From 4149f89f1cef813556590cb30782483a80a5b47e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Fri, 11 Oct 2024 18:05:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-10-11 17:59:16 --- ...l => 03C087F81B04C408FE8AA568FCA0C988.xml} | 89 +- .../87/03C087F81B1AC417FE8AA410FB69CCE5.xml | 81 + .../87/03C087F81B1DC410FE8AA180FE16CB2D.xml | 63 +- .../87/03C087F81B1FC412FE8AA398FC5BCE0D.xml | 63 +- .../87/675F87D61718FFBC60BF5F4B5F1AFB82.xml | 2265 +++++++++++++++++ .../87/BF0B87EAAE6EFFF89CF6FE3FFD7706FF.xml | 130 + .../87/D76B87C72705321CB1C6FB14FA6CFBC1.xml | 2177 ++++++++++++++++ 7 files changed, 4776 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) rename data/03/C0/87/{03C087F81B04C409FE8AA568FB88CF65.xml => 03C087F81B04C408FE8AA568FCA0C988.xml} (51%) create mode 100644 data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1AC417FE8AA410FB69CCE5.xml create mode 100644 data/67/5F/87/675F87D61718FFBC60BF5F4B5F1AFB82.xml create mode 100644 data/BF/0B/87/BF0B87EAAE6EFFF89CF6FE3FFD7706FF.xml create mode 100644 data/D7/6B/87/D76B87C72705321CB1C6FB14FA6CFBC1.xml diff --git a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C409FE8AA568FB88CF65.xml b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C408FE8AA568FCA0C988.xml similarity index 51% rename from data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C409FE8AA568FB88CF65.xml rename to data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C408FE8AA568FCA0C988.xml index e602d88b7a6..d2dc0e6e4e5 100644 --- a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C409FE8AA568FB88CF65.xml +++ b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B04C408FE8AA568FCA0C988.xml @@ -1,45 +1,48 @@ - - - -Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) + + + +Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) - - -Author + + +Author -Majka, Christopher G. +Majka, Christopher G. - - -Author + + +Author -Pollock, Darren A. +Pollock, Darren A. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2006 - -1248 + +2006 + +2006-06-29 - -45 -68 + +1248 + + +45 +68 -journal article -50600 -10.5281/zenodo.172970 -6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 -1175­5326 -172970 +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.172970 +6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 +1175­5326 +172970 +AF786D75-AAAE-4D2B-9568-F44CB43BD01A - - + + @@ -50,6 +53,8 @@ Say + + NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co.: Crooked Creek, @@ -95,7 +100,7 @@ Park Corner, 18.vii.1997 , D.B. McCorquodale, CBU; Wood Islands, 20.vii.1997 -, D.B. McCorquodale, CBU; Princeton­ Wharburton Rd., +, D.B. McCorquodale, CBU; Princeton­Wharburton Rd., 19.viii.2002 , C.G. Majka, CGMC; St. Patricks, 21.vii.2001 @@ -111,6 +116,26 @@ Park Corner, 8 specimens , CGMC. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Newly recorded inPrince Edward Island. In Nova Scotia,foundin coniferous and
deciduous forests of alltypes and in many forest edge (old field,scrub,bog, stream­edge,
pine barren, etc.) areas.Very abundant on flowers.
+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1AC417FE8AA410FB69CCE5.xml b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1AC417FE8AA410FB69CCE5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1ad564270ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1AC417FE8AA410FB69CCE5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + + + +Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) + + + +Author + +Majka, Christopher G. + + + +Author + +Pollock, Darren A. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2006 + +2006-06-29 + + +1248 + + +45 +68 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.172970 +6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 +1175­5326 +172970 +AF786D75-AAAE-4D2B-9568-F44CB43BD01A + + + + + + + +Phryganophilus collaris +LeConte + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+NOVA SCOTIA: Victoria Co.: +Sunday +Lake, Cape Breton Highlands NationalPark,
15.vi.1996, R.L. Lauff, NSMC.
Newly recorded in Nova Scotia; foundin a regenerating coniferous forest.
+ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1DC410FE8AA180FE16CB2D.xml b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1DC410FE8AA180FE16CB2D.xml index 34e4ed66f51..3f436eed990 100644 --- a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1DC410FE8AA180FE16CB2D.xml +++ b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1DC410FE8AA180FE16CB2D.xml @@ -1,48 +1,51 @@ - - - -Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) + + + +Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) - - -Author + + +Author -Majka, Christopher G. +Majka, Christopher G. - - -Author + + +Author -Pollock, Darren A. +Pollock, Darren A. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2006 - -1248 + +2006 + +2006-06-29 - -45 -68 + +1248 + + +45 +68 -journal article -50600 -10.5281/zenodo.172970 -6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 -1175­5326 -172970 +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.172970 +6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 +1175­5326 +172970 +AF786D75-AAAE-4D2B-9568-F44CB43BD01A - + Orchesia ovata Laliberté diff --git a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1FC412FE8AA398FC5BCE0D.xml b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1FC412FE8AA398FC5BCE0D.xml index 69b4a4672e3..d8629ed5ada 100644 --- a/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1FC412FE8AA398FC5BCE0D.xml +++ b/data/03/C0/87/03C087F81B1FC412FE8AA398FC5BCE0D.xml @@ -1,48 +1,51 @@ - - - -Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) + + + +Understanding saproxylic beetles: new records of Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Synchroidae, and Scraptiidae from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) - - -Author + + +Author -Majka, Christopher G. +Majka, Christopher G. - - -Author + + +Author -Pollock, Darren A. +Pollock, Darren A. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2006 - -1248 + +2006 + +2006-06-29 - -45 -68 + +1248 + + +45 +68 -journal article -50600 -10.5281/zenodo.172970 -6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 -1175­5326 -172970 +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.172970 +6e472142-48ad-4d80-b2ab-00326f40eb31 +1175­5326 +172970 +AF786D75-AAAE-4D2B-9568-F44CB43BD01A - + Dircaea liturata (LeConte) diff --git a/data/67/5F/87/675F87D61718FFBC60BF5F4B5F1AFB82.xml b/data/67/5F/87/675F87D61718FFBC60BF5F4B5F1AFB82.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ce3f56354d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/5F/87/675F87D61718FFBC60BF5F4B5F1AFB82.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2265 @@ + + + +A new Oreolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Hoang Lien Range, northwest Vietnam + + + +Author + +Nguyen, Luan Thanh +0000-0002-4663-125X +Asian Turtle Program of Indo-Myanmar Conservation, R. 1301, CT 1 Bac Ha C 14 Building, To Huu Str., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam. +nguyenluanbio@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Tapley, Benjamin +0000-0002-9787-3793 +Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW 1 4 RY, UK. +ben.tapley@zsl.org + + + +Author + +Kane, Daniel +Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW 1 4 RY, UK. + + + +Author + +Tran, Tuyet-Dzung Thi +0000-0002-0192-426X +Asian Turtle Program of Indo-Myanmar Conservation, R. 1301, CT 1 Bac Ha C 14 Building, To Huu Str., Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam. +tuyetdung26@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Cui, Jiaxin +0009-0002-1305-2929 +Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China. +cuijiaxin23@mails.ucas.ac.cn + + + +Author + +Rowley, Jodi J. L. +0000-0002-2011-9143 +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. & Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia. +jodi.rowley@australian.museum + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-02 + + +5514 + + +6 + + +501 +524 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.1 + +journal article +304420 +10.11646/zootaxa.5514.6.1 +c129ff2c-9b70-4325-b3b0-58e41d892a1b +1175-5326 +13915552 +D6C99141-D83C-4F95-8634-8A558CA9D0E5 + + + + + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Figs. 4–7 + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +Adult +male +( +ITBCZ 3619 +; field tag LNT1144) encountered on a path through +bamboo forest +on +Mount Po Ma Lung +, +Ban Lang Commune +, +Phong Tho District +, +Lai Chau Province +, +Vietnam +( +N22 37.581 +E103 29.104 +; + +2959 m + +elevation; +Figs 2 +& +3 +.). Collected at 19:53 h on + +August 10, 2023 + +by +Luan Thanh Nguyen +, +Chao Van Dat +, +Ly Manh Ha +, and +Hoang Van Hung. + + + + +FIGURE 2. +Localities where + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +, + +Oreolalax sterlingae + +and + +Oreolalax xiangchengensis + +and + +Oreolalax +cf +xiangchengensis + +are known to be present, confirmed with molecular data (A), Localities of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +and + +Oreolalax sterlingae + +in the Hoang Lien Range of Vietnam confirmed with molecular data (B), the predicted distribution of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +(C). Pale grey areas indicative of higher elevation, dark green indicative of lowest elevation. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +Female +( +ITBCZ 3620 +; field tag LNT1145) encountered on a path through +bamboo forest +on +Mount Po Ma Lung +, +Ban Lang Commune +, +Phong Tho District +, +Lai Chau Province +, +Vietnam +( +N22 37.538 +E103 29.112 +; + +2920 m + +elevation) + + +and an adult +female +( +ITBCZ 3621 +; field tag LNT1146) encountered on a path through +bamboo forest +on +Mount Po Ma Lung +, +Phong +, +Ban Lang Commune +, +Phong Tho District +, +Lai Chau Province +, +Vietnam +, ( +N22 37.476 +E103 29.148 +; + +2914 m + +elevation). + +Both collected at 20:30 h on + +August 10, 2023 + +by +Luan Thanh Nguyen +, +Chao Van Dat +, +Ly Manh Ha +, and +Hoang Van Hung +. + + + + +FIGURE 3. +Habitat + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +(A) Microhabitat of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +Mount Po Ma Lung Lai Chau Province, northwest Vietnam, and (B) Macrohabitat of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +Mount Po Ma Lung Lai Chau Province, northwest Vietnam. + + + + +Etymology +. Specific epithet + +‘ +adelphos + +’ the masculine adjective of the transliterated Greek word meaning brother, in reference to the fact that this is the second + +Oreolalax +species + +known from +Vietnam +and that the two species are sympatric at one site. + + +Suggested vernacular name. +Mount Po Ma Lung toothed toad (English), Cóc răng pờ ma lung (Vietnamese). + + + + +Diagnosis +. + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +is placed in the genus + +Oreolalax + +based on its molecular phylogenetic position and the following morphological characters: prominent maxillary teeth; a rough dorsal surface with scattered large warts, covered with oval black spots; vertical pupil; and an oval tongue, notched posteriorly ( +Myers & Leviton 1962 +; + +Delorme +et al. +2006 + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). The new species can be diagnosed from congeneric species by the combination of the following characters: (1) SVL of adult male 38.0 mm, +N= +1; adult female +46.2 mm +, +N= +1; (2) narrow supratympanic fold; (3) no visible tympanum; (4) head longer than wide; (5) vocal sac absent; (6) absence of subarticular tubercles on hands; (7) basal interdigital webbing on hind feet; (8) ventral surface mottled with grey and creamy white; (9) dorsal surface of head and body covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles; (10) presence of dark bars on limbs; (11) greyish white and creamy white spots on the flanks, and (12) a bicoloured iris. + + + + + +Description of +holotype +. + +Small sized (SVL 38.0 mm); head longer than wide, head rounded anteriorly; snout rounded in profile, protrudes slightly beyond lower jaw; loreal region concave; nares oval and positioned laterally, canthus rostralis distinct, interorbital area flat; tympanum not visible, narrow supratympanic fold extends from behind eye, terminates above axilla; ridges on head lacking; eyes large, eye diameter smaller than snout length; pupil vertical; vomerine teeth and ridges absent, maxillary teeth present; tongue free at back and posteriorly notched; vocal sac absent. + +Forelimbs long and gracile; lower arm thicker than upper arm; fingers long and slender, tips of fingers rounded, finger length: II<I<IV<III, fingers lacking distinct tubercles, fringes, and interdigital webbing; inner metacarpal tubercle distinct large and rounded, palmar tubercle distinct and rounded, smaller than inner metacarpal tubercle; hind limbs, long and gracile; toes with basal interdigital webbing and narrow fringes, lacking distinct tubercles, relative toe length: I<II<V<III<IV; toe tips rounded, without discs; inner metatarsal tubercle small and rounded; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. + + +FIGURE 4. + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +adult male holotype ITBCZ 3619 in preservative. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) dorsolateral view, (D) palmar surface of left hand, and (E) plantar surface of left foot. + + +Dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs densely covered with rounded, evenly spaced, and similar sized tubercles; sparse scattering of very small tubercles on upper eyelid and lateral sides of head; large tubercles on flanks, less rounded than those on dorsal surfaces; crest of supratympanic fold covered in rounded tubercles; no tubercles with black tipped asperities; throat smooth, although some small rounded tubercles clustered directly below commissure of jaw; chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; chest lacking small black spines. + + +Colour of +holotype +in life: + +Head and dorsal surface of body greyish brown with numerous, evenly spaced brown-black spots, black spots typically covering tubercles; numerous creamy grey spots, smaller in diameter than brown-black spots but also covering tubercles; flanks greyish brown with greyish white and creamy white spots which are larger on flanks than on dorsal surface; dorsal surface of upper arms greyish brown with two brown-black bars and few creamy grey spots, lower arm greyish brown with four brown-black bars; dorsal surfaces of fingers cream with brown-black bars; dorsal surface of hind limbs dark brown, anterior surface of thigh with dark bars, posterior surface of thighs with small greyish-white spots; dorsal surface of lower leg with brown-black bars; dorsal surfaces of fingers cream with brown-black bars; throat, chest, belly mottled with grey and creamy white; iris bicolored with black reticulations, metallic silver on lower half, with a hint of copper in the upper half. + + + +Colour of +holotype +in preservative: + +Head, dorsal surfaces of body and limbs dark brown, black; flanks with greyish white spots; dorsal surfaces of fingers grey with black bars; throat, chest, belly mottled with dark and light grey. + + +Variation. +Ventral surface of +ITBCZ 3621 +is mottled with cream and grey; tibia length is greater than femur length in +ITBCZ 3621 +(versus femur length greater than tibia length in +ITBCZ 3620 +and +ITBCZ 3619 +). See +Table 3 +for measurements of all individuals in the +type +series. + + + +TABLE 3. +Morphometric measurements (in mm) of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov +. + +Abbreviations are defined in the Materials and methods. HT = holotype; PR = paratype. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Specimens + +ITBCZ 3619 (HT) + +ITBCZ 3620 (PR) + +ITBCZ 3621 (PR) +
SexMFF
SVL38.039.246.2
HL15.014.819.0
HW14.814.517.3
HH6.76.27.9
SNT6.86.38.1
IN4.35.85.2
EN4.13.84.0
NS3.13.33.4
EYE5.05.25.0
IOD5.05.06.3
FEL19.819.223.5
TIB18.219.023.8
TaL9.410.413.1
ML11.212.913.1
PL18.29.424.4
IPL2.12.03.1
OPL1.81.92.7
F1DSC1.11.01.3
F3DSC0.80.91.2
T4DSC1.01.01.1
IML1.31.72.4
PG1.51.81.8
FG1.31.82.0
+ + +Sex determination and secondary sexual characters: +No evidence of secondary sexual characters. Sex determined by dissection and assessment of gonads or ovaries. Large testes present in ITBCZ 3619. Small eggs present in ITBCZ 3621. No eggs observed in ITBCZ 3620. + + + + +Natural history: +All individuals were associated with a high elevation bamboo forest with scattered + +Rhododendron + +( +Fig. 3A–B +). There was rain in the morning before the survey and the air temperature was 15.5 °C at the time of collection. Ambient humidity was 100%. The three individuals were encountered at night on the forest floor about +400 m +away from the nearest stream. During the surveys, males were not heard calling and the females we collected were not heavily gravid. Tadpoles were not observed. A single spider was found in the digestive tract of the adult female specimen (ITBCZ 3621). + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +is sympatric with + +O. sterlingae +. + + + + + +Distribution and conservation status: + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +is currently known from a single location at elevations between 2914 and +2920 m +, near the summit of Mount Po Ma Lung in the Hoang Lien Range ( +Figs. 2 +& +3 +). All individuals were collected within +100 m +of the border with +China +. It is almost certain that the species also occurs in Jinping County, +Yunnan Province +, +China +. The species’ EOO is currently predicted to be +19.8 km +2 +( +Fig. 2C +). The habitat of this species at the collection site is relatively intact. However, the forest in which this species occurs is being negatively impacted by fuelwood collection for the tourism industry. At elevations below +2300 m +asl, the forest is being degraded to establish cardamom plantations. Not enough is currently known about the range of this species. If this species were to be restricted to elevations above +2500 m +on Mount Po Ma Lung, and the habitat were to be increasingly degraded due to fuelwood collection this species could qualify for being assessed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) in accordance with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categories and criteria (see +IUCN 2012 +). However, there is currently only limited data available on this species and so it likely qualifies for being assessed as Data Deficient in accordance with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categories and criteria (see +IUCN 2012 +). + + + + +FIGURE 5. + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +in situ. (A) adult male holotype ITBCZ 3619, (B) female ITBCZ 3620, and (C) adult female ITBCZ 3621. + + + + +Comparisons: + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished from all congeneric species on the basis of morphology