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<mods:title id="EB40EA5A274ADA9E277E33DE9284C9ED">New albanerpetontid amphibians from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco and Middle Jurassic of England</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89058D285CD58D19AB274B66790B5ACA">Gardner, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B1F44D84266214E33726E585830301E9">Evans, Susan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="36BC6AAB77647017FE00749B8299B937">Sigogneau-Russell, Denise</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="373B23A70F320A0F2D3E2C1FE4D42AAB">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="39DE19571D2092F6AE32DBA339A046D9">2003</mods:date>
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<treatment id="221B87D5B31E1B049D62FB27BB11FDC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:221B87D5B31E1B049D62FB27BB11FDC3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/221B87D5B31E1B049D62FB27BB11FDC3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<subSubSection id="E2A86548B31E1B0E9D62FB27BE85FB56" box="[812,1202,1176,1205]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FB27BE85FB56" blockId="2.[812,1202,1176,1240]" box="[812,1202,1176,1205]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="F14581AFB31E1B0E9D62FB27BE85FB56" box="[812,1202,1176,1205]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" reason="9">
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<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B31E1B0E9D62FB27BE72FB56" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[812,1093,1176,1205]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9D62FB27BE72FB56" box="[812,1093,1176,1205]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Anoualerpeton unicus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83F557AAB31E1B0E9A00FB26BE85FB56" box="[1102,1202,1177,1205]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="E2A86548B31E1B049D62FB7DBB11FDC3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FB7DB9BBFB3B" blockId="2.[812,1202,1176,1240]" box="[812,908,1218,1240]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<figureCitation id="32892A46B31E1B0E9D62FB7DB959FB3B" box="[812,878,1218,1240]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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||||
,
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||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31E1B0E9D34FB7DB9BFFB3B" box="[890,904,1218,1240]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">2</figureCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FB53BE4DFAE1" blockId="2.[812,1226,1260,1312]" box="[812,1146,1260,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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||||
Anoual species;
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9D85FB53BE40FAE1" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[971,1143,1260,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref15363" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2002. Monophyly and intra-generic relationships of the amphibian Albanerpeton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 12 - 22." type="journal article" year="2002">Gardner 2002: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FAB5BEFDFAC3" blockId="2.[812,1226,1260,1312]" box="[812,1226,1290,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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||||
Anoual albanerpetontid;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9A55FAB5BEF0FAC3" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1051,1223,1290,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref15363" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2002. Monophyly and intra-generic relationships of the amphibian Albanerpeton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 12 - 22." type="journal article" year="2002">Gardner 2002: 14</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FA8DBF66FA87" blockId="2.[812,1485,1330,1380]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9D62FA8DB9A4FAAB" box="[812,915,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Etymology</emphasis>
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||||
:
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||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B31E1B0E9DEEFA8CBE14FAAB" authority=", Latin" authorityName="Latin" box="[928,1059,1330,1352]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus">
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<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9DEEFA8CB9D3FAAB" box="[928,996,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Unicus</emphasis>
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, Latin
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</taxonomicName>
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“alone” or “solitary”, referring to this being the only known albanerpetontid species from Gondwana.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FACBBFADFA21" blockId="2.[812,1486,1396,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="1ADA3C9EB31E1B0E9D62FACBBFADFA21" collectionCode="MCM" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" specimenCode="MCM 187" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9D62FACBB9B3FA69" box="[812,900,1396,1418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="75098861B31E1B0E9D62FACBB9B3FA69" box="[812,900,1396,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
|
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: MNHN.
