diff --git a/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3150BF011C74FE5DFA75F865.xml b/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3150BF011C74FE5DFA75F865.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2ae95f77b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3150BF011C74FE5DFA75F865.xml @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ + + + +From the dark side of paradise: a new natural replication of cave planthopper evolution from Hawaiian lava tubes (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) + + + +Author + +Hoch, Hannelore +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversitv Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germanv + + + +Author + +Porter, Megan L. +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + + + +Author + +Slav, Christv M. +Ŋe Sustainabilitv Consortium, Julie Ann Wriglev Global Futures Laboratorv, Arizona State Universitv, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA + + + +Author + +Slav, Michael E. +Arkansas Field Office, Ŋe Nature Conservancv, Liưle Rock, AR 72201, USA + + + +Author + +Steck, Mireille +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + + + +Author + +Chong, Rebecca A. +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-01-18 + + +202 + + +3 + + +1 +13 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad198 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad198 +0024-4082 +14423193 +E0A267D-6195-4EC4-92B1-757DD5956C85 + + + + + + + +Iolania +Kirkaldy + +19 0 2: 118 + + + + + + +Type species: + +Iolania perkinsi +Kirkaldv 1902: 119 + +. + + + + +Genus diagnosis + + +Hoch (2006) provided a detailed diagnosis of the genus + +Iolania + +, which then contained exclusivelv epigean species. The cavernicolous species + +I. frankanstonei + +from +Hawaii +Island (described below) features characters pertaining to its external morphologv that have evolved in the course of adaptation bv the species to its subterranean habitat (troglomorphies). These include the reduction of compound eves, tegmina and hindwings, and bodilv pigmentation. As has been shown in other cavernicolous planthopper taxa ( +Hoch and Howarth 1989 +), these reductions of single traits can influence the configuration of other traits, such as head width, sculpturing (e.g. carination), and general bodv shape. It therefore seems appropriate to provide a separate diagnosis for cavernicolous + +Iolania +species. + + + +All species of the genus + +Iolania + +are easilv distinguishable from the other Hawaiian cixiid genus, + +Oliarus + +, bv their tricarinate pronotum (vs. pentecarinate in + +Oliarus + +) and from all other known Cixiini bv the morphological configuration of the male copulatorv organ, the aedeagus (shaft bilaterallv svmmetrical, smooth; flagellum rigid, short, not movable against shaft; phallotreme near base of flagellum, exposed dorsallv). + + + +Diagnosis of epigean species of +Iolania +(see also Hoch 2006: 303–304) + + + +Total length (tip of head to distal margin of tegmina): males, +4.8– 6.3 mm +; females, +6.2–7.1 mm +. Moderatelv large cixiids of robust appearance ( +Fig. 3A, B +); tegmina ~2.6× longer than maximallv wide, more or less shallowlv tectiform, surpassing tip of abdomen with approximatelv one-third of total length. Costal veins of tegmina nearlv parallel in dorsal aspect. Tegmina and hindwings translucent to hvaline. Tegmina with colour pattern variable within populations, ranging from hvaline with little recognizable patterning to those with distinct dark brown spots or stripes, especiallv at the tegmen base and in the distal third. Granules on veins usuallv brownish. Bodv coloration inconspicuous; intraspecific variation ranging from vellowish brown to darker brown. Coloration of bodv and tegmina usuallv slightlv darker in females. Vertex short, with lateral margins diverging slightlv posteriorlv. Hind tibiae laterallv with three minute spines. + + + +Diagnosis of cavernicolous species of +Iolania +( +Figs 3C, D +, +4 +, +5 +), as represented by +I. frankanstonei + + + +Total length: males, +3.5–4.5 mm +; females, +4.4–4.6 mm +. Tegmina 2× longer than maximallv wide, shallowlv tectiform, not surpassing tip of anal segment.Costal veins of tegmina in dorsal aspect convex, together creating an oval outline ( +Fig. 4A +). Vertex with lateral margins stronglv diverging posteriorlv and with posterior margin shallowlv concave; compound eves small, pronotum in dorsal aspect mediallv narrow and laterallv expanded. Compound eves with light red pigmentation, coloration of bodv vellowish to light brown, tegmina with darker spots and stripes, variable among specimens studied. Hind tibiae laterallv with three minute spines. + + + + +Kev to + +Iolania +species + +(modified from Hoch 2006) + + + +(1) Tegmina longer than twice their maximal width, well surpassing tip of abdomen; compound eves large and darklv pigmented; vertex with lateral margins slightlv diverging posteriorlv and with posterior margin deeplv concave; pronotum in dorsal aspect narrow throughout; bodv size of males +4.8–6.3 mm +, females +6.2–7.1 mm +............................................................. 2 + + + +- Tegmina twice as long as maximallv wide, not surpassing tip of anal segment; compound eves small and reddish; vertex with lateral margins stronglv diverging posteriorlv and with posterior margin shallowlv concave; pronotum in dorsal aspect mediallv narrow and laterallv expanded; bodv size of males +3.5–4.5 mm +, females +4.4–4.6 mm +.................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... + + +Iolania frankanstonei + +sp. nov. + +(2) Male genitalia with aedeagus svmmetrical; anal segment without spinose processes ................................................................... 3 + + + + +- Aedeagus with asvmmetrical paired spines; anal segment caudallv bent ventrad, with two distinct ventrolateral spinose processes ........................................................................................................................................................ + +Iolania kraussohana +Hoch, 2006 + +(3) Shaft of aedeagus in lateral aspect curved dorsad; flagellum without sculpturing; gonostvli not ventrallv ridged .................. 4 + + + + +- Shaft of aedeagus straight; flagellum sculptured with numerous distinct tuberculous protuberances; gonostvli ventrallv ridged .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 (4) Paired spines of aedeagus foliatelv dilated ................................................................................................................... + +Iolania mauiensis + + + + + +- Paired spines of aedeagus not dilated, arm-like, curved dorsad at midlength .................................................... + +Iolanaia lanaiensis + +(5) Gonostvli with caudal margin triangular; tips of aedeagal spines directed straight basad or mediobasad ................................. 6 + + + + +- Gonostvli with caudal margin rounded; tips of aedeagal spines directed dorsad .................................................. + +Iolania perkinsi + +(6) Male anal segment distallv with produced lateroventral corners; shaft of aedeagus in lateral aspect with ventral margin distinctlv narrowing in distal half; tips of aedeagal spines curved mediad ................................................................. + +Iolania oahuensis + + + + + +- Male anal segment in caudal aspect ventrallv rounded; shaft of aedeagus in lateral aspect not narrowing towards apex; tips of aedeagal spines directed straight basad ..................................................................................................................... + +Iolania koolauensis + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3151BF0D1D8FFF3DFB23FDEA.xml b/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3151BF0D1D8FFF3DFB23FDEA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e0caf13afcb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E3/EA/03E3EA7C3151BF0D1D8FFF3DFB23FDEA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,572 @@ + + + +From the dark side of paradise: a new natural replication of cave planthopper evolution from Hawaiian lava tubes (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) + + + +Author + +Hoch, Hannelore +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversitv Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germanv + + + +Author + +Porter, Megan L. +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + + + +Author + +Slav, Christv M. +Ŋe Sustainabilitv Consortium, Julie Ann Wriglev Global Futures Laboratorv, Arizona State Universitv, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA + + + +Author + +Slav, Michael E. +Arkansas Field Office, Ŋe Nature Conservancv, Liưle Rock, AR 72201, USA + + + +Author + +Steck, Mireille +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + + + +Author + +Chong, Rebecca A. +School of Life Sciences, Universitv of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-01-18 + + +202 + + +3 + + +1 +13 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad198 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad198 +0024-4082 +14423193 +E0A267D-6195-4EC4-92B1-757DD5956C85 + + + + + + +Iolania frankanstonei +Hoch & Porter + +sp. nov. +( +Figs 1B +, +3C D +, +4–5 +) + + + + + +Description + + +Slightlv troglomorphic species with compound eves present, but small; tegmina covering most of the abdomen, barelv attaining but not surpassing tip of abdomen; hind wings well developed but slightlv reduced in length in comparison to epigean + +Iolania +species + +; coloration generallv lighter than in epigean species, with darker portions (see ‘ +Coloration +’ below). + + +Body length: +Male, +3.5–4.5 mm +( +N += 6); female, +4.4–4.6 mm +( +N += 2). + + +Coloration: +Bodv and legs vellowish. Compound eves reddish; antennae vellowish-white. Head and mesothorax laterallv sordid light brown. Tergites and sternites of abdominal segments slightlv darker brown. Tegmina translucent, light vellowish, with irregularlv defined brownish portions distallv of nodal line and faint brown transverse stripes across postcostal cell; brownish markings also accompanving median branch of Y-vein (= Pcu) and common stem of Y-vein (= Pcu * A1), in dorsal aspect creating a median ‘V’ across the tegmina. Coloration similar in both sexes; the brownish portions appear to be darker in females, creating a more contrasting pattern. + + +Head: +Vertex short, ~3.6× wider posteriorlv than mediallv long, broadlv triangular, concave; posterior margin shallowlv incised mediallv, lateral margins ridged; transverse carina mediallv forming an obtuse angle. Areolets (or ‘fossette’ +sensu +Giffard 1925 +) indistinctlv divided mediallv bv a short obtuse carina. Frons separated from anterior margins of areolets bv an obtuse transverse carina, and with a median longitudinal carina that is distinctlv ridged and running from apical transverse carina to frontoclvpeal suture. Frons widest at base of antennae, 0.8× shorter mediallv than maximallv wide. Lateral margins of frons in ventral portion foliatelv ridged. Postclvpeus almost smooth, with a verv faint obtuse median carina in upper portion; anteclvpeus with a median faint carina; post- and anteclvpeus together mediallv ~1.6× longer than frons. Frontoclvpeal suture highlv vaulted. Compound eves small; lateral ocelli present, vestigial; median frontal ocellus absent. First antennal joint (scape) short, ring-like; second antennal joint (pedicel) cvlindrical, slightlv longer than wide, with sensorv plaque organs distinctlv recognizable. Rostrum slightlv surpassing posterior margin of hind coxae. + + + + +Figure 4. + +Iolania frankanstonei + + +, male, wing morphologv. A, right tegmen. B, right hind wing. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. Male from CKM entrance. + + + +Thorax: +Pronotum short, ~15× wider than mediallv long, and 1.6× wider than maximum width of head including eves; posteriorlv deeplv incised, with obtuse median and two sharplv ridged lateral carinae. Mesonotum tricarinate; carinae distinctlv ridged; lateral carinae slightlv diverging posteriorlv. Mesonotum mediallv slightlv longer than maximallv wide, with lateral portions oblique. Tegulae small, without carina. Tegmina short, ~2× longer than maximal width, not surpassing tip of abdomen; in males with contracted abdomen attaining cephal margin of genital segment; in males with expanded abdomen attaining cephal margin of abdominal tergite VII; in females not surpassing tip of ovipositor; distal margin rounded, pterostigma indistinct, veins denselv covered with bases of setae. Venation with proximal branching pattern as in epigean + +Iolania +species + +, but postcostal cell relativelv wider; venation distallv of nodal line varving among individuals, with variation concerning the branching pattern of posterior radius and media and that of anterior cubitus ( +Fig. 4 +). Claval vein (CuP) and Y-vein (Pcu, A1 and Pcu * A1) as in epigean + +Iolania +species. + +Hind wings well developed ( +Fig. 4 +); in comparison to epigean + +Iolania +species + +, relativelv shorter. Legs moderatelv long; metatibiae laterallv with three minute spines, and five to seven strong apical spines, bilaterallv and individuallv variable (5/6; 5/7; 6/6). Metabasitarsus elongate, approximatelv as long as second and third tarsomere together, with five apical spines. Second tarsomere with four or five apical spines. Pretarsal claws small, arolia pad-like. + + +Male genitalia: +Genital segment in caudal aspect slightlv higher than wide, laterodorsal margin rounded, medioventral process triangular. Anal segment distallv of anal stvle on both sides broadlv rounded, ventrocaudal margin mediallv straight; anal segment in dorsal aspect with lateral margins more or less parallel, in lateral aspect straight, distallv of anal stvle not bent ventrallv. Gonostvli proximallv slender, ventrallv ridged, ridge finelv striate, distal portion slightlv dilated, slender, produced dorsallv, caudal margin rounded, dorsal margin slightlv concave. Aedeagus bilaterallv svmmetrical; shaft with enhanced sclerotization in basal half, in lateral aspect distinctlv narrowing in apical third ( +Fig. 5G +, arrow); shaft ventrallv in basal portion finelv rugose; flagellum short, with surface distinctlv sculptured, dorsal surface mediallv concave, with conspicuous groove distallv of phallotreme; with two movable spinose processes near apex, processes arm-like, proximallv taeniform, distallv terete and tapering in an acute tip, in repose directed mediobasallv, not attaining basal (proximal) third of shaft. Gonoduct with conspicuous protuberance at apex of shaft. + + +Female genitalia: +External structures of female genitalia as in epigean + +Iolania +species + +: ovipositor ensiform, caudallv slightlv surpassing anal segment. Tergite IX caudallv truncate, verv slightlv concave, with wax-secreting area inconspicuouslv delimited. Anal segment slender, ventral margin caudallv slightlv produced. + + +Molecular identification + + +Mitochondrial +COI +sequences of + +I. frankanstonei + +were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MZ048276–MZ048281. + + + + +Species diagnosis + + + +Iolania frankanstonei + +differs from all epigean + +Iolania +species + +in external characters related to cave adaptation (reduction of compound eves, configuration of head carination and proportions, length and venation of tegmina and wings, pigmentation pattern; see above). Concerning the male genital structures, + +I. frankanstonei + +is most similar to + +I. perkinsi + +, but differs in the shape of the anal segment (distal portion straight vs. bent ventrallv in + +I. perkinsi + +) and of the aedeagus (shaft with enhanced sclerotization in basal half vs. in basal third in + +I. perkinsi + +; enhanced sclerotized part ventrallv rugose vs. smooth in + +I. perkinsi + +; shaft in lateral aspect distinctlv narrowing in apical third vs. straight in + +I. perkinsi + +; arm-like paired processes at transition of shaft and flagellum taeniform throughout vs. distallv terete in + +I. perkinsi + +, and their tips in repose directed straight basomediallv vs. pointed dorsallv in + +I. perkinsi + +; dorsal surface of flagellum with phallotreme wide but without longitudinal conspicuous groove distal of it as in + +I. perkinsi + +). + + + + +Remarks + + +The description of + +I. frankanstonei + +is based on comparativelv few specimens ( +six males +and +two females +). The range of variation within and between populations from different passages of the Kipuka Kanohina lava tube svstem can therefore not be assessed fullv. Variation exists, however slight, in the size of the compound eves, relative length and venation of the tegmen, and male genital characters (e.g. the shape of gonostvli) within and among specimens from different populations; therefore, it cannot be excluded that the specimens here, hvpothesized to present a single species, might belong to separate reproductive units. We therefore decided to assign the holotvpe and paratvpes from a single population and chose the original collection location, the CKM entrance, as the tvpe localitv, because it was the first location in the Kipuka Kanohina svstem where specimens were collected. + + + + +Material examined + + + + +Holotype +: + +Male +, +Hawaiʻi +/ +USA +: +Hawaiʻi +Island, +Kipuka Kanohina +lava tube svstem, CKM entrance (HI 00153), + +1096 m +a.s.l. + +, + +24 November 2016 + +, +M.E. Slav +, +C.A.M. Slav +, and +M.L. Porter +coll., +BPBM +(tvpe number: +BPBMENT 2008035007 +). + + + + + +Paratypes +: + +Two males +, same data as holotvpe, +BPBM + +. + + +Additional material: + +One male +, +two females +, +Hawaiʻi +/ +USA +: +Hawaiʻi +Island, +Kipuka Kanohina +lava tube svstem, OHS entrance (HI 00809), + +730 m +a.s.l. + +, + +24 November 2018 + +, +M.E. Slav +, +C.A.M. Slav +, +A. Katz +, +J. Gunter +, +K. Yelverton +, and +P. Bosted +coll., +BPBM + +. + + + +One male +, +Hawaiʻi +/ +USA +: +Hawaiʻi +Island, +Kipuka Kanohina +lava tube svstem, HLC entrance (HI 00323), + +539 m +a.s.l. + +, + +25 March 2018 + +, +M.E. Slav +, +A.S. Engel +, +S. Engel +, +V + +. + +Hackell +, and +T +. +Gracanin +coll., +BPBM + +. + + + + +Figure 5. + +Iolania frankanstonei + + +, male genitalia. A, genital segment, left lateral aspect. B, same, caudal aspect. C, anal segment, right lateral aspect. D, same, caudal aspect. E, left gonostvle, maximal aspect. F, aedeagus, dorsal aspect. G, same, left lateral aspect. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Male from CKM entrance, same as in Figure 4. + + + + +One male +, +Hawaiʻi +/ +USA +: +Hawaiʻi +Island, +Kipuka Kanohina +lava tube svstem, HLC entrance (HI 00524), + +539 m +a.s.l. + +, + +19 November 2018 + +, +R +. +A. Chong +, +A.S. Engel +, and +M.L. Porter +coll., +BPBM + +. + + +Cixiid nvmphs belonging to + +Iolania + +were also collected from cave sections within the Kipuka Kanohina lava tube svstem in close proximitv to adult specimens used for this description. However, nvmphs of epigean + +Iolania + +are ‘hitherto unknown – thev most likelv live (like the nvmphs of all cixiids) close to or inside the soil, and are not documented in collections’ (Hoch 2006: 317). Based on morphologv alone, we therefore cannot assign the nvmphs with certaintv to either + +I. perkinsi + +or + +I. frankanstonei + +, hence we have opted to refrain from accessing these specimens here. + + + + +Etymology + +The species epithet is chosen to honour the friendship and collaboration between the pioneers of Hawaiian cave biologv, the late Fred D. Stone (1938–2018) and Frank G. Howarth, Bishop Museum. Over the course of nearlv six decades, thev explored hundreds of caves, discovered dozens of new species, and inspired and supported countless people (students in addition to novice and senior scientists). Known to fellow cavers as ‘Frank ’n Stone’, thev are held in high esteem as reliable buddies in the field and valued discussion partners. Their scientific expertise, combined with personal integritv and their notorious sense of (occasionallv dark) humour, renders them unforgettable to anvone who has had the good fortune to meet and spend time underground with them. + + + +Distribution + + +Specimens of + +I. frankanstonei + +have been documented from multiple lava tubes across a range of elevations in the Kipuka Kanohina Cave Svstem ( +Bosted 2017 +), on the south-western side of Mauna Loa volcano in 750- to 1500-vear-old lava flows. It is a highlv braided and mazv svstem, with multiple levels and interconnected passages, located in the desert of Kaʻu near the communitv of Ocean View, ~ +72 km +south of Kailua-Kona and ~ +48 km +north of South Point (the southernmost point in the +USA +). So far,> +29 km +of continuous cave passages have been explored within the svstem, with> +42 km +in the entire svstem. It has a vertical extent of> +1300 m +, with passages at almost sea level up to> +1400 m +a.s.l. The cave svstem is currentlv listed as the third longest lava tube in the world, one of onlv three to surpass +26 km +of uninterrupted passage in length. Despite the significant amount of subterranean habitat found within the Kipuka Kanohina svstem, + +I. frankanstonei + +has been collected from onlv four cave sections (of>30 surveved) with an elevational range from +539 to 1096 m +, suggesting this species might be restricted to the higher-elevation passages. + + + + +Ecology and behaviour + + +There is little documented information on the ecologv and behaviour of + +I. frankanstonei + +. Adults and nvmphs have been observed on and around roots and on cave walls near roots anvwhere from twilight into the deep cave zone of lava tubes (for lava tube zonation, see +Howarth 1983 +), although anecdotallv + +I. frankanstonei + +appears to be more abundant close to entrance and twilight zones. In two collection locations, the roots have been confirmed to be from the native tree + +Metrosideros polymorpha +Gaudich. + +using barcoding techniques (unpublished data B. Chong and M. Porter). Adults have not been observed flving, although the morphologv of the hind wings suggests that the species might be capable of some flight, although perhaps not sustained. In all locations sampled, + +I. frankanstonei + +individuals have been collected from dense root mats and have been observed to co-occur with + +Oliarus polyphemus +Fennah, 1973 + +s.l. + + + + +Mitochondrial COI phylogeny + + +Phvlogenetic relationships inferred from +COI +sequence data support monophvlv of + +I. frankanstonei + +and stronglv support the sister relationship between + +I. frankanstonei + +and + +I. perkinsi + +, which together form a distinctlv different clade from the Hawaiian + +Oliarus + +samples ( +Fig. 6 +; + +Chong +et al. +2022 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA0A782521B4864FAD64FDE9.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA0A782521B4864FAD64FDE9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7edc6c6d061 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA0A782521B4864FAD64FDE9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + + + +A note on the taxonomic status of + +Pantoporia mera +Swinhoe, 1917 + + + + + + + +Swinhoe (1917) +described + +P. mera + +as follows: “ + +Pantoporia mera + +, nov. +♂ +. Belongs to the + +inara + +group, is smaller, the fore wing shorter, the outer margin is less concave, the pattern on the upperside is very similar, but the cell-streak is more attenuated, the white spot in it smaller, the orange submarginal band incomplete, narrower at the apex, then broken, a spot in continuation on the middle, and faint indications of a grey line downwards to the hinder angle. The underside, however, is very different to the underside of + +inara + +, especially on the hind wing, the middle white band being more even, not attenuated to a point at the abdominal fold as it is in + +inara + +; the black discal row of spots is absent or only very faintly indicated, and the white postdiscal band is broader. Expanse of wings +22 +/ + +10 +inches + +. +Hab +. Borneo.” Thus, Swinhoe had already realised that + +P. mera + +was close to + +A. inara + +. Comparison of primary +types +of these two taxa and images of + +A. i. +inara + +in its E Himalayan and NE Indian range reveals that the slight variation represented by the +type +of + +mera + +falls within the intra-population variation seen in the range of + +A. inara + +. Furthermore, the +type +locality of + +mera + +specified by Swinhoe—“Borneo”—is clearly in error. The phenotype of + +mera + +does not occur in Borneo, where + +A. nefte matthiola +(Fruhstorfer, 1913) + +( +type +locality Borneo) represents a black-and-white male phenotype very similar to + +A. n. +nefte + +. Thus, it is likely that the +type +of + +mera + +was collected in NE +India +, +Bangladesh +or N +Myanmar +but mistakenly labelled as being from Borneo. Therefore, based on the similarity of the +type +specimens ( +Fig. 9 +), we propose synonymy of + + +Pantoporia mera +Swinhoe, 1917 + +syn. nov. += + + +Athyma inara +Westwood, 1850 + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93fa9364724 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13782421B481F3AF9FFE21.xml @@ -0,0 +1,970 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + + + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis +Kunte + +ssp. nov. + + + + + + + + +Holotype +( +Fig. 7 +): + +Voucher code +IBC-PS982 +. +♂ +. Near +Kannur +, +Kannur District +, +Kerala +, +India +(lat-long: approx. +11.94 N +, +75.765 E +). Approx. + +50–100 m + +asl. Evergreen forest. Raised from a caterpillar collected from + +Glochidion sp. + +( +Phyllanthaceae +) by Saji K., eclosed and pinned dry on + +2013/03/08 + +by +Krushnamegh Kunte +. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at +NCBS +. + + + + + + +Description ( +Fig. 7 +): + + + +Forewing length +: +29 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +17 mm +. Head black. Eyes pale grey, spotted dark brown (eyes turn dark brown or black upon preservation). Antennae black. Proboscis grey-brown. Thorax black above with two very faint, diffused white or pale grey spots; white below. Abdomen black above with white bands on the first two abdominal segments; white below. Legs pale greyish-white. + + +Dorsal side: Forewings +black.A very narrow, faint, diffused white line from the base to the centre of discal cell, and a large white spot at the end of discal cell. Large white spots stacked in line in interspaces 1a, 1b and 2, and then again in interspaces 4–6. A very small, diffused pale greyish-white spot in interspace 3. Dark orange subapical spots in interspaces 4 and 5, with very small, inconspicuous spots in 3 and 5. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, separated from a similar line that continues from the orange subapical spots to dorsum. +Hindwings +black. A white band from the base through the cell to v6, the spots in 7 separated by the grey and black v7. A narrow, orange post-discal band interrupted by black veins from interspaces 1c to 7, its edges smooth, straight, not prominently convex. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, from tornus to apex. + + +Ventral side: Forewing +tawny with grey and white markings that are similar to those on the dorsal side, and with additional black smudges surrounding the white spots. Basal line through the discal cell is broader and grey, and conspicuous (rather than narrow, white and inconspicuous, as on the dorsal side). +Hindwing +grey post-discal band (corresponding to the narrow, orange post-discal band on dorsal side) is continued from interspace 1b to 4, but not beyond. HW submarginal grey specks between the veins. + + +This is a dry season form, in which UNH areas between the discal white band and post-discal grey band are plain, with dark reddish, highly diffused spots barely visible between the two bands (these spots are black and very prominent in the wet season form; see +paratype +IBC-AK310). + + + + + + +Paratypes +, and intraspecific variation ( +Fig. 7–9 +) + + + +♂ +: voucher code +IBC-AK310 +. +Forewing length +: +32 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +17 mm +. +Ponmudi +, +Thiruvananthapuram District +, +Kerala +, +India +. Approx. + +1,000 m + +asl. Raised from a caterpillar collected from + +Glochidion sp. + +( +Phyllanthaceae +) by roadside in a tea estate by Baiju K., eclosed and pinned on + +2014/02/15 + +by +Krushnamegh Kunte +. Legs preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at +NCBS +. + + + + +♀ +: voucher code +IBC-PS983 +. +Forewing length +: +32 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +17 mm +. Collection and preservation details same as the holotype, except that legs and thoracic muscle tissue are preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at +NCBS +. This paratype is also treated as an allotype. + + + + +♀ +: voucher code +IBC-AY231 +. +Forewing length +: +31 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +17 mm +. +Near Periyar +, +Idukky District +, +Kerala +, +India +. + +800 m +. + +Evergreen forest. Preserved dry, with legs and thoracic muscle tissue preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Collected on + +2016/10/20 + +by +Kalesh Sadasivan +, pinned on +2016/11/20 +by Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + + + +Paratypes +reveal considerable sexual and seasonal variation. IBC-AK310 is a wet season form in which UNH areas between the discal and post-discal white bands have large black spots, and UNF discal cell has all markings white (rather than grey as seen in the +holotype +). In this specimen, UPF a spot in interspace 3 is still small but much more prominent because it is white and clearly defined (cf +holotype +), and UPH the post-discal orange band is narrower but darker, diffusing out towards apex. + + +Female +paratypes +are black on the +dorsal side +with orange markings as follows: +Forewing +: (a) a streak from base through the discal cell up to the large cell-end spot from which it is separated by a narrow black line (more prominent in the +allotype +), with a smaller spot beyond the discal cell (this spot is more elongated with a narrow point in IBC-AY231), (b) on both wings, post-discal and subapical bands similar to the males but the bands are much broader and pale yellowish-orange in colour (rather than narrower and white or dark orange as in males). Females have a single narrow white band on the first abdominal segment (two broader, more prominent white bands in males). + + + +FIGURE 7. +Type specimens of + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu, Ujwala Pawar, and Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + + +FIGURE 8. +Male genitalia of + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +(holotype, IBC-PW982) and + +A. i. +inara + +. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu. + + + +Ventral side: +Yellowish-orange with paler bands that correspond to the bands on dorsal side, with black smudges in the areas adjacent to the bands. IBC-PS983 is an intermediate seasonal form in which the bands barely stand out on the wing background, and UNH black discal spots are small. In the true dry season form, the bands are even more inconspicuous, and the black post-discal spots are absent. IBC-AY231 is a wet season form in which the pale bands are prominent, and the black post-discal spots are prominent. + + + +Genitalia ( +Fig. 8 +): + +Male +(IBC-PW982): Very similar to the genitalia of + +A. i. +inara + +, from which it differs primarily in having a smaller costal process/style. Tegumen large, broad. Uncus straight, slightly curved down at the tip. Gnathos slightly narrower than that of + +A. i. +inara + +. Valve narrow, long, pointed, hairy. Phallus short, stout, ending in a sharp point. + + + + + +Diagnosis ( +Fig. 9–10 +): + +The diagnosis of this subspecies was briefly outlined by +de Nicéville (1886) +under + +Athyma inarina + +based on a single male specimen from Wynaad (N +Kerala +) that was available to him at the time, although he did not taxonomically name it. A combination of 10 characters in male readily and consistently differentiates + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +from related taxa ( +Fig. 10 +, in which numbered pointers correspond to the following numbered characters): (1) UPF prominent subapical orange markings, which distinguish it from + +A. nefte + +; (2) UPF no orange or white markings below the subapical orange markings, only two inconspicuous, diffused grey lines (orange line or spots prominent in + +A. i. +inara + +, especially with a larger spot in interspace 3; lines prominent grey or white in + +A. nefte + +); (3) UPF white post-discal spot in 3 smaller, less conspicuous (this spot is larger and more conspicuous in + +A. i. +inara + +, absent or almost absent in + +A. nefte + +); (4) UPF white line through the discal cell very narrow, inconspicuous (sometimes entirely absent), not connecting with the large white spot at the cell-end (the line usually more prominent and longer, powdery-grey or white, connecting with the white cell-end spot in + +A. i. +inara + +; very prominent, white and connecting with the much larger and more prominent cell-end spot in + +A. nefte + +); (5) UPH post-discal band narrow with even edges, dark orange (this band much broader, paler orange, with the inner edges of the spots that comprise this band being prominently convex in + +A. i. +inara + +; band white and narrow in + +A. nefte + +); (6) UNF streak through the cell grey or white, more prominent than on dorsal side (this streak similar to + +A. i. +inara + +; it is much more white, broader and conspicuous in + +A. nefte + +); (7) UN wing colour orange (colour orange-brown in + +A. i. +inara + +; brown without a trace of orange in + +A. nefte + +); (8) UNF submarginal markings grey and inconspicuous, or absent (these markings especially prominent in interspaces +1–3 in + +A. i. +inara + +; and narrower but from +1–7 in + +A. nefte + +); (9) UNF outer edge of the large white spot in 2 protrudes out from the spot in 1b but it protrudes less than the width of the two grey submarginal lines/small spots (this spot similar in + +A. i. +inara + +; it protrudes much more, i.e., more than the width of the submarginal white lines in + +A. nefte + +); (10) UNH narrow, grey or white post-discal band ends in interspace 4 (this band is broader and it extends up to the apex in + +A. i. +inara + +; it is much much whiter but narrower in + +A. nefte + +). Additionally, + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +differs from + +A. i. +inara + +and + +A. nefte + +in having a narrower, more produced forewing. + + + +FIGURE 9. +Comparison of + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +with other similar + +Athyma + +(see Materials and Methods for specimen details). A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + + +FIGURE 10. +Diagnostic characters of + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +, marked on digitally enhanced images from which wing-wear has been removed to illustrate the distinctive phenotype of the subspecies. Male of + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +is compared with males of + +A. i. +inara + +and two subspecies of + +A. nefte + +. Numbers point to distinctive characters: 1: FW subapical markings, 2: FW submarginal markings, 3: FW spot in interspace 3, 4: FW markings in the discal cell, 5: HW post-discal band, 6: UNF markings in the discal cell, 7: UN base colour of the wings, 8: UNF submarginal markings, 9: large white spot in interspace 2, 10: UNH post-discal band (further details in the text). Images are not to scale. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + + +Athyma asita + +, whose taxonomic status needs to be carefully examined with a separate molecular phylogenetic study (see under Discussion), differs from + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +, + +A. i. +inara + +and + +A. nefte + +, in having: (a) UPF submarginal markings prominent and white, especially the large spot in interspace 3 (this large spot and other submarginal markings are orange in + +A. i. +inara + +; they are white or pale grey, much narrower but prominent, and without a large spot in interspace 3, in + +A. nefte + +; they are absent in + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +), (b) UPH post-discal band narrow, white (orange in + +A. i. +inara + +and + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +; similar in + +A. nefte + +), (c) FW discal cell with a well-defined white line that is well-separated from the white cell-end spot, with another white spot beyond the cell-end that is almost as large (these markings are highly reduced in + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +; conspicuous but diffused in + +A. i. +inara + +; much more prominent with a much larger cell-end spot in + +A. nefte + +), and (d) UN brown with a slight tinge of orange (brighter orange-brown in + +A. i. sahyadriensis +ssp. nov. + +and + +A. i. +inara + +; darker brown without a tinge of orange in + +A. nefte + +). + + +Females are similar to + +A. i. +inara + +, from which they apparently cannot be distinguished. They differ from females of + +A. nefte + +in having considerably broader orange markings UP, and brighter orange UN (UP markings narrower, UN background colour of the wings brown, not orange). + + + + +FIGURE 11. +Early stages of + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. +a: + +egg (2010/11/05); +b: +1 +st +instar (2010/09/20); +c: +2 +nd +instar (2010/09/26); +d–e: +3 +rd +instar (2010/10/02); +f–i: +4 +th +instar (2010/10/05–07); +j–l: +5 +th +instar (2010/10/08); +m–n: +5 +th +instar with colours changed just before pupation (2010/10/10). +o–q: +newly-formed pupa (o: lateral view; p: dorsal view; q: ventral view); +r–s: +pupa before eclosion (r: lateral view; s: dorsal view); +t: +eclosed female resting on pupal case, drying its wings. Images are of multiple individuals. Amboli, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Photographs: Hemant Ogale, used with permission. + + + + +Etymology: +We name + + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +after its endemic distributional range in the Sahyadri, the name of the Western Ghats in many native languages. + + + + +Historical Records: +This taxon is well-documented in the Western Ghats based on hundreds of records (also see +Fig. 12 +). +Evans (1932) +used the name + +Pantoporia nefte inara + +, recording it as “S. +India +, +Sikkim +—N. +Burma +. NR [Not Rare].” According to +Wynter-Blyth (1957) +, who referred to it as + +Pantoporia nefte + +, “ +Range. +South +India +. +Sikkim +to +Assam +and South +Burma +. … Recorded as not rare in the evergreen regions of the Western Ghats, also, very rarely, from the Mettupalaiyam Ghat in the Nilgiris.” +Talbot (1947) +did not cover the genus. +d’Abrera (1985) +mentioned “ +Nepal +to +Assam +” as the range of + +A. nefte inara + +, with range in the Western Ghats as doubtful, “? southern +India +”. + + +The NHMUK has +8 ♂ +and +8 ♀ +specimens (four of each sex photographed and catalogued, see Materials and Methods) from Karwar, Karwar District, +Karnataka +, raised from early stages by T. R. Bell in 1920s, except: +one male +from “Malabar, Wynaad” from “Moore Coll. 99-234”, +one male +from “Nilgiris 89-53 +5,000 ft +”, +one female +from “Nilgiris 89-53 +3,000 ft +”, and +one male +from “Watecolle [ +Kerala +] 16/11/60 [1960]” and +one female +from “Sollekolle 14/10/60” from A. J. Sharman Collections, which did not have voucher codes. MCZ and McGuire Centre for +Lepidoptera +and Biodiversity do not have any specimens of the new subspecies. + + + +FIGURE 12. +Distributional range map of relevant taxa from the + +Athyma nefte + +species group. + +Pink: + +A. inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +, +blue: +A. i. + +inara +, +Purple + +: + +A. asita +, +Yellow + +: + +A. nefte + +. Map: Viraj Nawge. + + + +Species Biology and other Notes + + + + + +Distribution: + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +is distributed almost throughout the Western Ghats, from Shendurney WLS in southern +Kerala +to Phansad WLS, Raigad District ( +Bhopale & Athavale 2009 +), and Tamhini, Pune District, in northern +Maharashtra +( +Fig. 12 +). In comparison, + +A. i. +inara + +occurs in NE +India +and N +Myanmar +, + +A. asita + +(often treated as a subspecies of + +A. nefte + +, see Discussion) occurs throughout Indo-China (except S +Thailand +) and S +Myanmar +, extending northward into S +China +, and + +A. nefte + +occurs from S +Thailand +to +Malaysia +, and +Indonesia +from +Java +to Borneo ( +Fig. 12 +), in subtly different subspecific variations. + + + + + +Status, habitat, and habits: + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +occurs in low-lying evergreen forest patches (usually below +700–800 m +asl), where it may be seasonally and locally not uncommon along shaded forest streams and forest edges. Males are encountered mud-puddling, or feeding on carnivore scats and rotting crabs, usually on the ground. Females tend to stay on vegetation, often feeding on bird droppings. They have not been observed feeding on flower nectar. Other habits are similar of the genus. + + + +Flight period: + +Athyma inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +is multivoltine, flying throughout the year, with a population peak from October to January ( + +Kunte +et al. +2024 + +). + + +Larval host plants and early stages: +The following larval host plants are known for + + +A. inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +: + +Glochidion lanceolarium + +, + +G. heyneanum + +, + +G. zeylanicum + +( +Phyllanthaceae +), and + +Mussaenda frondosa + +( +Rubiaceae +) ( + +Nitin +et al. +2018 + +). The early stages are well-documented ( +Bhakare & Ogale 2018 +; + +Saji +et al. +2024 + +), and also illustrated here ( +Fig. 11 +). + + + +Sympatric + +Athyma + +: + +The following + +Athyma + +occur in the Western Ghats along with + + +A. inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +: + +Athyma +p. + + +perius +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Athyma ranga karwara +Fruhstorfer, 1906 + +, and + +Athyma selenophora kanara +(Evans, 1924) + +. + +Athyma perius + +normally occurs on open ridge-tops and plateaus, not in the shaded evergreen forest habitats as + + +A. inara sahyadriensis + +ssp. nov. + +, but + +A. ranga + +and + +A. selenophora + +may occur side-by-side with + +A. inara + +. + + +Further information will be made available on the species page of the Butterflies of +India +website (https://www. ifoundbutterflies.org/ +Athyma +) as additional observations accumulate. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13783D21B481F3AF75FBA9.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13783D21B481F3AF75FBA9.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 8f9a5575cfa..00000000000 --- a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA13783D21B481F3AF75FBA9.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,142 +0,0 @@ - - - -Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India - - - -Author - -Kunte, Krushnamegh -National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India - - - -Author - -Basu, Dipendra Nath -National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India - -text - - -Zootaxa - - -2024 - -2024-12-04 - - -5543 - - -3 - - -343 -367 - - - - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 - -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 -1175-5326 -14386297 -C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 - - - - - - - -Athyma inara sahyadriensis -Kunte - -ssp. nov. - - - - - - - -Holotype -( -Fig. 7 -): - -Voucher code IBC-PS982. -♂ -. Near -Kannur -, -Kannur -District, -Kerala -, -India -(lat-long: approx. -11.94 N -, -75.765 E -). Approx. -50–100 m -asl. Evergreen forest. Raised from a caterpillar collected from - -Glochidion sp. - -( -Phyllanthaceae -) by Saji K., eclosed and pinned dry on -2013/03/08 -by Krushnamegh Kunte. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at NCBS. - - - - - -Description ( -Fig. 7 -): - - - -Forewing length -: -29 mm -. -Length of antenna -: -17 mm -. Head black. Eyes pale grey, spotted dark brown (eyes turn dark brown or black upon preservation). Antennae black. Proboscis grey-brown. Thorax black above with two very faint, diffused white or pale grey spots; white below. Abdomen black above with white bands on the first two abdominal segments; white below. Legs pale greyish-white. - - -Dorsal side: Forewings -black.A very narrow, faint, diffused white line from the base to the centre of discal cell, and a large white spot at the end of discal cell. Large white spots stacked in line in interspaces 1a, 1b and 2, and then again in interspaces 4–6. A very small, diffused pale greyish-white spot in interspace 3. Dark orange subapical spots in interspaces 4 and 5, with very small, inconspicuous spots in 3 and 5. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, separated from a similar line that continues from the orange subapical spots to dorsum. -Hindwings -black. A white band from the base through the cell to v6, the spots in 7 separated by the grey and black v7. A narrow, orange post-discal band interrupted by black veins from interspaces 1c to 7, its edges smooth, straight, not prominently convex. An inconspicuous, diffused, pale grey submarginal line running parallel to termen, from tornus to apex. - - -Ventral side: Forewing -tawny with grey and white markings that are similar to those on the dorsal side, and with additional black smudges surrounding the white spots. Basal line through the discal cell is broader and grey, and conspicuous (rather than narrow, white and inconspicuous, as on the dorsal side). -Hindwing -grey post-discal band (corresponding to the narrow, orange post-discal band on dorsal side) is continued from interspace 1b to 4, but not beyond. HW submarginal grey specks between the veins. - - - -This is a dry season form, in which -UNH -areas between the discal white band and post-discal grey band are plain, with dark reddish, highly diffused spots barely visible between the two bands (these spots are black and very prominent in the wet season form; see -paratype -IBC-AK310) - -. - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48067AD6BFE79.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48067AD6BFE79.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2c974cd0771 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48067AD6BFE79.xml @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +4. + + +Amathusia friderici friderici + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH +(E) #141394, double-numbered with BMNH(E) #806351 ( +Holotype +. +Tenasserim +, +Myanmar +. +Fig. 3 +), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +805388 ( +northern Tenasserim Hills +at +Kawkareik +, +Myanmar +. +Fig. 4 +), + + +NHMUK010244425 +( +Karen Hills +, +Tenasserim +, +Myanmar +. 1920) + +, + +BMNH(E) #984600 and BMNH(E) #984608 ( +Selangor +, +Malaysia +. 1961). + + +♀ +: +BMNH +(E) #805379 ( +Karen Hills +, +Myanmar +. +Fig. 3–4 +). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4809BADC2FDB5.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4809BADC2FDB5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..de62f913d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4809BADC2FDB5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +6. + + +Amathusia masina masina +(Fruhstorfer, 1904) + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +NHMUK010244892 +( +Holotype +. +S Borneo. +Fig. 3 +), +NHMUK010244220 +(S +Borneo +) + +, + +NHMUK010244506 +( +Borneo. +1904) + +. + +♀ +: +BMNH +(E) + +# + +751155 ( +Borneo. +1936). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B480D2AF92FE21.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B480D2AF92FE21.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4f1819dd1f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B480D2AF92FE21.xml @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +5. + + +Amathusia masina malaya +Corbet & Pendlebury, 1936 + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH # 141444 +( +Holotype +. +Perak +, +Malaysia +. 1890), +NHMUK010244241 +( +Borneo +). All specimens in NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B481F3A956FF2D.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B481F3A956FF2D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..36930e4720c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B481F3A956FF2D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +3. + + +Amathusia binghami + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH # 141447 +( +Holotype +. +Penang +, +Malaysia +. 1891. +Fig. 3 +) + +, + +NHMUK010244298 +( +Penang +, +Malaysia +. 1898) + +, + +NHMUK010244212 +( +Penang +, +Malaysia +. 1897) + +. + +♀ +: +NHMUK010244404 +( +Penang +, +Malaysia +?) + +, + +NHMUK010244255 +( +Battak Mts, NE +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +. 1893). All specimens in NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48203ADEFFA31.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48203ADEFFA31.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93ccf8eabde --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B48203ADEFFA31.xml @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +9. + + +Amathusia phidippus phidippus + +: + + + + + +This includes the following synonyms ( +Inayoshi 2023 +), whose collections in NHMUK were also inspected: (a) + +Amathusia phidippus adustatus +Fruhstorfer, 1904 + +, (b) + +Amathusia phidippus chersias +Fruhstorfer, 1911 + +, (c) + +Amathusia phidippus eutropius +Fruhstorfer, 1911 + +, (d) + +Amathusia gunneryi +Corbet & Pendlebury, 1936 + +, and (e) + +Amathusia phidippus majada +Fruhstorfer, 1916 + +. + + + + + + +♂ +: + +BMNH # 141395 ( +Holotype +of +adustatus +. Nawngchik, Bansai Kau, +Malaysia +. 1901. +Fig. 3 +), NHMUK010244505 ( +Bangkok +, +Thailand +. 1901. This has a type label attached for +adustatus +, in error), BMNH(E) #806352 ( +Holotype +of +chersias +. Location not specified but assumed to be +Malacca +, +Malaysia +. +Fig. 3 +), BMNH # 141445 ( +Holotype +of + +gunneryi + +. +Kuala Lumpur +, +Selangor +, +Malaysia +. 1930. +Fig. 3 +), NHMUK010244885 ( +Holotype +of +majada +. +Java +. +Fig. 3–4 +), BMNH(E) #984660 ( +Java +. 1921), BMNH(E) #984642 ( +Java +, +Indonesia +. 1898), BMNH(E) #984594 ( +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +), BMNH(E) #984573 ( +Singapore +?), BMNH(E) #984574 ( +Java +, +Indonesia +. 1898. +Fig. 3 +), NHMUK010244361 ( +Vietnam +), NHMUK010244151 (“Lagi +Annam +”. 1921), NHMUK010244540 (Java. 1895). + +♀ +: + +BMNH # 141393 ( +Bangkok +, +Thailand +. 1901. This is a presumed, but unconfirmed, type of +adustatus +based on a red label attached), BMNH(E) #806353 ( +Allotype +of +chersias +. +Malacca +, +Malaysia +. +Fig. 3 +), BMNH # 141442 ( +Allotype +of + +gunneryi + +. +Kuala Lumpur +, +Selangor +, +Malaysia +. 1930. +Fig. 3 +), NHMUK010244706 ( +Allotype +of +majada +. Java. +Fig. 3 +), NHMUK010244332 (Java. 1898), NHMUK010244426 ( +Bangkok +, +Thailand +. 1914), NHMUK010244420 (Java. 1898), BMNH(E) #984479 (Mergui, +Myanmar +. +Fig. 3–4 +), BMNH(E) #984637 ( +Perak +, +Malaysia +), BMNH(E) #984619 ( +Java +, +Indonesia +. 1912), BMNH(E) #984629 (Marang, +Malaysia +). All specimens in NHMUK. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4830FADEFFD25.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4830FADEFFD25.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..76d3afe4303 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4830FADEFFD25.xml @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +7. + + +Amathusia ochraceofusca +Honrath, [1888] + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH # 141441 +, double-numbered with BMNH(E) #806355 ( +Holotype +. Malacca, +Malaysia +. 1886. +Fig. 3 +), + + +NHMUK010244327 +( +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +) + +, + +NHMUK010244473 +( +Battak Mts, NE +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +. 1894) + +. + +♀ +: +NHMUK010244233 +( +Dinding Island +, +Perak +, +Malaysia +). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4839FA83AFC89.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4839FA83AFC89.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9119ccdcd5f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4839FA83AFC89.xml @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +8. + + +Amathusia perakana perakana +Honrath, [1888] + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH # 141446 +, double-numbered with BMNH(E) #806354 ( +Holotype +. +Larut +, +Perak +, +Malaysia +. 1885. +Fig. 3 +), + + +NHMUK010244339 +( +Perak +, +Malaysia +. 1890) + +, + +NHMUK010244268 +( +Perak +, +Malaysia +. 1897). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4848BA9B2F985.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4848BA9B2F985.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ad6cd1df7e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783221B4848BA9B2F985.xml @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +10. + + +Amathusia schoenbergi schoenbergi +Honrath, [1888] + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: NHMUK010244839 ( +Holotype +. Tanyong Malim, +Malacca +, +Malaysia +. 1886), NHMUK010244523 (Borneo), NHMUK010244525 (Borneo). All specimens in NHMUK. This includes + +Amathusia schoenbergi borneensis +Fruhstorfer, 1899 + +as a synonym ( +Inayoshi 2023 +). + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783321B48657AD6BFEB1.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783321B48657AD6BFEB1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1cb9ab86179 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1C783321B48657AD6BFEB1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +12. + + +Athyma inara inara + +: + + + + + +This includes the following synonyms: (a) + +Athyma inarina +( +Evans 1932 +) + +, and (b) + +Pantoporia mera +Swinhoe, 1917 + +(see below for a note on synonymy of this taxon). + + + + + + +♂ +: + +BMNH(E) #933444 ( +Holotype +of + +inara + +. Silhet, +Bangladesh +. +Fig. 9–10 +), BMNH(E) #933429 ( +Holotype +of + +inarina + +. “ +Assam +” as per a specimen label; border of +Assam +and +Manipur +, NE +India +, as per original description. +Fig. 9 +), BMNH(E) #933424 ( +Holotype +of + +mera + +. “Borneo”, in error, collected almost certainly from either NE +India +or N +Myanmar +based on the phenotype. +Fig. 9 +), BMNH(E) #933502 (Darjeeling, +West Bengal +, +India +. 1894), BMNH(E) #933423 ( +Sikkim +. 1893), BMNH(E) #933496 ( +Sikkim +. 1893), BMNH(E) #933472 (Kurseong, near Darjeeling), BMNH(E) #933481 (Darjeeling. 1894). + +♀ +: + +BMNH(E) #933428 (Darjeeling. 1894), BMNH(E) #933461 (Darjeeling. 1909), BMNH(E) #933418 (‘ +Sikkim +, Singlah’, likely from Darjeeling/ Singalila area. 1894), BMNH(E) #933425 (‘ +Sikkim +, Teesta’. 1927), BMNH(E) #933400 (Silhet, +Bangladesh +. 1909). All specimens in NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4800BA895FE21.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4800BA895FE21.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b42b4dd5532 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4800BA895FE21.xml @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +13. + + +Athyma asita +Moore, 1858 + +: + + + + + + + +♂ +: + +BMNH +(E) #933438 ( +Holotype +. Collected likely from S +Myanmar +or +Indo-China. +Fig. 9 +), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933494 ( +Karen Hills +, S +Myanmar +. 1923), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933493 (‘ +Gokteik’ +. 1924), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933495 ( +Tavoy valley +, +Myanmar +. 1893). + +♀ +: + +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933466 ( +Karen Hills +, S +Myanmar +. 1923. +Fig. 9 +), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933452 ( +Location +name illegible. 1922). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4809BA8F5FDE9.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4809BA8F5FDE9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..18f8430a37a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B4809BA8F5FDE9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +14. + + +Athyma nefte nefte + +: + + + + + + + +♂ +: + +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933413 ( +Java +. 1912. +Fig. 9 +), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933401 ( +Java +. 1912). + +♀ +: + +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933454 ( +Java +. 1912. +Fig. 9 +), +BMNH +(E) + +# + +933440 ( +Java +. 1912). +All +specimens in +NHMUK + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B48322A878FD25.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B48322A878FD25.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f27445881dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783321B48322A878FD25.xml @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +15. + + +Athyma nefte subrata +Moore, 1858 + +: + + + + + +This includes the following synonyms ( +Inayoshi 2023 +): (a) + +Athyma nivifera +Butler, 1879 + +, and (b) + +Pantoporia nefte subratina +Fruhstorfer, 1912 + +. + + + + + + +♂ +: + +BMNH(E) #933480 ( + +♂ + +Type +of + +nivifera + +. +Malacca +, +Malaysia +. +Fig. 9 +), BMNH(E) #933448 ( +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +. 1903. +Fig. 9 +). + +♀ +: + +BMNH(E) #933457 ( + +♀ + +Type +of + +nivifera + +. +Malacca +, +Malaysia +. +Fig. 9 +), BMNH(E) #933431 ( +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +. 1903. +Fig. 9 +), BMNH(E) #933501 ( +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +. 1903). All specimens in NHMUK. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783521B484E6AEADFDCD.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783521B484E6AEADFDCD.xml deleted file mode 100644 index a26c16272c9..00000000000 --- a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783521B484E6AEADFDCD.