and for species where comparable sequences exist, molecular data. The following comparisons are based on +one adult +male and +two adult +females of + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +The SVL of the third specimen (ITBCZ 3620) is not included in the comparisons as sexual maturity of this female was not ascertained when the specimen was dissected, and it could be a subadult. + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. chuanbeiensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus 46.7–56.0 mm, +N +=13, in + +O. chuanbeiensis + +; + +Hou +et al. +2020 + +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 55.0–59.0 mm, +N +=3, mm in + +O. chuanbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), interdigital toe webbing basal (versus ⅓ webbed in + +O. chuanbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a mottled belly (versus immaculate in + +O. chuanbeiensis + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. granulosus + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus 48.6–61.0 mm in + +O. granulosus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 47.4– 60.0 mm in + +O. granulosus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a grey and creamy white mottled belly (versus yellowish white, without spots or with light grey, fine spots in + +O. granulosus + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +). + + + +FIGURE 6. + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +in life under sedation. (A) dorsal view of adult male holotype ITBCZ 3619, (B) ventral view of adult male holotype ITBCZ 3619, (C) dorsal view of female paratype ITBCZ 3620, (D) ventral view of female paratype ITBCZ 3620, (E) dorsal view. + + + + +TABLE 4. +Selected diagnostic characters for all species in the genus + +Oreolalax + +. Grey shading indicates non-overlapping characters when compared to + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +Refereneces:1. +Fei & Huang 1983 +; 2. +Ohler & Dubois 1992 +; 3. +Yang & Rao 2008 +; 4. + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +; 5. + +Nguyen +et al +. 2013 + +; 6. +Fei & Ye, 2016 +; 7. + +Hou +et al +. 2020 + +; 8. + +Tapley +et al +. 2023 + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +(mm) +
SpeciesSVL adult male (mm)SVL adult femaleTympanum visible?Vocal sacInterdigital toe webbingBelly patternSkin texture on bellyTubercles on dorsumDark bars on hindlimbsDark triangular marking between eyesRef
+ +Oreolalax adelphos + +sp. nov. + +38.0 ( +N +=1) + +46.2 ( +N +=1) +NoAbsentBasalMottledSmoothRounded, evenly spaced, similar sized tuberclesPresentAbsentThis study
+ +O. chuanbeiensis + +46.7–56.055.0–59.0NoAbsent1/3 webbedImmaculateSmoothCovered in spiny tuberclesPresentAbsent5, 6,
+( +N +=13) + +( +N +=3) +7
+ +O. granulosus + +48.6–61.047.4–60.0NoAbsent1/2 – 2/3ImmaculateSmoothCovered in small spinyPresentAbsent5, 6
+( +N +=?) + +( +N +=?) +webbedor with smalltubercles
spots
+ +O. jingdongensis + +49.3–60.348.7–56.5NoAbsent1/3 webbedGrey spotsSmoothCovered in large tubercles with thick spinesPresentPresent3, 5,
+(N +=?) + +(N +=?) +6
+ +O. liangbeiensis + +47.5–56.356.0–65.7NoAbsent1/3 webbedImmaculateSmooth orCovered in large and small spiny tuberclesPresetAbsent5, 6
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=8) +granular
+ +O. lichuanensis + +52.9–64.857.3–62.2NoAbsentBasalDark flecksSmoothLarge and small spineless tuberclesNotAbsent4, 6
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=4) +reported
+ +O. longmenmontis + +51.6–64.2NotNoBasalMarbledSmoothLarge, scattered tuberclesPresentPresent7
+( +N +=3) +reported
+ +O. major + +59.2–68.765.0–70.0NoAbsent1/3 webbedDark spotsSmoothCovered in large and small tubercles with black spinesPresentAbsent5, 6
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=2) +
+ +O. multipunctatus + +47.4–49.8NotNoAbsentBasalWith few orNotCovered in tuberclesIndistinctPresent5, 6
+( +N +=4) +reportedwithout spotsreported
+ +O. nanjiangensis + +52.6–60.053.3–58.2NoAbsentBasalImmaculateSmoothRough with small tuberclesNotAbsent6, 7
+( +N +=10) + +( +N +=8) +reported
+ +O. omeimontis + +49.5–58.451.2–56.1NoPresentBasalCloudy spotsSmoothRound or small elliptic spiny tuberclesPresentPresent4, 5,
+( +N +=15) + +( +N +=3) +6
+ +O. pingii + +43.4–51.046.8–54.4NoAbsentBasalImmaculateSmoothVery small tuberclesPresentAbsent5, 6
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=20) +
+ +O. popei + +60.0–69.051.7–67.0NoAbsentBasal orSmall spotsSmoothLarge tuberclesPresentAbsent5, 6
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=10) +absent
+ + +......Contiued on the next page + + + +TABLE 4. (continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +(mm) belly hindlimbs between eyes +
SpeciesSVL adult male (mm)SVL adult femaleTympanum visible?Vocal sacInterdigital toe webbingBelly patternSkin texture onTubercles on dorsumDark bars onDark triangular markingRef
+ +O. puxiongensis + +41.3–45.343.0–50.0NoAbsentAbsentNot clearlyGranularDense tubercles forming long spiny ridgesNotPresent4, 5,
+( +N +=20) + +( +N +=10) +reportedreported6
+ +O. rhodostigmatus + +57.5–73.562.4–70.6YesAbsentBasalSome marblingSmoothSmall spiny tuberclesNotAbsent6
+( +N +=7) + +( +N +=2) +reported
+ +O. rugosus + +44.3–52.645.0–54.0NoAbsent1/4 webbedMottledSmoothCovered in large spiny tuberclesNotAbsent3, 4,
+( +N +=10) + +( +N +=10) +reported5, 6
+ +O. schmidti + +40.0–47.048.0–54.0NoAbsentAbsentImmaculateSmoothLarge and small spiney tuberclesIndistinctPresent5,6
+( +N +=30) + +( +N +=3) +
+ +O. sterlingae + +34.3–41.339.5–46.3NoAbsentBasalMarbledSmoothHead and body covered in irregular shaped wartsPresentAbsent5, 8,
(N=7)(N=11)This
study
+ +O. weigoldi + + +58.2 ( +N +=1) +NotNoAbsentNotMarblingGranularRough with spiny tuberclesPresentNot recorded2, 5
reportedrecordedaround edges
+ +O. xiangchengensis + +46.7–48.747.3–61.4NoAbsentFullyImmaculateSmoothCovered in very small spiny tuberclesAbsentAbsent1, 6,
+( +N +=2) + +( +N +=10) +webbedThis
study
+ + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. jingdongensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +49.3–60.3 mm +in + +O. jingdongensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus +48.7–56.5 mm +in + +O. jingdongensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), head longer than wide (versus head wider than long in + +O. jingdongensis +Yang & Rao 2008 + +), and the absence of a dark triangular marking between the eyes (versus present in + +O. jingdongensis + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. liangbeiensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +47.5–56.3 mm +, +N +=20, in + +O +. +liangbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 56.0– +65.7 mm +, +N +=8, in + +O. liangbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and basal interdigital toe webbing (versus ⅓ webbed in + +O. liangbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a mottled belly (versus immaculate in + +O. liangbeiensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. lichuanensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +52.9–64.8 mm +, +N +=20, in + +O +. +lichuanensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus +57.3–62.2 mm +, +N +=4, in + +O. lichuanensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and head longer than wide (versus head wider than long in + +O. lichuanensis + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. longmenmontis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +51.6–64.2 mm +, +N +=3, in + +O +. +longmenmontis + +; + +Hou +et al. +2020 + +), interorbital region without dark triangular pattern (versus present in + +O. longmenmontis + +; + +Hou +et al. +2020 + +), and dorsum covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles (versus large, scattered tubercles in + +O. longmenmontis + +; + +Hou +et al. +2020 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. major + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +59.2–68.7 mm +, +N +=20, in + +O. major + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 65.0–70.0 mm, +N +=2, in + +O. major + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and interdigital webbing basal (versus ⅓ webbed in + +O. major + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. multipunctatus + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +47.4–49.8 mm +, +N +=4, in + +O. multipunctatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and the absence of a dark triangular marking between the eyes (versus indistinct triangular marking present in + +O. multipunctatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. nanjiangensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus 52.6–60.0 mm, +N +=10, in + +O. nanjiangensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus +53.3–58.2 mm +, +N +=8, in + +O. nanjiangensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a mottled belly (versus immaculate in + +O. nanjiangensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. omeimontis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +49.5–58.4 mm +, +N +=15, in + +O. omeimontis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus +51.2–56.1 mm +, +N +=3, in + +O. omeimontis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), head longer than wide (versus head wider than long in + +O. omeimontis + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +), the absence of a vocal sac (versus presence in + +O. omeimontis + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +), and interorbital region without dark triangular pattern (versus present in + +O. omeimontis + +; + +Nguyen +et al +. 