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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-231-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" ModsDocID="1314-2003-231-1" checkinTime="1693383686345" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Barboza, Gloria E." docDate="2023" docId="BA3652D9E79CBF301C6DE2A300C1864B" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 231: 1-342" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 231" docPubDate="2023-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" docTitle="Solanum tweedieanum Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: tab. 3385. 1835, as “ Tweedianum ”." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" masterDocTitle="A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1693383686345" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="E9E61DF4CA80180BA9C7B0810D2A47A5">A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DEE2C9C673C0516297F3CC83B4124F0">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1ED2E48EE19376DA1454E6359739C01B" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="59F25F129DB07B571FECA4AF28F8F873">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="97E9D9C874F635382C1E9A697CFA536D">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B632212165246F201514FFF18DD95021">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="34AF716EEE604995CF686420F484DCBD">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F4E42EDEFF79227ECEE0F411FF4B36B1">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="1EC9406DBE1F7F6F8F93348497EE42AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A4F66A8B9A990C7BB5E22D628D2D25CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
59.
<taxonomicName id="E13871FDD6EA6FD4B1D6DB5BAE483854" authority="Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: tab. 3385. 1835, as &quot; Tweedianum &quot;." authorityName="Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: tab. 3385. 1835, as “ Tweedianum ”." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
Solanum tweedieanum Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: tab. 3385. 1835, as
<normalizedToken id="D3C43133B6DDE90FDCA762DD3840F54B" originalValue="“Tweedianum”">&quot;Tweedianum&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="1137323958A21151FCC43B37DA6FA2A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="2B4A0AF1F3819F19ADB5086C376A2DC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="D271207DF8FF191D7498B34E09A766EC" captionStart="Figure 178" captionStartId="F178" captionText="Figure 178. Solanum tweedieanum A flowering habit B fruiting habit C detail of adaxial leaf surface D detail of abaxial leaf surface E glandular trichome of the stem F flower bud G dissected flower H maturing fruit (A-D, F, G Wood &amp; Goyder 16818 E voucher details missing). Illustration by R. Wise and V. Dudas. Previously published in part in Cabrera (1983: 404) and Barboza et al. (2013: 239) as S. atriplicifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure178" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897639" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 178</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="229699E68239362E9D93933B5E5C4947" captionStart="Figure 179" captionStartId="F179" captionText="Figure 179. Solanum tweedieanum A habit B flowering branch C inflorescence with corolla colour variation D flower at anthesis (A Barboza et al. 3483 B Barboza et al. 3472 C Barboza et al. 3486 D Barboza et al. 3474). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure179" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897640" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 179</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C42EF9FBB5693DD01D980455DE2A7E7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4A02CCAE63A3A59DBFF83D8E72F41645" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="156741704059384E9550119A10BC8167" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">Solanum atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Gillies ex Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. 19, Suppl. 1: 386. 1843. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: El Diamante, [no date],
<emphasis id="580A24876D5FF21E8117D55E1BDDA6BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Gillies s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="7D9B85E23C84DAFEC824923471C3C558" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 239): E [E00112916]; isolectotypes: E [E00057545], K[K000585737], NY [00139057]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C995AA0574B614B119C1D79EA6B76A02" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5C290F38BCA28A1F7A6B0C3455017888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
(Gillies ex Nees) Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 17. 1846. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="5A61F7D5474845DECAB99D60AED94F4D" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">S. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Gillies ex Nees.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="399DB5890C3A333E4286FA687B99AB2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1893DDDB3DE4D2001160D2EA872393FB" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum haarupii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haarupii">Solanum haarupii</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 210. 1912. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: Estancia Santa Rosa, 1904,
<emphasis id="A2920EB6372EDE39DD8B64BB9CEDE79C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.C. Jensen-Haarup s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: UPS; isotype: US [00027594, acc. # 1081085]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABFA4912873084CE0BDD579408EB0AFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3BE2E49CF7F7B48F5F6111931F44297C" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum meizonanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="meizonanthum">Solanum meizonanthum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 214. 1912. Type. Argentina. Entre
<normalizedToken id="509C7D2CFBBD3773DB2327022F905DD8" originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