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ - - - -Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India - - - -Author - -Kunte, Krushnamegh -National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India - - - -Author - -Basu, Dipendra Nath -National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India - -text - - -Zootaxa - - -2024 - -2024-12-04 - - -5543 - - -3 - - -343 -367 - - - - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 - -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 -1175-5326 -14386297 -C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 - - - - - - - -Amathusia travancorica -Kunte - -sp. nov. - - - - - - - -Holotype -( -Fig. 1 -): - -Voucher code IBC-PW981. -♂ -. Thenmala FRH, near Shendurney WLS, Kollam District, -Kerala -, -India -(lat-long: -8.9594 N -, -77.0626 E -). Approx. -90 m -asl. Raised from caterpillar on a - -Licuala - -palm ( -Arecaceae -) on -2012/12/19 -, eclosed and preserved on -2013/01/14. -Collected by Krushnamegh Kunte. Preserved dry, pinned, with thoracic muscle tissue and two legs (mid- and hind-leg on the right side) preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at NCBS. - - - - - -Description ( -Fig. 1 -): - - - -Forewing length -: -50 mm -. -Length of antenna -: -22 mm -. Head brown above; palps white; eyes pale brown with vertical dark bands (eyes turn dark brown upon preservation). Antennae pale reddish-brown. Proboscis brown. Thorax and abdomen brown above, white on thorax and pale yellow on abdomen below. Abdomen with tufts of long, dense scales on the side, which are longest ( -7-8 mm -) on segments 9–12, almost black above, yellow below. Legs pale brown. - - -Wings broad. -Forewing -termen straight, not concave; dorsum straight. -Hindwing -very broad and rounded except the tornus, which is produced into a lobe. Three tufts of long, black scent scales: (a) along v1b, (b) in an adjoining fold in interspace 1c, and (c) between v7 and v8. - - - -FIGURE 1. -Type specimens of - - -Amathusia travancorica - -sp. nov. - -A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu and Krushnamegh Kunte. - - - -Dorsal side: Forewings -pale rusty-brown, without markings, but markings from the ventral side are visible faintly through the wings; i.e., markings from the ventral side may show through on the dorsal side. -Hindwings -pale rusty-brown, same as the forewing; dorsum area that covers the abdomen is white. Tornal lobe with two small, white-bordered black spots on either side. - - -Ventral side: -pale yellowish-brown with dark brown and white bands spanning across forewing and hindwing, similar to other members of the genus: three dark bands at the wing bases and in the discal cell, alternating with white bands; a pale broad band just beyond the discal cells; a white-bordered dark brown, broad band from FW costa to the large post-discal eyespot on HW (this band is the darkest), followed by a very broad pale brown band and a paler yellowish-brown submarginal band. The terminal margin is dark brown with a pale line on it. There are two large eyespots, one in interspace 2, and the other in interspace 6. Tornal lobe has two small, white-bordered black spots on either side, similar to the upper side. - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783C21B484E6AFFEFC55.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783C21B484E6AFFEFC55.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e39ca3c05d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1D783C21B484E6AFFEFC55.xml @@ -0,0 +1,810 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + + + + +Amathusia travancorica +Kunte + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + + +Holotype +( +Fig. 1 +): + +Voucher code +IBC-PW981 +. +♂ +. +Thenmala FRH +, near +Shendurney WLS +, +Kollam District +, +Kerala +, +India +(lat-long: +8.9594 N +, +77.0626 E +). Approx. + +90 m + +asl. Raised from caterpillar on a + +Licuala + +palm ( +Arecaceae +) on + +2012/12/19 + +, eclosed and preserved on +2013/01/14. +Collected by +Krushnamegh Kunte +. Preserved dry, pinned, with thoracic muscle tissue and two legs (mid- and hind-leg on the right side) preserved in 100% molecular-grade ethanol. Deposited in the Biodiversity Lab Research Collections at NCBS. + + + + + + +Description ( +Fig. 1 +): + + + +Forewing length +: +50 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +22 mm +. Head brown above; palps white; eyes pale brown with vertical dark bands (eyes turn dark brown upon preservation). Antennae pale reddish-brown. Proboscis brown. Thorax and abdomen brown above, white on thorax and pale yellow on abdomen below. Abdomen with tufts of long, dense scales on the side, which are longest ( +7-8 mm +) on segments 9–12, almost black above, yellow below. Legs pale brown. + + +Wings broad. +Forewing +termen straight, not concave; dorsum straight. +Hindwing +very broad and rounded except the tornus, which is produced into a lobe. Three tufts of long, black scent scales: (a) along v1b, (b) in an adjoining fold in interspace 1c, and (c) between v7 and v8. + + + +FIGURE 1. +Type specimens of + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu and Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + +Dorsal side: Forewings +pale rusty-brown, without markings, but markings from the ventral side are visible faintly through the wings; i.e., markings from the ventral side may show through on the dorsal side. +Hindwings +pale rusty-brown, same as the forewing; dorsum area that covers the abdomen is white. Tornal lobe with two small, white-bordered black spots on either side. + + +Ventral side: +pale yellowish-brown with dark brown and white bands spanning across forewing and hindwing, similar to other members of the genus: three dark bands at the wing bases and in the discal cell, alternating with white bands; a pale broad band just beyond the discal cells; a white-bordered dark brown, broad band from FW costa to the large post-discal eyespot on HW (this band is the darkest), followed by a very broad pale brown band and a paler yellowish-brown submarginal band. The terminal margin is dark brown with a pale line on it. There are two large eyespots, one in interspace 2, and the other in interspace 6. Tornal lobe has two small, white-bordered black spots on either side, similar to the upper side. + + + + + + +Paratypes +, and intraspecific variation ( +Fig. 1–3 +) + + + +♂ +: voucher code +IBC- PW982 +. Forewing length: +49 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +21 mm +. + + + + +♀ +: voucher code +IBC-PS668 +. Forewing length: +50 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +22 mm +. Although the designation of allotype is not regulated but it is allowed by ICZN Rules, this paratype may be considered an allotype of the species. + + + + +♀ +: voucher code +IBC-PW976 +. Forewing length: +49 mm +. +Length of antenna +: +22 mm +. + + + + + +Collection and preservation protocols, collection locality and other details same as the +holotype +, except that: (a) IBC- PW982 caterpillar collected on +2012/12/18 +, and mid- and hind-leg on the left side of the adult preserved in ethanol, (b) IBC-PS668 eclosed on +2013/01/17 +, and both pairs of mid- and hindlegs preserved in ethanol, and (c) IBC-PW976 both mid-legs and left hindleg preserved in ethanol. + + +The male +paratype +(IBC- PW982) is very similar to the +holotype +, with no significant differences in morphology or markings. Both female +paratypes +have ventral sides similar to the +holotype +but their discal bands are much darker chocolate-brown. Their dorsal sides are similar to each other, but differ from that of males as follows: (a) Bands from ventral side appear on the dorsal side more prominently, (b) there is a broad, diffused yellow patch from costa till interspace 4, which is separated by a dark brown band from another narrow, yellow submarginal band that spans from interspaces 1b to 5. + + +Apart from these sexually dimorphic differences, all the +types +differ to a very small degree from each other, presenting a uniform phenotype in the Western Ghats. Seasonal variation, if any occurs, has not yet been recorded. + + +Genitalia: +Male +(IBC-PW982, +Fig. 2a–e +): Tips of the uncus relatively slender, long, diverging at a small angle but their two sides are deeply cleft up to the base, and the tip is strongly arched near the joint with tegumen. In lateral view, valve broad, gently sloping, ending in a narrow point, with long hair at the lower margin. Phallus (aedeagus) long, narrow, prominently curving upward for the distal 1/3 length. + + + + + +Diagnosis ( +Fig. 3–4 +): + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +has a distinctive phenotype compared to all other SE Asian and Andamanese + +Amathusia + +. A combination of four main characters readily and consistently differentiates + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +from related taxa ( +Fig. 4 +, in which numbered pointers correspond to the following numbered characters): (1) FW termen straight in both sexes, not concave (prominently concave in + +A. friderici + +, + +A. phidippus + +and all other SE Asian species, especially in + +P. masina + +); (2) HW termen conspicuously more convex, and not prominently produced leading up to the tornal lobe (HW termen straighter and tornus prominently elongated and produced in + +A. friderici + +, + +A. phidippus + +, + +A. masina + +and + +A. perakana + +); (3) In male, UPF is uniform pale rusty-brown, without any yellow markings (very prominent yellow subapical band almost joining the submarginal yellow band in + +A. friderici + +, + +A. binghami + +and + +A. schoenbergi + +; pale submarginal band showing through more prominently in + +A. phidippus + +), and (4) In female, UPF yellow markings are more faint and diffused (yellow markings very prominent and more clearly delineated in + +A. friderici + +and + +A. phidippus + +). + + +Additional diagnostic characters of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +are: (a) UNH has two large eyespots (two large spots and a smaller spot in between the two large spots in + +A. andamanensis + +), (b) UNF outer edge of the large dark discal band smooth (conspicuously jagged in + +A. ochraceofusca + +and + +A. schoenbergi + +). + + +The male genitalia of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +may be distinguished from all other Indo-Malayan + +Amathusia + +by their slender, long tips of the uncus, which diverge from each other at a small angle but they are deeply cleft up to the base ( +Fig. 2e +). In contrast, uncus tips of other + +Amathusia + +diverge from each other at a much greater angle and therefore their tips are widely separated; those in + +andamanensis + +are relatively broader and shorter, those in + +friderici + +and + +masina + +are bent outward at the tip and more widely separated at the base, and those in + +phidippus + +are not deeply cleft up to the base ( +Fig. 2f +) ( + +Aoki +et al. +1982 + +; + +Corbet +et al. +2020 + +; +Eliot 1964 +; +Uémura 1986 +). Additionally, the long, narrow phallus in + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +is prominently curved upward for the distal 1/3 length, whereas phallus in + +A. phidippus + +and + +schoenbergi + +is nearly straight and curved upward gently only for the distal 1/4 length, that in + +binghami + +, + +ochraceofusca + +and + +perakana + +prominently bent upward at half length (it is also much more robust in + +perakana + +), and the tip is much broader in + +masina +( + +Aoki +et al. +1982 + +) + +. + + + +FIGURE 2. +Male genitalia of + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +(paratype, IBC-PW982). +a: +lateral view of genital capsule or armature showing the inside of the left valve (right valve removed), +b: +dorsal view of genital capsule, +c: +outside of the right valve, +d: +Phallus (aedeagus), +e: +dorsal view of the tip of uncus, along with its shape tracing, and +f: +shape tracings of dorsal view of other Indo-Malayan + +Amathusia + +. Photographs: Dipendra Nath Basu and Ujwala Pawar. Genitalia tracings are redrawn from +Uémura (1986) +, except that of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +(this study). + + + + +FIGURE 3. +Comparison of + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +with other similar + +Amathusia + +(see Materials and Methods for specimen details). A millimetre scale is at the bottom. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte and Gaurav Agavekar. + + + + +FIGURE 3. +(Continued) + + + + +FIGURE 4. +Diagnostic characters of + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +, marked on digitally enhanced images from which wing-wear has been removed to illustrate the distinctive phenotype of the species. The new species is compared with two species whose names have been applied to the Western Ghats populations in the past. Numbers point to distinctive characters: 1: forewing termen, 2: hindwing termen and tornus area, 3: yellow markings on forewing of male, 4: yellow markings on forewing of female (further details in the text). Images are not to scale. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte, Dipendra Nath Basu and Gaurav Agavekar. + + + +Several authors have earlier described the placement and colour of hair-pencils at v1b, interspace 1c, and between v7 and v8 among + +Amathusia +species + +, in addition to the hair pencils on the side of abdomen ( +Eliot 1964 +). We have observed that the size and colour of these hair-pencils are variable among individuals within each species. Younger individuals have larger hair-pencils, and older individuals have much smaller hair-pencils, sometimes having lost all the long scales. The colour is usually variable, ranging from pale brown to black. All these variations have been observed among individuals of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +, including the +type +specimens described above. If there are consistent species-level differences among + +Amathusia +species + +, then they need to be characterized carefully and reliably before they may be used as diagnostic, especially between + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +, + +A. friderici + +and + +A. phidippus + +. In museum specimens these hair-pencils are often damaged during pinning, or those inside wing folds are difficult to evert, as also observed earlier by +Eliot (1964) +. + + + + +Etymology + + + + +Scientific name: +We name + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +after its endemic distributional range in the southern Travancore region of +Kerala +. + + +English name: +We propose the English name ‘Travancore Palmking’ for + + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +based on its endemism to the southern Travancore region. + + + + +Historical Records: +Marshall and de Nicéville (1882) +, +Moore (1896) +, +Talbot (1947) +, and +d’Abrera (1985) +did not mention the Western Ghats populations of + +Amathusia + +. +Evans (1932) +listed + +A. phidippus friderici + +in “S. +India +”, and +Wynter-Blyth (1957) +as + +A. phidippus + +in “Travancore”, but neither mentioned specific locations. These two mentions appear to be based on +three specimens +collected from near Thiruvananthapuram, presumably in the 1920s, but we have been unable to locate these specimens (they may have been destroyed in an unknown museum in the Thiruvananthapuram area). NHMUK has a single female from Kottayam, +Kerala +, collected in 1952, but this location is apparently not published in scientific literature (see further details in Materials and Methods). More recently, C. Susanth, B. V. Premkrishnan and R. Murukesh recorded two individuals, one each from Palode (a small village situated +35 km +from Thiruvananthapuram) and Kattilappara, Shendurney WLS (https://web.archive.org/ web/20080213063439/http://susanthsbirdsandbutterflies.blog.com/1770510/), in 2000/07 and 2002/05. Mathew and Pulikkal described the early stages and a small population of + +A. phidippus + +from Thenmala ( +Mathew & Pulikkal 2009 +). Likewise, Bhakare and Ogale specify the occurrence of + +A. phidippus friderici + +in “Southern Western Ghats” ( +Bhakare & Ogale 2018 +). There are no specimens in the McGuire Centre for +Lepidoptera +and Biodiversity, MCZ, or the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. + + +Species Biology and other Notes + + + + +Distribution: +Although the species has been reported broadly from “S. +India +” and “Travancore”, the species is not at all widespread. Only four confirmed locations are known ( +Fig. 6 +): Thenmala ( +type +locality) and Kattilappara (both in Shendurney WLS), Palode (Nedumangad Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram District) and Kottayam (Kottayam District, the Sharman location; see Materials and Methods). All four locations are in +Kerala +. This narrows the distributional range to southern Travancore, although the species may likely be found in other low-lying evergreen forest patches of Travancore in southern +Kerala +. In any case, the species appears to be endemic to +Kerala +. + + + + + +Status, habitat, and habits: + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. + +has been described as ‘Very rare’ ( +Wynter-Blyth 1957 +) and ‘Rare’ ( +Evans 1932 +). All the above historical records appear to be based on less than a dozen sightings in nature and fewer specimens than that ever collected and deposited in research collections. Thus, the species appears to be truly very rare. Published sightings were from densely shaded parts of low-lying evergreen forests, sometimes at forest edges. All the known sightings are below +500 m +asl. Hence, the species appears to be a forest specialist, with a high conservation value due to its narrow distribution and rarity ( +Kunte 2008 +). + + + + +FIGURE 5. Early stages of + +Amathusia travancorica + +sp. nov. +a–h: + +5 +th +instar caterpillar. 2012/12/23 (a, b: lateral view; d, h: dorsal view; c (frontal) and e (lateral) close-up of the head; f: close-up of abdominal proleg; g: close-up of processes at the tip of the abdomen); +i–l: +pupa. 2013/01/15 (i: ventral view; j: dorsal view; k: close-up of the head and thorax in dorsal view; l: lateral view); +m–o: +pupa just before eclosion (2013/01/17); +p: +eclosed female resting on the pupal case (2013/01/17). Thenmala FRH, Shendurney WLS, Kerala. Photographs: Krushnamegh Kunte. + + + +Known habits of + +Amathusia + +are based largely on descriptions of + +A. phidippus + +in SE Asia, although in historical literature they have been loosely applied to the Western Ghats populations as well, and these agree closely with our own observations in the field. The species is known to be strictly crepuscular, spending the day resting in shaded areas. If disturbed during this time, the butterflies fly only a short distance and settle again, often in more shaded and inaccessible areas. Around sunset they start flying in relatively open areas under closed or partial forest canopy, often flying along the same routes for hours. They may venture in coconut plantations near forests in search of mates and larval host plants (palms; see below). They normally fly relatively slowly and in a bobbing manner to dodge obstructing dense vegetation among which they fly. However, they are capable of flying rapidly if disturbed and efficiently navigate dense vegetation owing to their broad wings, slight flicks of which can help butterflies change course. They settle down to feed on fermenting fruits, tree sap, and droppings of mammalian carnivores as well as herbivores. Similar to other +Amathusiini +, they have not been observed feeding on flower nectar. They come to light rarely. One individual recorded by Susanth and team had come to a veranda light in a forest guest house after the rains, and the second—a female—was fluttering by a rattan straggler apparently to lay eggs. + + +Flight period: +Sightings of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +have been infrequent and sporadic. Hence, its flight period and voltinism are poorly understood, although it is expected to be multi-voltine. + + +Larval host plants and early stages: + +Cocos nucifera + +and + +Licuala + +( +Arecaceae +) are commonly recorded as larval host plants of + + +A. travancorica + +sp. nov. + +, along with + +Calamus thwaitesii + +that is recorded less frequently ( + +Nitin +et al. +2018 + +). Susanth +et al. +(on the blog post cited above) suggest that the species may feed on rattan palms in dense forests. It is possible that the species feeds on almost any available palm in its habitat. Leaves of the exotic, ornamental palm + +Dypsis lutescens + +were readily accepted by caterpillars, on which the lifecycle was completed in captivity ( +Mathew & Pulikkal 2009 +). The early stages are documented in detail ( +Mathew & Pulikkal 2009 +), and also illustrated here with additional images showing close-ups of caterpillar head and different views of the pupa that have not been illustrated in previous literature ( +Fig. 5 +). + + + +Sympatric + +Amathusia + +: + +No other + +Amathusia + +occurs in the Western Ghats. The only other Indian species, + +Amathusia andamanensis +Fruhstorfer, 1899 + +, is endemic to the Andaman Islands ( +d’Abrera 1985 +; +Evans 1932 +; +Talbot 1947 +). + + +Further information will be made available on the species page of the Butterflies of +India +website (https://www. ifoundbutterflies.org/ +Amathusia +) as additional observations accumulate. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1F783121B48610ADFEF82E.xml b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1F783121B48610ADFEF82E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6586799cdd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/61/67/0B/61670B57DA1F783121B48610ADFEF82E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ + + + +Two new taxa of brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, southern India + + + +Author + +Kunte, Krushnamegh +0000-0002-3860-6118 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India +krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in + + + +Author + +Basu, Dipendra Nath +0000-0002-1529-0931 +National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India & Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India +dipendra.basu@ashoka.edu.in + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-04 + + +5543 + + +3 + + +343 +367 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.3 +1175-5326 +14386297 +C90518B7-B880-4290-95FE-A0F51EDE1E98 + + + + +2. + + +Amathusia andamanensis + +: + + + + + + +♂ +: +BMNH +(E) #984596 (from the collection of +W. H. Evans. +Fig. 3 +), +NHMUK010244448 +, +NHMUK010244432 +. +♀ +: +BMNH +(E) #984589 ( +Fig. 3 +), +NHMUK010244437 +. +All +specimens from +Port Blair +, +South Andamans +, +India +, now in +NHMUK +. +Collection +dates unknown, presumably between mid-1800s and 1920s + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C66FF7CFEFA27A4FE53.xml b/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C66FF7CFEFA27A4FE53.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 033137590e3..00000000000 --- a/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C66FF7CFEFA27A4FE53.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ - - - -Redescription of Acartia (Acanthacartia) italica Steuer, 1910 (Copepoda, Calanoida), and description of the developmental stages from the small saline Lake Rogoznica, Adriatic Sea - - - -Author - -Kršinić, Frano -Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia - - - -Author - -Boxshall, Geoff A. -Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. - -text - - -Zootaxa - - -2024 - -2024-12-05 - - -5543 - - -4 - - -539 -571 - - - - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.3 - -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.3 -1175-5326 -14386678 -0C94762A-C7A3-49A3-BCBD-7B7599E7E783 - - - - - - - -Acartia italica -Steuer, 1910 - - - - - - - -Material examined - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C7FFF7CFEFA2222F84F.xml b/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C7FFF7CFEFA2222F84F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..24c69ffbc97 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/A8/1A/87/A81A87AEFFA64C7FFF7CFEFA2222F84F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1000 @@ + + + +Redescription of Acartia (Acanthacartia) italica Steuer, 1910 (Copepoda, Calanoida), and description of the developmental stages from the small saline Lake Rogoznica, Adriatic Sea + + + +Author + +Kršinić, Frano +Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia + + + +Author + +Boxshall, Geoff A. +Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-05 + + +5543 + + +4 + + +539 +571 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.3 +1175-5326 +14386678 +0C94762A-C7A3-49A3-BCBD-7B7599E7E783 + + + + + + + +Acartia italica +Steuer, 1910 + + + + + + + +Material examined + + + + +Neotype + + + + +During his working life at the “Zoologische Station der Berliner Aquariums” in Rovinj ( +Croatia +), Steuer collected an impressive collection of planktonic material, including the +type +specimens of + +A. italica + +. Unfortunately, all was lost, especially during the world wars. + + + +An +adult female +920 µm in length, was collected within samples from +Lake Rogoznica in Central Adriatic Sea +in +Croatia +, on + +April 13, 2000 + +. Designated here as a +neotype +, this specimen is deposited at the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, No. +HPM-BSZ, 1824 +. + + +Additional material including individuals of all naupliar and postnaupliar stages from the same locality, collected in + +April 2000 + +, was deposited at the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, No. +HPM-BSZ, 1825 + +. + + + + +FIGURE 2 +. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, naupliar stages, habitus in ventral view showing body ornamentation but with limb setation omitted. A, NI; B, NII; C, NIII; D, NIV; E, NV; F, NVI. + + + + +FIGURE 3. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, graphical presentation of showing changes in body lengths through all developmental stages. Abbreviations: N1–N6 = naupliar stages 1 to 6; C1–C5 = copepodid stage I to 5; F = female, M = male. + + + + + +Results + + + + +Redescription of the adults + + + +Adult female ( +Figure 7G +) total length (excluding caudal setae): 880–960 µm (914.3 ± 27.9 µm, n=14). Nauplius eye present. Proportional lengths of female prosome somites: 46: 24: 10: 9: 11= 100. Prosome: urosome ratio including caudal rami = 2.9:1. Prosome 3.2 times longer than wide. Proportional lengths of urosomites and caudal rami 43: 19:19:19 = 100. Genital double-somite ( +Figures 11A, B +) 1.05 times longer than wide; genital area symmetrical, located ventrally, with copulatory pores and seminal receptacles paired ( +Figures 9B +, +11A +). + + +Rostrum powerfully developed, rounded frontally and triangular in ventral view; bearing two long, slender rostral filaments ( +Figures 8 +, +11C +). + + +The caudal rami are symmetrical and about 1.8 times longer than wide. Each ramus is armed with 1 lateral, 1 ventral and 4 distal setae ( +Figure 10I +). + + +The adult female antennules ( +Figure 13C +) are symmetrical and reach almost to the end of the cephalosome. The adult segmentation and setation patterns are as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–IX) 7 setae + 2 ae; segment 3 (ancestral X) 1 seta + spine; segment 4 (ancestral XI–XII) 3 setae + ae; segment 5 (ancestral XIII) 1 seta; segment 6 (ancestral XIV–XV) 2 + ae; segment 7 (ancestral XVI) 1 seta + ae; segment 8 (ancestral XVII) 1 seta; segment 9 (ancestral XVIII) 1 + ae; segment 10 (ancestral XIX) 1 seta; segment 11 (ancestral XX) 1 seta; segment 12 (ancestral XXI) 1 setae + ae; segment 13 (ancestral XXII) 1 seta; segment 14 (ancestral XXIII) 1 seta; segment 15 (ancestral XXIV) 2 setae (1 anterior and 1 posterior); segment 16 (ancestral XXV) 2 setae + ae; segment 17 (ancestral XXVI) 2 setae; and segment 18 (ancestral XXVII–XXVIII) 4 setae + ae. + + +The antenna ( +Figure 16F +) is biramous, with endopod longer than exopod. The allobasis bears a total of 8 setae, plus the distal seta; the elongate middle endopodal segment bears a total of 7 setae located distally on the inner margin; the apical segment is slightly more elongate, with 7 plumose setae around apex. Two rows of spinules are present on the allobasis curving across the segment and onto the outer margin. The exopod is about as long as the allobasis and is 4-segmented, with the first segment elongate; the segmental setation pattern is 1, 2, 2, 3. + + + +FIGURE 4 +. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, naupliar antennule. A, NI; B, NII; C, NIII; D, NIV; E, NV; F, NVI. + + + +The mandible ( +Figure 17F +) comprises a large coxa, which forms the gnathobase medially, plus a biramous mandibular palp. The cutting edge of the gnathobase is produced into 8–9 heterogeneous teeth. The proximal part representing the basis is longer than wide and armed with a single seta located distally on the margin. The basis carries single inner seta. The endopod is 2-segmented, with the first segment bearing 2 short setae and the second 9 setae. The exopod appears indistinctly 5-segmented and is armed with 1,1,1,1,2 setae. + + + +FIGURE 5 +. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, naupliar antenna. A, NI; B, NII; C, NIII; D, NIV; E, NV; F, NVI. + + + +The maxillule ( +Figure 18F +) is a multilobate limb. It bears the praecoxal endite, the coxal endite and the basal endite along the inner margin; the apical lobe represents the exopod, and the outer margin carries the basal exite distally and an array of setae proximally which represent the incorporated epipodite. The praecoxal arthrite bears 9 elements, the coxal epipodite is represented by 9 setae. + + +The maxilla ( +Figure 19F +) is uniramous, but with traces of incomplete segmentation appearing in the adult. It is armed with a total of 19 setae: the setal formula for the praecoxal and coxal endites is 4, 2, 2, 3 setae; the basis carries 2 setae; the endopod is indistinctly 3-segmented, with a setal formula of 2, 2, 2 ( +Figure 19F +). + + + +FIGURE 6. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, naupliar mandible. A, NI; B, NII; C, NIII; D, NIV; E, NV; F, NVI. + + + +The maxilliped ( +Figure 20F +) is 4-segmented. The proximal segment (syncoxa) carries 6 spinulate setae ( +Figure 20F +). The basis is oval in shape and bears 1 seta proximally on the inner margin. The endopod is 2-segmented and the distal segment carries 2 unequal apical setae; the proximal segment is armed with 3 spiniform setae. + + + +FIGURE 7. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, habitus of copepodid stage and adults in dorsal view. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV female; E, CoIV male; F, CoV female; G, adult female; H, CoV male; I, adult male. + + + + +FIGURE 8. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, scanning electron micrograph of anterior cephalosome, ventral view showing rostrum, labrum and supralabrum. + + + +The segmentation and the armature of the swimming legs 1–4 are presented in +Figures 21F +, +22F +and +23E +, +24E +. + +The legs are biramous. In all legs the coxa is unarmed. The armature formula is as follows: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