2013 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. pingii + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus 43.4–51.0 mm, +N +=20, in + +O. pingii + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a mottled belly (versus immaculate in + +O. pingii + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. popei + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus 60.0–69.0 mm, +N +=20, in + +O. popei + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 51.7–67.0 mm, +N +=10, in + +O. popei + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), and a mottled belly (versus covered by small grey spots in + +O. popei +Fei and Ye. 2016 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. puxiongensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +41.3–45.3 mm +, +N +=20, in + +O. puxiongensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), dorsum covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles (versus dorsum with dense tubercles forming spiny ridges in + +O. puxiongensis + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +); the absence of a dark triangular marking between the eyes (versus present in + +O. puxiongensis, +Fei & Ye 2016 + +), by having smooth skin on the belly (versus granular skin on the belly in + +O. puxiongensis + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +), and head longer than wide (versus head wider than long in + +O. puxiongensis + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. rhodostigmatus + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +57.5–73.5 mm +, +N +=7, in + +O. rhodostigmatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus +62.4–70.6 mm +, +N +=2, in + +O. rhodostigmatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), no visible tympanum (versus distinct tympanum in + +O. rhodostigmatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), dorsum covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles (versus dorsum fully covered in small spiny tubercles in + +O. rhodostigmatus +( + +Nguyen +et al +. 2013 + +) + +, and greyish white and creamy white spots on the flanks (versus orange-red spots in + +O. rhodostigmatus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. rugosus + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +44.3–52.6 mm +, +N +=10, in + +O. rugosus + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +), head longer than wide (versus head wider than long in + +O. rugosus +Yang & Rao 2008 + +), and a belly colour of mottled grey and creamy white (versus entirely beige yellow, sometimes with some grey brown mottling in + +O. rugosus + +; + +Fei +et al. +2012 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. schmidti + +by having a smaller adult female size SVL +46.2 mm +(versus 48.0–54.0 mm, +N +=3, in + +O. schmidti + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +), the absence of a dark triangular marking between the eyes (versus present in + +O. schmidti + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +), and a mottled belly (versus immaculate in + +O. schmidti + +; +Fei & Ye 2016 +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. sterlingae + +by having a rounded snout in dorsal and ventral view (versus almost semicircular in + +O. sterlingae + +; material examined +Fig. 7 +), supratympanic fold relatively narrow (versus thick and well developed in + +O. sterlingae + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +; material examined; +Fig. 7 +), dorsal surface of head and body covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles (versus head and body covered in irregular shaped warts in + +O. sterlingae + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +; +Fig. 7 +), and a bicolored iris (versus uniform gold iris with black reticulations in + +O. sterlingae + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +; + +Tapley +et al. +2020 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. weigoldi + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +58.2 mm +, +N +=1, in + +O. weigoldi + +; +Ohler & Dubois 1992 +), a mottled belly (versus marbling around the edges in + +O. weigoldi + +; +Ohler & Dubois 1992 +), and by having smooth skin on the belly (versus granular skin on the belly in + +O. weigoldi + +; + +Nguyen +et al. +2013 + +). + + + +Oreolalax adelphos + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +O. xiangchengensis + +by having a smaller adult male size, SVL 38.0 mm (versus +46.7–48.7 mm +, +N +=2, in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; examined material; +Table 5 +; +Fig. 8 +), dorsum covered in rounded, evenly spaced and similar sized tubercles (versus dorsum fully covered in very small spiny tubercles in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; examined material; +Fig. 8 +), dorsal belly colour mottled with grey and creamy white (versus entirely beige yellow in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; +Fei & Huang 1983 +; examined material; +Fig. 8 +), by having rudimentary interdigital webbing on feet (vs. fully webbed in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; +Fei & Huang 1983 +; examined material; +Fig. 8B +), the absence of subarticular tubercles on the hands (versus presence in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; examined material; +Fig. 8B +), and the presence of dark bars on limbs (versus absent in + +O. xiangchengensis + +; +Fei & Huang 1983 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BF/0B/87/BF0B87EAAE6EFFF89CF6FE3FFD7706FF.xml b/data/BF/0B/87/BF0B87EAAE6EFFF89CF6FE3FFD7706FF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c12d7ed9d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BF/0B/87/BF0B87EAAE6EFFF89CF6FE3FFD7706FF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + + + +Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist + + + +Author + +Thu, Aye Myat + + + +Author + +Lwin, Ye Htet + + + +Author + +Quan, Rui-Chang + +text + + +Mammalia + + +2024 + +Warsaw, Poland + + +2024-04-04 + + +88 + + +3 + + +147 +197 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098 + +journal article +10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098 +1864-1547 +13913939 + + + + +51. + + +Callosciurus pygerythrus +(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831) + + + + + + +Common name: +Irrawaddy +Squirrel + + + + + +Myanmar +name: + + + + + +Distribution: +Bangladesh +, +China +, +India +, +Nepal +and +Vietnam +. In +Myanmar +, recorded in +Magway Region +(Shwesettaw WS; +Thu et al. 2022 +), +Sagaing Region +(Proposed Mahamyaing WS; +Thazin Wai et al. 2018 +) and possibly distributed in the Central and Western area. + + + + +Remarks: +Seven subspecies were recognized; +C. p. pygerythrus +, +C.p. blythii +, +C.p. janetta +, +C.p. mearsi +, +C. p. owensi +, +C.p.stevensi +are considered as the subspecies that distributed in +Myanmar +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/D7/6B/87/D76B87C72705321CB1C6FB14FA6CFBC1.xml b/data/D7/6B/87/D76B87C72705321CB1C6FB14FA6CFBC1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b144c9a1479 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/D7/6B/87/D76B87C72705321CB1C6FB14FA6CFBC1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2177 @@ + + + +The nomenclatural status of “ Anoplophallus maculatus ” Cope, 1895, its consequences on the systematics of Lycodon subcinctus auctorum, and the description of a new species (Squamata: Colubridae) + + + +Author + +Nguyen, Tan Van +Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam & College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 120 Hoang Minh Thao, Lien Chieu, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Lee, Justin L. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA + + + +Author + +Pauwels, Olivier S. G. +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium + + + +Author + +Kennedy-Gold, Stevie R. +Department of Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA + + + +Author + +Poyarkov, Nikolay A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, GSP- 1, Moscow 119991, Russia & Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Centre, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam + + + +Author + +David, Patrick +Reptiles & Amphibiens, UMR 7205 OSEB, Département évolution et Systématique, CP 30, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France + + + +Author + +Vogel, Gernot +Society for South East Asian Herpetology, Im Sand- 3, D- 69115 Heidelberg, Germany + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-10 + + +5519 + + +4 + + +487 +537 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/aa104bc0-a55b-4b4b-a46c-202dbc5ba0f6 + +journal article +304419 +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.4.2 +249b694b-884d-4a72-9493-884d091331ed +1175-5326 +13916219 +AA104BC0-A55B-4B4B-A46C-202DBC5BA0F6 + + + + + + + +Lycodon neomaculatus + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + +Indochinese Banded Wolf Snake + + + + + +( +Table 1 +; +Figs. 1 +, +3 +, +5 +, +6 +, +7 +(A, B), 8, 12; Appendix +Tables S1 +, S2, S6) + + + + + +Chresonymy + + + + +Lycodon subcinctus + +( +non + +Lycodon subcinctus +Boie, 1827 + +)— +Smith (1923: 202) +; +Stejneger (1925: 90–91 +, in part); +Smith (1943: 258 +, in part); +Deuve (1970: 126 +, in part); + +Zhao +et al +. (1998: 183–184 + +, in part); +Zhao (2006: 218 +, in part); + +Wogan +et al +. (2008: 87) + +; + +Nguyen +et al +. (2009: 321 + +; in part); + +Geissler +et al +. (2011: 13) + +; + +Siler +et al +. (2013 + +: in part); + +Wallach +et al +. (2014: 396 + +, in part); Chan-ard +et al +. (2015: in part); + +Vassilieva +et al +. (2016: 140–141 + +, in part); + +Wang +et al +. (2020: 93 + +, 108); + +Le +et al +. (2021: 210–201 + +, in part); + +David +et al +. (2023: 328–335 + +, in part); + +Uetz +et al +. (2024 + +, page “ + +Lycodon subcinctus + +”, in part). + + + +Ophites subcinctus + +— +Zhao & Adler (1993: 247 +, in part). + + + +Lycodon subcinctus subcinctus + +— +Taylor (1965: 739 +, in part). + + + +Lycodon +( +Lycodon +) +subcinctus + +— + +Poyarkov +et al +. (2023: 341 + +, in part). + + + +Lycodon +cf. +subcinctus + +— + +Zhang +et al +. (2024: 81–94) + +. + + +“ + +Anoplophallus maculatus + +” (not a validly described taxon)— +Cope (1895) +. + + + +Lycodon subcinctus maculatus + +— +Leviton (1955: 199 +, 201). + + + +Lycodon maculatus + +— + +Liu +et al +. (2023) + +, + +Uetz +et al +. (2024 + +, page “ + +Lycodon maculatus + +”, in part). + + + + + + +Holotype + +: +MCZ R-175968 +( +adult male +) from +Chek Lap Kok Island +, +Hong Kong Special Administrative Region +, +China +collected on + +25 June 1990 + +by +S.J. Karsen +. + + + + +FIGURE 1 +. Colubrid snake species involved in the case of + +Anoplophallus maculatus +Cope, 1895 + +.—USNM 7339, previously considered the holotype of “ + +Lycodon maculatus + +” reported by + +Liu +et al. +(2023) + +: A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—Dorsal view of the head; D—Lateral view of the head, left side; E—Live specimen of + +Leptodeira maculata + +(= + +Megalops maculatus + +) from Minatitlán, Colima, Mexico; F—Live specimen of + +Lycodon subannulatus + +from Penang Island, Malaysia, of which + +Nymphophidium maculatum + +is a junior synonym. Images not to scale. Photos by T. Hsu (A–D), C. Grünwald (E), J. L. Lee (F). + + + + + +Paratypes +(n = 8) + +:— + +China + +. +MCZ R-175967 +( +adult female +) from +Pak Ngan Village +, +Mui Wo Town +, +Lantau Island +, +Hong Kong +SAR. collected on + +29 June 1990 + +by +S.J. Karsen +— + + + +Myanmar + +. +CAS 235846 +( +adult male +) from +Hepu Stream, Hepu Village +, Indawgyi WS, +Moenyin Township +, +Kachin State +, Myanmar ( +25.0931666667N +, +96.4001944444E +; altitude + +254 m + +asl.) collected on + +14 May 2003 + +by +Wogan G.O.U. +, +Wilkinson J.A. +, +Vindum J.V. +, +Win H. +& +Thin T +; + + +CAS 229726 +( +adult female +) from +East of Thaye Chaung Town +, +Thaye Chaung Township +, +Dawei District +, +Tanintharyi Region +( +13.8671111111N +, +98.2836944444E +; altitude + +45 m + +asl.) collected on + +19 January 2003 + +by +Win H. +, +Tun H. +, +Lwin K.S. +, +Shein A.K. +& +Naing Z.M + +— + +Vietnam +. +DTU 552 +( +adult +male +) from +Gung Re Commune +, +Di Linh District +, +Lam Dong Province +( +11.467058°N +, +108.069084°E +; altitude + +1000 m + +asl.) collected on + +5 October 2020 + +by +T.V. Nguyen +; + + + + +DTU 325 +( +adult female +) from +Ia Pech Commune +, +Ia Glai District +, +Gia Lai Province +( +13.885446°N +, +107.828661°E +; altitude + +585 m + +asl.) collected on + +15 July 2021 + +by +T.V. Nguyen +; + + +NHMW 39658 +:1 ( +adult female +) from +Tam Dao NP +, +Vinh Phuc Province +— + + + +Cambodia + +. +RBINS 2738 +( +adult female +, formerly under +RBINS 18563 +) from +Sambour District +, +Kratie Province +( +13.01917N +, +105.92712E +; altitude + +55 m + +) collected on + +13 May 2018 + +.— + + + +Thailand + +. +USNM 164427 +( +adult male +) from +Chiang Mai Province +, +Thailand +(ca. +18.7903N +, +98.9972E +) collected in +1962 +. + + + + +FIGURE 2 +. Photographs of + +Lycodon subcinctus + +in preservative. A, B—General dorsal and ventral views of MNHN 1884.120 (Syntype of + +Elapsoides annulatus + +, subadult female); C, D—General dorsal and ventral views of MNHN 1884.121 (syntype of + +Elapsoides annulatus + +, subadult female); E, F—General dorsal and ventral views of RBINS 2610 (neotype of + +Lycodon suratensis + +, adult female). Images not to scale. Photos by G. Vogel (A–D) and O.S.G. Pauwels (E–F). + + + +Additional material (n = 12) +: + +China + +. MCZ R-176514–15, R-177133 ( +three juveniles +, sex unknown) from Hong Kong SAR.— + +Myanmar + +. CAS 245971 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknow) collected from the +Tanintharyi +Nature Reserve along a pipeline road near the vicinity of Khotama military camp, Yebyu Township, Dawei District, +Tanintharyi +Region— + +Vietnam + +. SIFASV 98 ( +one adult +female, released) from Tan Thai Commune, Dai Tu District, +Thai Nguyen Province +; SIFASV 97 ( +one adult +female, released) from Ba Na-Nui Chua NR, +Da Nang +City; SIFASV 99 ( +one adult +female, released) from Pu Mat NP, +Nghe An Province +; SIFASV 101 ( +one adult +female, released) from Pu Mat NP, +Nghe An Province +; SIFASV 102 (adult female, released) from Nui Chua NP, +Ninh Thuan Province +; USNM 166987 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown) from Bien Hoa City, +Dong Nai Province +; SIFASV 96 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown, released) from Phu Quoc NP, +Kien Giang Province +— + +Thailand + +. FMNH 180149 ( +one juvenile +, male) from +Nakhon Ratchasima Province +collected on +6 April 1969 +by W. R. Heyer; RBINS 16990 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown) from Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve Trail, +Nakhon Ratchasima Province +. + + + +FIGURE 3 +. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of + +Lycodon + +inferred from the mitochondrial cytb sequences. Numbers before slashes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities and numbers after slashes indicate ML bootstrap supports. Nodes filled in with a black circle indicate strong support by both the ML and BI analyses, whereas nodes filled in with a white circle indicate strong support only in the BI analysis. Inset photo of + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +taken by A.M. Bragin. + + + + +FIGURE 4 +. A statistical summary of the + +L +. +subcinctus + +species complex. ( +A +) principal components analysis (PCA) showing three discrete clusters corresponding to + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +, + +L +. +sealei + +, and + +L +. +subcinctus + +, respectively. (B–E) Box and whisker plots showing statistically significant differences in the number of ventrals (B), subcaudals (C), total body scales (D) and subcaudal ratio values (E) between the three species. + + + +Referred material from the literature (n = 24) +.— + +Vietnam + +. IEBR 4757 ( +one adult +female) from Na Hang NR, +Tuyen Quang Province +(see details in + +Le +et al +. 2021 + +); IEBR A.2010.42 ( +one adult +male), ZFMK 91899 & IEBR A.2010.43 ( +two juveniles +, sex unknown) from Cat Tien NP, +Dong Nai Province +(see details in + +Geissler +et al +. 2011 + +)— + +China + +. NHMUK 1937.2.1.4 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown) from Qionghai City, +Hainan Province +(see details in +Smith 1923 +); AMNH R-27755 ( +one adult +female) from Nada Town, Danzhou City, +Hainan Province +(see details in +Pope 1935 +); No. 58 ( +one adult +male) & No. 10 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown) from +Guangxi Province +, No. 732 ( +one adult +male) & No. 197, No. 655122, No. 524 ( +three adult +females) from +Hainan Province +, No. 452 & No. 2701 ( +two juveniles +, sex unknown) from +Fujian Province +(see details in + +Zhao +et al +. 1998 + +); KIZ 2023031 ( +one adult +male) from Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, +Yunnan Province +, KIZ 2023034 ( +one adult +male) from Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, +Yunnan Province +, KIZ 2009061301 ( +one adult +male) from Tian Town, Hechi City, +Guangxi Province +, KIZ 20190902 ( +one adult +female) from Huangjiang Town, Hechi City, +Guangxi Province +, KIZ 2023032 ( +one adult +male) from Luohu Town, Shenzhen City, +Guangdong Province +, KIZ 2023029 ( +one adult +female) from Huangpu Town, Guangzhou City, +Guangdong Province +, KIZ 2023044 ( +one juvenile +, sex unknown) from Xiegang Town, Dongguan City, +Guangdong Province +, CIB 9820 & CIB 78124 ( +two adult +females) from Sanya City, +Hainan Province +, KIZ 2023030 (adult female) from Hanjiang Town, Putian City, +Fujian Province +(see details in + +Liu +et al +. 2023 + +); KIZ 039729 (adult female) from Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, +Yunnan Province +(see details in + +Zhang +et al +. 