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<specimenCode id="FA149EB8B31E1B0E9DACFACBBE7BFA69" box="[994,1100,1396,1418]" collectionCode="MCM" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i15t-gzyx" name="Institut de Paleontologie, Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">MCM 187</specimenCode>
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, right premaxilla missing most of pars palatinumandlateralmostpartofparsdentalis,withpreservedtoothrow containing three broken teeth and five tooth slots (
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<figureCitation id="32892A46B31E1B0E9B41FA13BF53FA21" box="[1295,1380,1452,1474]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="32892A46B31E1B0E9B20FA13BFB8FA21" box="[1390,1423,1452,1474]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">2A</figureCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0E9D62FA6EBF62F8F8" blockId="2.[812,1486,1396,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9D62FA6EBEB2FA04" box="[812,1157,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="75098861B31E1B0E9D62FA6EB9B3FA04" box="[812,900,1489,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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locality, horizon, and age
|
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</emphasis>
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: Anoual microvertebrate locality, about
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<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31E1B0E9D29FA52B998F9E0" box="[871,943,1517,1539]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
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east of the city of Anoual and near a fort called Ksar Met Lili, Talsinnt Province, eastern High Atlas Mountains, east−central
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<collectingCountry id="D2A57653B31E1B0E9BEAF9B6B956F9D8" name="Morocco" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9D3FF99ABE96F9D8" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Evans, S. E. & Levine, J. F. & Russell, D. A." box="[881,1185,1573,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref16596" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Evans, S. E., Levine, J. F., and Russell, D. A. 1998." type="book" year="1998">Sigogneau−Russell et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 1); unnamed non−marine limestone lens, Couches Rouges (“red beds”) sandstone. The fossiliferous lens occurs within marine beds in the upper part of the Couches Rouges sandstone (
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<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9DADF9C6BF35F96C" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Monbaron, M. & de Kaenel, E." box="[995,1282,1657,1679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="461 - 483" refId="ref16555" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Monbaron, M., and de Kaenel, E. 1990. Nouvelles donnees sur le gisement a Mammif e res Mesozo i ques du Haut-Atlas Marocain. Geobios 23: 461 - 483." type="journal article" year="1990">Sigogneau−Russell et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and is interpreted as having been deposited in a deltaic setting (
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<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9A92F92AB957F924" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Evans, S. E. & Levine, J. F. & Russell, D. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref16596" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Evans, S. E., Levine, J. F., and Russell, D. A. 1998." type="book" year="1998">Sigogneau−Russell et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Nanofossils support an Early Cretaceous age, probably Berriasian, for the lens (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9DA3F972BF2FF900" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Monbaron, M. & de Kaenel, E." box="[1005,1304,1741,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="461 - 483" refId="ref16555" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Monbaron, M., and de Kaenel, E. 1990. Nouvelles donnees sur le gisement a Mammif e res Mesozo i ques du Haut-Atlas Marocain. Geobios 23: 461 - 483." type="journal article" year="1990">Sigogneau−Russell et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9B6BF972B9C7F91C" author="Duffin, C. J. & Sigogneau-Russell, D." pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="175 - 190" refId="ref14586" refString="Duffin, C. J. and Sigogneau-Russell, D. 1993. Fossil shark teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Anoual, Morocco. Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Papers 264: 175 - 190." type="journal article" year="1993">Duffin and Sigogneau−Russell 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). See
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31E1B0E9A62F956BF57F91C" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Evans, S. E. & Levine, J. F. & Russell, D. A." box="[1068,1376,1769,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref16596" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Evans, S. E., Levine, J. F., and Russell, D. A. 1998." type="book" year="1998">Sigogneau−Russell et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and Evans and Sigogneau−Russell (2001) for additional information.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31E1B0F9D62F88DB8F2FEC2" blockId="2.[812,1486,1842,2026]" lastBlockId="3.[102,774,232,289]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31E1B0E9D62F88DBE3CF8AA" box="[812,1035,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Referred specimens</emphasis>
|
||||
.—Premaxillae (n = 4): MNHN.MCM 188, 198–200; maxillae (n = 5): MNHN.MCM 13, 189, 201–203; dentaries (n = 34): MNHN.MCM 4, 5, 19–34, 41–48, 192–197, 204, 205; frontals (n = 3): MNHN.MCM 11, 190, 191; parietal (n = 1): MNHN.MCM 12; articular (n = 1): MNHN.MCM 6; humerus (n = 4): MNHN.MCM 7, 14–16; trunk vertebrae (n = 15): MNHN.MCM 8, 9, 35–40, 49–55; and caudal vertebrae (n = 3): MNHN.MCM 10, 17, 18.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9E28FE8DB8F8FEA9" blockId="3.[102,719,306,330]" box="[102,719,306,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31F1B0F9E28FE8DBAD8FEA9" box="[102,239,306,330]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||||