:
<normalizedToken id="6D23BF0AD923F43DF686E402EA8881CB" originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
, 16 Aug 1892,
<emphasis id="2209FA2D2F1497CD06DDA789C29E291A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Niederlein 270</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2783]; lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="12B6D304BC3CEE99DFEDEB8177728941" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 66" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Chiarini, F, Cantero, JJ, Barboza, GE, 2020. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PhytoKeys 164: 33 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" title="The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" volume="164" year="2020">Knapp et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 40: F [V0361924F, acc. # 621142]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67053895C122B2AF33D145204C0324CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0057527FFDACC657F8A93183A898FB3B" authorityName="Herter" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Gillies" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum atriplicoides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atriplicoides">Solanum atriplicoides</taxonomicName>
Herter, Rev. Sudamer. Bot. 7: 226. 1943, nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="213914B9DD25501DE11A6ED604C4EE5A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">Solanum atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Gillies ex Nees.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00C54AC109929039EF6399ADA050D963" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AC193E1ED2B4F3409252861D625664CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="3A72B15F2EAE84093B2C46C33942F37A">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C337E29CF38F8A62D320051DCA066C10" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cultivated [Glasgow Botanical Garden, protologue] from seeds sent by J. Tweedie from &quot;near Buenos Ayres&quot;,
<emphasis id="F4AE2791098236E18EB6B11F36C47BDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="E0439B00C7FC4E841F5268B87C565D66">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="EB094FAFA3243A5C2823BE167A366176" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 102 [as
<normalizedToken id="CEB335B906E2A8F1374346FEA6E16EA6" originalValue="“holotype”">
&quot;
<typeStatus id="E0895108589F7C7B481859332E44D4C0">holotype</typeStatus>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
], second step designated by
<bibRefCitation id="B08D31A835F11E10E54D7C3722EE20D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 66" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Chiarini, F, Cantero, JJ, Barboza, GE, 2020. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PhytoKeys 164: 33 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" title="The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" volume="164" year="2020">Knapp et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 40: K [K000585739]; isolectotype: K [K000585738]).
</paragraph>
<caption id="17813B9C21381A12A3915599B6017CB6" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure178" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897639" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 178" startId="F178">
<paragraph id="2E36814C66BF51746102A2E8251BD21F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6DE550B695AE08BBA08398603E36041A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 178.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="322C6044C586D629807472415E966FAA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="880A6EA0F803CA866D14F6A6FE0EC109" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6DEA56062907373D5ED791A25B129E86" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
flowering habit
<emphasis id="4C468B85571FE29B1842A3FA82C212F6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruiting habit
<emphasis id="4EFAA765190C38FE47D1475806B7DB36" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="F73B0A0512393008EEBAA690F0D8B31E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail of abaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="65C61AE5F6F1AD1443ED438914BB0ACD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
glandular trichome of the stem
<emphasis id="AAD4EED9B4E24A796B9EA013373D567E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud
<emphasis id="B7A8D38E3A13941E9DA13074B7D3CB86" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
dissected flower
<emphasis id="FB77CE4168B59A8B480870A086A2F9B0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
maturing fruit (
<emphasis id="56D043A5697FBDCF30CA6152C9B39677" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D, F, G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="99D9EF5F596E9BE976646669D2B93DEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wood &amp; Goyder 16818</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3302099E432B208494AC7C4FEE46E344" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
voucher details missing). Illustration by R. Wise and V. Dudas. Previously published in part in
<bibRefCitation id="0D01F9A66F71CE3A405BFE4B246C293A" author="Cabrera, A" journalOrPublisher=") Flora de la Provincia de Jujuy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="292 - 493" refId="B36" refString="Cabrera, A, 1983. Solanaceae. In: Cabrera A (Ed.) Flora de la Provincia de Jujuy 13 (8): 292 - 493" title="Solanaceae. In: Cabrera A (Ed." volume="13" year="1983">Cabrera (1983</bibRefCitation>
: 404) and
<bibRefCitation id="DC2F3C5B5B1C7BB900FEC3FB3A1DE0FC" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. (2013</bibRefCitation>
: 239) as