2024 + +). + + + + +Etymology +. The species +nomen +is composed of the prefix +neo +-, drawn from the classical Greek adjective νἐος (α, ν) ( +neos +, +nea +, +neon +), meaning “new”, and the Latin adjective + +maculatus + +(- +a +, - +um +), meaning “spotted” or “blotched”, by allusion to the dorsal pattern of this species. We selected this species +nomen +, “the new + +Lycodon maculatus + +”, because it describes both the long use of the combination in the literature following +Cope’s (1895) +misidentification, and our own correction in the present paper, from “ + +Lycodon maculatus +” sensu +Cope (1895) + +to our own definition of this species. + + + + +Diagnosis +. A species of the genus + +Lycodon + +characterized by the following characters: body size moderate, maximum total length up to +900 mm +, slender; no preocular, both loreal and prefrontal entering orbit; dorsal scale rows 17-17-15, with the outermost rows smooth and the remaining rows keeled or feebly keeled; ventral scales 187– 208; subcaudals 68–84, paired; supralabials 8, with the 3 +rd +–5 +th +(rarely 3 +rd +–6 +th +) contacting the orbit; postoculars 2/2; temporals usually 1+2; cloacal plate divided; dorsum black or black gray, dark brown or gray brown posteriorly; 5–10 white cross-bands on the body in adults (often less in larger specimens), widely separated and relatively narrow (about 4–7 vertebral dorsal scales long); in adults, dorsal bands darken along the anterior edges of each dorsal scale, producing a speckled, reticulated or maculated pattern; large adult specimens lack body and tail bands along the posterior portion of the dorsum but maintain at least a few whitish bands anteriorly; in juveniles, 19–27 plain white body and tail bands; venter plain, cream or light gray, occasionally a mid-dorsal line present along the underside of the tail (data from +Smith 1923 +; +Pope 1935 +; + +Zhao +et al +. 1998 + +; + +Geissler +et al +. 2011 + +; + +Le +et al +. 2021 + +; + +Liu +et al +. 2023 + +; + +Zhang +et al +. 2024 + +; this study). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +( +Fig + +. +5) +. Specimen MCZ R- +175968 in +excellent condition, no incisions present along ventral surface, both hemipenes everted, but right organ more fully prepared than left. Body slender; tail long, gradually tapering to a blunt and enlarged terminal scute; head oblong shaped, longer than wide (HeadW/HeadL 0.57), slightly flattened, moderately distinct from the neck; snout elongate, projecting over the lower jaw, rounded in dorsal profile, truncate and slightly depressed in lateral profile with a weak canthus rostralis; nostrils large, positioned dorso-laterally, round in shape; eyes medium with an elliptical and slightly vertical pupil. + + +Measurements +. SVL +456 mm +, TaL +129 mm +, TL +585 mm +(ratio TaL/TL 0.221), HeadL +16.2 mm +, HeadW +9.3 mm +, SnL +5.2 mm +, SnW +4.1 mm +, IOD +5.3 mm +, EyeD +2.5 mm +, FrontalL +3.8 mm +, FrontalW +3.6 mm +. + + +Body scalation +. Dorsal scale rows 17-17-15; dorsal scale rows smooth anteriorly, remaining scale rows feebly keeled at midbody and posteriorly, except for the outermost row, which is always smooth; scales on the vertebral row not enlarged; no apical pits; 192 ventral scales, laterally angulate; 72 subcaudals, paired and laterally angulate; total body scales 265; subcaudal ratio 27.17%; cloacal plate divided. + + +Head scalation +. Rostral wider than high, barely visible from above, posterior suture not projecting into internasal region, forming a straight angle when viewed in dorsal profile; nasal 1.5 times longer than high, partially divided by a small suture above the nostril; posterior half of nasal subpentagonal, slightly larger than anterior nasal; nasal surrounded by the first two supralabials, rostral, internasal, prefrontal and loreal; internasals paired, anterior sutures slightly concave in dorsal profile, in contact with rostral, nasal, and prefrontal; each internasal 1.7 times wider than long; prefrontals paired, approximately 2.2 times longer than internasals, subrectangular, each scale 1.6 times shorter than frontal; each prefrontal 1.1 times wider than long, in contact with internasal, nasal, loreal, eye, and frontal; supraoculars paired, subrectangular shaped, 1.5 times longer than wide, in contact with prefrontal, posterior suture of each scale 1.9 times wider than anterior suture; frontal small, hexagonal, shield shaped, slightly longer than wide (ratio FrontalL/FrontalW 1.05), tapering posteriorly; anterior suture of frontal projecting past eye sockets in dorsal profile; angle formed by the posterior vertex of frontal slightly acute; parietals paired, suture 1.2 times longer than wide and 1.1 times longer than frontal, entire length of each parietal 1.7 times longer than wide; loreal 1/1, subrectangular, 1.4 times longer than high, in contact with eye; preocular absent; subocular absent; postoculars 2/2, uppermost scale approximately 1.5 times larger than lowermost; temporals 1+2; supralabials 8/8, first and second in contact with nasal, second and third in contact with loreal, third and fifth in contact with eye, sixth supralabial largest; infralabials 9/9, first pair in broad contact, first to fifth in contact with the anterior pair of chin shields; mental subtriangular in ventral profile, 2.1 times wider than long; anterior chin shields 1.4 times longer than posterior shields; posterior chin shields in narrow contact medially, separated by skin tissue along the mental groove. + + +Coloration in preservation +. After 34 years of preservation, dorsal surface of body black anteriorly, gradually transitioning to dark brown by midbody and pale brown posteriorly, lighter along flanks; seven white body bands present, the first six with a conspicuous dark brown or black spot on the anterior end of each dorsal scale, forming a speckled pattern across every band, and the seventh band more subdued with dark brown pigment engulfing all of the dorsal scales; remaining posterior portion of the dorsum plain; tail tip cream. Dorsal surface of head dark brown from the anterior half of the frontal and supraocular scales to the snout, including the rostral, nasal, loreal and first two supralabials; remaining dorsal portion of head covered with pale brown marbling stretching from the posterior half of the supraoculars to the end of the parietals, curving in a slightly concave manner across the occipital region; within the marbling a small dark-brown spot present medially along the parietal suture; eye black, pupil white; remaining six supralabials cream; mental, first pair of infralabials and anterior edge of anterior chin shields dark brown; remaining underside of head white, immaculate. Ventral surface of head, body, tail white, and immaculate. Coloration in life not recorded. + + + +FIGURE 5 +. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +in preservative—MCZ R-175968 (holotype, adult male) A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—Lateral view of the head, right side; D—Lateral view of the head, left side; E—Dorsal view of the head; F—Ventral view of the tail with the everted hemipenes. Images not to scale. Photos by M. Gage and J. Martinez. + + + +General description and variation +( +Table 1 +; Appendix +Table S1 +; +Figs. 1 +, +5 +, +6 +, +7A, B +, +8 +). Based on +47 specimens +( +12 males +, +22 females +, and +13 juveniles +). The maximum length is +900 mm +(SVL +740 mm +; TaL +160 mm +; based on an adult female specimen [no. 197] reported in + +Zhao +et al +. 1998: 184 + +). The maximum length in males is +810 mm +(SVL +651 mm +, TaL +159 mm +; specimen IEBR A.2010.42; + +Geissler +et al +. 2011: 13 + +); ratio TaL/TL +0.178 +–0.221 +(mean = 0.201 ± 0.012, n = 42), without sexual dimorphism. Most specimens greatly resemble the +holotype +. Body slender; tail resembling the +holotype +, gradually tapering to a blunt and enlarged terminal scute; head oblong shaped, longer than wide, subrectangular, widest posteriorly and slightly flattened, distinct from neck; snout elongate, rounded dorsally, truncate and slightly depressed laterally, weak canthus rostralis; nostrils always pointed dorsolaterally, large, oval shaped, dividing the nasal scale anteriorly and occasionally posteriorly as well; eyes medium with an elliptical and vertical pupil. + + + +FIGURE 6 +. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp. nov. + +in preservative—specimen CAS 235846 (paratype, adult male) A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—dorsal view of the head; D—Ventral view of the head; E—Lateral view of the head, right side; F—Ventral view of the tail with the everted hemipenes. Photos by J.L. Lee. + + + +Body scalation +. Dorsal scales in 17-17-15 rows; all dorsal scale rows smooth anteriorly, first to fifth outermost rows smooth at midbody and posteriorly, remaining scales keeled; scales of the outermost dorsal scale row slightly enlarged; ventrals 187–208 (mean = 198.98 ± 4.90; n = 57), without sexual dimorphism, laterally angulate; subcaudals 68–84 (mean = 75.07±4.65, n = 30), without sexual dimorphism, all paired, laterally angulate; total body scales 260–290 (mean = 274.36 ± 7.46, n = 47); subcaudal ratio 25.09–30.21% (mean = 27.48 ± 1.26, n = 42); cloacal plate divided. + + +Head scalation +. Arrangement of cephalic scales complete, including two internasals, two prefrontals, two supraoculars, one frontal, and two parietals, with all except the frontal arranged in pairs. Rostral wider than high, visible from above, posterior suture not projecting into internasal region or separating the internasals only a short distance medially; angle formed by the posterior suture of the rostral scale and the internasals straight or broadly obtuse angled; nasal partially divided or completely divided into two distinct scales by a suture above or below the nostril; anterior half subrectangular, posterior half pentagonal and distinctly larger; internasals subrectangular, not narrowing anteriorly, wider than long, separate from loreal; prefrontals subrectangular, larger than internasals, in broad contact with loreal, in contact with orbit; supraoculars subrectangular, posterior end of each scale slightly wider than anterior end; frontal hexagonal or pentagonal, shield shaped; angle