.—Known only from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="75098861B31F1B0F9C44FE8DB85BFEA9" box="[522,620,306,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9E28FEE2BBA9FD37" blockId="3.[102,775,348,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31F1B0F9E28FEE2BAEFFE97" box="[102,216,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||||
.—Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B31F1B0F9F39FEE3B82AFE97" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[375,541,348,372]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31F1B0F9F39FEE3B82AFE97" box="[375,541,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Anoualerpeton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differing from Middle Jurassic congener described below as follows: suprapalatal pit located more medially in pars dorsalis of premaxilla, just medial to margin for external narial opening and in line with fourth or fifth locus from medial end of tooth row; dorsal opening of palatal foramen in premaxilla below or within base of suprapalatal pit; internasal process on frontals relatively shorter (midline length subequal to width across base) and pointed distally; anterolateral processes on frontals pointed distally and distinct from main body of bone; and ventrolateral crests on frontals convex ventrally to bevelled in transverse view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9E28FD58B82AFC7D" blockId="3.[102,775,742,926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31F1B0F9E28FD58BADDFD1D" box="[102,234,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
.—None of the 71 catalogued specimens at hand is complete, but the available jaws and frontals document most of the structure of these elements. Because the specimens are small and fragile, in some cases we have left cemented matrix attached to the bone rather than risk irreparable damage by attempting to remove it.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9E28FC0FB8E3FAAB" blockId="3.[102,775,944,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31F1B0F9E28FC0FBAD7FC2B" box="[102,224,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Premaxilla</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9EA0FC0FBB59FC2B" box="[238,366,944,968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Figs. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9F37FC0FBB8EFC2B" box="[377,441,944,968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).—
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="1ADA3C9EB31F1B0F9FADFC0FB8E7FAAB" collectionCode="MCM" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" specimenCode="MCM 187, MCM 188" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
The two most nearly complete premaxillae are MNHN.
|
||||
<specimenCode id="FA149EB8B31F1B0F9FE1FC6FB811FC0B" box="[431,550,976,1000]" collectionCode="MCM" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i15t-gzyx" name="Institut de Paleontologie, Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">MCM 187</specimenCode>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="75098861B31F1B0F9C7AFC6FB8A0FC0B" box="[564,663,976,1000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) and 188. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="75098861B31F1B0F9ED8FC4FBAC1FBEB" box="[150,246,1008,1032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9F4AFC4FBB53FBEB" box="[260,356,1008,1032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9F20FC4FBBA6FBEB" box="[366,401,1008,1032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is from the right side, is about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31F1B0F9CAAFC4FBAA6FBCB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
high, and retains an intact pars dorsalis, but lacks the more lingual part of the pars palatinum and the lateral end of the pars dentalis. MNHN.
|
||||
<specimenCode id="FA149EB8B31F1B0F9F68FBEFBB97FB8B" box="[294,416,1104,1128]" collectionCode="MCM" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i15t-gzyx" name="Institut de Paleontologie, Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">MCM 188</specimenCode>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9FFCFBEFB821FB8B" box="[434,534,1104,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Figs. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9C6BFBEFB870FB8B" box="[549,583,1104,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is from the left side, is about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31F1B0F9EB6FBCFBB7CFB6B" box="[248,331,1136,1160]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
high, and lacks the lateral end of the pars dentalis, dorsolateral part of the pars dorsalis, and the lateral and medial parts of the pars palatinum. The former specimen is more robust than the latter and is from a slightly larger individual. The remaining premaxillae are from comparable−sized individuals, but preserve only the base of the pars dorsalis and varying amounts of the pars palatinum and pars dentalis
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9EC5FAEEB930F96B" blockId="3.[102,775,944,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">The medial edge of each specimen bears elongate grooves and a flange, indicating that the premaxillae were sutured (i.e., paired) in life with their opposite. MNHN.MCM 187 and 188 show that the pars dorsalis is relatively short and broad, with the ratio of height:width across the suprapalatal pit about 1.4. On MNHN.MCM 187 the dorsal edge of the pars dorsalis bears weak suture marks forcontactwith the nasaland the process is indented laterally above the external narial margin by a narrow, shallow notch for receipt of the lacrimal. In labial aspect about the dorsal one−third of the pars dorsalis on</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9E28F92EBB4AF84A" blockId="3.[102,775,944,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">MNHN.MCM 187 bears a low, indistinct boss that is ornamented with low, relatively broad ridges enclosing shallow, irregular pits. MNHN.MCM 188 preserves the medial edge of an evidently less prominent boss. All specimens show that the remainder of the labial face of the bone is relatively smooth and perforated by small, scattered external nutritive foramina. The lateral corner of the pars dentalis is indented by a smooth facet that, in life, was overlapped labially by a complementary process from the maxilla.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B0F9EC5F80DBF89FDA1" blockId="3.[102,775,944,2026]" lastBlockId="3.[812,1486,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