basisendopodexopod
Leg 10-00-1;1,2,3I-1;I-1;II,I,4
Leg 20-00-2;1,2,40-1;0-1;0,I,5
Leg 31-00-2;1,2,40-1;0-1;0,I,5
Leg 41-00-3;1,2,30-1;0-1;0,I,5
+ + +Leg +5 in +females is symmetrical, uniramous and 3-segmented ( +Figure 25C +). The coxae and intercoxal sclerite are fused to form a broad, unarmed coxal plate. The basis is elongate, and the spinous process is about twice as long as the basis. The distal segment represents the exopod, which forms a claw-like spinous process distally arising from a bulbous base. It is ornamented with setules distally on both margins ( +Figure 25C +). + + +Male ( +Figure 7I +) total length: 755–860 µm (813 ± 41.7 µm, n=16). Prosome 2.9 times longer than wide. Cephalosome and pedigerous somites similar to those of adult female. Rostral area as in female. Prosome: urosome ratio = 2.7: 1. Proportional lengths of urosomites plus caudal rami: 14:28:22:4:16:16 = 100. Genital somite symmetrical, wider than long, not expanded ventrally ( +Figure 10K, L +). + + +The left antennule of the adult male ( +Figure 15A +) is 21-segmented and has the following setation pattern; segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–VII) 3 setae + 1 ae; segment 3 (ancestral VIII–IX) 4 setae + ae; segment 4 (ancestral X) 1 seta + spine; segment 5 (ancestral XI) 2 setae + ae; segment 6 (ancestral XII) 1; segment 7 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 8 (ancestral XIV) 1 seta + spine + ae; segment 9 (ancestral XV) 1 seta; segment 10 (ancestral XVI) 1 seta + ae; segment 11 (XVII) 1 seta; segment 12 (ancestral XVIII) 1 seta + ae; segment 13 (ancestral XIX) 1 seta; segment 14 (ancestral XX) 1 seta; segment 15 (ancestral XXI) 1 seta + ae; segment 16 (ancestral XXII) 1 seta; segment 17 (ancestral XXIII) 1 seta; segment 18 (ancestral XXIV) 2 setae (1 anterior and 1 posterior); segment 19 (ancestral XXV) 2 setae + ae; segment 20 (ancestral XXVI) 2 setae; segment 21 (ancestral XXVII–XXVIII) 4 setae + ae. + + + +FIGURE 9. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, scanning electron micrographs. A, surface of egg showing ornamentation of branched spines; B, genital field on genital double-somite, ventral view showing epicuticular flaps covering paired genital apertures. Scale bar; A = 2 µm. + + + +The right antennule of the adult male ( +Figure 15B +) is 18-segmented, with the neocopepodan geniculation located between segments 13 (ancestral segment XX) and 14 (representing a secondarily fused triple segment derived from ancestral segments XXI–XXIII. The other secondary fusion in the right antennule is segment 4 which now represents ancestral segments X and XI, which were separate at the preceding stage and are separate in the left antennule. The expressed segmentation and setation patterns are as follows; segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–VII) 3 setae + ae; segment 3 (ancestral VIII–IX) 4 setae + ae; segment 4 (ancestral X–XI) 3 setae + spine + ae; segment 5 (ancestral XII) 1 seta; segment 6 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 7 (ancestral XIV) 2 setae + spine + ae; segment 8 (ancestral XV) 1 seta; segment 9 (ancestral XVI) 1 seta + ae; segment 10 (XVII) 1 seta; segment11 (ancestral XVIII) 1 seta + ae; segment 12 (ancestral XIX) 2 setae; segment 13 (ancestral XX) 1 seta; segment 14 (ancestral XXI–XXIII) 1 seta + 2 spines + ae; segment 15 (ancestral XXIV) 2 setae (1 anterior and 1 posterior); segment 16 (ancestral XXV) 2 setae + ae; segment 17 (ancestral XXVI) 2 setae; segment 18 (ancestral XXVII–XXVIII) 4 setae + ae. + + + +FIGURE 10. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, urosomal segmentation, dorsal view. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV male; E, CoIV female, dorsal; F, CoIV female, lateral; G, CoV female, dorsal view; H, CoV male, dorsal view; I, adult female, ventral view; J, adult female, lateral view; K, adult male, ventral view; L, adult male, lateral view. + + +The antenna, mouthparts and swimming legs 1–4 are identical to those of female. + +The male fifth legs are uniramous and asymmetrical ( +Figure 25F +). The coxae and intercoxal sclerite are fused to form a broad, unarmed coxal plate. The basis is armed with a seta on the outer distal margin. The basis of the right fifth leg is expanded into an inner lobe. The first exopodal segment is elongate and armed with a naked seta located medially; the second segment is markedly expanded medially and carries a short spine distally on the inner expansion; the third segment is curved inwards and armed with a short apical spine and a small seta on the concave inner margin ( +Figure 25F +). The first exopodal segment of the left leg is longer than wide, but unarmed; the distal segment is armed with a robust apical spine and is produced subdistally into 3 small digitiform lobes, the longest of which is ornamented with short setules. + + + +FIGURE 11. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +. A, genital double-somite with genital area, ventral view showing attached spermatophore; B, genital area, lateral view; C, rostrum and rostral filaments, ventral view; D, spermatophore. + + + + +FIGURE 12. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, antennule. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII. + + + + +FIGURE 13. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, female antennule. A, CoIV; B, CoV; C, adult. + + + +Description of the developmental stages + + + +Egg and spermatophore + + + +The diameter of the subitaneus eggs was 67 to 82 µm (74.1 ± 2.9 µm, n=50). The outer surface of subitaneus eggs was coated with branched spines, spaced out so they are separated from each other by approximately 2 µm. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of the eggs by + +Kršinić +et al +. (2000) + +. + + + +FIGURE 14. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, male antennule. A, CoIV; B, CoV. + + + +The flask of the spermatophore is 110 µm long and has a diameter of 20 µm; the proximal 20 µm of the extended neck has a diameter of 0.7 µm; the distal part is dichotomously forked and forms two attachment discs ( +Figures 11A, D +). + + + +Naupliar stages + + + +The bodies of all naupliar stages are presented in +Figure 2 +. The body length of the naupliar stages increases linearly from 110 µm (NI) to 260 µm (NVI) ( +Figure 3 +). The frontal margin of all stages is rounded with a shallow swelling in the middle. The posterior part varies from stage to stage in its surface spinular ornamentation, in the presence of the post-mandibular limbs, and in the state of the developing limb buds. The labrum occupies a large proportion of the ventral surface of NI stage and lacks any surface ornamentation. The relative size of the labrum decreases proportionally through the nauplius phase and the free posterior margin is fringed with spinules from NII to NVI. The caudal armature comprises a single pair of setae at NI; a second pair is added at the moult to NIII, and from NIV to NVI there are 3 pairs of setae in total. The posterior part of the body carries a surface ornamentation of 2 rows of spinules in all naupliar stages. The antennules, antennae and mandibles are present in all naupliar stages. The first post-mandibular limb to appear is the maxillule which appears as a small lobe armed with 3 setae at NIV. The rudiment of the maxilla appears at NV, and at NVI the rudiments of the first and second legs are present. + + + +FIGURE 15. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, male antennule. A, left antennule; B, right antennule. + + + + +FIGURE 16. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, antenna. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + +The antennule is 3-segmented in all naupliar stages ( +Figure 4 +). The proximal segment is unarmed throughout the nauplius phase. The second segment bears 2 distally-located setae plus a setal rudiment is present proximally in NI to NIII. By NIV there are 4 setal rudiments present proximally on this segment. The distal segment carries 3 well developed setae at N I. New setae are added at each moult: so, NII has 4 setae, NIII has 7 setae, NIV has 8 naked setae, NV has 9 setae, all of which are plumose, and NVI has 12 plumose setae ( +Figures 4A–F +). + + + +FIGURE 17. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, mandible. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + +The antenna is biramous and the protopodal part comprises separate coxa and basis. At NI the coxa is armed with a single naked seta while the basis carries 2 naked setae. From NII to NVI both coxa and basis are each armed with 1 strongly spinulate spine and 1 naked seta ( +Figure 5A–F +). The endopod is unsegmented and armed with 4 setae in NI and NII; the number of setae increases to +6 in +NIII and then to 7 setae in stages NIV to NVI. The exopod is 5-segmented, and armed in NI 6 setae, NII with 7 setae ( +Figure 5B +) increasing to 8 setae in NIII–NVI ( +Figure 5C–F +). + + +The mandible is biramous ( +Figure 6 +). The coxa is distinct at all stages and is armed with a single naked seta on its medial margin at NI, but with 1 spinulate seta in stages NII–NVI. The basis and exopod are fused; the basis carries 2 naked setae on the medial margin at stage NI, but has 2 spinulate setae in stages NII–NVI. The elongate exopodal lobe carries 4 defined segments distally, armed with a total of 5 plumose setae in NI to NIII. At the moult to NIV a naked seta is added proximally bringing the total to 6 setae at NIV to NVI ( +Figure 6A–F +). The endopod is 1- segmented; at NI it carries 6 setae: 2 naked setae proximally, 2 naked setae at mid-margin and 2 plumose setae distally. At NII it carries 1 naked and 2 spinulate setae proximally, 2 naked setae at mid-margin and 3 plumose setae distally. At NIII and NIV it carries 3 spinulate setae proximally, 2 naked setae at mid-margin and 1 naked plus 3 plumose setae distally. The numbers of endopodal setae remain the same at NV and NVI but the 2 mid-margin setae are plumose at NVI. + + + +FIGURE 18. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, maxillule. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + + +FIGURE 19. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, maxilla. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + + +Post-naupliar stages + + + +Post-naupliar stages comprise six copepodid stages, with the sixth being the adult. The first three stages CoI–CoIII are the same for both sexes; sexual dimorphism is first detected externally at CoIV; in each sex there are two stages (males CoIV M and CoV M and females CoIV F–CoV F), prior to the adult males (M) and females (F) ( +Figure 7A–I +). + + + +FIGURE 20. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, maxilliped. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + +Body gymnoplean in dorsal aspect ( +Figure 7 +). At CoI the body comprises 6 segments ( +Figure 7A +), a 4-segmented prosome and a 2-segmented urosome ( +Figure 10A +). At the moult to CoII, the anteriormost urosomite (the fourth pedigerous somite) becomes incorporated into the prosome ( +Figure 7B +) and a new somite (the fifth pedigerous somite) is expressed just anterior to the last body division bearing the anus, so the urosome remains 2-segmented ( +Figure 10B +). At the next moult (to CoIII), the fifth pedigerous somite becomes incorporated into the prosome and fuses with the fourth to form a double-somite, so the prosome still appears to be 5-segmented ( +Figure 7C +). This is the adult configuration of the prosome in both sexes; the cephalosome and first pedigerous somite are separate; the second and third pedigerous somites are free and the fourth and fifth pedigerous somites are fused. At the same moult, a new somite (the genital somite) is expressed anterior to the last body division bearing the anus, so the urosome appears 2-segmented ( +Figure 10C +). At CoIII, the 2-segmented urosome of both sexes comprises the newly budded-off genital somite plus the posterior division bearing the anus. In the female CoIV ( +Figures 7D +, +10E–F +) the apparent urosomal segmentation remains the same although the anterior urosomite increases in length. At the moult to CoV the female adds an additional urosomite ( +Figures 7F +, +10G +), budded off anterior to the anal somite, and this segmentation is the same as in the adult female ( +Figures 7G +, +10I,J +). In the male, a new urosomite is budded off anterior to the anal somite at the moult to CoIV ( +Figures 7E +, +10D +), producing a 3-segmented urosome; and another somite is budded off anterior to the anal somite at the next moult to CoV ( +Figures 7H +, +10H +) resulting in a 4-segmented urosome.Another somite is budded off at the final moult resulting in the formation of the 5-segmented urosome of the adult male ( +Figures 7I +, +10K,L +). The body lengths of the copepodid stages ( +Figure 3 +) increase linearly from 330 µm (CoI) to 670 µm (CoIV F and CoV M). + + +Rostrum powerfully developed, rounded frontally and triangular in ventral view; bearing two long, slender rostral filaments ( +Figures 8 +, +11C +). + + +The caudal rami are symmetrical and about 1.8 times longer than wide. At CoI each ramus is armed with 4 setae, an additional seta is added at CoII which has 5 setae, and another at CoIII, and this setation remains the same through to the adult, which has 1 lateral, 1 ventral and 4 distal setae ( +Figure 10A–L +). + + +The antennule comprises 10 articulated segments at CoI ( +Figure 12A +) armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral segments I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral segments VI–XVI) 1 + aesthetasc (ae); segment 3 (ancestral segments XVII–XX) 1 seta; segment 4 (ancestral XXI) 1 + ae; segment 5 (ancestral XXII) unarmed; segment 6 (ancestral XXIII) 1 seta; segment 7 (ancestral XXIV) 1 seta (posterior margin); segment 8 (ancestral XXV) 2 setae + ae (1 seta on posterior margin, one on anterior margin); segment 9 (ancestral XXVI) 2 setae (1 posterior and 1 anterior); and segment 10 (ancestral XXVII–XXVIII) 4 + ae. + + +At CoII the antennule comprises 15 segments ( +Figure 12B +); the apical array of 7 segments are as in CoI (ancestral segments XXI to XXVII–XXVIII), with the increase in segment number due to differentiation in the proximal part of the antennule; expressed segments armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–IX) 1 + ae; segment 3 (ancestral X–XII) 1 + ae; segment 4 (ancestral XIII–XIV) 1; segment 5 (ancestral XV–XVI) 1 + ae; segment 6 (ancestral XVII–XVIII) 1; segment 7 (ancestral XIX) unarmed; segment 8 (ancestral XX) 1; segment 9 (ancestral XXI) 1 + ae; segment 10 (ancestral XXII) 1; segment 11 (ancestral XXIII) 1 seta; segment 12 (ancestral XXIV) 2 setae (1 posterior and 1 anterior); segment 13 (ancestral XXV) 2 setae + ae (1 posterior and 1 anterior); segment 14 (ancestral XXVI) 2 setae (1 posterior and 1 anterior); segment 15 (ancestral XXVII–XXVIII) 4 + ae. The only changes in the distal array of 7 segments are the addition of a seta to segment 10 (ancestral XXII) and the addition of the anterior seta to segment 12 (ancestral XXIV). There are no further setal additions to the apical 7 segments during development. + + +At CoIII the antennule comprises 17 segments ( +Figure 12C +); the apical 7 segments are as in CoII (ancestral XXI to XXVII–XXVIII), with 2 additional segments expressed in the proximal part of the antennule; expressed segments armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–IX) 2 + ae; segment 3 (ancestral X–XII) 2 + ae; segment 4 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 5 (ancestral XIV–XV) 2; segment 6 (ancestral XVI) 1 + ae; segment 7 (ancestral XVII) 1; segment 8 (ancestral XVIII) 1; segment 9 (ancestral XIX) 1 and segment 10 (ancestral XX) 1; segments 11 to 17 (ancestral XXI to XXVII–XXVIII) armed as in CoII. + + +In the female CoIV the antennule comprises 18 segments ( +Figure 13A +), with 1 additional segment expressed in the proximal part: expressed segments armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–IX) 4 + 2ae; segment 3 (ancestral X) 2; segment 4 (ancestral XI–XII) 2 + ae; segment 5 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 6 (ancestral XIV–XV) 2; segment 7 (ancestral XVI) 1 + ae; segment 8 (ancestral XVII) 1; segment 9 (ancestral XVIII) 1 and segment 10 (ancestral XIX) 1; segment 11 (ancestral XX) 1; segments 12 to 18 (ancestral XXI to XXVII–XXVIII) armed as in CoII. + + +The segmentation of the antennule of the CoV and adult female is unchanged, remaining 18-segmented ( +Figure 13B, C +). At the moult to CoV 1 seta is added to segment 2, and 1 aesthetasc is added to segment 6 (derived from ancestral XIV) and to segment 9 (ancestral XVIII). + +At the final moult from CoV to adult female the expressed segmentation of the antennule remains unchanged but two setae are added, 1 each to segments 2 and 4. + + +FIGURE 21. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, leg 1. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + +The antenna ( +Figure 16 +) is biramous, with the endopod much longer than the exopod in all stages. The coxa is armed with 1 medial margin seta in all copepodid stages. The endopod is 2-segmented at CoI to CoIII but is completely fused to the basis, forming an elongate allobasis armed with 5 setae at CoI ( +Figure 16A +) and CoII ( +Figure 16B +), with 1 seta at the inner distal corner and 4 setae arrayed along the inner margin. The compound distal endopodal segment is armed with total of 9 setae along its inner and distal margins. The exopod is indistinctly segmented, comprising a long proximal segment plus 3 short, incompletely-expressed segments distally; armed with total of 7 setae in CoI and CoII. + + +At CoIII ( +Figure 16C +) 1 seta is added to the array of plumose setae along the inner margin of the allobasis, bringing the total to 5 plus the distal seta; 2 setae are added to the compound distal segment of endopod, so that the total armature is now 4 naked setae located distally on the inner margin plus 7 plumose setae around the apex. The exopod gains a seta, bringing the total to 8 setae. + + + +FIGURE 22. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, leg 2. A, CoI; B, CoII; C, CoIII; D, CoIV; E, CoV; F, adult female. + + + +At CoIV ( +Figure 16D +) 1 seta is added to the array of plumose seta along the inner margin of the allobasis, bringing the total to 6 plus the distal seta; the compound distal segment of the endopod has divided, so that the elongate middle segment bears 5 setae located distally on the inner margin, and the small apical segment carries 7 plumose setae around the apex. The setation of the exopod is unchanged at 8 setae. + + +At CoV ( +Figure 16E +) 1 further seta is added to the array on the inner margin of the allobasis, bringing the total to 7 plus the distal seta; the elongate middle endopodal segment gains an additional seta bringing the total to 6 setae located distally on the inner margin; the small apical segment is unchanged, with 7 plumose setae around apex. A transverse row of spinules extending onto the outer distal margin, is present distally on the allobasis, and a row of setules is present distally on the outer margin of the middle endopodal segment. The setation of the exopod is unchanged at 8 setae. At the moult to adult 1 seta is added to the allobasis and 1 seta to the middle endopodal segment. + + +The mandible ( +Figure 17 +) comprises a large coxa, which forms the gnathobase medially, plus a biramous mandibular palp in all copepodid stages including the adult. The cutting edge of the gnathobase is produced into 8–9 heterogeneous teeth. Segmentation within the palp is not expressed in stages CoI to CoIII; the palp forms an inner lobe (the endopod) bearing 2 inner setae plus 6 distal setae at Co I ( +Figure 17A +) and an outer lobe (the exopod) armed with 6 setae distally. The proximal part representing the basis is longer than wide and armed with a single seta located distal on the margin. The basis carries just this single inner seta in all stages. + + + +FIGURE 23. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, leg 3. A, CoII; B, CoIII; C, CoIV; D, CoV; E, adult female. + + + + +FIGURE 24. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, leg 4. A, CoIII; B, CoIV; C, CoV; D, adult female. + + + +At the moult to CoII a single seta is added distally on the endopod, bringing the total to 7 setae ( +Figure 17B +). There is no change to the numbers of setae at CoIII ( +Figure 17C +). The palp segmentation is expressed more clearly at CoIV ( +Figure 17D +): the endopod is 2-segmented, with the first segment bearing 2 short setae and the second 8 (one additional seta added at moult from CoIII); the exopod now appears indistinctly 4-segmented and is armed with 1,1, 2, 2 setae. The setation and segmentation of both rami appears unchanged at CoV ( +Figure 17E +); but a row of small setules is present distally on the inner margin of the basis. At the moult to adult the second endopodal segment gains 1 seta, bringing the total to 9, and the exopod now appears indistinctly 5-segmented with an armature of 1,1,1,1,2. + + + +FIGURE 25. + +Acartia +( +Acanthacartia +) +italica +Steuer, 1910 + +, leg 5. A, CoIV female; B, CoV female; C, adult female; D, CoIV male; E, CoV male; F, adult male. + + + +The maxillule is a multilobate limb throughout development ( +Figure 18 +); it bears the praecoxal endite, the coxal endite and the basal endite along the inner margin; the apical lobe represents the exopod, and the outer margin carries the basal exite distally and an array of setae proximally which represent the incorporated epipodite. There are changes in setation on some of these lobes through the copepodid stages, but the setation of the coxal endite (3 setae), basal endite (1 seta), and basal exite (1 reduced seta) remains constant from CoI to adult. The apical lobe (exopod) carries 7 setae along its outer and distal margins, arranged with 2 proximal setae slightly separated from the 5 distal setae. The total number of setae remains stable through to the adult but at the moult from CoV ( +Figure 18E +) to adult ( +Figure 18F +) some traces of segmentation appear distally and the 5 distal setae originate on these segments. The praecoxal arthrite bears 7 elements at CoI ( +Figure 18A +), 8 at CoII ( +Figure 18B +), and 9 elements from CoIII ( +Figure 18C +) to adult ( +Figure 18F +). The coxal epipodite is represented by 4 setae at CoI, 6 setae at CoII, 8 setae at CoIII, and 9 setae from the CoIV ( +Figure 18D +) to the adult. + + +The maxilla is uniramous and unsegmented through early development, but with traces of incomplete segmentation appearing at the final moult to adult ( +Figure 19 +). There are changes in setation during the copepodid phase: at CoI the maxilla carries 12 setae ( +Figure 19A +), 3 setae are added at the moult to CoII ( +Figure 19B +), no setae are added at CoIII ( +Figure 19C +) or CoIV ( +Figure 19D +), but at the moult to CoV ( +Figure 19E +) a seta is added bringing the total to 16 setae. The adult maxilla carries a total of 19 setae. + + +The maxilliped ( +Figure 20 +) is 4-segmented throughout the copepodid phase. The proximal segment (syncoxa) carries 4 spinulate setae at CoI ( +Figure 20A +); at the moult to CoII a further seta is added ( +Figure 20B +) and this total of 5 setae remains unchanged from CoII to CoV ( +Figure 20E +); at the final moult, another seta is added bringing the total to 6 setae ( +Figure 20F +); 3 of the spinulate setae on the syncoxa are extremely long (twice as long as the entire limb) at all stages. The basis is oval in shape; it is unarmed in CoI but from CoII onwards it bears 1 seta proximally on the inner margin. The endopod is 2-segmented and the distal segment carries 2 unequal apical setae in all stages; the proximal segment is armed with 1 spiniform seta at CoI, and 3 spiniform setae at all stages from CoII to the adult. + + +The segmentation and the armature of the swimming legs 1–4 are presented in +Figures 21–24 +. Legs are biramous in all copepodid stages as well as in the adult. Leg 3 is biramous from CoII ( +Figure 23 +) and leg 4 is biramous from CoIII ( +Figure 24 +). In all legs the coxa is unarmed. The basis is unarmed in legs 1 and 2, but in the adult both leg 3 ( +Figure 23E +) and leg 4 ( +Figure 24D +) each gain an outer seta on the basis at the final moult from CoV. + + +The endopod of leg 1 is 1-segmented at the CoI stage ( +Figure 21A +) and becomes 2-segmented at the moult to CoII ( +Figure 21B +); the segmentation is unchanged from CoII through to the adult. At CoI the endopod is armed with 1 outer distal seta, 3 distal margin setae and 2 inner margin setae; at the moult to CoII a third seta appears on the inner margin, and the proximalmost seta on this margin now arises on the first segment of the 2-segmented endopod. The setation of the second segment remains unchanged through to the adult. + + +The exopod of leg 1 is 1-segmented at CoI ( +Figure 21A +), 2-segmented from stages CoII to CoIV ( +Figure 21B– D +), and 3-segmented from CoV ( +Figure 21E +) to the adult ( +Figure 21F +). Using the apical seta (with its serrate outer margin and plumose inner margin) as a marker, the exopod of CoI is armed with 4 outer margin setae, an apical seta, and 3 inner setae ( +Figure 21A +). At the moult to CoII, 2 inner margin setae are added, 1 on the newly differentiated first exopodal segment and 1 proximally on the compound second exopodal segment ( +Figure 21B +). The setation is unchanged at CoIII and CoIV. At the moult to CoV ( +Figure 21E +) 1 further new seta is added proximally on the inner margin of the newly differentiated third exopodal segment. No setae are added at the moult from CoV to adult ( +Figure 21F +). + + +The endopod of leg 2 is 1-segmented at CoI ( +Figure 22A +) and its segmentation is unchanged until CoIV ( +Figure 22D +); at the moult to CoV ( +Figure 22E +) the endopod becomes 2-segmented, with the proximal segment representing a compound segment derived from ancestral segments 1 and 2; the segmentation is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 22F +). At CoI the endopod is armed with 1 outer distal seta, 3 distal margin setae and 2 inner margin setae, as for leg 1. At the moult to CoII ( +Figure 22B +) a third seta appears on the inner margin, and at the moult to CoIII ( +Figure 22C +) a fourth inner seta is added. The setal number is unchanged in the CoIV but the distribution of the setae, with 1 outer distal seta, 5 distal and inner distal setae, and 2 proximal inner setae is more distinct ( +Figure 22D +). At CoV the newly differentiated compound proximal segment of the endopod is armed with 2 inner setae and the short distal segment carries the outer seta plus a total of 6 inner and distal setae, 1 of which was added at the moult from CoIV. The endopod of the adult is unchanged from CoV. + + +The exopod of leg 2 is 1-segmented at CoI ( +Figure 22A +), 2-segmented at stages CoII and CoIII ( +Figure 22B–C +), and 3-segmented from CoIV ( +Figure 22D +) to adult ( +Figure 22F +). Using the apical seta (serrate outer margin and plumose inner margin) as a marker, the exopod of CoI is armed with 2 spinous processes on the outer margin, an apical seta, and 3 inner setae ( +Figure 22A +). At the moult to CoII, the proximal spinous process on the outer margin is now located on the newly differentiated first segment and a fourth seta is added on the inner margin of the compound distal exopodal segment ( +Figure 22B +). At the moult to CoIII, an inner seta is added on the newly differentiated first segment and while the compound distal exopodal segment gains an outer spinous process and a fifth seta on the inner margin ( +Figure 22C +). At the moult to CoIV ( +Figure 22D +) the compound distal exopodal segment differentiates into the second and third exopodal segments: the second segment is armed with 1 outer spinous process and 1 inner seta; the third segment with 1 outer spinous process, an apical seta plus 4 inner setae, so the total number of setal elements is the same as in the preceding CoIII stage. At the moult to CoV ( +Figure 22E +) a single inner seta is added to the third exopodal segment and the setation is then unchanged into the adult ( +Figure 22F +). + + +The endopod of leg 3 is 1-segmented at CoII ( +Figure 23A +) and its segmentation is unchanged until the moult to CoV ( +Figure 23D +) when it becomes 2-segmented, with the proximal segment representing a compound segment derived from ancestral segments 1 and 2; the endopodal segmentation is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 23E +). At CoII the endopod is armed with 1 outer distal seta, 3 distal margin setae and 2 inner margin setae. At the moult to CoIII ( +Figure 23B +) a third seta appears on the inner margin, at the moult to CoIV ( +Figure 23C +) a fourth inner seta is added, and at the moult to CoV a fifth seta is added. At CoV ( +Figure 23D +) the newly differentiated compound proximal segment of the endopod is armed with 2 inner setae and the short distal segment carries the outer seta plus a total of 6 inner and distal setae, the most proximal of which was added at the moult from CoIV. The endopod of the adult is unchanged from CoV. The outer basal seta appears at the final moult to adult. + + +The exopod of leg 3 is 1-segmented at CoII ( +Figure 23A +), 2-segmented at CoII ( +Figure 23B +), and 3-segmented from CoIII ( +Figure 23C +) to adult ( +Figure 23E +). Using the apical seta as a marker, the exopod of CoII is armed with 2 spinous processes on the outer margin, an apical seta, and 3 inner setae ( +Figure 23A +). At the moult to CoIII, the proximal spinous process on the outer margin is now located on the newly differentiated first segment and a fourth seta is added on the inner margin of the compound second exopodal segment ( +Figure 23C +). At the moult to CoIV ( +Figure 23C +) the first exopodal segment gains an inner seta; the compound distal exopodal segment differentiates into the second and third exopodal segments: the second segment is armed with 1 outer spinous process and 1 new inner seta; the third segment has 1 outer spinous process, an apical seta, plus 4 inner setae. At the moult to CoV ( +Figure 23D +) a single inner seta is added to the third exopodal segment and the setation is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 23E +). + + +The endopod of leg 4 is 1-segmented at CoIII ( +Figure 24A +) and its segmentation is unchanged until the moult to CoV ( +Figure 24C +) when it becomes 2-segmented, with the proximal segment representing a compound segment derived from ancestral segments 1 and 2; the endopodal segmentation is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 24D +). At CoIII the endopod is armed with 1 outer distal seta, 3 distal margin setae and 2 inner margin setae. At the moult to CoIV ( +Figure 24B +) a third seta appears on the inner margin. At the moult to CoV ( +Figure 24C +) 2 more setae are added to the inner margin; 1 seta on the newly differentiated compound proximal segment of the endopod which is armed with 3 inner setae, and 1 on the short distal endopodal segment which now carries the outer seta plus a total of 5 inner and distal setae. The endopod is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 24D +). The outer basal seta appears at the final moult to adult. + + +The exopod of leg 4 is 1-segmented at CoIII ( +Figure 24A +), but 3-segmented from CoIV ( +Figure 24B +) to the adult ( +Figure 24D +). Using the apical seta as a marker, the exopod of CoIII is armed with 2 spinous processes on the outer margin, an apical seta, and 3 inner setae ( +Figure 24A +). At the moult to CoIV ( +Figure 24B +), the proximal spinous process on the outer margin is now located on the newly differentiated first exopodal segment; the compound distal exopodal segment differentiates into the second and third exopodal segments: the second segment is armed with 1 outer spinous process and 1 new inner seta; the third segment has 1 outer spinous process, an apical seta, plus 5 inner setae (1 of which is newly added). At the moult to CoV ( +Figure 24C +) an inner seta is added to the first exopodal segment and another inner seta is added proximally on the third exopodal segment. The exopodal setation is unchanged in the adult ( +Figure 24D +). + + +The antennules of the male are as in the female for stages CoI to CoIII. The antennule of male CoIV ( +Figure 14A +) comprises 20 segments and the expressed segments are armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–VII) 3 + ae; segment 3 (ancestral VIII–IX) 2 + ae; segment 4 (ancestral X) 2 setae; segment 5 (ancestral XI) 1+ ae; segment 6 (ancestral XII) 1; segment 7 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 8 (ancestral XIV) 2 + ae; segment 9 (ancestral XV) 1; segment 10 (ancestral XVI) 1 + ae; segment 11 (ancestral XVII–XVIII) 1; segment 12 (ancestral XIX) 1; segment 13 (ancestral XX) 1; segments 14 to 20 (ancestral XXI to XXVII–XXVIII) armed as in CoII. + + +The antennule of male CoV ( +Figure 14B +) comprises 21 segments due to the division of the double segment 11 (ancestral XVII–XVIII) of the preceding stage. The expressed segments are armed as follows: segment 1 (ancestral I–V) 1 seta; segment 2 (ancestral VI–VII) 3 + ae; segment 3 (ancestral VIII–IX) 3 + ae; segment 4 (ancestral X) 2 setae; segment 5 (ancestral XI) 1+ ae; segment 6 (ancestral XII) 1; segment 7 (ancestral XIII) 1; segment 8 (ancestral XIV) 2 + ae; segment 9 (ancestral XV) 1; segment 10 (ancestral XVI) 1 + ae; segment 11 (ancestral XVII) 1; segment 12 (ancestral XVIII) 1 + ae; segment 13 (ancestral XIX) 1; segment 14 (ancestral XX) 1; segments 15 to 20 (ancestral XXI to XXVII–XXVIII) armed as in CoII. + +Antenna, mouthparts and swimming legs 1–4 identical to those of female. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..77b92057ab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.xml @@ -0,0 +1,970 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + + +RESULTS + + + + + + +Phylogenetic analyses + + +The MRBAYES and BEAST produced similar topologies. Bayesian inference recovered almost all genera with posterior probabilities>0.95 ( +Fig. 3 +). Most genera were monophyletic except the following: (i) + +Xenotoca variata +(Bean, 1887) + +was sister to + +Ameca splendens +Miller & Fitzsimons, 1971 + +and placed well outside genus + +Xenotoca +Hubbs & Turner, 1939 + +; (ii) + +Jordanella pulchra +(Hubbs, 1936) + +was sister to + +Floridichthys +Hubbs, 1926 + +, while + +Jordanella floridae +Goode & Bean, 1879 + +was sister to + +Megupsilon +Miller and Walters, 1972 + +– + +Cyprinodon +Lacépède, 1803 + +; and (iii) + +Lucania +Girard, 1860 + +was sister to + +Wileyichthys +Ghedotti & Davis, 2013 + +( + +Fundulus lima +Vaillant, 1894 + +– + +Fundulus parvipinnis +Girard, 1856 + +). + + +In our phylogeny, the families +Cubanichthyidae +, +Cyprinodontidae +, +Fundulidae +, +Goodeidae +, and +Profundulidae +were recovered as composing a monophyletic group, in agreement with recent studies ( + +Ghezelayagh +et al. +2022 + +, + +Piller +et al. +2022 + +). The branching pattern among families in this clade was in agreement with genomic results provided by + +Ghezelayagh +et al. +(2022) + +and + +Piller +et al. +(2022) + +. However, in contrast to their and our findings, which place Cubanichthyidae sister to +Goodeidae +– + +Profundulidae, + +Piller +et al. +(2022) + + +found that Cubanichthyidae was paraphyletic, with + +Cubanichthys cubensis +(Eigenmann, 1903) + +sister to +Cyprinodontidae +, and with + +Cubanichthys pengelleyi +(Fowler, 1930) + +sister to + +C. cubensis + +– +Cyprinodontidae +. Confidence intervals for divergence estimates of family originations in our tree (nodes 1–4; +Table 2 +) overlapped broadly with confidence intervals for the same nodes in the study by + +Ghezelayagh +et al. +(2022) + +. The greatest difference was for node 4 (separation of +Goodeidae +and +Profundulidae +), wherein our confidence intervals overlapped with theirs, but their range also extended into more recent time, with their point estimate of ~22 Mya being substantially younger than ours of ~30.0 Mya. + + + +Figure 2. +Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, +Cyprinodontidae +, +Fundulidae +, +Goodeidae +, and +Profundulidae +. A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both. + + + + +Figure 3. +Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, +Cyprinodontidae +, +Fundulidae +, +Goodeidae +, and +Profundulidae +recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species. Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2). + + + + +Table 2. +Divergence estimates with confidence intervals (CIs) for numbered chronogram nodes (Fig. 3) that are evaluated in this study. Environmental events potentially associated with phylogenetic divergences (reciprocal illumination) are provided. Further description is provided in the main text, with references. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Node + +Divergence (node) + +Age estimate (Mya) (95% highest posterior density CI) + +Reciprocal illumination +
1 +Cyprinodontidae +– +Fundulidae +/ Cubanichthyidae– +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +52.3 (58.62–45.79)59.2–47.8 Mya: Tropic of Cancer retracted to 27°N (Nearctic–Neotropical subdivision, ecological diversification) 55.8–55.0 Mya: Gulf of México drawdown (vicariance)
2 +Cyprinodontidae +/ +Fundulidae +46.2 (54.77–37.63)48.2 Mya: North American drainage reorganization (dispersal–vicariance cycle) 47.5, 46.9, and 45.6 Mya: Sea-level minima (vicariance)
3 +Cubanichthyidae/ +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +45.9 (54.82–35.79) +48.0 Mya: maximum sea level (ice-free world) (dispersal) 47.5, 46.9, and 45.6 Mya: sea-level minima (glaciation) (vicariance)
4 +Goodeidae +/ +Profundulidae +30.0 (39.19–21.38) +35.0–25.0 Mya: Chiapas Massif uplift and drainage capture ( +Profundulidae +vicariance) 33.9 Mya: Madrean River capture ( +Goodeidae +vicariance) 31.8 Mya: cyprinodontidae southward immigration (ecological replacement) +
5 + +Profundulus +/ +Tlaloc + +22.1 (30.66–14.19)35.0–25.0 Mya: uplift and erosion of Chiapas Massif foreland captures Upper Río Grijalva (vicariance)
6 +Empetrichthyinae/ +Goodeinae +17.9 (23.32–12.90)23.0 Mya: North American drainage reorganization, Great Basin tectonism (vicariance)
7 +Characodontini–Ilyodontini/crown +Goodeinae +13.4 (16.78–10.25)14.0–5.0 Mya: San Marcos Fault reactivation (vicariance) 13.6–10.6 Mya: Los Encinos volcanism (San Luis Potosí) (vicariance) 12.0 Mya: Metates Volcanism (Durango) (vicariance)
8 +Cyprinodontidae +/ + +Floridichthys +– +Jordanella pulchra + +31.8 (42.33–21.61)33.9–26.0 Mya: Oligocene icehouse (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
9 + +Cyprinodon +– +Megupsilon +– +Jordanella +/ +Cualac + +21.9 (29.87–14.61)27.8–16.0 Mya: Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Chicontepec Basin uplift (vicariance)
10 + +Jordanella floridae +/ +Megupsilon +– +Cyprinodon + +16.8 (23.27–10.76)17.0–13.8 Mya: Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
11 + +Megupsilon +/ +Cyprinodon + +10.9 (14.91–7.37)11.8 Mya: development of Río San Fernando (vicariance)
12 +Fundulidae +/ + +Leptolucania + +30.4 (39.35–22.47)30.0 Mya: Oligocene oxygen isotope zone 2 (Oi2) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
13 + +Fundulus +/ +Wileyichthys +– +Lucania + +24.8 (31.31–19.12)25.1 Mya: Oligocene oxygen isotope zone 2c (Oi2c) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
14 + +Lucania +/ +Wileyichthys + +15.29 (30.72–7.47)23.0 Mya: Basin and Range drainages separate from Río Grande (vicariance)
15 +Crown + +Fundulus + +main split +20.47 (24.24–17.11)20.8 Mya: Miocene oxygen isotope zone 1a (Mi1a) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
+ + + +Table 2. +Continued + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Node + +Divergence (node) + +Age estimate (Mya) (95% highest posterior density CI) + +Reciprocal illumination +
16 + +Fundulus +/ +Fundulus majalis +– +Fundulus persimilis +– +Fundulus similis + +17.9 (20.98–15.15)19.7–17.0 Mya: sea-level rise culminating in Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (dispersal) 15.6 Mya: disjunct Guadalupe River delta arises (vicariance and ecological isolation)
17 + +Zygonectes +/ +Fundulus sciadicus +– +Plancterus + +16.6 (20.38–12.98)17.0 Mya: nascent Great Plains ~68% open habitat (ecological isolation)
+ + +Diversification through time + + +The lineage-through-time plots ( +Fig. 4 +) indicate that +Cyprinodontidae +is the only family that experienced a diversification-rate shift, with acceleration initiating ~10.9 Mya and continuing to the present (λ = 0.23 mean; range = 0.14– 0.38). The initial rate increase occurred when + +Megupsilon + +diverged from + +Cyprinodon + +. No shifts were detected in +Fundulidae +(λ =.12 mean; range =.07–.21), +Goodeidae +(λ = mean.13; range =.09–.29), or +Profundulidae +(λ = mean.12; range =.07–.24). + + +Reconstruction of ancestral areas + + +The best-fitting model for reconstruction of ancestral areas was the BAYAREALIKE+J (Supporting Information, +Table S3 +), consistent with the coarse level of analysis, which recognized only the Nearctic and Neotropical realms. Most divergence events occurred within one realm or the other, as required by the BAYAREALIKE model (Garcia-R and +Matzke 2021 +). Inclusion of the +J portion of the model implies that immigrations between realms occurred via long-distance dispersal ( +Matzke 2014 +). + + +The ancestral distribution for this clade of North American killifishes is optimized as Nearctic–Neotropical, suggesting a widespread most recent common ancestor (MRCA) ( +Fig. 5 +). This clade first split into a northern fork with primarily Nearctic affinities ( +Fundulidae +– +Cyprinodontidae +) and a southern fork with Nearctic–Neotropical affiliation (Cubanichthyidae, +Profundulidae +, and +Goodeidae +). Appearance of fundulids in the Neotropics is relatively recent (Late Neogene–Quaternary), limited to the + +Fundulus grandis +Baird and Girard, 1853 + +species group. Nearctic +Cyprinodontidae +made several Neotropical invasions ( + +Floridichthys + +, +Yucatán + +Cyprinodon +, Caribbean + + +Cyprinodon + +, and + +Cyprinodon variegatus +Lacépède, 1803 + +species group). The MRCAs of Cubanichthyidae and +Profundulidae +were Neotropical, and both families are restricted to that realm. +Goodeidae +is most likely to have had a Nearctic origin, with representatives of + +Girardinichthys + +, + +Allodontichthys +Hubbs & Turner, 1939 + +, + +Xenotaenia +Turner, 1946 + +, and + +Ilyodon + +reaching Neotropical drainages in the Late Neogene–Quaternary. + + +Reconstruction of ancestral habitats +Ancestral-habitats reconstruction ( +Fig. 2B +) indicates that the MRCA of North American killifishes was coastal. Inland invasions within +Fundulidae +include + +Lucania interioris +Hubbs & Miller, 1965 + +, the + +Fundulus sciadicus +Cope, 1865 + +– + +Plancterus +Garman, 1895 + +group, and later-branching lineages within subgenera + +Fundulus +Lacépède, 1803 + +and + +Zygonectes +Agassiz, 1854 + +. +Fundulidae +are the only family with species broadly distributed between coastal and upland habitats. In +Cyprinodontidae +, + +Floridichthys + +and + +Jordanella +Goode & Bean, 1879 + +retained coastal affinities, while the maritime branch of + +Cyprinodon + +gave rise to upland and coastal lineages. Other branches within + +Cyprinodon + +diverged to become upland lineages. Cubanichthyidae remained coastal, whereas +Profundulidae +and +Goodeidae +are likely to have originated and diversified entirely in uplands. Overall, 58.6% of species had coastal distributions, 33.5% had upland distributions, and 7.9% had distributions spanning coastal and upland habitats ( +Fig. 2B +). + + +Biogeographical synthesis + + +Early branching of major lineages + + +Evidence +suggests that the MRCA of +North American +killifishes arose in the +Early Eocene Gulf +of +México +( +Figs 3 +, +4 +). +Accordingly +, the MRCA is likely to have had high salinity tolerance ( +Ghedotti and Davis 2013 +). +This +timing corresponds precisely with a period of increased taxonomic and morphological diversification ( + +Ghezelayagh +et al. +2022 + +). +The +distribution of the MRCA potentially spanned the present-day +Nearctic +and +Neotropical +realms ( +Fig. 5 +). +However +, it was likely to be tropical because at this time; the tropics extended to +27°N +, +3° north +of the present-day boundary of the tropics ( + +Zhang +et al. +2019 + +). + + +The primary phylogenetic split in North American killifishes separated the northern sister families +Cyprinodontidae +– +Fundulidae +from a southern subclade of Cubanichthyidae– +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +58.6–45.8 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 1; +Table 2 +). The relative distributions of these families ( +Fig. 1 +), our ancestral-areas reconstruction ( +Fig. 5 +), and our ancestral-habitats reconstruction ( +Fig. 2 +) combine to suggest that separation occurred as a north–south division within the Gulf of +México +. The Tropic of Cancer was gradually retracting southwards through this period ( + +Zhang +et al. +2019 + +), which could imply that distinct subtropical ecosystems developed in the northern Gulf. We hypothesize that the northern MRCA of +Fundulidae +– +Cyprinodontidae +adapted to inhabit subtropical estuaries, including those of the +Mississippi +, Brazos, and Río Grande ( +Fig. 6 +). Concurrently, the southern MRCA of Cubanichthyidae– +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +potentially occupied a tropical estuary in the southwestern Gulf (Bejuco, Chicontepec, and Nautla) ( +Fig. 6 +). Geological evidence suggests the Gulf of +México +became isolated from the world ocean 55.8–55.0 Mya, accompanied by sea-level recession of +900– 1300 m +( + +Cossey +et al. +2016 + +, +2021 +). Because sea-level fall isolates estuaries ( + +Dolby +et al. +2020 + +), this extreme drawdown could have caused strong separation of northern and southern clades. + + + +Figure 4. +A, BAMM phylorate plot showing speciation rates along each branch within the North American killifish families +Cyprinodontidae +, +Fundulidae +, +Goodeidae +, and +Profundulidae +. Cool colours represent slow rates; warm colours represent fast rates. B–E, speciation rate over time is shown graphically for +Fundulidae +(B), +Cyprinodontidae +(C), +Profundulidae +(D), and +Goodeidae +(E). λ = mean diversification rate. + + + +We hypothesize divergence of +Cyprinodontidae +from +Fundulidae +, 54.8–37.6 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 2; +Table 2 +) was via east–west vicariance along the northern Gulf Coast. Drainage reconfiguration occurred in the northern Gulf of +México +48.2 Mya (Early–Middle Eocene transition), when reduced sediment supply caused alluvial deltas to retract and separate ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). Shifting delta locations ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +) might have initially dispersed and then subdivided killifish populations. To the northeast, the MRCA of +Fundulidae +was potentially isolated in the Middle Eocene Brazos River delta. From there, it is likely to have ranged east into the adjacent +Mississippi +Embayment, which flooded at this time ( +Fig. 6 +). The embayment refilled gradually through the Middle Eocene ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +), suggesting that it contained extensive estuarine habitats that could have been the cradle for +Fundulidae +. To the southwest, the MRCA of +Cyprinodontidae +putatively originated in a separate delta region associated with the Río Grande and Río Bravo deltas ( +Fig. 6 +) that were comparatively sediment rich and wave swept ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). Such habitat is seemingly well suited for the ancestor of this group, which is hypothesized to have resembled + +Cyprinodon variegatus +( +Echelle & Echelle, 2020 +) + +, a species well adapted for open coasts with fluctuating temperatures and salinities ( +Simpson and Gunter 1956 +, Martin 1968, +Nordlie 2006 +). This period also included ~ +40 m +sea-level fall between 48.0 and 47.5 Mya ( + +Miller +et al. +2020a + +, +2024 +), which is likely to have isolated each delta region ( + +Dolby +et al +. 2020 + +). Subsequent sea-level recessions 46.9 and 45.6 Mya ( + +Miller +et al +. 2020a + +) might have amplified barriers to dispersal. + + +Divergence of Cubanichthyidae from +Goodeidae-Profundulidae +, 54.8–35.8 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 3; +Table 2 +), could also be linked to sea-level fluctuations. We hypothesize that maximum sea levels associated with ice-free conditions in the Early Eocene, including a peak at 48.0 Mya ( + +Miller +et al +. 2024 + +), allowed an ancestral taxon to range across the +Yucatán +platform, into the Caribbean Sea. If so, then subsequent sea-level falls in the Middle Eocene, along with failure to return to ice-free conditions until the end of the Eocene ( + +Miller +et al. +2024 + +), could have made the +Yucatán +platform a more formidable barrier, isolating the ancestor of Cubanichthyidae in the Caribbean ( +Fig. 6 +). However, as already noted, phylogenetic placement of Cubanichthyidae is inconsistent among recent studies (e.g. + +Ghezelayagh +et al. +2022 + +, + +Piller +et al. +2022 + +), indicating that this family requires additional study. + + +Divergence of +Goodeidae +from +Profundulidae +, 39.2–21.4 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 4), presumably reflects upland isolation of lineages in separate river drainages ( +Table 2 +; +Fig. 3 +). We hypothesize that +Goodeidae +descend from a population that ranged inland into a Madrean River ( +Fig. 6 +), which joined the Bejuco delta system in the Early Eocene, after uplift of the +Tamaulipas +Arch diverted it southwards ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). As the Madrean River drainage coalesced among emerging tectonic basins and colliding terranes of southwestern North America ( + +Lawton +et al. +2009 + +), not necessarily incorporating any pre-existing rivers, this drainage might have been depauperate in freshwater fishes or lacked them entirely. If so, the Madrean River system might have provided open niches for coastal killifishes transitioning into freshwater habitats. In the Middle–Late Eocene, the outlet of the Madrean River shifted between the +Tamaulipas +Diversion and Río Bravo delta, but at the end of the Eocene (33.9 Mya) the Río Grande captured the inland drainage ( + +Galloway +et al. +2011 + +) ( +Fig. 7 +). A resulting influx of freshwater fishes might have constrained the distributions of goodeids to more marginal habitats isolated by distance upstream, barriers, or habitat conditions (i.e. salinity), presumably isolating upland populations from coastal relatives. For +Profundulidae +, the timing of divergence corresponds with uplift of the +Chiapas +Massif (40–25 Mya) ( +Villagómez and Pindell 2020 +). Drainage from the Massif to the Bay of +Campeche +was localized at this time, not reaching the Gulf of +México +basin ( + +Beltrán-Triviño +et al. +2021 + +, + +Villagómez +et al. +2022 + +), isolating inland populations ( +Fig. 7 +). Given that cyprinodontids evidently inhabited the southwestern Gulf by ~31.8 Mya (see below; +Table 2 +; +Fig. 7 +), we cannot rule out the possibility that a southward cyprinodontid invasion contributed to the disappearance of coastal +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1e84c1257b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.xml @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Goodeidae + + + + + +Through the Late Eocene and Oligocene, reorganization and drainage expansion within the Madrean River ( + +Galloway +et al. +2011 + +, +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +) could have allowed goodeids to disperse along the front of the Sierra Madre Occidental to the southern Great Basin ( +Fig. 7 +). Divergence of Great Basin Empetrichthyinae from +Goodeinae +of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre 23.3–12.9 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 6; +Table 2 +) agrees with break-up of this drainage at the end of the Oligocene ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). The great distance between northern (Empetrichthyinae) and southern ( +Goodeinae +) goodeids is a biogeographical anomaly ( +Webb 2020 +). +Parenti (1981) +proposed that regional desiccation eliminated intervening populations ( +Grant and Riddle 1995 +, + +Webb +et al. +2004 + +, + +Miller +et al. +2005 + +, +Webb 2020 +), but living Empetrichthyinae occupy the driest region of North America (i.e. aridity is associated with survival). Fragmentation of the Madrean River might have been an additional cause of extirpations ( + +Fagan +et al. +2002 + +), and climatic cooling might have reduced habitat suitability at higher elevations and latitudes, perhaps explaining why Empetrichthyinae are associated with warm-water springs. Loss of goodeids from the Gulf of +México +drainage could reflect Late Miocene integration of the ancestral Río Nazas with the Río Grande, which facilitated an influx of fishes ( +Hoagstrom and Osborne 2021 +). + +Characodon +Günther, 1866 + +persisted only in remote basins († + +Characodon garmani +, Mayran-Parras Basin + +; + +Characodon audax +Smith & Miller, 1986 + +– + +Characodon lateralis +Günther, 1866 + +, Río Tunal) ( + +Beltrán-López +et al. +2021 + +), potentially protected from invading fishes. It is also possible that remnant goodeid populations were present in the uninhabited region before European settlement, but disappeared owing to habitat destruction, dewatering, or invasive species associated with early European contact. + + + +Figure 5. +Reconstruction of ancestral areas for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, +Cyprinodontidae +, +Fundulidae +, +Goodeidae +, and +Profundulidae +. A, distribution of North American killifishes divided as Nearctic = A and Neotropical = B, with the boundary between realms being the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ( + +Rico +et al. +2022 + +). B, ancestral areas computed using the BAYAREALIKE+J model in BIOGEOBEARS. + + + + +Figure 6. +Early–Middle Eocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Eocene lineage are labelled (Cypr. = +Cyprinodontidae, Good. +-Profund. = +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +). Phylogenetic nodes (Fig. 2) are indicated as N1–N3 (node 1–node 3; for details, see main text and Table 2). The base map is a reconstruction for 50 Mya (late Early Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The dashed line approximates the shore of an inland sea that is hypothesized to have formed 55.8–55.0 Mya (Early Eocene), at which time land would have surrounded the entire Gulf, separating it from the world ocean ( + +Cossey +et al. +2016 + +), theoretically causing vicariance between northern and southern clades of North American killifishes (N1). Superimposed drainages and estuaries are adapted from the work of +Snedden and Galloway (2019) +. Details on southwestern Gulf tributaries are from studies by + +Snedden +et al. +(2018) + +and + +Cossey +et al. +(2021) + +. Alternate routes to the Gulf are shown for the Madrean River, a Tamaulipas route (Early Eocene), and a Río Bravo route (Middle Eocene). The ancestor of +Goodeidae +is hypothesized to have populated this drainage via the Early Eocene Tamaulipas route. High sea levels of the Early Eocene presumably allowed widespread dispersal within northern and southern regions, whereas sea-level falls in the early Middle Eocene potentially separated +Cyprinodontidae +from +Fundulidae +in the north (N2) and Cubanichthyidae from +Goodeidae +– +Profundulidae +in the south (N3). + + + + +Figure 7. +Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled. Phylogenetic nodes (Fig. 3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig. 6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by +Snedden and Galloway (2019) +. Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by + +Villagómez +et al. +(2022) + +. Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding + +Floridichthys +– +Jordanella pulchra + +on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding + +Leptolucania + +on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding + +Lucania +– +Wileyichthys + +in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with +Cyprinodontidae +. + + + +Because this scenario agrees with reconstructed hydrography, it is unnecessary to invoke the popular hypothesis ( +Miller and Smith 1986 +, + +Minckley +et al. +1986 + +, +Grant and Riddle 1995 +, + +Miller +et al. +2005 + +, +Webb 2020 +) that northward drift of the Pacific Plate created the gap between Empetrichthyinae and +Goodeidae +. Furthermore,thehypothesisthatGoodeidaeusedawesternroute from the Great Basin into central +México +( + +Pérez-Rodríguez +et al. +2015 + +) is unnecessary because goodeids dispersing inland from the Gulf of +México +via the Madrean River would have reached central +México +en route to the Great Basin ( +Fig. 7 +), not from the Great Basin. Separation of Empetrichthyinae from +Goodeinae +is attributable to vicariance during fragmentation of the Madrean River drainage, with Empetrichthyinae representing a relict lineage that has persisted in the Mojave Desert after reaching the region when the Madrean River extended from the Gulf Coast to the Basin and Range geomorphic province. +Goodeinae +represent lineages descending from populations further downstream that persisted within the Sierra Madre Occidental and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt after separation from the Gulf of +México +drainage. + + +Within +Goodeinae +, divergence of CharacodontiniIllyodontini from crown +Goodeinae +16.8–10.3 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 7; +Table 2 +) appears to have been an east–west divergence, possibly between ancestral ríos Nazas and Aguanaval ( +Fig. 8 +). Reactivation of the San Marcos Fault 14.0–5.0 Mya and contemporary volcanism on the borders of the Mesa Central ( + +Aranda-Gómez +et al. +2005 + +, 2007, + +Chávez-Cabello +et al. +2007 + +, + +Nieto-Samaniego +et al. +2007 + +) are likely to have contributed to drainage fragmentation. Positioning of crown +Goodeinae +on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt throughout its tectonic evolution, which initiated ~20 Mya and lasted 17 Myr ( + +Ferrari +et al. +2012 + +), ensured that goodeids experienced frequent drainage reorganizations and shifting hydrographic barriers ( +Barbour 1973 +, + +Domínguez‐Domínguez +et al. +2010 + +, + +Pérez-Rodríguez +et al. +2015 + +). Barrier displacement via stream capture was probably the main mode of range expansion and diversification ( + +Webb +et al. +2004 + +, + +Domínguez‐Domínguez +et al. +2010 + +, + +Beltrán-López +et al. +2021 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC6FBB5FE027FF25008.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC6FBB5FE027FF25008.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e149ce41db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320AFFC6FBB5FE027FF25008.xml @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Profundulidae + + + + + +The major node within +Profundulidae +30.7–14.2 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 5) separates + +Profundulus +Hubbs, 1924 + +from + +Tlaloc +Álvarez and Carranza, 1951 + +. + +Tlaloc + +occurs across the +Chiapas +Massif and adjacent highlands within the Río Grijalva drainage ( +Miller 1955 +, +Cashner and Echelle 2020 +). The Upper Río Grijalva flows northwest until making an abrupt turn northeast, suggesting capture from a north-flowing river, possibly the ancestral Río Uxpanapa or Tonalá. This capture could have been caused by uplift of the northwestern +Chiapas +Massif 30–25 Mya ( + +Witt +et al. +2012 + +) or head-cutting of the lower Río Grijalva during a period of extensive erosion 35–25 Mya ( + +Abdullin +et al. +2016 + +) and potentially explains the distinctiveness of the Upper Grijalva fish community ( + +Elías +et al. +2020 + +). Divergence of + +Tlaloc + +from + +Profundulus + +, which probably arose in an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos ( +Fig. 8 +), provides an estimate for timing of this capture ( +Table 2 +). + + +Notably, + +Profundulus + +is now largely restricted to Pacific slope drainages ( + +Domínguez-Cisneros +et al. +2023 + +). Presuming that Miocene, upland + +Profundulus + +no longer tolerated high-salinity or coastal environments, rising sea levels could explain the rarity of + +Profundulus + +on the Gulf slope, as proposed for + +Herichthys +Baird & Girard, 1854 + +( + +Pérez-Miranda +et al. +2020 + +). During the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) 17.0–13.8 Mya ( + +Miller +et al. +2020b + +), seas inundated broad areas north and east of the Sierra Madre del Sur and +Chiapas +Massif ( +Blakey and Ranney 2018 +). Our chronogram indicates that diversification within + +Profundulus + +occurred thereafter ( +Fig. 3 +), potentially from one refugial population. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ed1bb37ff42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,400 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Fundulidae + + + + + +As described above (Early branching of major lineages), Middle Eocene fundulids theoretically inhabited the Brazos River delta and flooded +Mississippi +Embayment ( +Fig. 6 +). Late Eocene– Oligocene divergence of + +Leptolucania +Myers, 1924 + +39.4–22.5 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 12) suggests eastward immigration of an ancestral fundulid across the Suwannee Channel to the Ocala High ( +Table 2 +; +Fig. 7 +), which developed peritidal landforms by this time (Avon Park and Ocala formations; +Randazzo and Jones 1997 +, + +Maliva +et al. +2011 + +). During the Oligocene, any of several sea-level fluctuations could have facilitated lineage separation if a sea-level fall (detected as an oxygen isotope event) facilitated dispersal across the Suwannee Channel to the Ocala High, with subsequent sea-level rise causing vicariance of the Ocala population owing to widening and deepening of the ocean gap (as proposed above for + +J. floridae + +). The Oi2 event ~30.0 Mya ( + +Boulila +et al +. 2011 + +) appears best aligned in time with our divergence estimate for + +Leptolucania + +. Although modern + +Leptolucania + +is a freshwater genus, the ancestor is likely to have had high salinity tolerance ( +Ghedotti and Davis 2013 +), consistent with this hypothesis. + + +Our phylogeny places + +Lucania + +within + +Fundulus + +, on an earlydiverging branch that includes + +Fundulus + +subgenus + +Wileyichthys + +( +Fig. 3 +). This is contrary to the work of +Ghedotti and Davis (2017) +, who recovered + +Lucania + +outside + +Fundulus + +, but in partial agreement with the fish tree of life ( + +Rabosky +et al +. 2018 + +), which places + +Lucania + +inside + +Fundulus + +, albeit on a separate branch from + +Wileyichthys + +(this tree did not include + +Leptolucania + +). Given that + +Wileyichthys + +includes only the Pacific Coast taxa + +Fundulus lima + +and + +Fundulus parvipinnis + +and given that the Coahuilan endemic + +Lucania interioris + +is the earliest diverging lineage of + +Lucania + +, we propose (following +Fig. 3 +) that the MRCA of + +Lucania +– +Wileyichthys + +originated from range expansion of fundulids westwards from the Brazos delta to the Río Grande-Río Bravo delta 31.3–19.1 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 13; +Fig. 7 +). During this time, there were sea-level falls of +30–40 m +below modern sea level approximately every 1.2 Mya ( + +Miller +et al. +2020b + +). Following + +Dolby +et al. +(2016 + +, +2018 +), we postulate that sea-level fluctuations promoted cycles of dispersal and vicariance. Any one or a combination of recessions might account for vicariance of fundulids between the Brazos and Río Grande-Río Bravo deltas, but the Oi2c event dated ~25.1 Mya ( + +Boulila +et al. +2011 + +) best aligns in time with divergence of + +Lucania +– +Wileyichthys + +( +Table 2 +). + + +In the Oligocene, the common ancestor of + +Lucania +– +Wileyichthys + +presumably immigrated into the ancestral Río Grande drainage. This massive river system extended far across southern North America to what would become the Basin and Range geomorphic province ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +) and appears to have been the only Cenozoic route to the southern Basin and Range from the western Gulf of +México +( +Fig. 7 +). This geographical scenario comes with relatively strict time constraints. Divergence of + +Wileyichthys + +from + +Lucania + +must have occurred when Basin and Range drainages became disconnected from the Río Grande, dated ~23.0 Mya ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). This timing is compatible with our 30.7–7.5 Mya estimate for divergence of + +Wileyichthys + +( +Fig. 3 +, node 14; +Table 2 +). Fossil + +Fundulus + +in the Great Basin ( + +Smith +et al. +2002 + +) also support this hypothesis. Finally, distribution of + +Wileyichthys + +on the Pacific Coast of southern +California +and south along the Baja Peninsula agrees with the Río Grande as the dispersal corridor, because the headwaters of the Oligocene Río Grande extended to the Continental Divide in what would become southern +California +( + +Karlstrom +et al. +2020 + +). Tectonism in this region potentially resulted in stream transfers that introduced + +Wileyichthys + +to the Pacific slope. Likewise, Empetrichthyinae must have been living in Basin and Range drainages along the continental divide, after break-up of the Madrean River (above). Fossil evidence from Empetrichthyinae ( +Uyeno and Miller 1962 +) indicates that this group was also transferred to the Pacific slope, although no representatives survived to the present time. + + +The major split within the + +Fundulus + +crown group separated subgenus + +Fundulus + +as a clade 24.2–17.1 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 15; +Table 2 +). An eastward shift of the Oligocene Brazos River at the Oligocene–Miocene transition (23 Mya) from its existing delta to form a new Red River delta relatively close to the +Mississippi +River delta (present Sabine River delta; + +Galloway +et al +. 2011 + +) might have provided a catalyst for this event by providing an uninhabited delta open to immigrants. During this time, there were sea-level falls of +30–40 m +below modern sea level approximately every 1.2 Mya ( + +Miller +et al. +2020b + +). Any one or a combination of these fluctuations might account for a dispersal–vicariance sequence in fundulids between the +Mississippi +River and Red River deltas ( + +Dolby +et al +. 2016 + +, +2018 +). However, the Mi1a isotope zone (sea-level recession) dated ~20.8 Mya ( + +Boulila +et al. +2011 + +) best aligns in time with our divergence estimate for subgenus + +Fundulus + +. + + +We hypothesize that the + +Zygonectes +– +F. sciadicus +– +Plancterus + +clade descends from a lineage that originated in the +Mississippi +River delta, because + +Plancterus + +(node 18) has a Mississippian distribution and is the westernmost lineage on this branch ( +Fig. 8 +). By default, this implies that subgenus + +Fundulus + +descends from fundulids that immigrated into the +Red River +delta, then diverged into a separate lineage during sea-level recession. Later abandonment of the +Red River +delta ( +Fig. 8 +), which merged with the +Mississippi +River delta 15 Mya ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +), mixed +Red River +and +Mississippi +River fishes ( +Hoagstrom and Echelle 2022 +). This would have brought subgenus + +Fundulus + +into sympatry with + +Zygonectes + +. Thereafter, sea-level rise 19–17 Mya leading up to the MMCO 17.0–13.8 Mya, during which high sea levels were sustained ( + +Miller +et al. +2020a + +), theoretically aided range expansion of all coastal fundulids ( + +Dolby +et al. +2016 + +, +2018 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..76bc7229c2e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,441 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Cyprinodontidae + + + + + +Divergence of the MRCA of + +Floridichthys +– +J. pulchra + +42.3–21.6 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 8; +Table 2 +) is consistent with our hypothesis that +Cyprinodontidae +originated in the northwestern Gulf (above). This divergence estimate spans a dramatic cooling event at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary 33.9 Mya, which initiated the Oligocene icehouse climate that lasted until ~26 Mya ( + +Zachos +et al. +2001 + +, + +Miller +et al. +2020b + +). Sustained icehouse conditions possibly facilitated southward invasion of Nearctic +Cyprinodontidae +( +Fig. 7 +), consistent with predictions of the intothe-tropics paradigm ( +Vrba 1995 +, + +Eronen +et al. +2012 + +, +Meseguer and Condamine 2020 +) and with our ancestral-areas analysis that included the potential for jump dispersal between realms ( +Fig. 5 +). The point estimate for this divergence (31.8 Mya) is aligned with Oligocene isotope zone 1b (abbreviated Oi1b), dated 31.8 Mya ( + +Boulila +et al. +2011 + +). Oxygen isotope zones are periods of increased global glaciation (at which times, sea level is lowered), indicated by maximum relative abundance of δ +18 +O ( + +Boulila +et al. +2011 + +). Concurrent timing of sea-level fall with divergence of the + +Floridichthys +–J.a +pulchra + +lineage agrees with the hypothesis that sea-level fall isolates coastal fishes among disjunct estuaries ( + +Dolby +et al. +2016 + +, +2018 +). Hence, we hypothesize that climatic cooling and periodic sea-level rise during Oligocene oscillations ( + +Boulila +et al. +2011 + +) allowed southward expansion of ancestral cyprinodontids, with one or more periods of sea-level fall (potentially Oi1b) subsequently isolating populations that had settled on the +Yucatán +platform. + + +Because living + +Floridichthys + +have a disjunct distribution across the Gulf of +México +between +Yucatán and Florida +, the MRCA of + +Floridichthys +– +Jordanella + +could be from +Florida, Yucatán +, or points between. Presence of the sister taxon + +J. pulchra + +in +Yucatán +favours +Yucatán +as the ancestral area for + +Floridichthys + +and is compatible with the hypothesis (above) that +Cyprinodontidae +originated in the +western Gulf +of +México +(closer to +Yucatán +than to +Florida +). Furthermore, the Caribbean Loop Current could have facilitated later oceanic dispersal of + +Floridichthys + +from +Yucatán +to +Florida +(as seen in several cyprinodontiform taxa; MassipVeloso +et al +. 2024), whereas the current would have hampered immigration in the reverse direction. Hence, we suggest that the Oligocene ancestor of + +Floridichthys +– +J. pulchra + +dispersed along the +western Gulf Coast +from the +Río Grande +delta to the Bay of +Campeche +, where presence of coastal and shallow-marine areas (( + +Villagómez +et al. +2022 + +) could have provided suitable habitats ( +Fig. 7 +). However, + +Floridichthys +– +J. pulchra + +has uncertain phylogenetic placement (compare +Fig. 3 +with + +Piller +et al. +2022 + +), hence further study is needed. + + +Our estimate for vicariance of + +Cualac tessellatus +Miller, +1956 + +in the Río Pánuco 29.9–14.6 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 9) provides further support to the hypothesis that ancestral cyprinodontids inhabited the western Gulf Coast in the Oligocene. Presence of a nascent Río Pánuco ( + +Beltrán-Triviño +et al. +2021 + +) suggests that ancestral + +Cualac tessellatus + +ranged inland along this route ( +Fig. 8 +). Late Oligocene–Early Miocene uplift of the Chicontepec Basin ( + +Roure +et al. +2009 + +) could have stranded this population inland ( +Table 2 +). + + +As already mentioned, our phylogeny indicates that + +Jordanella + +is polyphyletic ( +Fig. 3 +). Separation of + +J.floridae + +from + +Megupsilon +– +Cyprinodon + +23.3–10.8 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 10; +Table 2 +) suggests that an ancestral cyprinodontid dispersed eastwards from the northwestern Gulf of +México +during the Early Miocene, when the nascent +Florida +Peninsula was an island (i.e. Ocala High). Our 16.8 Mya point estimate for time of divergence closely follows the onset of the MMCO, a period of high temperatures, reduced global glaciation, and elevated sea levels spanning 17.0–13.8 Mya ( + +Miller +et al +. 2020a + +). This timing suggests that an ancestral cyprinodontid was distributed along the northeastern Gulf Coast, ranging between the Ocala High and the mainland while the Gulf Trough, which separated these lands, was narrowed ( +Fig. 8 +). Sea-level rise during the MMCO greatly broadened and deepened the Gulf Trough, shrinking the Ocala High to a small island ( +Popenoe 1990 +). We hypothesize that + +J. floridae + +descends from a peripheral cyprinodontid population persisting around this island. + + +Notably, the genus + +Jordanella + +has never been resolved as monophyletic with molecular data ( + +Miller +et al +. 2005 + +, +Echelle and Echelle 2020 +). This, along with the biogeographical evidence provided here, could justify resurrection of the name + +Garmanella pulchra + +for the +Yucatán +species. In this case, morphological similarities between species presently recognized as + +Jordanella + +might reflect ancestral traits that persisted in ancient peripheral-isolate taxa sequestered in ancestral cyprinodontid niches on either side of the Gulf of +México +. The taxonomy of these species needs further study. + + +Late Miocene divergence of + +Megupsilon + +(14.9–7.4 Mya; +Fig. 3 +, node 11) might represent Late Miocene emergence of ancestral Río San Fernando (Río Bravo in the work of +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +) as a corridor for inland invasion ( +Table 2 +; +Fig. 8 +). This species (extinct in the wild) inhabited a spring-fed habitat ( + +Miller +et al. +2005 + +) and might have speciated as a spring endemic. It is possible that episodes of aridity, tectonism, or volcanism isolated the spring system, but this needs further study. + + +The rate of + +Cyprinodon + +speciation increased upon separation from + +Megupsilon + +(node 11; +Figs 3 +, +4 +). Several factors are likely to have contributed to this trend. Initially, inland invasions into five Late Miocene rivers subdivided + +Cyprinodon + +into as many upland lineages, four of which dispersed far across the desert region ( +Hoagstrom and Osborne 2021 +). A relative of this western inland radiation also dispersed to Yucatán, founding an endemic lineage there ( + +Cyprinodon artifrons + +species group; +Figs 2 +, +5 +). Once inland invasions were underway, barrier displacement via drainage rearrangements, climate fluctuations, tectonism, and volcanism caused widespread allopatric diversification. Meanwhile, a maritime lineage of + +Cyprinodon + +remained along the Gulf Coast ( + +Echelle +et al. +2005 + +, +2006 +). This geography is unclear in our reconstruction of ancestral habitats ( +Fig. 2 +), because the same widespread ancestor produced sequential upland invasions from the coast, as already described. Furthermore, during the Pleistocene, maritime + +Cyprinodon + +made new invasions into the desert region ( +Lozano-Vilano and Contreras-Balderas 1999 +, +Hoagstrom and Osborne 2021 +) and immigrated to Caribbean islands and South America ( + +Haney +et al. +2007 + +, +2009 +). The Yucatán lineage produced a species flock ( +Strecker 2006 +; +Fig. 3 +). Beyond this, our analysis might underestimate the + +Cyprinodon + +speciation rate, because a species flock from +San Salvador +, +Bahamas +( +Martin and Wainwright 2013 +) and the subspecies + +Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi +Carr, 1936 + +(a potential distinct species; +Brix and Grosell 2013 +, + +Jung +et al. +2019 + +) are absent from our phylogeny, which also leaves out seven + +Cyprinodon +species + +for which we had no genetic data. Finally, six of the recognized species included in the analysis are likely to be polyphyletic ( +Echelle and Echelle 2020 +) but are represented as one taxon here. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFEFFFEC67D7C56D1.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFEFFFEC67D7C56D1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..97ae7564bba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFEFFFEC67D7C56D1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Subgenus +Fundulus + + + + + +First branching within subgenus + +Fundulus + +might reflect both ecological and geographical speciation. + +Fundulus majalis +(Walbaum, 1792) + +– + +Fundulus persimilis +Miller, 1955 + +– + +Fundulus similis +(Baird & Girard, 1853) + +inhabit unvegetated coastal habitats where they dive into soft sediments for cover rather than retreating to vegetation like typical + +Fundulus + +( +Martin & Finucane, 1968 +; +Harvey, 1998 +; + +Miller +et al. +2005 + +). They are adapted for continuous swimming in the surf zone ( +Yetsko and Sancho 2015 +) and spawn in unvegetated habitats ( + +Greeley +et al. +1986 + +). + +Fundulus majalis + +segregates from congeners in unvegetated, high-salinity waters ( +Weisberg 1986 +, +Wagner and Austin 1999 +). We propose that this ecologically divergent lineage descends from an ancestor adapted for open, wave-swept coasts. Divergence 21.0–15.2 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 16) was concurrent with sea-level rise that culminated in the MMCO ( +Table 2 +) and could have facilitated range expansion ( + +Dolby +et al +. 2016 + +, +2018 +). Given that coastlines adjacent to Early Miocene deltas were wave swept and sand dominated ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +), this could account for ecological specialization in this species group. In the earliest Middle Miocene (15.6 Mya), a new +Guadalupe +River delta emerged to the west ( +Fig. 8 +). Wave-dominated conditions there ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +) suggest that the MRCA of the + +F. similis + +species group evolved there. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.xml b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3c7ea34c99c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BA/76/7A/BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ + + + +Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed + + + +Author + +Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México + + + +Author + +Hoagstrom, Christopher W. +Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA + + + +Author + +Matamoros, Wilfredo A. +Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México +wilmatamoros@yahoo.com + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-26 + + +202 + + +2 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 + +journal volume +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Subgenus +Zygonectes + + + + +– +F. sciadicus +– +Plancterus + + +Our tree uniquely groups + +F. sciadicus + +as sister to + +Plancterus + +( + +Fundulus kansae +Girard, 1859 + +– + +Fundulus zebrinus +Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 + +). Divergence of this group from + +Zygonectes + +20.4– 13.0 Mya ( +Fig. 3 +, node 17; +Table 2 +) and a transition from coastal to upland habitat ( +Fig. 2 +) suggest that the MRCA of + +F. sciadicus +– +Plancterus + +immigrated up the Mississippi River ( +Fig. 8 +), which extended to the nascent Great Plains ( +Snedden and Galloway 2019 +). + +Fundulus sciadicus + +and + +Plancterus +species + +are grassland associates ( +Cross and Moss 1987 +, +Fausch and Bestgen 1997 +). We hypothesize that the MRCA diverged from eastern relatives via adaptation to grassland habitats on the northern Great Plains. Accordingly, the 16.6 Mya point estimate for divergence of this group corresponds to a time when the Great Plains region was already ~68% open habitat ( + +Edwards +et al. +2010 + +, + +Andermann +et al. +2022 + +). Also, the Ogallala Formation, which forms the substrate of the Great Plains, was forming at this time ( +Chapin 2008 +, + +Galloway +et al. +2011 + +). The 5.0–2.6 Mya fossil † + +Fundulus detillae +Hibbard & Dunkle, 1942 + +, recovered from the Ogallala formation in Kansas ( +Ghedotti and Davis 2017 +, +Cashner and Echelle 2020 +), is consistent with the hypothesis that this lineage originated on the northern plains. Altogether, this evidence suggests that the + +F. sciadicus + +group might be a case of ecological isolation. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71466206FB91FC3EFC1CFC12.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71466206FB91FC3EFC1CFC12.xml index 9f8d92faf2d..2c8d5cf3188 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71466206FB91FC3EFC1CFC12.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71466206FB91FC3EFC1CFC12.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2D +2D , -15–18 +15–18 @@ -376,16 +377,16 @@ leg.; HEAD ( -Fig. 16A–D +Fig. 16A–D ). Narrower than thorax and moderately elongate, with less than half of vertex length surpassing eyes. Vertex variegated brown with median line and basal portion of lateral carinae paler, sometimes also a narrow line behind anterior margin, strongly concave (longitudinally grooved), about 0.88 times as long in midline as broad basally, with sides weakly, evenly converging towards somewhat angular apex; median carina absent; all margins carinate, lateral ones strongly elevated; posterior margin angularly concave. Frons variegated brown, with dense, yellowish, minute pitting, darker along dorsal margin; series of small yellowish tubercles along lateral margins; often a yellowish marking in middle of frons; median carina well marked, extending from dorsal margin to slightly before clypeal suture; dorsal margin rather strongly concave and moderately narrow, 0.34 times as wide as length of frons in midline. Posterior side of head yellowish brown. Genae yellowish with brown to black-brown markings, at anterodorsal angle, anterior to base of antennae, and along clypeal suture. Clypeus more or less coloured as frons with pale median stripe, flat in middle portion, moderately elongate, subtriangular with fronto-clypeal suture rounded; anteclypeus yellowish, brown apically, with median blunt carina. Labium yellowish, elongate and narrow, slightly surpassing mesocoxae, with apical segment elongate, nearly as long as penultimate. Eyes reniform (not emarginate) protruding laterally; ocelli absent. Antennae rather short with scape yellowish, ring-shaped and pedicel dark brown on anterior face and yellowish on posterior one, barrel-shaped, slightly longer than broad. THORAX ( -Fig. 16A–D +Fig. 16A–D ). Pronotum with disc (delimited by peridiscal carina) variegated yellowish brown, usually with rather wide median brown band, smooth, with central depression with two brown impressed points; some more or less distinct yellowish tubercles on disc, along posterior margin of lateral fields and at posterodorsal angles of paranotal lobes; wide dark brown area on dorsal portion of lateral fields, continued on most surface of paranotal lobes; paranotal lobes usually with yellowish marking in middle of ventral portion; 0.60 times as long as mesonotum in midline; anterior margin strongly protruding in round angle anteriorly between eyes, with carinae directed obliquely posteriorly, not reaching hind margin of pronotum; posterior margin weakly rounded, slightly elevated; median carina obsolete; paranotal lobes (lateral view) broad with hind margin rounded, angularly rounded posteroventrally. Mesonotum variegated yellowish brown, with paler scutellum; subtriangular with nearly complete transverse anterior carina and with obsolete median carina; peridiscal carina weakly marked; disc smooth, slightly depressed in midline. Tegulae dark brown. - + Fig. 15. @@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ leg.; . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 16. @@ -431,11 +432,11 @@ leg.; TEGMINA ( -Figs 15A–C +Figs 15A–C , -18 +18 ). Variegated yellowish brown, sometimes washed with green, with more or less extensive, scattered, irregular blackish brown markings; sometimes with more or less distinct subtriangular paler area before midlength; tegmina subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins elevated and with dense reticulum of paler veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides broadly rounded, subparallel in middle portion, about 2.5 times as long as wide; rather narrowly rounded apically. Postclaval margin straight, slightly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about 3/5 of tegmen. Venation ( -Fig. 15A, C +Fig. 15A, C ): ScP+R moderately developed, forking into subparallel ScP+RA and RP; MP forking rather close to base into diverging MP 1 and MP @@ -456,19 +457,19 @@ running subprallel to MP HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 16E +Fig. 16E ). Dark brown with paler areas along costal margin following vein ScP+R, and along basal portion of Pcu; veins mostly coloured darker than background; wing broader than tegmen and deeply bilobed at CuP; costal margin rather weakly sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe nearly 1.5 times as wide as ScP-R-MP-CuA lobe, the two lobes almost the same length; both lobes somewhat angularly rounded apically; postclaval margin broadly rounded; A2 lobe brown, reduced and narrow. Venation: main veins present, dense network of cross-veins; ScP+R parallel to costal margin; MP and CuA running more or less parallel; Pcu rather strongly curved before basal half of wing towards CuP; A1 curved, more or less parallel to postclaval margin; vein A2 distinct. LEGS ( -Fig. 15A–E +Fig. 15A–E ). Coxae yellowish with anterior margin brown; trochanters variegated yellowish and brown. Pro- and mesofemora yellowish with brown wide median, and anteapical rings; ventral face darker than dorsal; elongate, rather slender and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pro- and mesotibiae yellowish with brown more or less distinct subbasal ring; apex brown; tibiae weakly flattened dorsoventrally, narrower and longer than corresponding femora. Pro- and mesotarsi elongate and brown. Metafemora yellowish with ventral apical marking and elongate marking along anterior face, brown. Metatibiae yellowish, with one lateral spine near base (sometimes weak to obsolete), 2 lateral spines in distal half, and 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsomere elongate and slender, with a strong spine at each side and a row of 6 smaller spines in between ventrally along posterior margin; second metatarsomere short with one spine at each side, all spines black-brown apically. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2–3) 8 / 8 / 2. ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 15B +Fig. 15B ). Brown with basal segment yellowish. @@ -477,17 +478,17 @@ running subprallel to MP . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 9A–D +Fig. 9A–D ) massive, about 1.8 times as high as long (at ventral ⅓) in lateral view, with anterior margin weakly sinuate and posterior margin, along dorsal ⅔ more or less oblique and weakly concave then abruptly rounded at posterodorsal angle, in ventral ⅓, rather strongly excavate; posterior margin dorsally with deep, open-U-shaped excavation. Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ) (in lateral view) longer than high (without dorsal capitulum), projecting posteriorly in distinct elongate lobe rounded apically and with ventral margin broadly rounded; capitulum ( ca – -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ) massive, wide, subtriangular (about as high as wide), slightly twisted, dorsally hooked cephalodorsad, and with wide, rather short neck with posterior margin rounded, and with basal lamina projection directed lateroventrad in caudal view. Aedeagus ( -Fig. 9E–J +Fig. 9E–J ) symmetrical, evenly curved dorsad (in lateral view); pair of lateroventral processes ( lvp ) elongate, rather wide in basal portion and directed mesocephalad (weakly sinuate), then tapering, curved laterocephalad and pointed apically; ventral lobe of periandrium ( @@ -503,10 +504,10 @@ running subprallel to MP ) well developed, widely open. Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 9A–D +Fig. 9A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, in dorsal view widening from base towards apex in proximal half, then abruptly narrowing with apical margin truncate (slightly concave); lateral lobes well developed, angularly rounded apically and directed posteroventrad; anal opening before basal ½. - + Fig. 17. @@ -542,7 +543,7 @@ running subprallel to MP . Anteroventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. - + Fig. 18. @@ -568,7 +569,7 @@ running subprallel to MP . Hind margin of sternum VII ( St VII – -Fig. 16F +Fig. 16F ) concave, moderately inflated in middle portion. @@ -586,13 +587,13 @@ running subprallel to MP was collected in May and September, in montane evergreen tropical forest, at about 1300–1400 m a.s.l., near the summit ( -Fig. 2D +Fig. 2D ), and in September in lowland evergreen forest in Bach Ma, at altitudes around 300-400 m a.s.l. ( -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ). The species seemed rather common at that moment and specimens were collected on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses while a few were also found sitting on leaves of lower plants and bushes ( -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 ). However, previous fieldwork in July 2011 and @@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ at the same locality did not provide any specimens. When disturbed, they tend to Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Bach Ma National Park ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB714C6239FB86F922FB9DFC1C.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB714C6239FB86F922FB9DFC1C.xml index decefdd2437..0aeb4849104 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB714C6239FB86F922FB9DFC1C.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB714C6239FB86F922FB9DFC1C.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2D +2D , -12–14 +12–14 @@ -231,10 +232,10 @@ leg.; day [time] collecting; I.G.: 31.933; HEAD ( -Fig. 13A–D +Fig. 13A–D ). Narrower than thorax and moderately elongate, with less than half of vertex length surpassing eyes. Vertex variegated brown with median line and basal portion of lateral carinae paler, strongly concave (longitudinally grooved), about 0.85 times as long in midline as broad basally, with sides weakly, evenly converging towards somewhat angular apex; median carina absent; all margins carinate, lateral ones strongly elevated; posterior margin angularly concave. Frons variegated brown, darker along dorsal margin; series of small yellowish tubercles along lateral margins; median carina well marked, extending from dorsal margin to slightly before clypeal suture; dorsal margin concave and moderately narrow, 0.35 times as wide as length of frons in midline. Posterior side of head yellowish. Genae yellowish with black-brown marking at anterodorsal angle and anterior to base of antennae. Clypeus coloured as frons, flat in middle portion, moderately elongate, subtriangular with fronto-clypeal suture rounded; anteclypeus yellowish, brown apically, with median blunt carina. Labium yellowish, elongate and narrow, nearly reaching metacoxae, with apical segment elongate, nearly as long as penultimate. Eyes reniform (not emarginate) protruding laterally; ocelli absent. Antennae rather short with scape yellowish, ring-shaped and pedicel dark brown on anterior face and yellowish on posterior one, barrel-shaped, slightly longer than broad. - + Fig. 12. @@ -257,15 +258,15 @@ leg.; day [time] collecting; I.G.: 31.933; THORAX ( -Fig. 13A–D +Fig. 13A–D ). Pronotum with disc (delimited by peridiscal carina) yellowish, smooth, with central depression with two brown impressed points; rather wide dark brown area on dorsal portion of lateral fields, continued along posterior margin of paranotal lobes; yellowish tubercles along posterior margin of paranotal lobes; 0.71 times as long as mesonotum in midline; anterior margin strongly protruding in round angle anteriorly between eyes, with carinae directed obliquely posteriorly, not reaching hind margin of pronotum; posterior margin nearly straight, slightly elevated; median carina obsolete; paranotal lobes (lateral view) broad with hind margin rounded, angularly rounded posteroventrally. Mesonotum variegated yellowish, with brown marking at base of scutellum; subtriangular with nearly complete transverse anterior carina and with obsolete median carina; peridiscal carina weakly marked; disc smooth, slightly depressed in midline. Tegulae dark brown. TEGMINA ( -Fig. 12A–C +Fig. 12A–C ). Variegated pale yellowish, with more or less extensive, scattered, irregular blackish brown markings, larger ones at base of costal cell and at ⅔ of length along costal margin; tegmina subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins elevated and with dense reticulum of pale veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides subparallel (weakly bisinuate) in middle portion, about 2.5 times as long as wide; angularly rounded apically. Postclaval margin straight, slightly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, slightly surpassing half of tegmen length. Venation: ( -Fig. 12A, C +Fig. 12A, C ) ScP+R moderately developed, forking into subparallel ScP+RA and RP; MP forking rather close to base into diverging MP 1 and MP @@ -284,13 +285,13 @@ separated at about 2/5 of tegmen length, then running parallel to MP HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 13E +Fig. 13E ). Dark brown with paler brown area at base of Pcu, and narrow area along basal portion of ScP+R; veins mostly black, darker than background; wing broader than tegmen and deeply bilobed at CuP; costal margin rather weakly sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe nearly twice as wide as ScP-R-MP-CuA lobe, the two lobes almost the same length; both lobes somewhat angularly rounded apically; postclaval margin broadly rounded; A2 lobe brown, reduced and narrow. Venation: main veins present; dense network of cross-veins; ScP+R and MP diverging in basal portion, then running subparallel; CuA running more or less straight; Pcu rather strongly curved around basal third of wing towards CuP; A1 weakly curved, more or less parallel to postclaval margin; vein A2 distinct. LEGS ( -Fig. 12A–E +Fig. 12A–E ). Pro- and mesocoxae yellowish, mesoanteriorly margined with brown; metacoxae brown; trochanters variegated yellowish and brown. Pro- and mesofemora yellow-brown with anteapical brown ring followed by yellowish ring before narrowly brown apex; ventral face darker than dorsal; elongate, rather slender and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pro- and mesotibiae yellowish with apex and subbasal ring brown; ventral face darker than dorsal; protibiae more contrasted; tibiae weakly flattened dorsoventrally, narrower and longer than corresponding femora. Pro- and mesotarsi elongate and brown. Metafemora yellowish with elongate brown marking along anteroventral portion. Metatibiae yellowish; lateral spines: 1 subbasal and 2–3 in distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsomere elongate and slender, with a strong spine at each side and a row of 6 smaller spines in between ventrally along posterior margin; second metatarsomere short with one spine at each side, all spines black-brown apically. Metatibiotarsal formula: (3–4) 8 / 8 / 2. @@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 12B +Fig. 12B ). Dark brown, slightly paler basally. @@ -307,17 +308,17 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 14A–D +Fig. 14A–D ) about 2.0 times as high as long (slightly above midheight) in lateral view, with anterior margin nearly straight and posterior margin forming a wide lobe rounded to posterodorsal angle; posterior margin dorsally with deep, V-shaped, rounded excavation. Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 14A–C +Fig. 14A–C ) (in lateral view) longer than high (without dorsal capitulum), projecting posteriorly in distinct elongate lobe rounded apically and with ventral margin weakly rounded; capitulum ( ca – -Fig. 14A–C +Fig. 14A–C ) directed dorsad, rather massive, wide, falcate and short (about as high as wide), slightly twisted, with moderately long, wide neck, and with apical hook directed dorsocephalad; with basal lamina projection directed lateroventrad in caudal view. Aedeagus ( -Fig. 14E–J +Fig. 14E–J ) symmetrical, evenly curved dorsad (in lateral view); pair of lateroventral processes ( lvp ) elongate, rather wide in basal portion and directed mesocephalad (weakly sinuate), then tapering, curved laterocephalad and pointed apically; ventral lobe of periandrium ( @@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom ) and dorsal lobe ( dl ); aedeagus bilobed apically, each lobe with apical subtriangular process with dorsal margin undulate in caudal view ( -Fig. 14G +Fig. 14G ), pointing laterocephalad. Connective ( co ) and tectiductus ( @@ -335,11 +336,11 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom ) weak (maybe not fully mature specimen). Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 14A–D +Fig. 14A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, in dorsal view evenly widening to midlength, with apical margin strongly bisinuate with middle portion roundly protruding, with lateral lobes strongly developed, angularly pointing posteroventrad; anal opening before basal ½. - + Fig. 13. @@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom . Right hind wing. - + Fig. 14. @@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ distal half; 8 apical spines, all spines brown, apically black. First metatarsom was collected in July, in montane evergreen tropical forest, at about 1300– 1400 m a.s.l. near the summit ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ). The specimen was collected on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses. Later fieldwork in April 2017 and @@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ at the same locality failed to provide additional specimens. Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, summit of Bach Ma National Park ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7152622BFB21FB55FB9DFA21.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7152622BFB21FB55FB9DFA21.xml index 2dcd4fcd49d..8b3a6612a7c 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7152622BFB21FB55FB9DFA21.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7152622BFB21FB55FB9DFA21.xml @@ -1,54 +1,55 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF - + @@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2D +2D , -3–6 +3–6 @@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ The species epithet • ♂ (dissected – -Figs 3–5 +Figs 3–5 ); Th ừa Thiên-Huế @@ -252,29 +253,29 @@ leg.; HEAD ( -Fig. 4A–D +Fig. 4A–D ). Head variegated brown, slightly narrower than thorax. Vertex slightly more than two times as wide as long in midline, medially grooved with margins weakly carinate; sides subparallel; anterior and posterior margins subparallel and curved. Posterior face of head largely blackish brown. Frons as wide at maximum width slightly above clypeus, as long in midline, with large oculiform black, shiny marking in dorsal portion with pale yellowish spot in dorsomedian portion, black marking finely circled in pale brown, turning to slightly wider pale yellowish in ventral portion; median carina in ventral portion, disappearing at midheight of black marking; pale yellowish tubercles along lateral margins under midheight of eye; laterodorsal angles black. Clypeus slightly paler basally, flat in middle portion, moderately elongate, subtriangular with fronto-clypeal suture rounded; anteclypeus with median blunt carina. Labium yellow-brown, elongate and narrow, reaching metacoxae, with apical segment elongate, nearly as long as penultimate. Eyes reniform (not emarginate), strongly projecting laterally; ocelli absent. Antennae dark brown, rather short with scape ring-shaped and pedicel cylindrical, slightly longer than broad. THORAX ( -Fig. 4A–D +Fig. 4A–D ). Pronotum variegated brown, with more or less well marked median yellowish line on obsolete carina; impressed point on each side of median carina; anterior margin bordered posteriorly with several yellowish blunt tubercles and carinate in middle portion, strongly sinuate and strongly, roundly protruding anteriorly between eyes; posterior margin nearly straight, slightly carinate in middle portion; pale yellowish blunt tubercles on disc and sides; behind eyes, large blackish marking containing pale yellowish mark, with black area continued on inner half of paranotal lobes; lateral half of paranotal lobes yellowish brown with yellowish tubercles along posterior margin, with posteroventral angle of lobes rounded. Mesonotum yellowish with yellowish, obsolete median carina in middle of rather wide dark brown median line; weak peridiscal carinae bordered with dark brown fine line; lateral angles darker; apex of scutellum pale yellowish. Tegulae yellowish. TEGMINA ( -Fig. 3A–C +Fig. 3A–C ). Tegmina variegated brown with main veins raised and yellowish, and dense network of pale, nearly whitish, cross-veinlets; subcoriaceous, elongate, about 2.3 times as long as broad, convex with sides broadly rounded (middle portion nearly straight to weakly incurved in dorsal view); epipleuron not developed. Apex narrowly rounded. Postclaval margin weakly rounded on distal half and slightly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about 3/5 of tegmen. Venation: ScP+R rather short, forking into subparallel ScP+RA and RP; RP forking at about midlength of tegmen; MP first fork at about half of tegmen length; CuA straight, unforked and reaching hind margin; Pcu fused with A1 at 3/5 of clavus length; Pcu+A1 fused with CuP at apex of clavus. HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 4E +Fig. 4E ). Dark brown with contrasting yellow-brown markings, one basal along vein Pcu and one central, larger, including portion of Pcu. Hing wings wider than tegmina and deeply bilobed, strongly notched at CuP; costal margin sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe about 1.7 times as wide as Sc-R-MP-CuA lobe, and slightly longer than latter; both lobes rounded apically; postclaval margin broadly rounded; A2 lobe reduced and narrow. Venation: main veins distinct, numerous cross-veins; ScP+R, MP and CuA running more or less parallel in basal portion, with ScP+R diverging beyond basal ⅓; Pcu strongly curved around basal third of wing towards CuP, and reaching the latter; A1 curved, more or less parallel to postclaval margin; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe with numerous cross-veins. Vein A2 weak. - + Fig. 3. @@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ leg.; . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 4. @@ -317,7 +318,7 @@ leg.; . Paratype ♀ (VNMN), terminalia, ventral view. Abbreviation: see Material and methods. - + Fig. 5. @@ -354,10 +355,10 @@ leg.; LEGS ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). Pro- and mesocoxae pale yellowish with dark marking along anterior margin. Pro- and mesofemora elongate, relatively slender, shorter than corresponding tibiae, brown with apex paler and median pale yellowish ring, brown colour darker on ventral face. Pro- and mesotibiae more slender than corresponding femora, pale yellowish with subbasal and subapical brown rings leaving more or less wide pale ring in middle. Metafemora dark brown with posterior side pale yellowish in basal portion. Metatibiae yellowish with 2 lateral spines in distal half and 7 apical spines, apex of all spines black. Tarsi elongate; first metatarsomere yellowish, elongate and slender, with a strong spine at each side and a row of 5 smaller spines in between ventrally along posterior margin, apex of all spines black; second metatarsomere brown, short with one spine at each side. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2) 7 / 8 / 2. - + Fig. 6. @@ -377,17 +378,17 @@ leg.; . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 5A–D +Fig. 5A–D ) higher than long in lateral view, with anterior margin weakly concave and posterior margin broadly rounded in upper half; subcircular in caudal view; posterior margin deeply emarginate in dorsal view. Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 5A–C +Fig. 5A–C ) rather elongate, projecting posteriorly and with rounded posterior margin in lateral view, with capitulum ( ca ) strongly developed dorsad, with lateral laminate upcurving projection and with rather long neck with outer margin strongly concave and inner margin sinuate, in caudal view, and apical portion anteroposteriorly flattened, with apical hook and inner margin angularly rounded. Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 5A–D +Fig. 5A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, rather wide and subhexagonal in dorsal view and with posterolateral angles expanded lateroventrally, leaving middle portion of posterior margin strongly excavate in caudal view. Aedeagus curved dorsad (in lateral view), with symmetrical pair of elongate, apically pointed lateroventral processes ( lvp ) directed caudad; dorsal lobe ( @@ -406,7 +407,7 @@ leg.; . Hind margin of sternum VII ( St VII – -Fig. 4F +Fig. 4F ) concave, moderately inflated towards lateral portion. @@ -424,9 +425,9 @@ leg.; was collected in May and September, in montane evergreen tropical forest, exclusively at about 1300–1400 m a.s.l. near the summit ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ). The species lives on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses, on which it is very cryptic ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). When disturbed, they tend to walk away and hide on the opposite side of the trunk or branch, and jump away as a last solution. @@ -439,7 +440,7 @@ a.s.l. near the summit ( Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, summit of Bach Ma National Park ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71556233FB6BFA4FFE79F966.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71556233FB6BFA4FFE79F966.xml index ad8de6f1852..6f5d0167834 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71556233FB6BFA4FFE79F966.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71556233FB6BFA4FFE79F966.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,9 +68,9 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 2 +Figs 2 , -7–11 +7–11 @@ -111,14 +112,14 @@ and which differ by much longer, curved lateroventral processes of the aedeagus ( Ran & Liang 2006 : figs 7–8; -Fig. 17E, K +Fig. 17E, K ) as opposed to short and straight in F. bachmana sp. nov. ( -Fig. 9E, K +Fig. 9E, K ). Flavina acuta @@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ also differs by a truncate apical margin of the anal tube in dorsal view ( F. bachmana ( -Fig. 9D +Fig. 9D ), and a much more elongate and narrow capitulum of the gonostylus without strong apical hook ( Ran & Liang 2006 : figs 4, 6), which is wider, shorter and apicallly hooked in @@ -138,35 +139,35 @@ also differs by a truncate apical margin of the anal tube in dorsal view ( F. bachmana ( -Fig. 9A–B +Fig. 9A–B ). Flavina quangi also differs by the obsolete carinae of the mesonotum ( -Fig. 16A +Fig. 16A ) which are well marked in F. bachmana ( -Fig. 8A +Fig. 8A ), the anal tube with truncate apex in dorsal view ( -Fig. 17D +Fig. 17D ) which is rounded in F. bachmana ( -Fig. 9D +Fig. 9D ), and with lateral lobes strongly developed, angularly rounded and projecting posteroventrad ( -Fig. 17 A–B +Fig. 17 A–B ) instead of rounded in F. bachmana ( -Fig. 9A–B +Fig. 9A–B ). @@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ also differs by the obsolete carinae of the mesonotum ( • ♂ (dissected – -Figs 7–9 +Figs 7–9 ); Th ừa Thiên-Huế @@ -457,10 +458,10 @@ leg.; HEAD ( -Fig. 8A–D +Fig. 8A–D ). Narrower than thorax and rather elongate, with about half of vertex length surpassing eyes. Vertex yellowish with black markings apically, and laterally in distal portion, strongly concave (longitudinally grooved), about 0.9 times as long in midline as broad basally, with sides evenly converging towards rounded apex; rather weak median carina, sometimes nearly obsolete, not reaching apex, yellowish; all margins carinate, lateral ones strongly elevated; posterior margin angularly concave. Frons blackish brown, darker along sides and dorsal margin, with minute yellowish points in central portion and often rather large yellowish marking in middle; series of small yellowish tubercles along lateral margins; median carina well marked, extending from dorsal margin to slightly before clypeal suture; dorsal margin concave and narrow, 0.27 times as wide as length of frons in midline. Posterior side of head yellowish. Genae yellowish with black-brown marking between eye and anterodorsal angle, between anteroventral angle of eye and lateral margin of frons, and above clypeus. Clypeus coloured as frons, often with mediobasal yellowish spot, flat in middle portion, moderately elongate, subtriangular with fronto-clypeal suture moderately rounded; anteclypeus mostly yellowish, brown apically, with median blunt carina. Labium yellowish, elongate and narrow, nearly reaching metacoxae, with apical segment elongate, nearly as long as penultimate. Eyes reniform (not emarginate) protruding laterally; ocelli absent. Antennae rather short with scape yellowish, ring-shaped, and pedicel dark brown, barrel-shaped, slightly longer than broad. - + Fig. 7. @@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ leg.; . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 8. @@ -506,20 +507,20 @@ leg.; THORAX ( -Fig. 8A–D +Fig. 8A–D ). Pronotum with disc (delimited by peridiscal carina) yellowish, with central depression often washed with brownish, lateral fields blackish brown, paranotal lobes coloured like frons, darker along posterior margin, yellowish tubercles on disc and along posterior margin of lateral fields and paranotal lobes; 0.63 times as long as mesonotum in midline; anterior margin strongly protruding anteriorly between eyes, with carinae directed obliquely posteriorly, not reaching hind margin of pronotum; posterior margin nearly straight, slightly elevated; median carina obsolete with impressed point on each side; paranotal lobes (lateral view) broad with hind margin rounded, somewhat angularly rounded posteroventrally. Mesonotum variegated yellowish, often with two black points on each side; subtriangular with nearly complete transverse anterior carina and with obsolete median carina but with supplementary carinae between midline and peridiscal carina and in lateral fields, respectively; disc smooth, slightly depressed in midline. Tegulae dark brown. TEGMINA ( - + FigS 7A–C , -10 +10 ). Variegated yellowish brown, sometimes washed with green, with apex of clavus blackish brown and more or less extensive, scattered, irregular blackish brown markings; sometimes with posteromedian whitish marking; tegmina subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins moderately elevated and with dense reticulum of paler veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides broadly rounded, subparallel in middle portion, about 2.6 times as long as wide; rather narrowly rounded apically. Postclaval margin straight, slightly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about 3/5 of tegmen. Venation ( -Fig. 7A, C +Fig. 7A, C ): ScP+R moderately developed, forking into subparallel ScP+RA and RP; MP forking rather close to base into subparallel MP 1+2 and MP @@ -540,16 +541,16 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 8E +Fig. 8E ). Dark brown with paler area basally and along costal margin, following vein ScP+R; veins mostly coloured as background; wing broader than tegmen and deeply bilobed at CuP; costal margin rather weakly sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe about 1.5 times as wide as ScP-R-MP-CuA lobe, the two lobes almost the same length; both lobes somewhat angularly rounded apically; postclaval margin broadly rounded; A2 lobe brown, reduced and narrow. Venation: main veins present; ScP+R merging with costal margin at nodal line, MP and CuA running more or less parallel, with numerous cross-veins; Pcu strongly curved around basal half of wing towards CuP; A1 curved, more or less parallel to postclaval margin; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe with dense network of cross-veins; vein A2 distinct. LEGS ( -Fig. 7A–E +Fig. 7A–E ). Coxae brown; trochanters variegated yellowish and brown. Pro- and mesofemora brown with median yellowish ring and more or less dense yellowish pitting in brown zones; ventral face darker than dorsal; elongate, rather slender and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pro- and mesotibiae yellowish with some brown pitting forming more or less distinct subbasal ring; apex brown; tibiae weakly flattened dorsoventrally, narrower and longer than corresponding femora. Pro- and mesotarsi elongate and brown. Metafemora dark brown with elongate yellowish marking along posterodorsal portion ending in subapical dorsal band. Metatibiae variegated yellowish with some brown pitting, with one lateral spine near base (sometimes weak to obsolete), 2–3 lateral spines and 8 apical spines, all spines brown, distally black. First metatarsomere elongate and slender, with a strong spine at each side and a row of 6 smaller spines in between ventrally along posterior margin; second metatarsomere short with one spine at each side, all spines black-brown apically. Metatibiotarsal formula: (3–4) 8 / 8 / 2. - + Fig. 9. @@ -588,7 +589,7 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 7B +Fig. 7B ). Brown, each sternite with large, darker, crescent-shaped marking along hind margin. @@ -597,17 +598,17 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 9A–D +Fig. 9A–D ) about 2.0 times as high as long (at midheight) in lateral view, with anterior margin weakly sinuate and posterior margin more or less straight, weakly oblique along dorsal ⅔ then abruptly rounded at posterodorsal angle, slightly excavate in ventral ⅓; posterior margin dorsally with deep, U-shaped excavation. Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ) (in lateral view) longer than high (without dorsal capitulum), projecting posteriorly in distinct elongate lobe rounded apically and with ventral margin more or less straight; capitulum ( ca – -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ) with rather long, wide neck, directed dorsad, with distal portion moderately elongate and twisted, with apical hook directed dorsocephalad and with basal lamina projection directed lateroventrad in caudal view. Aedeagus ( -Fig. 9E–J +Fig. 9E–J ) symmetrical, evenly curved dorsad (in lateral view); pair of pointed, short, slender, straight lateroventral processes ( lvp ) directed cephalad; ventral lobe of periandrium ( @@ -623,7 +624,7 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked ) well developed, widely open. Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 9A–D +Fig. 9A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, in dorsal view widening from base towards apex, forming narrow, rounded lateral lobe and with large middle portion of apical margin rounded; lateral lobes distinct in lateral view, more or less rounded and moderately developed; anal opening before basal ½. @@ -632,7 +633,7 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked . Hind margin of sternum VII ( St VII – -Fig. 8F +Fig. 8F ) concave, moderately inflated in middle portion. @@ -650,15 +651,15 @@ not reaching apex of tegmen, only running to about MP 1 -MP 2 fork; CuA unforked was collected between April and July in montane evergreen tropical forest as well as in lowland evergreen forest in Bach Ma, at altitudes between 500 and 1400 m a.s.l. ( -Fig. 2A–D +Fig. 2A–D ); in Da Krong the species was found at a lower altitude, 200–300 m a.s.l. The species lives on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses, on which it is very cryptic, but some specimens were also found sitting on leaves of lower plants and bushes, and collected by sweeping ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ). When disturbed, they tend to walk away and hide on the opposite side of the trunk or branch, and jump away as a last solution. - + Fig. 10. @@ -674,7 +675,7 @@ a.s.l. The species lives on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses, o . 