<taxonomicName id="53DA7FAE1783C66ADB18E9489113550F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="44AD36230CD6E966EE4C306521C97C29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4C942BADADC82CA86929D3B358AFE24C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="64DD84E30CB28CE7E17FE7D62562B2E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85BF32A9C167B7E0EDDD6AFC0AF5E291" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Perennial herbs or subshrubs woody at the base, rhizomatous, 0.1-0.75 m high, viscid to the touch, the branches erect to spreading. Stems terete, densely pubescent with glandular transparent simple uniseriate trichomes mostly 0.5 mm long and 1-2-celled, but some scattered trichomes 6-10-celled, 1-1.5 mm long, the glandular tips unicellular; new growth viscid-pubescent with glandular simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems; bark of older stems pale tan, the longer trichomes deciduous, but stems remaining viscid with shorter glandular trichomes. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate, but occasionally arising very near each other. Leaves simple and usually shallowly toothed, the blades (1.5)4-6 cm long, (0.8)2-5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, widest at or just below the middle, membranous, concolorous, viscid to touch, extremely variable in size both between and within plants; adaxial surfaces evenly and more or less densely pubescent on the veins and lamina with transparent glandular simple uniseriate trichomes 0.2-0.5(-1) mm long; abaxial surfaces similarly viscid-pubescent, the glandular trichomes denser along the veins; principal veins (4)4-7 pairs, sometimes drying yellowish; base truncate, then slightly decurrent along the petiole as a wing less than 0.5 mm wide; margins usually shallowly toothed, occasionally almost entire, the teeth to 2.5 mm long, broadly deltate with acute to slightly rounded apices, the sinuses reaching less than 1/4 of the way to the midrib; apex acute; petiole 0.5-2.5 cm long, with a narrow wing of leaf tissue along most of its length. Inflorescences opposite the leaves, usually unbranched (forked in
<emphasis id="6965AF4DC31EE7BD27F717D381651856" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wood et al. 18764</emphasis>
from Bolivia), 1.5-6 cm long, with 4-8 flowers clustered in the distal portion, densely glandular pubescent with transparent, simple uniseriate trichomes to 1 mm long; peduncle 1-4 cm long; pedicels 0.7-1 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, gradually tapering to an apex ca. 1 mm in diameter, nodding or somewhat spreading at anthesis, densely glandular pubescent like the rest of the inflorescence, articulated at the base; pedicel scars clustered at the tips of the inflorescence 1-2 mm apart. Buds ellipsoid, the calyx ca. halfway exserted from the tips of the calyx lobes before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube (0.5)1-1.5 mm long, cup-shaped to somewhat urceolate, the lobes 3.5-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, narrowly triangular with pointed tips, densely glandular pubescent with transparent simple uniseriate trichomes. Corolla 1.2-1.6 cm in diameter, white or lavender with a pale greenish yellow central eye, stellate, lobed ca. 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 4-5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, triangular, spreading or reflexed at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, densely glandular-papillate abaxially especially along the midvein and at lobe tips, with a few longer glandular simple uniseriate trichomes at the lobe tips. Stamens equal, or sometimes the lowermost apparently very slightly longer; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1 mm long, slightly unequal, glabrous or sparsely pubescent adaxially with eglandular tangled simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers (3.6)4-5(6) cm long, 1-1.2 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style ca. 9 mm long, slightly curved upwards, exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent in the lower third with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long; stigma large-capitate to somewhat bilobed, yellow-green in live plants, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 0.4-0.8 cm in diameter, greenish white to cream at maturity, tightly enclosed in the accrescent calyx, the pericarp thin, matte, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.1 cm long, ca. 0.75 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.1 mm in diameter at the apex, nodding, strongly deflexed at the base with a distinct bend, not markedly woody, not persistent; fruiting calyx accrescent and tightly investing the berry, the tube 3-3.5 mm long, the lobes 2.5-8 mm long, the lobes expanding more than the tube, remaining viscid-pubescent. Seeds 10-20 per berry, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped, pale tan to reddish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Stone cells 8-10 per berry, 2 apical (
<emphasis id="B457A493D7BAC283282165F2B21E77AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6D6B6E3C6C2CF01013634276BC8B446E" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="114 - 163" refId="B20" refString="Bitter, G, 1914a. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber das Vorkommen von Steinzellkonkretionen im Fruchtfleisch beerentragender Solanaceen. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 23: 114 - 163" title="Weitere Untersuchungen ueber das Vorkommen von Steinzellkonkretionen im Fruchtfleisch beerentragender Solanaceen." volume="23" year="1914 a">Bitter 1914a</bibRefCitation>
), to 1.2 mm in diameter, the rest scattered through the mesocarp, 0.7-1 mm in diameter, all creamy white. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation id="A8AD0EDA7A546AB587683C6C9211E94B" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 297" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23222568" refId="B168" refString="Moscone, EA, 1992. Estudios en cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261 - 297, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23222568" title="Estudios en cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23222568" volume="31" year="1992">Moscone 1992</bibRefCitation>
, vouchers
<emphasis id="647490FD2203CFC67B1E6E377FB55A43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Del Vitto &amp; Moscone 854</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A0E13F0DE6107FC707E7A1643B0CBADE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Di Fulvio 783</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="AB745464F1A8F016D4A7A69CAF21A62E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 24883, 25036</emphasis>
, all as
<taxonomicName id="6DFEAD2A6DCB1722455305CD9E7263BD" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="7190CA79653E2A39091F9FACD57A74DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="9931D21F8B08A04078470075872605EF" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure179" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897640" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 179" startId="F179">
<paragraph id="D29257D0D5CF40102B68CBF525101546" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9D284A257B28C8134ACAD7532C303E37" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 179.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2D608B16666C677664A3CD3F2D49AFAA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="DE9C76217A40C5E9C2BC0CE16A37AF7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0F0ECFD077CFD6E54094F74C1158CFE5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis id="AD3FD382F0E069988AED7C7990803ED0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flowering branch
<emphasis id="8FF413D6BDE230C735EC338707AFBBFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
inflorescence with corolla colour variation
<emphasis id="151571E2A23ACC7F021195E353B16EF3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
flower at anthesis (
<emphasis id="12539528781928614DD3F4BBE239EFC1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B62CE55C23FE92FCDAD178B6ED39FCA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 3483</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6F979E75B723393B1CAD830BD4410A48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="EDAC3E5362C132A19E8D12762A58C39E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 3472</emphasis>
<emphasis id="59EB638471557D28F177EAB09624A3EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E8F1D50E365481E1E309A160D17274B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 3486</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BEBCD338C7F3FDC971415FBBEC5D9EAF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="ECD401BB61EE745E0D521C43779DEBEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 3474</emphasis>
). Photos by S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="020033D9837CA3EC44BF4C5360D88EB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3C43233A35CFCDA1D535916C1AE7FFBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF63A29E6BE005D784E5B27C236F8C03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1B302DAD17502B32D64A4586164B3957" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="7E3DCF8461AE956FD3A3CA624697FE26" captionStart="Figure 180" captionStartId="F180" captionText="Figure 180. Distribution map of Solanum tweedieanum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure180" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897641" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">180</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C55F8E5B5D36EF4A4DAB0624CD4C3348" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="AAD839C9746A0713BB959B8B44602828" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on the eastern Andean slopes and foothills and into the littoral (Argentina) in Bolivia (Depts. Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay (Depts.
<normalizedToken id="B87A1FEE00BEC2B3DF0C82F32AE0C218" originalValue="Boquerón">Boqueron</normalizedToken>
, Central), and across Argentina (Provs. Buenos Aires, Catamarca,
<normalizedToken id="8976687A6E874A34CDE93049630C06CC" originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, Entre
<normalizedToken id="4ED39959A488CE46D2B53714D61B48BE" originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza,
<normalizedToken id="9398BF60B2B4475E0D11CE2BA31159CB" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santiago del Estero,
<normalizedToken id="EE7598863F72B23B6EC047D45F0443D6" originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A2AC07A769EB5225DE7838EAB7B57F79" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure180" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897641" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 180" startId="F180">
<paragraph id="F684D9FD91D291EE13C3C75C1FF8778B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6C579F00ED558337EA7E941A2A980BB1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 180.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="0052FB83A215D7284E6D4F9B7E6A2D2A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="37A0946011FDD1BF37A0D964A5EB31FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8B61EBC7B4E00D7E8C947D4976DA7B3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="359F9C86F149505DB411215943575D7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF29C25E1802EB8926A465461B2089E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="ED398B980330C126C0D16A68D8990E4D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="E8C717ED483ABC9446CC29B621F02B55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in a very wide range of habitats from the littoral of Argentina, Chaco woodlands and high elevation open areas above tree line in the Andes, from near sea level to 3,500 m elevation. It often is found in the shade of trees in loose soil or in the cracks of rocks, often in large patches connected with underground rhizomes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="188725C17C7DB0F7510F275E35A5DE8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="26323A95D40D46B2B41617A0737F548C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B758ED91760D4B9D789DD35762794604" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C08642310C9D2DA33EF522E47FEB6014" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="6C08B47F3F4D1C6AFF8DDE8FFDD9160F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CF8F1DB4B4083FBA4B84E18159B9599" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="97FC3904D2F2587E301090108F162AB3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="16D70965A162D6570825E01D08E24B37" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 2,010,678 km2 [LC]; AOO = 1,420 km2 [VU].
<taxonomicName id="15B088AEAD9C97D1731D802723C61492" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="D51FFA08276CA456287D87930CD42F8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species that reproduces clonally by rhizomes and occupies a wide range of habitats. It is found within protected areas in a variety of habitats in Argentina (e.g., Pampa de Achala, Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park) and probably also occurs in the Paraguayan Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88C6696A53015761A90C5DC2CFF20714" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="46D5B14CB271C0232A33815057A6F659" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B21DB01FECA830C8DEF20A1CE7D3AF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0FB720743AC5524DA592143E2B6EC80C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="7A100B29DF29E6E41C04AC2DFCE3389E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the mostly widely distributed of the glandular-pubescent morelloid species with accrescent calyces in fruit. The name
<taxonomicName id="AC098648622A7DE06ECE8B9CC32F673E" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="E1FF518621687B1F373802B6E6F342BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was formerly applied to this species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="41D564DEDEE986DA544D5E1035595FDB" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) but re-evaluation of taxon circumscription and types revealed that the names for glandular-haired species with accrescent calyces were previously incorrectly applied (
<bibRefCitation id="93C49AED6486E5BE8C21489A708D45D1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 66" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Chiarini, F, Cantero, JJ, Barboza, GE, 2020. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PhytoKeys 164: 33 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" title="The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" volume="164" year="2020">Knapp et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Previously
<bibRefCitation id="826EFA52C7910EBA6D0D069211187724" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
recognised
<emphasis id="6E093FF0E56DA72CBA4038A35114D7CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. &quot;tweedianum</emphasis>
&quot; Hook. (a mis-spelling of
<taxonomicName id="807F77DEDF3F28526AC92BD2651E7D4F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="9C9771455471CB223905D9C9C1D3F138" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see below) and
<taxonomicName id="13FA81A2B8F17FAB3217EA6A7A8054A7" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="855601DBB27FFD1C39B106B4F2FBC566" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct species and placed
<taxonomicName id="91B6CA57459BE3633CACC7C82F235E2D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="E7872B1DCE3055A3ED2B285F51D4C001" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="6D8F254BC7CAC37BB6B21042D010BE9F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="045C46388F2999EA65D01387AC518A75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The type of
<taxonomicName id="2F5B6B88CEBEDC42E118D4CF4FB81D25" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="251EBD5B9A841D236F7A2D8444DFCDC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not match these specimens but is a better match for the plants called
<taxonomicName id="2B7B7169F19AA33679C867BE49BBBC52" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="8288690CBABA3B1B52780CBF8EF0753D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="E121FE72848ACBE09B8B3A26F8877A4B" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. The type of
<taxonomicName id="56E222C790C0F1FDCEB8165F7861A492" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="907E2D2C6789CCE1C8E51A62B3B13C2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from a plant cultivated at Kew that was collected in flower only; it lacks the diagnostic calyx characters (see fig. 1 in
<bibRefCitation id="49B68E84FCEB6BC5D303BBC9BAF78520" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 66" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Chiarini, F, Cantero, JJ, Barboza, GE, 2020. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PhytoKeys 164: 33 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" title="The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" volume="164" year="2020">Knapp et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
) that enable easy identification in this group, but anther length can also be used to distinguish those plants not in fruit. Plants with inflated calyces have shorter anthers than do those with calyces that are merely accrescent and tightly investing the berry; the types of both
<taxonomicName id="85ED8F3048B29A9179AC05213BCF901D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="5A29E3FA5C3332D8E9172AFF3CA7AA20" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="AFBA320A9BCF11058DBCA08722962CC0" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis id="5858AA0086470F665BD453D37910B947" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have longer (to 6 mm) anthers and belong to the same species, for which the oldest name is
<taxonomicName id="3C716A68C3A64EB2DDA818CEB917343D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="D2B11B7FB218771E813B1D619E608645" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DB9C692AE096F72A1CD4D916BBAAFB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="523CF385409608BB808401984A8EAE12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="96C1B12297295E0CB24AB0342320F232" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="8BCE2C43AE9337140BADFDEF449C947A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="75AE78F6389A3FCFE4D01D2F97321F94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it differs in having longer anthers (4-6 mm long versus 3-4 mm long in
<taxonomicName id="380A89E91E078AB80A94188A93257260" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="82B143983A3843668C7C9EA2E3C71F33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a fruiting calyx that is accrescent but tightly invests the pale cream berry rather than the inflated accrescent calyx of
<taxonomicName id="4E7B225A3ED6B878A4A81A70E80D9124" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="14D1A7C75FE7384A1158110F619EA33F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is somewhat invaginate at the base. In mature fruit, the calyx lobes are longer than the tube in
<taxonomicName id="22A145FE9067471AAE94D92ACE9C070F" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="80BBC85C7DD8F86623F084C6D3033BC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="924E181BE88E3CF52436C23977105D11" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="7DDCBC60F437CB791A14D518B01C4E30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the inflated tube is longer than the lobes, but this can be difficult to see in herbarium specimens, and in the absence of mature fruit, determination can be difficult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="207D681A47D323753087C08C6031F5D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The chromosome count of 2n = 24 reported by
<bibRefCitation id="68FBB81FB7714698279E07850F233D89" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="85FC63CFD8D30B11DDE2B321BE4BA66C" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="7852F5496B89E070CF6980BBC8E41347" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="9469A1D52A5C447D54B795983480F2EE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tweedianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tweedianum">
<emphasis id="011325094C3EC6AC030D9B3DAAA4B97F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum tweedianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is based on a voucher (
<emphasis id="559280D2CF885633469FE18193CDE44E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hawkes et al. 3204</emphasis>
) we have been unable to locate. From the locality (between Mina Clavero and Villa Dolores in
<normalizedToken id="13565DF08C0AAD305221B7D8794BA1B1" originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, Argentina), this could represent either
<taxonomicName id="F53BD57D79AD65868E40FF100D410C62" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="380A40A942DBFD1A32694E4CFE7F2796" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="0367B93E8650CA32A57A0F276DE6F9B6" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. physalidicalyx" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="physalidicalyx">
<emphasis id="36BF682D8528F55E35CB84058528D0E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. physalidicalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B0720BCEAEB632CB523DA535621868A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Details of the orthography of the name and typification of
<taxonomicName id="D1B7716BB713EF383905430CE05F9089" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. tweedieanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tweedieanum">
<emphasis id="7CE66445FB097E0B2FD757DC4C1214F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. tweedieanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its synonyms are treated in
<bibRefCitation id="BF4510D1166CDC4B50331F0634EE1F7C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 66" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Chiarini, F, Cantero, JJ, Barboza, GE, 2020. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PhytoKeys 164: 33 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" title="The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: Nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504" volume="164" year="2020">Knapp et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
as is the confusion over the application of this name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

312
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<heading id="696881D5FF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" box="[227,757,957,979]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" ID-CoL="3YSD7" authority="Smith, 1853" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[227,757,957,979]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis" subGenus="Callomegachile">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" bold="true" box="[227,757,957,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2059B48043FF9" bold="true" box="[227,331,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Megachile</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB48059B48BB3FF9" bold="true" box="[345,500,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Callomegachile</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C813059B4B393FF9" bold="true" box="[514,630,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">sculpturalis</emphasis>
Smith, 1853
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MATERIAL EXAMINED.
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C80A02224B2C3830" box="[539,611,1028,1050]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
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:
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,
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, dead in a lecture room,
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<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10CB85020648B7381F" box="[404,504,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">2.IX 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
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,
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<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C82202064BE9381F" box="[563,678,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
; ibid., dead under a bee hotel,
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<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10C9DF02064D7D381F" box="[974,1074,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">2.IX 2019</collectingDate>
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,
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,
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<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CAF2021A48C43878" box="[227,395,1084,1106]" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10CAF2021A4818387B" box="[227,343,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
; ibid
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.,
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exhausted after nesting finish,
<date id="46211079FF87BE10C8D5021A4A67387B" box="[708,808,1084,1106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-06">
<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10C8D5021A4A67387B" box="[708,808,1084,1106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-06">6.IX 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10C922021A4A18387B" box="[819,855,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C975021A4A9A387B" box="[868,981,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
[
<collectionCode id="548EAE7CFF87BE10C9F0021A4D6B387B" box="[993,1060,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">CFUS</collectionCode>
]; ibid
</materialsCitation>
.,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF202714B9A3846" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[227,725,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CAF202714B9E3846" box="[227,721,1111,1133]" collectingDate="2019-09-09" collectionCode="CAFK" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
natural death,
<date id="46211079FF87BE10CB7D027148803846" box="[364,463,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-09">
<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10CB7D027148803846" box="[364,463,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-09">9.IX 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10CBC8027148B23847" box="[473,509,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C81802714B363847" box="[521,633,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
[
<collectionCode id="548EAE7CFF87BE10C89502714B843846" box="[644,715,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">CAFK</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE10CB1802554D2938A3" box="[265,1126,1139,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CB1802554D2938A3" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[265,1126,1139,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
DISTRIBUTION.
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CBD1025548B638A3" box="[448,505,1139,1161]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">China</collectingCountry>
(including
<collectingRegion id="F05BF85BFF87BE10C87E02554B8D38A3" box="[623,706,1139,1161]" country="China" name="Taiwan)" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Taiwan)</collectingRegion>
, Korean Peninsula,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C99A02554A8D38A2" box="[907,962,1139,1160]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Japan</collectingCountry>
; introduced into
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE17CAF202A94A523848" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF202A94A4038EA" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CAF202A9485A388E" box="[227,277,1167,1188]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CB3002A84823388E" box="[289,364,1166,1188]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CB6602A848FF388E" box="[375,432,1166,1188]" name="Spain" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CBAD02A94B4F388E" box="[444,512,1167,1188]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C81A02A84BCF388E" box="[523,640,1166,1188]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C89D02A84BF5388E" box="[652,698,1166,1188]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C8D702A94A6D388E" box="[710,802,1167,1188]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C93C02A84A39388E" box="[813,886,1166,1188]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C99302A84A97388E" box="[898,984,1166,1188]" name="Slovenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C9F502A94D77388E" box="[996,1080,1167,1188]" name="Hungary" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Hungary</collectingCountry>
(see references in the Introduction), and
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C82A028C4B3438EA" box="[571,635,1194,1216]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
(*new record).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CB1802E04D2B3960" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
BIONOMICS. Females of
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C80202E04BE638F1" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[531,681,1222,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C80202E04BE638F1" box="[531,681,1222,1243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">M. sculpturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made their nests in paper tubes (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C9E602E04D7C38F1" box="[1015,1075,1222,1244]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and reed stems. One female observed on the morning of September 2 (from 8.15, solar time) was provisioning her nest while two other ones carried resin pellets with their mandibles. The resin was obviously taken from conifers as far as it had peculiar scent. Four species of conifers grew in the neighborhood of the balcony with the nests:
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8F603134D2B3960" authority="(Lamb.)" box="[743,1124,1332,1354]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigra" subSpecies="pallasiana">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8F603134A143960" box="[743,859,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Pinus nigra</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C9BB03124D403963" box="[938,1039,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">pallasiana</emphasis>
(Lamb.)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF203764D28394C" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[227,1127,1360,1382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
Holmboe,
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB5D03764BF9394C" authority="(Steven) Silba" authorityName="Silba" baseAuthorityName="Steven" box="[332,694,1360,1382]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="brutia" variety="pityusa">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB5D037648ED394F" box="[332,418,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">P. brutia</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CBC803764B51394F" box="[473,542,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">pityusa</emphasis>
(Steven) Silba
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8D203764A78394F" box="[707,823,1360,1381]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abies">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8D203764A78394F" box="[707,823,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Picea abies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) H. Karst. (
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C9C703764D7F394C" box="[982,1072,1360,1382]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
), and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF2034D4D673992" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CAF2034D48F639AA" box="[227,441,1387,1408]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2034D48F639AA" box="[227,441,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Platycladus orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Franco (
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C852034D4B8339AA" box="[579,716,1387,1408]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
). It was impossible to establish which of them was used as the resin source. The resin was transparent and rather fluent. One of paper tube sheaves was nearly completely splashed with resin spread from just one nest plug.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE17CB1803984D283D1D" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" lastBlockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
The female provisioning her nest arrived each 20–25 min. in the morning and 30–45 min. in the evening. There was not much pollen in her scopa (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C8FC03FC4A6739C5" box="[749,808,1498,1520]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Females were observed visiting inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB8A03D04B243A21" box="[411,619,1526,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campestre">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB8A03D04B243A21" box="[411,619,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Eryngium campestre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C86F03D34BF33A20" box="[638,700,1525,1547]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8CA03D34A3C3A20" box="[731,883,1525,1546]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Inula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helenium">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8CA03D34A3C3A20" box="[731,883,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Inula helenium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C99703D34A893A20" box="[902,966,1525,1547]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CE0503D348183A0C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CE0503D348183A0C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Carduus acanthoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while pollen samples taken from the foraging female at her nest contained only pollen of
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB2E000A48F03A68" box="[319,447,1580,1602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Ballota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB2E000A48F03A68" box="[319,447,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Ballota nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Low rate of foraging behavior was obviously associated with the age of the bees: all of them had substantially damaged wings (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C90507204A013D36" box="[788,846,262,284]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Forage recourses were also scarce due to the end of the season and the presence of competitive bee species such were
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2071B4A963D47" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17CAF2071B48C93D7B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[227,390,316,338]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17CAF2071B48C93D7B" box="[227,390,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17CB86071A489C3D78" box="[407,467,316,338]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) as well as
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17C848071B4AA83D78" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[601,999,316,338]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellifera">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17C848071B4BAA3D7B" box="[601,741,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Apis mellifera</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758 (Apidae)
</taxonomicName>
and various sweat bees (
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17CB46077148F03D47" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" box="[343,447,343,365]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
). Foraging flights were stopped at approximately 15.15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CB1807554D293DA2" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" box="[265,1126,371,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Two dissected and studied nests were built in reed stems. The first one was dissected on</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF207A84D283E56" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
September 3, directly after it had been sealed by the female. It was located in a stem which was
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CB1E078F48043D94" box="[271,331,425,447]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
in length and
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBC6078F4B2C3D94" box="[471,611,425,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.13" metricValueMin="1.02" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="11.3" valueMin="10.2">10.2–11.3 mm</quantity>
in inner diameter. The nest itself occupied
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CE1B078E4D043D94" box="[1034,1099,424,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="8.5">8.5 cm</quantity>
of the stem length and contained three cells. The cells were built of resin with adding of mud at least to some elements of their structure. First cell was located directly at the bottom of the cavity; the second one was separated from it with a partition which was
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C9BA07DC4AB93E25" box="[939,1014,506,527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
thick in its center. The third cell was separated from the second one by much thicker partition consisted of three layers. Two outer layers were
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C87D04164BF63E6F" box="[620,697,560,582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
thick each and made of resin and mud. A space between them was filled with mud with much less proportion of resin (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C9F2046D4D6F3E4B" box="[995,1056,587,609]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Inner spaces of the cells were more or less ellipsoidal. Their sizes were 19.1×10.1, 19.0×10.2, and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF204A74D283F29" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
18.0×
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CB0A04A748383EBC" box="[283,375,641,662]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
. The origin of the mud used as the building material was unclear. It was impossible to establish whether it was brought by
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17C8C604BB4A273E9B" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[727,872,668,690]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis">
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17C8C604BB4A273E9B" box="[727,872,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">M. sculpturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female or remained from an old nest of any another bee species nested in this cavity earlier. Pollen loaf occupied less than a half of each nest cell volume. It had thick consistency and shining surface. The first and the second cells contained feeding larvae while the third one contained an egg (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17CE0F04CB4D153F29" box="[1054,1114,749,771]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2052E4D283F7E" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
The size of the egg was 5.6×
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBED052E4B073F37" box="[508,584,776,798]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
. Pollen loafs had distinctly different color in the second and the third cells. This difference was obviously caused by changing of a forage plant after provisioning of the second cell. All larvae finished their feeding and started cocooning by
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2057F48073F44" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" box="[227,328,857,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">October 1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CB1805524D283FDF" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
The second nest was dissected two weeks after it had been sealed by the female. It was located in a stem which was
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBEE05A94B743F8F" box="[511,571,911,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="28.0">28 cm</quantity>
in length and
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in inner diameter. The nest itself occupied
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of the stem and contained two cells. This nest also contained mud used as building material in addition to resin. Particularly, the mud was used for lateral walls of the cells where it was mixed not only with resin but with sawdust as well. These walls were up to
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF205DD4A523848" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CAF205DD4853383B" box="[227,284,1019,1041]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
thick. The inner sizes of the cells were 24.9×10.6 and 19.6×
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. The second cell was sealed with plug which was
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thick in its center. The first cell contained a prepupa while the second one contained a false pollen loaf, a mass of pollen and nectar covering the cell wall by a 2–3 mm-thick layer, and no progeny (
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C8C4026A4A5F3848" box="[725,784,1100,1122]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>