MNHN.MCM 187 and 188 are the most informative specimens for documenting the lingual structure of the pars dorsalis. The suprapalatal pit (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A33FF57BEE5FEE2" box="[1149,1234,232,257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A9DFF4CBF32FEE7" box="[1235,1285,233,260]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9A9DFF4CBEEBFEE7" attach="right" box="[1235,1244,243,260]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
, B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9AB2FF4CBF32FEE7" attach="left" box="[1276,1285,243,260]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
) lies in the lateral half of the process, medial to the external narial margin and in line with the fourth or fifth tooth position from the medial end of the tooth row, and well dorsal to the pars palatinum. The pit is oval in outline, relatively small (i.e., occupies about two percent of lingual surface area of pars dorsalis), and opens laterolingually. To either side, the suprapalatal pit is bracketed by an indistinct internal strut. A few tiny, sediment−infilled lateral foramina perforate the pars dorsalis laterally, in the wall for the external narial opening. The remainder of the lingual surface of the pars dorsalis is smooth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31F1B099D1CFDF2BB35FA44" blockId="3.[812,1486,232,2026]" lastBlockId="5.[102,775,232,1448]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
None of the
|
||||
<specimenCount id="BCB4FD4AB31F1B0F9DA9FDF3BEA6FD87" box="[999,1169,588,612]" count="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
retains an intact pars palatinum, but judging by preserved sections and broken surfaces the process was a lingually broad, horizontal shelf as in other albanerpetontids. MNHN.MCM 188 medially preserves the base of the lingually projecting vomerine process. MNHN.MCM 187, 188, and 198 are useful for documenting and interpreting the openings associated with the pars palatinum. The first
|
||||
<specimenCount id="BCB4FD4AB31F1B0F9A5BFC91BE8BFCA6" box="[1045,1212,813,837]" count="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
have two tiny foramina that open dorsally in the junction between the pars palatinum and pars dorsalis, in the vicinity of the suprapalatal pit. The larger and more dorsolabial of these two foramina opens just below the suprapalatal pit in MNHN.MCM 187 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9B15FC11BF84FC25" box="[1371,1459,942,966]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9BFDFC07BF8BFC2A" box="[1459,1468,952,969]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9BFDFC07BF8BFC2A" attach="left" box="[1459,1468,952,969]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but more dorsally within the ventral margin of the pit in MNHN.MCM 188 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A5FFC51BE50FBE5" box="[1041,1127,1006,1030]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A29FC46BE47FBE9" box="[1127,1136,1017,1034]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9A29FC46BE47FBE9" attach="left" box="[1127,1136,1017,1034]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We interpret this foramen as the dorsal opening of the palatal foramen, because in other albanerpetontid taxa, including the Jurassic species described below, the dorsal opening of the palatal foramen is consistently present and closely associated with the ventral margin of the suprapalatal pit (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31F1B0F9ADDFB31BF72FB44" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1171,1349,1166,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="55 - 70" refId="ref15275" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2000 a. Revised taxonomy of albanerpetontid amphibians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45: 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="2000">Gardner 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In life the suprapalatal pit probably housed a gland (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31F1B0F9B5BFB10B952FB04" author="Fox, R. C. & Naylor, B. G." pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="118 - 128" refId="ref15075" refString="Fox, R. C. and Naylor, B. G. 1982. A reconsideration of the relationships of the fossil amphibian Albanerpeton. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19: 118 - 128." type="journal article" year="1982">Fox and Naylor 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the palatal foramen may have carried a duct from the gland into the roof of the mouth (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31F1B0F9AF1FB50BF5BFAE4" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1215,1388,1263,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="55 - 70" refId="ref15275" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2000 a. Revised taxonomy of albanerpetontid amphibians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45: 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="2000">Gardner 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The inferred ventral opening of the palatal foramen lies in the junction between the pars palatinum and pars dentalis in MNHN.MCM 187 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A5BFAF0BE58FA84" box="[1045,1135,1359,1383]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A3EFAE5BE4EFA88" box="[1136,1145,1370,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9A3EFAE5BE4EFA88" attach="right" box="[1136,1145,1370,1387]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and, although not visible in figures published here, slightly more lingually in the ventral face of the pars palatinum in MNHN.MCM 188; these positions are consistent with the pattern in other albanerpetontids. In both specimens the ventral opening of the palatal foramen is displaced medially relative to the dorsal opening of the foramen. Although the palatal foramen is plugged with matrix in both specimens, the relative positions of the dorsal and ventral openings imply that the canal connecting the two openings extends dorsolaterally–ventromedially through the pars palatinum. This canal is exposed in the broken surface of the pars palatinum on MNHN.MCM 198 (unfigured) and confirms that the canal extended obliquely through the shelf. As for the smaller and more lingual foramen (= “unknown foramen” in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9DF4F8AEBE38F8CA" box="[954,1039,1809,1833]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31F1B0F9A41F8A3BE75F8CE" box="[1039,1090,1809,1837]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9A41F8A3BE2FF8CE" attach="left" box="[1039,1048,1820,1837]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
, B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31F1B0F9A77F8A3BE75F8CE" attach="left" box="[1081,1090,1820,1837]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
) that opens in the dorsal surface of the pars palatinum, judging by the condition in other albanerpetontids this foramen likely communicates, via a canal extending obliquely through the pars palatinum, with a similarly small foramen that opens in the lingual face of the pars dentalis, medial to and slightly below the ventral opening of the palatal foramen. The function of this smaller foramen is unknown. The pars dentalis is deep. Tiny foramina pierce the lingual face of the pars dentalis above some tooth positions.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089D62F80FB9B4F82B" box="[812,899,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3181B089DDBF80FB9CEF82A" box="[917,1017,1968,1993]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3181B089A47F80FBE1EF82B" box="[1033,1065,1968,1992]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).—The two best preserved maxillae collectively document all but the posteriormost end of the bone. MNHN.MCM 189 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099FC4FF57BBDCFEE2" box="[394,491,232,257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099FB9FF56B82FFEE2" box="[503,536,233,257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and 201 (unfigured) are broken well behind the internal narial margin and preserve about the anterior two−thirds to four−fifths of the bone. The former specimen is from the left side and has the first 17 loci, whereas the latter is from the right side and retains the first 14 loci. MNHN.MCM 189 is about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B3191B099C0EFE35B8AEFE42" box="[576,665,394,418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long and was probably about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B3191B099F04FE16BB96FE22" box="[330,417,425,449]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long when the bone was intact; MNHN.MCM 201 is from a slightly smaller individual. Available specimens resemble other albanerpetontid maxillae as follows: pars facialis elongate and low, becoming shallower posteriorly; nasal process projects dorsally, triangular in outline, and bevelled posteriorly for articulation with lacrimal; premaxillary dorsal and lateral processes prominent, the former a lingually expanded shelf and the latter an anteriorly projecting flange; pars palatinum a lingually broad shelf, narrowing posteriorly, with lingual edge indented anteriorly by concave internal narial margin, and, more posteriorly, bearing shallow trough dorsolingually for articulation with unknown palatal bone(s); and pars dentalis deep, becoming shallower posteriorly. The labial face of the bone is smooth, except for tiny external nutritive foramina scattered across the more anterior part of the pars facialis. The premaxillary lateral process is relatively long (i.e., length greater than height at base) and blunt distally. Unlike many other albanerpetontid maxillae, including the Jurassic material described below, the dorsal surface of the pars palatinum adjacent to the nasal process lacks a saddle−shaped bony patch for contact with the base of the lacrimal. Also, the ventral surface of the premaxillary dorsal process lacks the transverse ridge that, in life, abutted against the lateral edge of the maxillary process on the premaxilla when the two bones were articulated. The occlusal edge of the pars dentalis is convex ventrally in labial or lingual outline. In MNHN.MCM 189 the pars dentalis is deepest adjacent to about the sixth locus. Tiny foramina are variably present in the lingual face of the pars dentalis above the teeth. The anterior end of the tooth row lies several loci anterior to the level of the leading edge of the nasal process.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B3181B089E28F910BF30F865" blockId="4.[102,1486,1711,1927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||||
Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3181B089FE6F910B846F921" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[424,625,1711,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089FE6F910B846F921" box="[424,625,1711,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Anoualerpeton unicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83F557AAB3181B089C37F90FB8F3F920" box="[633,708,1712,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089B6CF910BF05F921" bold="true" box="[1314,1330,1711,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">A</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089B71F910BF79F921" bold="true" box="[1343,1358,1711,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Premaxillae.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089E28F974BA41F93D" bold="true" box="[102,118,1739,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A
|
||||
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|
||||
) and lingual (A
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089DBAF96BB9CBF901" attach="right" box="[1012,1020,1748,1762]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2</subScript>
|
||||
) views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089A08F974BE62F93D" bold="true" box="[1094,1109,1739,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089A54F94FBE15F91D" attach="left" box="[1050,1058,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</subScript>
|
||||
) and lingual (B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089AE0F94FBE81F91D" attach="left" box="[1198,1206,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2</subScript>
|
||||
) views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089B4CF958BF25F919" bold="true" box="[1282,1298,1767,1786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089CE1F8B3B880F8F9" attach="left" box="[687,695,1804,1818]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</subScript>
|
||||
), lingual (C
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089D6CF8B3B91DF8F9" attach="left" box="[802,810,1804,1818]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2</subScript>
|
||||
), and dorsal (C
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089DFAF8B3B98BF8F9" attach="left" box="[948,956,1804,1818]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">3</subScript>
|
||||
) views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089A46F8BCBE2FF8F5" bold="true" box="[1032,1048,1795,1814]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">D</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089A6CF8BCBE06F8F5" bold="true" box="[1058,1073,1795,1814]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. Fused frontals.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089A88F8BCBEE1F8F5" bold="true" box="[1222,1238,1795,1814]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089BD9F897BFA8F8D5" attach="left" box="[1431,1439,1832,1846]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</subScript>
|
||||
) and ventral (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089E8FF8FBBAFEF8B1" attach="right" box="[193,201,1860,1874]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">2</subScript>
|
||||
) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3181B089C9FF8FBB8EEF8B1" attach="left" box="[721,729,1860,1874]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">3</subScript>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3181B089CA5F884B8CDF8AD" bold="true" box="[747,762,1851,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B3191B099E28FA00B9D1FB66" blockId="5.[102,775,1470,1752]" lastBlockId="5.[812,1485,232,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099E28FA00BAF5FA35" box="[102,194,1471,1494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dentary</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099E9CFA01BB79FA34" box="[210,334,1470,1495]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 2D–G</figureCitation>
|
||||
).—A catalogued size series of 34 broken dentaries is available. The most nearly complete specimen, MNHN.MCM 204 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099FCDFA40BBECF9F4" box="[387,475,1535,1559]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), is a left dentary that is intact from the symphysis back to the level of the anterior margin of the opening for the Meckelian canal and bears 30 tooth positions with 25 teeth and five tooth slots. The specimen is about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B3191B099EE1F93FBB3EF974" box="[175,265,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long and would have been about one−third again as long when the bone was complete. In dentaries from Anoual the occlusal edge of the dental parapet is strongly convex dorsally in labial or lingual outline, with the apex labial to the eighth–tenth loci. This condition is most pronounced in larger specimens, such as MNHN.MCM 204 and MNHN.MCM 195 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099A43FEF6BE54FE82" box="[1037,1123,329,353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099A2DFEEBBE5BFE86" box="[1123,1132,340,357]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099A2DFEEBBE5BFE86" attach="left" box="[1123,1132,340,357]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">1</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
, E, respectively), but it also occurs in smaller specimens (e.g., MNHN.MCM 4 and 5; unfigured). In other respects, the structure of the dentary is typical for albanerpetontids. In dorsal aspect the bone is broadly curved. The labial face is smooth and a row of up to five or six external nutritive foramina extends along the anterior half of the bone. Below these foramina a low ridge is variably developed; this ridge marks the upper boundary of a shallow scar that extends anteroposteriorly along the lateroventral and ventral surfaces of the bone, for attachment of the intermandibularis musculature. A foramen opens in the underside of the symphysis. The symphyseal face is vertical anteriorly and posteriorly bears one or two symphyseal prongs that, in life, interlocked in a mortise−and−tenon fashion with one or two complementary prongs on the opposite dentary. In lingual aspect the dental parapet is moderately deep. The subdental shelf is moderately broad lingually, shallow, and gutter shaped anteriorly, and becomes deeper and narrower posteriorly. No dentary has the area for attachment of the postdentary bones intact, but several specimens, including MNHN.MCM 192 and 193 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099A39FC72BEC5FC06" box="[1143,1266,973,997]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
