxa Influx from of 55 Susana Maximum +(PETM) +the CP8 Tethyan Paleocene Upper C25 CP +CP7 +6 Thanetian ″Martinez” cassids cassine phaliine cassids Realm the protoconch of + +G. echinophora + +, the +type +species of + +Galeodea + +, in that they are all very small, blunt, and paucispiral ( +Beu 2008 +: figs. 11A, C, E). Some Eocene species of + +Galeodea + +have a long anterior canal ( +Gardner 1939 +), but other species do not. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.xml b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1285c93bdda --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/61/87/2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ + + + +Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover + + + +Author + +Squires, Richard L. + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2022 + +36 + + +1 +22 + + + +journal article +10.5070/P9361043434 +0031-0298 + + + + + + +GALEODEA MEGANOSENSIS +VOKES, 1939 + + + + + + +FIG. 3A–D + + + +Galeodea sutterensis +“Dickerson. + +” +Clark and Woodford, 1927 +. p. 113; pl. 19, fig. 21 [misidentification]. + + + + + +Galeodea sutterensis meganosensis +Vokes, 1939 + +. p. 151; pl. 19, fig. 18. + + + +Galeodea +( +Gomphopages +) +meganosensis +Vokes. +Durham, 1942 + +. p. 184. +Squires, 1987 +. p. 39; fig. 49. +Squires, 1988a +. pl. 1, fig. 11. + + + +Galeodea +aff. +nodosa + + +carinata +( +Deshayes, 1835 +) + +. +Squires, 1988b +. p. 13, figs. 30, 31. + + +Primary Type Material— +Of + +G +. +meganosensis +Vokes, 1939 + +, +holotype +UCMP 31244, Locality UCMP 3152, Meganos Formation, Deer Valley, Mount Diablo area, Contra +Costa +County, northern +California +. +Holotype += the specimen misidentified as + +G. sutterensis +“Dickerson + +” Clark and Woodward. + + + + +Material examined— + +The ten specimens include: Plaster replica of +holotype +, hypotypes +LACMIP 7474 +, +7711 +, +14829 +, +14830 +, and five unfigured specimens from +LACMIP +Locality 40827 + +. + + + +Table 1. +Age and location of published species of + +Galeodea + +found in pre-Oligocene strata in the world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Species/Author(s) + +Age + +Location +
+aegyptiaca +Oppenheim, 1906 +LutetianPakistan
+ +allani +Finlay and Marwick, 1937 + +Danian to SelandianNew Zealand
+ +ambigua +Solander, 1766 + +early Bartonian to early PriabonianEngland
+anderseni +Schnetler and Heilman, 2011 +latest Ypresian to early LutetianDenmark
+angustana +Wrigley, 1934 +YpresianEngland
+anteniana +Martin, 1931 +Bartonian or PriabonianJava
+ +archiaci +Cossmann and Pissarro, 1909 + +earliest YpresianPakistan
+boehm +i +Martin, 1931 +Bartonian or PriabonianJava
+brevicostatum +Conrad, 1834 +LutetianAlab., Miss., Tex., Florida
+ +bullata +Brown, 1839 + +YpresianEngland, Denmark
+ +californica +Clark, 1942 + +late Ypresian to LutetianCSWNA
+cingulae +Garvie, 2013 +middle YpresianTexas
+ +coronata +Deshayes, 1830 + +BartonianEngland, France
+ +diadema +Deshayes, 1835 + +YpresianEngland, France
+douvillei +O'Gorman, 1923 +YpresianFrance
+ +dubia +Aldrich, 1885 + +early YpresianAlabama, Texas
+ +elongata +Koenen, 1885 + +latest Ypresian to early LutetianDenmark
+ +aff. +elongata +Koenen, 1885 + +Danian to early SelandianWest Greenland; Denmark
+ +enodis +Deshayes, 1835 + +Lutetian to early BartonianEngland, France
+ +eurychilus +Cossmann, 1889 + +BartonianFrance
+ +gallica +Wrigley, 1934 + +YpresianEngland, France, Denmark
+geminata +Wrigley, 1934 +LutetianEngland
+khaledi +Abbass, 1967 +late Lutetian to BartonianEgypt
+ +klingeri +Kiel and Bandel, 2004 + +Santonian to early CampanianSouth Africa
+ +koureos +Gardner, 1939 + +late Paleocene to YpresianAlab., Tex., no and so. Mex.