13 May 2023, summit. - + Fig. 11. @@ -695,7 +696,7 @@ a.s.l. The species lives on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses, o : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Bach Ma National Park, and Quang Tri Province , Da Krong Nature Reserve ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB715F622DFB6CFBCCFD8AFBCC.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB715F622DFB6CFBCCFD8AFBCC.xml index df8949331c9..dcd048db4b9 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB715F622DFB6CFBCCFD8AFBCC.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB715F622DFB6CFBCCFD8AFBCC.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ genus of the family . It refers to the large oculiform black, shiny marking in the dorsal portion of the frons and the family placement of the new genus. The gender is masculine. - + Fig. 1. Map of the sampled localities in Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Vietnam. @@ -174,22 +175,22 @@ Map of the sampled localities in Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Vietnam. HEAD ( -Fig. 4A–D +Fig. 4A–D ). Head slightly narrower than thorax. Vertex wider than long, medially grooved, with sides subparallel; anterior and posterior margins subparallel and curved; all margins weakly carinate. Frons elongate with large oculiform black, shiny marking in dorsal portion, median carina in ventral portion and tubercles along lateral margins under midheight of eye. Clypeus flat in middle portion, moderately elongate, subtriangular with fronto-clypeal suture rounded; anteclypeus with median blunt carina. Labium elongate and narrow, reaching metacoxae, with apical segment elongate, nearly as long as penultimate. Eyes reniform (not emarginate); ocelli absent. Antennae rather short with scape ring-shaped and pedicel cylindrical, slightly longer than broad. THORAX ( -Fig. 4A–D +Fig. 4A–D ). Pronotum slightly shorter than mesonotum in midline; anterior margin carinate in middle portion, strongly sinuate and strongly, roundly protruding anteriorly between eyes; posterior margin nearly straight, slightly carinate in middle portion; median carina obsolete anteriorly with impressed point on each side; blunt tubercles along anterior margin and irregularly on disc and sides; paranotal lobes (lateral view) broad, with tubercles along posterior margin, and with posteroventral angle rounded. Mesonotum subtriangular with obsolete median carina and weak peridiscal carinae. Tegulae moderately developed, medium sized. TEGMINA ( -Fig. 3A–C +Fig. 3A–C ). Tegmina subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins slightly elevated and with rather dense reticulum of veinlets, elongate with sides broadly rounded, slightly more than 2 times as long as broad, convex, without epipleuron. Apex narrowly rounded. Postclaval margin weakly rounded on distal half and slightly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about 3/5 of tegmen. Venation: ScP+R rather short, forking into subparallel ScP+RA and RP; RP forking at about midlength of tegmen; MP first fork at about half of tegmen length; CuA straight, unforked and reaching hind margin; additional vein in cubital cell, parallel to postclaval margin, originating from level of apex of clavus and not reaching apical margin; Pcu fused with A1 at 3/5 of clavus length; Pcu+A1 fused with CuP at apex of clavus. - + Fig. 2. Typical habitats in Bach Ma National Park, May 2023. @@ -207,13 +208,13 @@ Typical habitats in Bach Ma National Park, May 2023. HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 4E +Fig. 4E ). Broader than tegmina and deeply bilobed, strongly notched at CuP; costal margin sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe much wider than Sc-R-MP-CuA lobe, and slightly longer than latter; both lobes rounded apically; postclaval margin broadly rounded; anal lobe reduced and narrow, with weak A2 vein. Venation: main veins present; ScP+R, MP and CuA running more or less parallel in basal portion, with ScP+R diverging beyond basal ⅓, with numerous cross-veins; Pcu strongly curved around basal third of wing towards CuP and reaching the latter; A1 curved, more or less parallel to postclaval margin; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe with numerous cross-veins. LEGS ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). Elongate and slender. Tibiae slightly longer than corresponding femora. Metatibiae with 2 lateral spines in distal half and 7 apical spines. Tarsi elongate; first metatarsomere elongate and slender, with a strong spine at each side and a row of 5 smaller spines in between ventrally along posterior margin; second metatarsomere short with one spine at each side. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2) 7 / 8 / 2. diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB716F621EFB4AFC14FB9DFC79.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB716F621EFB4AFC14FB9DFC79.xml index ab1d6712c94..356c2d79709 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB716F621EFB4AFC14FB9DFC79.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB716F621EFB4AFC14FB9DFC79.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2D +2D , -32–35 +32–35 @@ -89,28 +90,28 @@ can be recognized by: (1) the frons elongate, distinctly constricted between eyes ( -Fig. 33B +Fig. 33B ); (2) the anal tube in dorsal aspect widely spatulate with distal portion nearly circular, nearly 1.3 times as long in midline as wide with apical margin shortly truncate in middle, without distinct lateral flaps ( An – -Fig. 34A–D +Fig. 34A–D ); (3) the neck of the capitulum of the gonostyli rather short, less high than head of capitulum ( ca – -Fig. 34A +Fig. 34A ); (4) the shape of the lateroventral processes of the aedeagus slightly inflated basally, then constricted, directed cephalad and moderately, evenly upcurved, remaining under the ventral lobe of the periandrium and reaching to basiventral lobes of periandrium; distal portion tapering and curved mesad ( lvp – -Fig. 34F–K +Fig. 34F–K ). @@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ also differs from the two latter species by its subparallel, slender lateroventr • ♂ ( -Figs 32–34 +Figs 32–34 ); [Thừa Thiên-Huế Province], Bach Ma National Park , summit; @@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ leg.; day [time] collecting; I.G.: 31.933; • 1 ♀ ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ); Th ừa Thiên-Huế @@ -278,21 +279,21 @@ leg.; HEAD ( -Fig. 33A–D +Fig. 33A–D ). Vertex variegated brown with anterior angles black, distinctly broader than long in midline and with lateral margins longer than midline, with all margins carinate; anterior margin nearly straight with median carina of frons distinct in middle, posterior margin deeply concave, angularly rounded, and lateral ones subparallel; disc shallowly excavate with obsolete median carina. Side of head yellowish brown with black marking at anterodorsal angle extending on a distance along anterior margin, darker area between anteroventral portion of eye and anterior margin, followed by pale yellowish area extending to base of antenna and anterior margin of gena; pale yellowish marking along clypeal suture; anteroventral angle moderately projecting anteriorly in a small round lobe. Frons elongate and generally smooth, variegated brown with dorsal angles blackish, distinct yellowish spot in middle on each side of median carina and more or less disctinct yellowish band along frontoclypeal suture; median carina extending from dorsal margin down nearly to rounded frontoclypeal suture, brown on disc; no distinct row of tubercles along dorsal and lateral margins; dorsal margin distinctly concave, lateral margins distinctly sinuate. Clypeus variegated dark brown, weakly elevated medially. Labium brown with last segment longer than broad, and shorter than penultimate. Scape short, ring-shaped, yellowish; pedicel bulbous, yellowish brown. THORAX ( -Fig. 33A, C–D +Fig. 33A, C–D ). Pronotum variegated yellowish brown; about 0.6 times as long as mesonotum in midline; anterior margin carinate, strongly, angularly protruding anteriorly between eyes, with carinae directed obliquely posteriorly, not reaching hind margin of pronotum; posterior margin almost straight, raised; no median carina but with impressed point on each side of median line; lateral portion behind eye very narrow, laminate; blunt, pale yellowish tubercles scattered on disc with row following anterior margin, and on outer margin of paranotal lobes; paranotal lobes (lateral view) broad, brown in outer portion, pale yellowish in inner portion and with large black marking behind lower portion of eye, and with posteroventral angle straight. Mesonotum variegated yellowish brown with longitudinal carinae obsolete but marked by dark brown lines; smooth, slightly depressed before scutellum; scutellum paler; nearly complete transverse carina along anterior margin. Tegulae brown. TEGMINA ( -Figs 32A–C +Figs 32A–C , -35A–C +35A–C ). Variegated yellowish brown (greener in live specimens); subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins yellow brown, elevated and with a dense reticulum of pale yellow veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides broadly rounded, widest at basal ⅓, about 2.1 times as long as broad; narrowly rounded apically. Postclaval margin weakly rounded on distal half and weakly notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching slightly over midlength of tegmen. Venation: ScP+R forking close to base after rather short common stem, ScP+RA and RP running more or less parallel to costal margin and not forked; MP forked rather close to base after common stem, resulting veins both forked again further; CuA simple, sinuate, more or less parallel to claval joint, then to sutural margin and merging with latter before apex of tegmen; Pcu and A 1 fused at apical ⅓ of clavus, resulting Pcu+A @@ -301,12 +302,12 @@ reaching apex of clavus. HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 33E +Fig. 33E ). Brown with large basicostal portion of lobe Sc-R-MP-CuA and base of lobe CuP-Pcu-A 1 yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than tegmen and deeply bilobed at CuP; costal margin moderately sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A1 lobe broadly rounded along postclaval margin and about 1.5 times as wide as Sc-R-MP-CuA lobe; both lobes approximately the same length, angularly rounded at apex; A2 lobe reduced and narrow. Venation: longitudinal veins ScP-R-MP-Cu well distinct; Pcu and A - + Fig. 32. @@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 33. @@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t . Paratype ♀ (VNMN), terminalia, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. - + Fig. 34. @@ -390,13 +391,13 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t LEGS ( -Fig. 32A–E +Fig. 32A–E ). Moderately elongate and slender, yellowish brown femora darker than corresponding tibiae; apex of femora and base and pro- and mesotibiae yellowish; posterior margin of pro- and mesofemora with row of acute irregular minute teeth. Metatibiae with 2 lateral spines in distal half and 8 apical spines. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2) 8 / 8 / 2. ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 32B +Fig. 32B ). Yellowish with wide, black brown band in middle. @@ -405,15 +406,15 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 34A–D +Fig. 34A–D ) about 2.2 times as high as long in lateral view, with anterior margin sinuate and posterior margin more or less straight in middle portion, rounded to posterodorsal angle, and obliquely excavate in ventral ⅓; posterior margin dorsally deeply excavate (U-shaped excavation). Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 34A–C +Fig. 34A–C ) (in lateral view) strongly elongate (without dorsal capitulum), projecting posteriorly in a distinct elongate lobe rounded apically, and concave; capitulum ( ca ) with neck rather short and wide, less high than head of capitulum, with head massive, falcate in lateral view with apical hook directed cephalad, with strong tooth on inner margin directed mesad, and with lateral laminate projection in dorsal half with outer margin under it strongly concave in caudal view. Aedeagus ( -Fig. 34E–K +Fig. 34E–K ) symmetrical, rather strongly curved dorsad (in lateral view), but with distal ¼ more or less straight; pair of elongate lateroventral processes ( lvp ) slightly inflated basally, then constricted, directed cephalad and moderately, evenly upcurved, remaining under ventral lobe of periandrium and reaching to basiventral lobes of periandrium; distal portion tapering and curved mesad; ventral lobe of periandrium ( @@ -425,10 +426,10 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t ) well developed. Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 34A–D +Fig. 34A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, in dorsal view widely spatulate with distal portion nearly circular, nearly 1.3 times as long in midline as wide, with apical margin shortly truncate in middle, without distinct lateral flaps; anal opening at about basal ⅓. - + Fig. 35. @@ -446,7 +447,7 @@ yellow-brown; venation darker than corresponding background; wing broader than t . Hind margin of sternum VII ( St VII – -Fig. 33F +Fig. 33F ) concave, with middle portion nearly straight; small digitiform process directed posterad, derived from middle of sternum VII and slightly surpassing posterior margin. @@ -472,9 +473,9 @@ in , both in montane evergreen tropical forest, at about 1300–1400 m a.s.l., near the summit ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ). The specimens were collected on tree trunks densely covered in lichens and mosses (the female was photographed in a cage – -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ). When disturbed, they tend to walk away and hide on the opposite side of the trunk or branch, and jump away as a last solution. @@ -487,7 +488,7 @@ a.s.l., near the summit ( Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, summit of Bach Ma National Park ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7173620AFB48F995FC1CFAC4.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7173620AFB48F995FC1CFAC4.xml index ccfae2aa89d..eb9627cf7fc 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7173620AFB48F995FC1CFAC4.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB7173620AFB48F995FC1CFAC4.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,9 +68,9 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -24–27 +24–27 @@ -87,14 +88,14 @@ can be recognized by: (1) the mostly bright green colour of the insect ( -Figs 24A–C +Figs 24A–C , -27C–E +27C–E ); (2) the yellow-brown colour of the hind wings ( -Fig. 25E +Fig. 25E ). @@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ series in Bach Ma National Park during our 2023 expedition. • ♂ (dissected – -Figs 24–26 +Figs 24–26 ); Th ừa Thiên-Huế @@ -239,26 +240,26 @@ leg.; HEAD ( -Fig. 25A–D +Fig. 25A–D ). Strongly elongated anteriorly in cephalic process; vertex olivaceous green, usually getting slightly darker towards apex; distinctly longer in midline than broad before eyes (nearly 2.9 times), widening from base to anterior margin of eyes, tapering beyond eyes to midlength, then with sides parallel to rounded apex, median carina weakly distinct, lateral carinae distinct; posterior margin moderately incurved. Side of head brown, darker than vertex anteriorly on cephalic process, yellowish under eye to clypeal suture. Frons yellowish in basal portion then turning dark brown from middle of eyes towards apex, with yellow area extended anteriorly in middle; lateral carinae reaching apex, median carina distinct in distal half; elongate, widest slightly anterior to eyes, roundly tapering towards clypeal suture; clypeal suture rounded. Clypeus black-brown with base shortly yellow, weakly elevated medially in distal portion. Labium brown with last segment longer than broad, and shorter than penultimate. Antennae dark brown; scape short, ring-shaped; pedicel bulbous. THORAX ( -Fig. 25A–D +Fig. 25A–D ). Pronotum yellowish brown; about ⅔ of length of mesonotum in midline; anterior margin weakly carinate, sinuate and moderately protruding anteriorly between eyes, with peridiscal carinae weakly distinct; posterior margin nearly straight; no median carina but with impressed point on each side of median line; weak, blunt tubercles along anterior and posterior margins; paranotal lobes (lateral view) moderately broad, turning dark brown in lower portion, under level of eye and with posteroventral angle rather acutely rounded. Mesonotum yellowish brown with longitudinal carinae obsolete; two black-brown impressed points on disc and smaller black-brown point near anterolateral angle. Tegulae yellowish brown. TEGMINA ( -Figs 24A–C +Figs 24A–C , -27C–E +27C–E ). Green (tending to fade to yellow in collection specimens), narrowly washed with brown along apical margin; subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins distinct and with dense reticulum of veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides broadly rounded, widest at basal ⅓, about 2.7 times as long as broad; narrowly rounded apically. Postclaval margin nearly straight, very weakly rounded on distal half, and notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about ⅔ of tegmen. Venation: ScP+R forking close to base after short common stem, ScP+RA and RP running more or less parallel to costal margin; MP forked slightly before basal ⅓, resulting veins running more or less parallel; CuA weakly diverging from claval joint and forked before apex of latter; Pcu and A 1 fused at distal ¼ of clavus, resulting Pcu+A 1 reaching claval joint before apex of clavus; dense reticulum of veinlets, espcially beyond basal ⅓. - + Fig. 24. @@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ reaching claval joint before apex of clavus; dense reticulum of veinlets, espcia . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 25. @@ -301,7 +302,7 @@ reaching claval joint before apex of clavus; dense reticulum of veinlets, espcia . Paratype ♀ (RBINS), terminalia, ventral view. Abbreviation: see Material and methods. - + Fig. 26. @@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ reaching claval joint before apex of clavus; dense reticulum of veinlets, espcia HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 26E +Fig. 26E ). Yellow-brown turning to dark brown along margin in distal portion of lobe Sc-R-MP-CuA and narrowly along margin in distal portion of lobe CuP-Pcu-A 1 , A @@ -359,10 +360,10 @@ lobe moderately reduced and narrow. Venation: longitudinal veins ScP-R-MP-Cu wel LEGS ( -Fig. 24A–E +Fig. 24A–E ). Moderately elongate, slender; femora brown, darker in basal portion, wider than corresponding tibiae; tibiae paler than corresponding femora, yellow-brown; pro- and meso tarsi black; metatibiae with 2 lateral spines in distal half and 7 apical spines. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2) 7 / 9 / 2. - + Fig. 27. @@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ in Bach Ma National Park, Yes Hue Eco, 17 May 2023. ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 24B +Fig. 24B ). Yellowish brown, middle portion of basal segments dark brown. @@ -390,15 +391,15 @@ in Bach Ma National Park, Yes Hue Eco, 17 May 2023. . Pygofer ( Py – -Fig. 26A–D +Fig. 26A–D ) about 2.3 times as high as long in lateral view, with anterior and posterior margins subparallel, sinuate; posterior margin with posterodorsal angle nearly right and dorsal margin straight; in dorsal view, posterior margin very deeply and abruptly excavate. Gonostyli ( G – -Fig. 26A–B, D +Fig. 26A–B, D ) (in lateral view) longer than high (without dorsal capitulum), tapering posteriorly in a distinct lobe narrowly rounded apically, and concave; capitulum ( ca ) with wide neck, curved laterad and directed posterodorsad, with distal portion obliquely flattened, and with outer margin under lateral laminate projection, strongly concave in caudal view. Aedeagus ( -Fig. 26 E–L +Fig. 26 E–L ) mostly symmetrical, except for lateroventral processes ( lvp ), rather strongly curved dorsad (in lateral view), longer and wider than ventral lobe of periandrium, and with pair of posterolateral pointed processes directed cephalad; pair of elongate lateroventral processes ( @@ -414,7 +415,7 @@ in Bach Ma National Park, Yes Hue Eco, 17 May 2023. ). Anal tube ( An – -Fig. 26A–D +Fig. 26A–D ) dorsoventrally flattened, in dorsal view spatulate with apical margin roundly emarginate; basal portion narrow, widening to strong sinuation at level of anal opening; distal portion weakly tapering to lateroposterior rounded angles; in lateral view, strongly curved near base, then gently curved posteroventrad; anal opening at about midlength. @@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ in Bach Ma National Park, Yes Hue Eco, 17 May 2023. . Hind margin of sternum VII ( St VII – -Fig. 25F +Fig. 25F ) with massive, widely spatulate, apically weakly concave median process. @@ -439,13 +440,13 @@ in Bach Ma National Park, Yes Hue Eco, 17 May 2023. sp. nov. was collected in May in a marshy microhabitat ( -Fig. 27A +Fig. 27A ) along a stream by sweeping a fern ( -Fig. 27B +Fig. 27B ), in moist evergreen tropical forest at about 250 m in altitude. The green colour of adult specimens ( -Fig. 27C–E +Fig. 27C–E ) probably helps their camouflage on their host plants. @@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ in altitude. The green colour of adult specimens ( Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Bach Ma National Park ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). diff --git a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71756211FB48FA43FC4CFA2F.xml b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71756211FB48FA43FC4CFA2F.xml index 3b7dbebd26e..05a0bc1c830 100644 --- a/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71756211FB48FA43FC4CFA2F.xml +++ b/data/CB/38/87/CB3887FB71756211FB48FA43FC4CFA2F.xml @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ - - - -Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) + + + +Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Constant, Jérôme -6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Constant, Jérôme +6E6072A1-9415-4C8D-8E60-2504444DB290 +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Phylogeny and Taxonomy, Entomology, Vautier Street 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be - - -Author + + +Author -Pham, Hong Thai -E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 -Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. -jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be +Pham, Hong Thai +E34CB863-7E3B-4E8F-8738-B41C07D9F5F9 +Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. +jerome.constant@naturalsciences.be -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-12-17 + +2024 + +2024-12-17 - -975 + +975 - -1 -64 + +1 +64 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2769/12667 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 -2118-9773 -23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.975.2769 +2118-9773 +14508730 +23F0D60C-3B5B-4AB1-B608-AD875EB424DF @@ -67,9 +68,9 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -28–31 +28–31 @@ -87,12 +88,12 @@ can be recognized by: (1) the variegated brown general colour of the insect, with distinctly darker, black-brown frons ( -Fig. 28A–C +Fig. 28A–C ); (2) the robust cephalic process, with vertex about 1.9 times as long in midline as wide ( -Fig. 29A +Fig. 29A ). @@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ The closest species is ), and by the frons not distinctly darker than the sides of head and vertex. - + Fig. 28. @@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ The closest species is . Metatarsus and apex of metatibia, ventral view. - + Fig. 29. @@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ The closest species is • ♀ ( -Figs 28–30 +Figs 28–30 ); Th ừa Thiên-Huế @@ -254,16 +255,16 @@ leg.; I.G.: 34.640; HEAD ( -Fig. 29A–D +Fig. 29A–D ). Strongly elongated anteriorly in cephalic process; vertex variegated brown; distinctly longer in midline than broad before eyes (about 1.9 times), widening from base to anterior margin of eyes, tapering beyond eyes to narrowly rounded apex, median and lateral carinae distinct; posterior margin moderately incurved. Side of head yellow-brown but coloured as vertex on sides of cephalic process. Frons entirely blackish brown, distinctly darker than sides of head and vertex; lateral carinae reaching apex, median carina distinct in distal half; elongate, widest slightly anterior to eyes, roundly tapering towards clypeal suture; clypeal suture rounded. Clypeus black-brown, weakly elevated medially in distal portion. Labium brown with last segment longer than broad, and shorter than penultimate. Antennae dark brown; scape short, ring-shaped; pedicel bulbous. THORAX ( -Fig. 29A–D +Fig. 29A–D ). Pronotum coloured as vertex; nearly ⅔ of length of mesonotum in midline; anterior margin weakly carinate, sinuate and moderately protruding anteriorly between eyes, with peridiscal carinae indistinct; posterior margin nearly straight; median carina obsolete; weak impressed point on each side of median line; weak, blunt tubercles along anterior and posterior margins; paranotal lobes (lateral view) moderately broad, turning dark brown in lower portion, under level of eye and with posteroventral angle rather narrowly rounded. Mesonotum coloured like vertex with longitudinal carinae very weak and blunt; two weakly impressed points on disc; tip of scutellum pale yellow. Tegulae dark brown. - + Fig. 30. @@ -276,17 +277,17 @@ leg.; I.G.: 34.640; TEGMINA ( - + FigS 28A–C , -31C–F +31C–F ). Dark brown, washed with olivaceous in basal portion, black transverse band just beyond midlength, at about basal ⅓, transverse band of white wax, apical ⅓ covered in white wax, basal ⅓ with scattered small points of white wax; veins concolourous except in black band, where red; subcoriaceous with longitudinal veins distinct and with dense reticulum of veinlets; shape elongate and convex with sides broadly rounded, widest at basal ⅓, about 2.5 times as long as broad; narrowly rounded apically. Postclaval margin nearly straight, very weakly rounded on distal half, and notched at apex of clavus. Clavus closed, reaching about ⅔ of tegmen. Venation: ScP+R forking close to base after short common stem, ScP+RA and RP unforked, running more or less parallel to costal margin in a large basal portion; MP forked slightly before basal ⅓, resulting veins unforked, running more or less parallel; CuA weakly diverging from claval joint; Pcu and A 1 fused at distal ¼ of clavus, resulting Pcu+A 1 reaching claval joint before apex of clavus; dense reticulum of veinlets, especially after basal ⅓. - + Fig. 31. @@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ in Phong Dien District, 17 May 2023. HIND WINGS ( -Fig. 29E +Fig. 29E ). Black-brown, slightly paler along costal margin in basal half; venation concolourous; wing broader than tegmen and deeply bilobed at CuP; costal margin sinuate; CuP-Pcu-A 1 lobe broadly rounded along postclaval margin and about 1.3 times as wide as Sc-R-MP-CuA lobe, both about the same length and apically rounded; A 2 lobe moderately reduced and narrow. Venation: longitudinal veins ScP-R-MP-Cu well distinct; Pcu and A @@ -316,13 +317,13 @@ rather weak. LEGS ( -Fig. 28A–E +Fig. 28A–E ). Moderately elongate, slender; brown with apex of pro- and mesotibiae, posterobasal portion of metafemora and basal half of first segment of metatarsi, yellowish; femora wider than corresponding tibiae; metatibiae with two lateral spines in distal half and seven apical spines. Metatibiotarsal formula: (2) 7 / 9 / 2. ABDOMEN ( -Fig. 28B +Fig. 28B ). Yellowish brown with dark brown median marking. @@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ rather weak. . Hind margin of sternum VII with massive, long, apically rounded median process ( St VII – -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 ). @@ -347,13 +348,13 @@ rather weak. sp. nov. was collected in May in a marshy microhabitat ( -Fig. 31A +Fig. 31A ) by sweeping the lower vegetation (mostly ferns and palms) ( -Fig. 31B +Fig. 31B ), in moist evergreen tropical forest at about 350 m in altitude. The variegated brown colour of adult specimens ( -Fig. 27C–F +Fig. 27C–F ) probably helps their camouflage on their host plants. @@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ in altitude. The variegated brown colour of adult specimens ( Vietnam : Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Phong Dien district ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ).