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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1042ebd4-abca-4d3c-bf36-47b0438c4da1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159412916" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2682-955X-32-177" ID-Pensoft-UUID="A38192A7447F50479854563CC9F83BA7" ID-ZooBank="54B962BCDDA544CB84C33A7B6A8AB0D0" ModsDocID="2682-955X-32-177" checkinTime="1568198792308" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jablonski, Daniel, Regan, John M., Holzheuser, Chace, Farooqi, Javeed, Basit, Abdul &amp; Masroor, Rafaqat" docDate="2019" docId="C7FB8B8608E9519CB2A6DCFCDB3075EF" docLanguage="en" docName="Herpetozoa 32: 177-193" docOrigin="Herpetozoa 32" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171" docTitle="Hemorrhois ravergieri Menetries 1832" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="A38192A7447F50479854563CC9F83BA7" lastPageNumber="177" masterDocId="A38192A7447F50479854563CC9F83BA7" masterDocTitle="Additional data to the herpetofauna of Afghanistan" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="177" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" updateTime="1643456102767" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Additional data to the herpetofauna of Afghanistan</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jablonski, Daniel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Regan, John M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Holzheuser, Chace</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Farooqi, Javeed</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Basit, Abdul</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Masroor, Rafaqat</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Herpetozoa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>32</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>177</mods:start>
<mods:end>193</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2682-955X-32-177</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">54B962BCDDA544CB84C33A7B6A8AB0D0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">A38192A7447F50479854563CC9F83BA7</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159412916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C7FB8B8608E9519CB2A6DCFCDB3075EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7FB8B8608E9519CB2A6DCFCDB3075EF" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="177" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName LSID="C7FB8B8608E9519CB2A6DCFCDB3075EF" authority="Menetries, 1832" authorityName="Menetries" authorityYear="1832" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hemorrhois" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemorrhois ravergieri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ravergieri">
Hemorrhois ravergieri (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ménétriés">Menetries</normalizedToken>
, 1832)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="177" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Distribution in Afghanistan.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
This species has a scattered distribution with most of the records from the north-eastern part of the country. It is currently known from the provinces Badakhshan, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunduz, Nuristan, Paktia (
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" pagination="457 - 565" refId="B17" refString="Wagner, P, Bauer, AM, Leviton, AE, Wilms, TM, Boehme, W, 2016. A Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan* Exploring herpetodiversity using biodiversity archives. Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Sciences 63: 457 - 565" title="A Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan * Exploring herpetodiversity using biodiversity archives." volume="63" year="2016">Wagner et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="177" type="our records">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Our records</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Updated herpetofaunistic records from Afghanistan (white dots: Wagner et al. 2016; red dots: data of this study). Hemorrhois ravergieri: 1 - Jurm, Badakhshan; 2 - Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul. Spalerosophis diadema: 1 - Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; 2 - Spin Boldak, Kandahar. Psammophis schokari: Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul." figureDoi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/339115" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" tableDoi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). 1 - Jurm, Badakhshan (5 October 2011), one adult individual (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Observed species of Colubridae and Viperidae families from Afghanistan: A - adult individual of Hemorrhois ravergieri from Jurm, Badakhshan (photo by Glyn Morris); B - subadult individual of Platyceps rhodorachis from Kandahar, Air Base, Kandahar; C - subadult individual of P. rhodorachis (striped phenotype) from Camp Mike Spann Chapel, Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh; D - adult individual of Ptyas mucosa from Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; E - subadult individual of Spalerosophis diadema from Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; F - subadult individual of S. diadema from Spin Boldak, Kandahar (photo by Ron Savage); G, H - subadult and adult individual of Echis carinatus from Kandahar, Air Base, Kandahar." figureDoi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/339116" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" tableDoi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure9">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) observed in the early afternoon, sunning itself on the wall of a mini-hydro power intake canal near the town. It appeared to be approx. 1.2 metres long; 2 - Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul (17 July 2011), one adult individual observed in rocky habitat in the vicinity of the camp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="177" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
Both our records represent new locality data although this species is known to occur in these provinces. The record from Camp Dubs - Kabul is erroneously assigned to
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Daboia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Daboia russelli" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Daboia russelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Shaw &amp; Nodder, 1797) by
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="177" refId="B14">Regan (2017</bibRefCitation>
; see p. 38), but that species of viper has never been recorded or mentioned in available literature as a member of fauna in Afghanistan.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/339115" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Updated herpetofaunistic records from Afghanistan (white dots:
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" pagination="457 - 565" refId="B17" refString="Wagner, P, Bauer, AM, Leviton, AE, Wilms, TM, Boehme, W, 2016. A Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan* Exploring herpetodiversity using biodiversity archives. Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Sciences 63: 457 - 565" title="A Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan * Exploring herpetodiversity using biodiversity archives." volume="63" year="2016">Wagner et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; red dots: data of this study).
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hemorrhois" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemorrhois ravergieri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ravergieri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Hemorrhois ravergieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1 - Jurm, Badakhshan; 2 - Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul.
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Spalerosophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spalerosophis diadema" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadema">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Spalerosophis diadema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1 - Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; 2 - Spin Boldak, Kandahar.
<taxonomicName class="Tubothalamea" family="Ammodiscidae" genus="Psammophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Psammophis schokari" order="Spirillinida" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="schokari">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Psammophis schokari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38171.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/339116" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Observed species of
<taxonomicName family="Colubridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Viperidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
families from Afghanistan: A - adult individual of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hemorrhois" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemorrhois ravergieri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ravergieri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Hemorrhois ravergieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Jurm, Badakhshan (photo by Glyn Morris); B - subadult individual of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Platyceps" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platyceps rhodorachis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodorachis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Platyceps rhodorachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kandahar, Air Base, Kandahar; C - subadult individual of
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. rhodorachis" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" rank="species" species="rhodorachis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">P. rhodorachis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(striped phenotype) from Camp Mike Spann Chapel, Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh; D - adult individual of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptyas mucosa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mucosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Ptyas mucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; E - subadult individual of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Spalerosophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spalerosophis diadema" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadema">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Spalerosophis diadema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Camp Dubs - Kabul, Kabul; F - subadult individual of
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. diadema" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" rank="species" species="diadema">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">S. diadema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Spin Boldak, Kandahar (photo by Ron Savage); G, H - subadult and adult individual of
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echis carinatus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="177">Echis carinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kandahar, Air Base, Kandahar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587" ID-GBIF-Dataset="769a955d-d535-4402-86fb-884b3c123298" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127873129" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-15-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-4049-15-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 15" ModsDocTitle="New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data" checkinTime="1473366568713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barge, Edward G. &amp; Cripps, Cathy L." docDate="2016" docId="C7FBE8979FD20601E2E93DADAD02E9DF" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 15: 1-58" docOrigin="MycoKeys 15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587" docTitle="Lactarius repraesentaneus Britzelm." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFD1F118FFEC24262B7BCF2E5547923D" masterDocTitle="New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1643499973714" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barge, Edward G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cripps, Cathy L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>15</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-15-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127873129" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C7FBE8979FD20601E2E93DADAD02E9DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7FBE8979FD20601E2E93DADAD02E9DF" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Taxon classification Fungi Russulales Russulaceae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
4.
<taxonomicName authority="Britzelm." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius repraesentaneus" order="Russulales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="repraesentaneus">Lactarius repraesentaneus Britzelm.</taxonomicName>
Figure 6
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius repraesentaneus" order="Russulales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="repraesentaneus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Lactarius</pageBreakToken>
repraesentaneus
</taxonomicName>
The following morphological description includes data from Colorado specimens listed in
<bibRefCitation author="Barge, EG" journalOrPublisher="Mycologia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="414 - 440" title="Systematics of the ectomycorrhizal genus Lactarius in the Rocky Mountains alpine zone." url="10.3852/15-177" volume="108" year="2016">Barge et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Pileus 60-100 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex usually with a depressed center and sometimes with a papilla, smooth at center, becoming increasingly hairy to bearded toward margin, viscid to dry, azonate, surface orange-brown at center, becoming pale yellow-brown to cream toward margin; hairs pale yellow-brown to red-brown; margin strongly incurved, remaining so or becoming nearly straight in age. Lamellae adnate to decurrent, crowded, cream to pale-yellow, staining violet where damaged. Stipe 30-70
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
15-35 mm, stout, equal to clavate, viscid to dry, cream to pale-yellow, often with numerous dingy yellow, golden yellow, yellow-brown, or light orange-brown scrobicules, hollow. Context white, staining violet where damaged. Latex scarce to abundant, white, becoming violet. Odor spicy-floral, resinous. Taste resinous to slightly acrid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Basidiospores</pageBreakToken>
8-10.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-8.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, Q = 1.1-1.4, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; ornamentation forming an incomplete to dense reticulum. Pleuromacrocystidia 78.5-145
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-13
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, scattered to abundant, strongly projecting, subfusiform to lanceolate; apex acute to moniliform. Cheilomacrocystidia 56-140
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7.5-13
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, scattered to abundant, strongly projecting, subfusiform to lanceolate; apex acute moniliform.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ecology and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere in temperate, boreal, and arctic-alpine areas with
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Betula</taxonomicName>
, and possibly
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
. In the GYE, it occurs in the spruce-fir and krummholz zone, typically near
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix glauca" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">Salix glauca</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, sometimes also intermixed with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Arctostaphylos uva-ursi" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uva-ursi">Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula glandulosa" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">Betula glandulosa</taxonomicName>
, late summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
U.S.A. MONTANA: Carbon County, Beartooth Plateau, Birch Site, among
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix glauca" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">Salix glauca</taxonomicName>
and krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, 12 Aug 2002, CLC1971 (MONT); 13 Aug 2007, CLC2318 (MONT); 18 Aug 2013, EB107-13 (MONT); Carbon County, Hellroaring Plateau, Hellroaring Creek, among
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Arctostaphylos uva-ursi" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uva-ursi">Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix glauca" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">Salix glauca</taxonomicName>
and krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, 9 Aug 2015, EB116-15 (MONT). WYOMING: Park County, Beartooth Plateau, Frozen Lakes, among
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix glauca" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">Salix glauca</taxonomicName>
and krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, 21 Aug 1999, CLC1394 (MONT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Due to its conspicuously bearded margin, and violet staining tissue,
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius repraesentaneus" order="Russulales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="repraesentaneus">Lactarius repraesentaneus</taxonomicName>
is difficult to confuse with anything else in the Rocky Mountains. It is very closely related to the arctic-alpine
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dryas" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dryas</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
associate
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius dryadophilus" order="Russulales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="dryadophilus">Lactarius dryadophilus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kühner">Kuehner</normalizedToken>
(Figure 2A), however, the latter features a cream to yellow, smoother pileus with hairs restricted to near the margin, and a basidiospore ornamentation consisting of sparse, thinner ridges (
<bibRefCitation author="Heilmann-Clausen, J" journalOrPublisher="Danish Mycological Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 287" title="The genus Lactarius" year="1998">Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius dryadophilus" order="Russulales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="dryadophilus">Lactarius dryadophilus</taxonomicName>
has
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">not</pageBreakToken>
been reported from the Rocky Mountains.
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius repraesentaneus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="repraesentaneus">Lactarius repraesentaneus</taxonomicName>
and other violet-staining species such as
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius uvidus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="uvidus">Lactarius uvidus</taxonomicName>
(Fr.) Fr.,
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius aspideus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aspideus">Lactarius aspideus</taxonomicName>
(Fr.) Fr.,
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius salicis-reticulatae" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="salicis-reticulatae">Lactarius salicis-reticulatae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kühner">Kuehner</normalizedToken>
,
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius montanus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="montanus">Lactarius montanus</taxonomicName>
(Hesler &amp; A.H. Sm.) Montoya &amp; Bandala,
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius pallidomarginatus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="pallidomarginatus">Lactarius pallidomarginatus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
M.P. Christ., etc. occur together in a weakly supported clade, that corresponds with
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="section" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius section" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="section" section="Uvidi" species="section">section Uvidi</taxonomicName>
(Konr.) Bon (Figure 2A).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius repraesentaneus" order="Russulales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="repraesentaneus">Lactarius repraesentaneus</taxonomicName>
. Collection EB107-13 near krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix glauca" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">Salix glauca</taxonomicName>
, Beartooth Plateau, Montana, USA. Scale bar: 2 cm. Photo by E. Barge.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

82
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@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
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<taxonomicName LSID="C7FBF629-A2F2-E94B-9227-BDFB1A2D3D2A" authority="Hentz, 1850" authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion frondeum" order="Araneae" pageId="392" pageNumber="393" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frondeum">Theridion frondeum Hentz, 1850</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion frondeum" order="Araneae" pageId="392" pageNumber="393" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frondeum">Theridion frondeum</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, HW" pageId="454" pageNumber="455" refId="B427" refString="Levi, HW, 1957a. The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112: 1-123." title="The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112: 1 - 123." year="1957 a">Levi 1957a</bibRefCitation>
: 81, mf, desc. (figs 288-289, 298-299)]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Bexar, Brazoria</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="locality">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Ramsey Prison Farm</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="time of activity">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Time of activity.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Female (August)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Alabama</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Latin, referring to a leaf (pattern?)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="392" pageNumber="393" type="collection">
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">Collection.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="392" pageNumber="393">MSU, TAMU</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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