+ +louella +Squires and Advocate, 1986 + +middle YpresianCSWNA
+marcusi +Garvie, 2013 +middle LutetianTexas
+ +meganosensis +Vokes, 1939 + +middle YpresianCSWNA
+millsapsi +Sullivan and Gardner, 1939 +early PriabonianMississippi, no. Mexico
+ +modesta +Suter, 1917 + +late LutetianNew Zealand
+ +nodosa +Solander, 1766 + +Lutetian to BartonianEngland, France
+peterson +i +Conrad, 1854 +early PriabonianMississippi, Texas
+planotecta +Meyer and Aldrich, 1886 +early PriabonianAlab., Miss., no. Mexico
+planotecta jacksoni +Palmer, 1937 +early PriabonianMississippi
+ +pretiosa +Deshayes, 1865 + +LutetianFrance
+reklawensis +Garvie, 1996 +middle YpresianTexas
+ +singularis +Deshayes, 1865 + +BartonianFrance, Belgium
+ +striata +J. +Sowerby, 1812 + +YpresianEngland
+ +sutterensis +Dickerson, 1916 + +Ypresian to middle LutetianCSWNA
+umbgrovei +Martin, 1931 +Bartonian or PriabonianJava
+taitii +Conrad, 1834 +late BartonianAlabama
+taitii johnsoni +Palmer, 1947 +early PriabonianMississippi, Lousiana
+ +textiliosa +Deshayes, 1835 + +LutetianFrance
+ +tuberculiformis +Hanna, 1924 + +early Ypresian to middle LutetianCSWNA
+ +turneri +Gardner, 1939 + +middle Ypresian to LutetianTexas
+unicoronata raricrenata +O'Gorman, 1923 +late YpresianFrance
+ + + +Figure 3. +See caption on the bottom of page 7. + + + +Emended description— +Shell small to medium size (up to +33 mm +height, incomplete). Shape globose with small spire and large subquadrate last whorl. Spire relatively high, last whorl with two carinae; carina on shoul- der strongest with approximately 11 spinose tubercles; second carina noticeably weaker also with approximately 11 tubercles (rounded, not spinose) becoming weaker toward outer lip and unaligned relative to nodes on shoulder. Spiral thread with minute nodes can be present medially in interspace between carinae, and another spiral thread with minute nodes can be present anterior to second carina. Shell surface otherwise covered with very fine spiral threads, with cancellate patches. Anterior siphonal canal broken but shows twisting. Episodic varix uncommon but thick. Terminal varix narrowly thickened. + + +Stratigraphic occurrence— +Lower Eocene, northern to southern +California +. “ +Meganos Stage +”: Meganos Formation, Deer Valley, north side of Mount Diablo, Contra +Costa +County, northern +California +( +Vokes 1939 +, Clark and Woodward 1927). “ +Capay Stage +”: Lodo Formation, Cerros Shale Member [=new information: +UCMP +locality 1817; for locality details, see +Squires (1988c) +], Urruttia Canyon, north of Coalinga, Fresno County, northern +California +. Lower Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak, Los Angeles County, southern +California +( +Squires 1987 +). “ +Domengine Stage +”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern +California +( +Squires 1988b +) [for age update, see +Squires (2000) +]. + + + + +Remarks— +Vokes (1939) +recognized that +Clark and Woodford (1927) +misidentified a new gastropod as + +Galeodea sutterensis +Dickerson,1916 + +. +Vokes (1939) +named this new gastropod + +G +. +meganosensis + +and regarded it to be a subspecies of + +G. sutterensis + +. Based on its less submerged spire, only two carinae (never three), more nodes, and shell covered otherwise with fine spiral threads, + +G +. +meganosensis + +is regarded herein a distinct species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file