formed by the posterior vertex of frontal scale acute angled; anterior edge of frontal scale positioned in front of eye sockets; parietals paired, each scale and suture larger and longer than frontal; loreal longer than high, subrectangular, in broad contact with nasal and prefrontal; loreal in contact with orbit; supralabials normally 8/8, 1 +st +–2 +nd +supralabials in contact with nasals, 2 +nd +–3 +rd +supralabials in contact with loreal, 3 +rd +–5 +th +(45/ +49 specimens +) or rarely 3 +rd +–6 +th +(4/ +49 specimens +) entering orbit, 6 +th +supralabial largest; preocular absent; postoculars two, uppermost scalelargest; temporals 1+2 (rarely 1+1); infralabials 9/9 (42/ +49 specimens +), rarely 8/8 (7/ +49 specimens +), 2 +nd +–3 +rd +infralabials small, first pair larger and in contact with each other; 1 +st +–4 +th +(40/ +49 specimens +) or rarely 1 +st +–5 +th +(9/ +49 specimens +) infralabials in contact with anterior chin shields, 5 +th +and 6 +th +infralabials greatly enlarged; mental triangular, small; anterior chin shields as long as or slightly longer than posterior chin shields, paired. + + + +FIGURE 7 +. Differences in dorsal body band coloration in preservative between + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp. nov. + +(A, B) and + +L +. +subcinctus + +(C, D). A—FMNH 180149 from Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; B—CAS 229729 from Tanintharyi, Myanmar; C—FMNH 229855 from Selangor, Malaysia; D—FMNH 183772 from Selangor, Malaysia. Images not to scale. Photos by J.L. Lee. + + + +Dentition +. Based on +four specimens +, namely CAS 229726 ( +paratype +), CAS 235846 ( +paratype +), CAS 245971 ( +paratype +), and FMNH 180149 (additional voucher specimen). Total of 12–14 maxillary teeth on each upper jaw, with 8–9 small anterior teeth + a wide diastema, longer than the largest teeth + 5–6 moderately enlarged posterior teeth, without gap, last one very large. The maxilla is strongly arched and distinctly bent inwards anteriorly. + + +Hemipenial morphology +. Based on +three specimens +(MCZ R-175968 ( +holotype +) see +Fig. 5F +; CAS 235846 ( +paratype +) see +Fig. 6F +, and USMN 7339 fide +Cope 1895 +). The hemipenis is elongate and unilobed. The proximal half of the hemipenis is poorly ornamented with approximately three or four rows of irregularly arranged spines present in asulcate and sulcate profile. The distal half is calyculate, encircled by small, longitudinally arranged flounces each with a single dense row of small spinose calyces. The apical region of the hemipenis is entirely nude. The +sulcus spermaticus +is simple and arranged centripetally, sulcus lips indistinct. + + + +TABLE 1 +. Comparison of morphological characters of + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +with + +L +. +subcinctus + +and + +L +. +sealei + +. + + +Diagnostic differences between the new species and + +L +. +subcinctus + ++ + +L +. +sealei + +are marked in bold. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Species + + +L +. +neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + + + +L +. +subcinctus + + + +L +. +sealei + +
+TaL/TL +0.178–0.221 (0.201±0.012, n=42)0.168–0.204 (0.187±0.009, n=52) +0 +. +154–0 +. +184 (0 +. +168±0 +. +009 +, +n=18) +
+VEN +187–208 (198.98±4.90, n=57) +201–224 (212 +. +59±5 +. +50 +, +n=47) +198–211 (204.68±4.24, n=19)
+SC +68–84 (75.07±4.65, n=30)68–87 (77.37±4.93, n=49) +59–69 (63 +. +58±5 +. +35 +, +n=19) +
+TOTAL +260–290 (274.36±7.46, n=42) +274–310 (289 +. +81±7 +. +29 +, +n=45) +261–274 (268.56 ± 5.32, n=19)
+SCR +25.09–30.21 (27.48±1.26, n=42)24.37–29.19 (26.71±1.18, n=48) +22 +. +61–25 +. +27 (23 +. +70±0 +. +08 +, +n=19) +
+BB+TB (juveniles) +19–27 (22.78±3.11, n=9)12–33 (20.75±6.13, n=24) +8–12 (10.50±1.52, n=6) +
+Largest SL +6th (n= 25) +7 +th +(n = 54) + +7 +th +(n = 19) +
+Body color +black or black-grayblackblack
+Color of bands +cream or white, relatively wide in juveniles, speckled and reticulated with gray in adults +white, width variable in juveniles, smeared with black or gray in adults + +white, width broad in juveniles, smeared with black or gray in adults +
+Distributions +China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand (except southern peninsular)Thailand (peninsular), Malaysia (peninsular), Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggar, Alor, Flores, Sumba, Sumba), East Timor, India (Nicobar Islands?)Philippines (Palawan, Mindanao?), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Indonesia (West & Central Kalimantan), Brunei Darussalam
+References + +Smith (1923) +; +Pope (1935) +; + +Zhao +et al +. (1998) + +; + +Geissler +et al +. (2011) + +; + +Le +et al +. (2021) + +; + +Liu +et al +. (2023) + +; + +Zhang +et al +. (2024) + +; this study + +Sauvage (1884) +; +Nutphand (1986) +, + +Pauwels +et al +. (2006) + +; + +David +et al +. (2023) + +; this study + +Boulenger (1893) +; +Taylor (1922) +; +Leviton (1955) +; +Lanza (1999) +; this study +
+ + +Coloration +( +Figs. 1 +, +5 +, +6 +, +7A–B +, +8 +). Dorsal surface black or black gray anteriorly, gradually transitioning to gray brown or pale brown at midbody and posteriorly; lighter brown along flanks; 5–10 white or cream colored body bands in adults, widely separated, about 4–7 dorsal scales long on the vertebral row, slightly expanded ventrolaterally, 7–10 dorsal scales long above the ventral plates; the first body band starts at the level of the 15 +st +–20 +th +ventral scale, and the first two to four cross-bands are separated from one another by 10–16 vertebral dorsal scales; in adults, the dorsal bands become progressively more heavily speckled with dark brown along the anterior portion of each dorsal scale until the band becomes completely subdued with dark pigment and appears indistinct relative to the rest of the dorsal surface; the posteriormost bands along the body and tail darken first, and frequently only 4–7 of the anteriormost pale bands are visible in large specimens; remaining posterior portion of the dorsum is plain in adults; tail tip is cream. Dorsal surface of the head blackish-brown or black; in some specimens the posterior half of the head beyond the frontal scale is slightly marbled with shades of brown, but in larger individuals the marbling is restricted to the posterior half of the parietals and the adjacent occipital scales; snout dark brown, with dark pigment normally invading the first two supralabials and ventral surface around the mental scale; supralabials cream or white, especially in their lower half; chin and throat plain white, sometimes pale yellow, with occasional dark brown spots on the first few infralabials; eye brown in life, pupil black. Venter white, cream or pale yellow, with a dark brown, diffuse spot of the anterior edge of each ventral scale; progressively, the ventral scales become more strongly speckled or tinted with brown at midline; in some specimens the entire ventral surface is plain cream or white. The underside of the tail is plain white but in some specimens is dark grey with white or pale yellow marbling. + + + +FIGURE 8 +. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +in life (not collected, sex not determined): A, B—Hong Kong, China (adult, subadult; respectively); C—Qiongzhong, Hainan, China (adult); D—Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China; E—Pu Mat NP, Nghe An, Vietnam; F—Ma Da NR, Dong Nai, Vietnam (adult); G—Cat Tien NP, Dong Nai, Vietnam (subadult); H—Loc Bac, Lam Dong, Vietnam (adult); I—Phuoc Binh NP, Ninh Thuan, Vietnam (adult); J—Hinhurp, Vientiane, Laos (subadult); K—Kompong Seila, Seihanuk, Cambodia (adult); L—Chai Prakarn, Chiang Mai, Thailand (subadult); M—Mae Yom NP, Phrae, Thailand (adult); N—Wang Nam Khiao, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand (adult); O—Kaeng Krachan NP, Phetchaburi, Thailand (subadult). Photos by: A. Tomaszek (A, B); C.X. Liao (C); Z.H. Ma (D); P.S. Hamilton (E); H.X.N. Nguyen (F); A.M. Bragin (G, I); N.A. Poyarkov (H); T. Calame (J); T. Samnang (K); A. Kaosung (L); R. Grassby-Lewis (M, N); A. Pierce (O). + + +Juvenile specimens are more strongly patterned than adults and are usually black dorsally with 11–19 white, uniform bands on the body, generally visible up to the vent, and 7–12 bands on the tail. The head is largely as black along the dorsal surface and on the sides of the snout, however the posterior portion of the head has a white facial collar present across the entirety of the parietals, the posterior half of the frontal, most of the temporals and the remaining occipital region and nape; supralabials white or cream, occasionally with dark gray mottling near the snout and eyes. The ventral surface is uniform cream or white. + + + +Comparisons +. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +can be easily distinguished from all other known + +Lycodon +species + +(except + +L +. +subcinctus + +, + +L +. +sealei + +, + +L +. +sidiki +Wostl, Hamidy, Kurniawan & Smith + +) by the lack of a preocular, and by having both the loreal and prefrontal scales enter the orbit. We summarize the main characters separating + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +from + +L +. +subcinctus + +and + +L +. +sealei + +in +Table 1 +. + + + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +differs from + +L +. +subcinctus + +by having: a lower number of ventrals ( +VEN +187– 208 [mean = 198.98 ± 4.90] vs. 201–224 [mean = 212.59 ± 5.50]), a lower number of total body scales (TOTAL 260–290 [mean = 274.36 ± 7.46] vs. 274–311 [mean = 289.81 ± 7.29]), relative size of the largest supralabial scale (sixth supralabial largest vs. seventh supralabial largest), and by the pattern of pigmentation on the white bands in adults (white bands darkening along the anterior edge of each dorsal scale, creating a speckled, reticulate or ‘maculate’ patterning vs. white bands darkening along the entire dorsal scale, pattern more smeared, patched or ‘piebald’ in appearance; see +Figs. 7 +, +9 +). In addition, some adult + +L. subcinctus + +(and + +L. sealei + +) specimens may become completely melanistic, whereas all adult + +L. neomaculatus + + +sp. nov. + +we have examined retain light pigment along the dorsal bands and are never fully melanistic. + + + +FIGURE 9 +. + +Lycodon subcinctus + +in life (not collected, sex not determined): A—Kathu, Phuket, Thailand (adult); B—Hala Bala WS, Narathiwat, Thailand (subadult); C—Khao Phanom Bencha NP, Krabi, Thailand (subadult); D—Khao Sok NP, Surat Thani, Thailand (adult); E—Baling, Kedah, Malaysia (adult); F—Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia (subadult); G—West Malaysia (adult); H—Upper Seletar Reservoir, Singapore (adult); I—Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (adult); J—Bekasi, Java, Indonesia (adult); K—Jembrana, Bali, Indonesia (adult); L—Alor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (subadult). Photos by: A. Tomaszek (A, K); R. Grassby-Lewis (B); R. Jaihan (C, D), P. Pawangkhanant (E, I); G. Vogel (G), R. Kittrell (F); R. Tann (H); A.R. Mudzakir (J); C. Trainor (L). + + + + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +differs from + +L +. +sealei + +by having a higher relative tail length (TaL/TL +0.178 +– 0.221 +[mean = 0.201 ± 0.012] vs. +0.154 +–0.184 +[mean = 0.168 ± 0.009]), a higher number of subcaudals (SC 68–84 [mean = 75.07 ± 4.65] vs. 59–69 [mean = 63.58 ± 5.53]), a higher subcaudal ratio (SCR 25.09–30.21 [mean = 27.48 ± 1.26] vs. 22.61–25.27 [mean = 23.70 ± 0.08]), relative size of the largest supralabial scale (sixth supralabial largest vs. seventh supralabial largest), and a higher number of dorsal body bands in juvenile specimens (BB+TB 19–27 vs. 8–12; see +Fig. 10 +). The same color pattern characteristics that differentiate + +L +. +neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +from + +L +. +subcinctus + + +s +. +str +. + +also apply to + +L +. +sealei + +. Moreover, the geographic ranges of both species are separated by that of + +L +. +subcinctus + + +s +. +str +. + +(see +Figs. 11 +, +12 +). + + + +FIGURE 10 +. + +Lycodon sealei + +in life (not collected, sex not determined): A—Puerto Princesca, Palawan, Philippines (adult); B—Taytay, Palawan, Philippines (subadult); C—Balabac, Palawan, Philippines (adult); D—Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia (subadult); E—Marudi, Sarawak, Malaysia (subadult); F—Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (subadult); G—Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (adult); H—Petra Jaya, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (adult); I—West Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (adult). Photos by: R. Grassby-Lewis (A); A. Sonlee (B); C. Supsup (C); R. Monday (D); C.C. Lee (E, H); S. Lee (F); L. Platania (G); H. Kurniawan (I). + + + +In addition, + +L +. +neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +differs from + +L +. +sidiki + +by having the prefrontal enter the orbit (vs. not entering); temporals 1+2 (vs. 2+3); cloacal plate divided (vs. undivided); body in adults with pale and wide body bands (vs. dark and narrow crossbars) (see Wostl +et al. +2017 and + +Nguyen +et al. +2024 + +). + + + + + +Distribution ( +Fig. 12 + +). Based on our definition of + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +we establish its range as follows: China (southern), Myanmar (northern and peninsular), Vietnam (throughout), Laos (throughout), Cambodia (throughout), and Thailand (except peninsular). According to our data and an examination of records from the literature, + +L +. +neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +inhabits the following provinces/states:— + +China + +, south-east: Hong Kong SAR.; +Fujian +, +Guangdong +, +Fujian +, +Guangxi +, +Yunnan +, and +Hainan +provinces;— + +Myanmar + +: northern and peninsular: +Kachin State +; +Mandalay +, and +Tanintharyi +Regions);— + +Vietnam + +: +Ha Noi +capital; +Da Nang +City; +Bac Kan +, +Tuyen Quang +, +Thai Nguyen +, +Vinh Phuc +, +Lai Chau +, +Son La +, +Thanh Hoa +, +Ninh Binh +, +Nghe An +, +Quang Tri +, +Thua Thien-Hue +, +Ha Tinh +, +Quang Nam +, +Kon Tum +, +Quang Ngai +, +Gia Lai +, +Dak Lak +, +Phu Yen +, +Khanh Hoa +, +Ninh Thuan +, +Lam Dong +, +Dak Nong +, +Binh Phuoc +, +Dong Nai +, +Ba Ria-Vung Tau +, +Tay Ninh +, and +Kien Giang +provinces;— + +Laos + +: +Bokeo +, +Luang Prabang +, +Vientiane +, Bolikhamxay, +Khammouane +, and +Champasak +provinces;— + +Cambodia + +: +Siem Reap +, +Kratie +, +Mondulkiri +, +Koh Kong +, +Sihanoukville +, and +Kep +provinces;— + +Thailand + +: +Chiang Rai +, +Chiang Mai +, +Phrae +, +Phitsanulok +, +Loei +, +Nong Khai +, +Udon Thani +, +Kalasin +, +Nakhon Ratchasima +, +Nakhon Nayok +, +Sa Kaeo +, +Chachoengsao +, +Rayong +, +Chanthaburi +, +Uthai Thani +, +Phetchaburi +, and +Prachuap Khiri Khan +provinces (based on +Pope 1935 +; + +Zhao +et al +. 1998 + +; + +Le +et al +. 2021 + +; + +David +et al +. 2023 + +; + +Liu +et al +. 2023 + +; examined specimens;records from iNaturalist). + + + + +FIGURE 11. +Distribution ranges of + +Lycodon sealei + +, + +L +. +subcinctus + +, and + +L +. cf. +subcinctus + +(Nicobar Island). Notes: numbers indicate different localities where the species have been recorded (see Appendix Table S5 for the details of localities). + + + + +FIGURE 12. +Distribution ranges of + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +Numbers indicate various localities where the species have been recorded (see Appendix Table S6 for the details of localities). + + + + +Natural history +. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +inhabits regions covered with primary and secondary rainforests, tropical evergreen forests and adjacent lowlands between +150–800 m +asl. ( +Pope 1935 +; + +Liu +et al +. 2023 + +; this study). This species may also be found in disturbed moist forests, thickets, tangled vegetation, and near human habitats such as shrublands, plantations, rice fields, abandoned structures, edges of cultivated areas, and villages ( +Zhao 2006 +; + +David +et al +. 2023 + +; + +Liu +et al +. 2023 + +; this study). This species is chiefly nocturnal (active between 1930– 2330 hrs) but can also be active in the early morning. It is mainly terrestrial and is frequently found crawling on the forest floor or climbing in the forest understory. During the day, it retreats under stones, stumps, pieces of wood, and vegetation. This species can also be arboreal, sometimes ascending to the crowns of large trees, such as rubber and coffee trees (T.V. Nguyen, pers. obs.). There have been no reports of its reproduction, but like other + +Lycodon + +, it is presumably oviparous. + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +is known to eat amphibians and lizards specifically skinks like + +Eutropis multifasciata +(Kuhl) + +(see +Pope, 1935 +), + +Ateuchosaurus chinensis +Gray + +(see https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/14752734), + +Tropidophorus microlepis +Günther + +(https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/214567395), and possibly small snakes and small birds. + + + + +Conservation status +. According to the IUCN Red List, both + +Lycodon subcinctus + +and + +L +. +sealei + +are listed as Species of Least Concern (LC) due to their wide geographic distributions and ecological adaptability, presence in several large, protected areas, and slight adaptability to habitat degradation ( +Kim & Schoppe 2023 +; + +Lilley +et al +. 2023 + +). + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +is also distributed across in +China +and Indochina and inhabits several national parks and other protected areas but does not appear to be abundant wherever it occurs. No major threats are known for this species; however, some local populations could be threatened by deforestation and other forms of habitat loss. Many species of wolf snakes, including + +Lycodon davisonii +Blanford + +, + +L +. +laoensis +Günther + +, and + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +resemble venomous elapid snakes, such as kraits in the genus + +Bungarus + +(including + +Bungarus candidus +(Linnaeus) + +, + +B +. +multicinctus +Blyth + +, + +B +. +sagittatus +Aksornneam, Rujirawan, Yodthong, Sung & Aowphol + +, + +B. suzhenae +Chen, Shi, Vogel, Ding & Shi + +, and + +B +. +wanghaotingi +Pope + +) and often live in areas where humans co-occur. Consequently, wolf snakes, although non-venomous, are occasionally the victims of misidentifications and are needlessly killed. + +L +. +neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +is not protected by national or international regulations and is not listed in CITES Appendices. Given this information, we suggest + +Lycodon neomaculatus + + +sp +. +nov +. + +should be considered Least Concern (LC) following the IUCN’s Red List categories ( +IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2024 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file