, respectively), preserve enough of this region to show that the opening for the Meckelian canal extends forward below about the posterior one−quarter to one−third of the tooth row and that the dorsal edge of the bone behind the tooth row was smooth and lacked a dorsal process.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B3191B0A9D62FB22B824F806" blockId="5.[812,1485,1181,1752]" lastBlockId="6.[102,1485,1862,2021]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099D62FB22B95DFB56" box="[812,874,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Teeth</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099D37FB22B9CCFB56" box="[889,1019,1181,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figs. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099DB5FB18BE7BFB56" box="[1019,1100,1181,1208]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099DB5FB18BE33FB5B" attach="left" box="[1019,1028,1191,1208]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2</subScript>
|
||||
; 2A–I
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
).—Marginal teeth are characteristic for albanerpetontids in being highly pleurodont, non−pedicellate, straight, closely packed, and in having crowns that are labiolingually compressed and bear three mesiodistally−aligned cuspules. The structure of the tooth crowns is more variable than in species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099AE3FA81BF72FAB5" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1197,1349,1342,1366]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099AE3FA81BF72FAB5" box="[1197,1349,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Albanerpeton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Crowns on some teeth in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099D98FAE1BEE6FA95" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[982,1233,1374,1398]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099D98FAE1BEE6FA95" box="[982,1233,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Anoualerpeton unicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are decidedly chisel−like, with the central cuspule relatively low and the occlusal surface of the crown essentially convex in lingual outline; this pattern is typical for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099A04FA01BED5FA35" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1098,1250,1470,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099A04FA01BED5FA35" box="[1098,1250,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Albanerpeton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Some tooth crowns in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099D06FA60B98AFA15" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[840,957,1503,1526]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099D06FA60B98AFA15" box="[840,957,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">An. unicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are more wedge−shaped in lingual or labial outline, with the central cuspule considerably longer than the mesial and distal cuspules (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B3191B099A28F9A0BEEEF9D4" box="[1126,1241,1567,1591]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 2H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Similar variation in tooth crown structure also occurs in the Jurassic congener described below and in an indeterminate Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099DF0F93FBE6FF974" box="[958,1112,1664,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Celtedens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099DF0F93FBE1BF97B" box="[958,1068,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Celtedens</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Purbeck,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="D2A57653B3191B099B5BF93FBF45F97B" box="[1301,1394,1664,1688]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">England</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B3191B099BC9F93FBE2CF95B" author="Evans, S. E. & McGowan, G. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="103 - 119" refId="ref14838" refString="Evans, S. E. and McGowan, G. J. 2002. An amphibian assemblage from the PurbeckLimestoneGroup. SpecialPapersinPalaeontology 68: 103 - 119." type="journal article" year="2002">Evans and McGowan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: pl. 1: 9); in these European taxa the central cuspule on some teeth is even more elongate, resultincomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9B64F8F9BF0BF8BA" bold="true" box="[1322,1340,1862,1881]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">H</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9B09F8F9BF67F8BA" bold="true" box="[1351,1360,1862,1881]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">I</emphasis>
|
||||
. Close ups of tooth crowns, both in lingual view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9FECF8DDBB83F896" bold="true" box="[418,436,1890,1909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">H</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 199, right premaxilla, crown of tooth at sixth locus from medial end of tooth row.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9B6FF8DDBF1DF896" bold="true" box="[1313,1322,1890,1909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">I</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 5, right dentary, crown of tooth at eighth locus from anterior end of tooth row.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9D4CF8C1B93AF872" bold="true" box="[770,781,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">J</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9D59F8C1B91EF872" bold="true" box="[791,809,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">K</emphasis>
|
||||
. Fused frontals, both in ventral view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9A38F8C1BEB6F872" bold="true" box="[1142,1153,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">J</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31A1B0A9A0DF825BE62F84E" bold="true" box="[1091,1109,1946,1965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">K</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone, photographed before damage (cf.,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31A1B0A9EFBF86DBAC3F806" box="[181,244,2002,2021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Specimens at different scales.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="FECD664BB3191B099E28F8A8BFFAF80B" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" startId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B3191B099E28F8A8BFFAF80B" blockId="5.[102,1486,1815,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||||
Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3191B099F30F8A8B87CF8CA" authorityName="Gardner & Evans & Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[382,587,1815,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Anoualerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099F30F8A8B87CF8CA" box="[382,587,1815,1834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Anoualerpeton unicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83F557AAB3191B099C1BF8A8B893F8C9" box="[597,676,1815,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099B55F8A8BF1CF8C9" bold="true" box="[1307,1323,1815,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">A</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099B72F8A8BF7CF8C9" bold="true" box="[1340,1355,1815,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Premaxillae.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099E28F88DBA41F8A6" bold="true" box="[102,118,1842,1861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099DECF884B99DF8AA" attach="right" box="[930,938,1851,1865]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">1</subScript>
|
||||
) and laterolingual (A
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099A36F884BEB7F8AA" attach="right" box="[1144,1152,1851,1865]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2</subScript>
|
||||
) views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099A9AF88DBED4F8A6" bold="true" box="[1236,1251,1842,1861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099A85F8E9BEE4F887" attach="left" box="[1227,1235,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">1</subScript>
|
||||
) and laterolingual (B
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099BD9F8E9BFA8F887" attach="left" box="[1431,1439,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2</subScript>
|
||||
) and slightly dorsal views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099F60F8D7BB09F898" bold="true" box="[302,318,1896,1915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099B72F8D6BF5DF898" bold="true" box="[1340,1386,1896,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">D–G</emphasis>
|
||||
, dentaries.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099E28F83BBA41F874" bold="true" box="[102,118,1924,1943]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099FD0F817BB91F855" attach="left" box="[414,422,1960,1974]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">1</subScript>
|
||||
), lingual (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099C5BF817B82AF855" attach="right" box="[533,541,1960,1974]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">2</subScript>
|
||||
), and occlusal (D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B3191B099CF3F817B8F2F855" attach="left" box="[701,709,1960,1974]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">3</subScript>
|
||||
) views.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099D5CF820B916F851" bold="true" box="[786,801,1951,1970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099C51F805B81AF82E" bold="true" box="[543,557,1978,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3191B099DEFF86AB984F80B" bold="true" box="[929,947,2005,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">G</emphasis>
|
||||
. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B0B9E28FF57BA95FC82" blockId="7.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
ing in a more pointed crown. In jaws from Anoual the premaxillary teeth and the more anterior teeth on the maxilla and dentary tend to have wedge−shaped crowns, whereas teeth farther back tend to have more chisel−shaped crowns. Tooth counts are typical for albanerpetontids. MNHN.MCM 198 is the only premaxilla with an intact tooth row and preserves ten tooth positions. No maxilla or dentary preserves a complete tooth row, but specimens with anatomically overlapping sections of the row yield estimated, maximum counts of, respectively, 25 and 35 tooth positions. Most specimens preserve evidence of tooth replacement in the form of empty replacement slots and several, such as the maxilla MNHN. MCM 189 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9EA1FDD7BB66FD62" box="[239,337,616,641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9F1FFDCCBBB8FD62" box="[337,399,617,644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31B1B0B9F1FFDCCBB6DFD67" attach="left" box="[337,346,627,644]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2</subScript>
|
||||
, 2C
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
: anteriormost tooth), also have a lingual resorption pit in the base of one or more teeth. The dentary MNHN.MCM 34 (unfigured) preserves a non−functional, replacement tooth at the second locus. Teeth on the maxilla and dentary are strongly heterodont in size, with teeth about one−third of the distance along the tooth row from the anterior end being longer than nearby teeth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9CDAFC97B8C1FCA2" box="[660,758,808,833]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9CB8FC8CBAA6FC87" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31B1B0B9CB8FC8CB8C8FCA7" attach="left" box="[758,767,819,836]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2</subScript>
|
||||
, 2D
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31B1B0B9EC6FCECBAA6FC87" attach="left" box="[136,145,851,868]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B0B9E28FCCDBFF4FDC6" blockId="7.[102,775,232,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[812,1485,232,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31B1B0B9E28FCCDBAF1FC69" box="[102,198,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Frontals</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9E99FCCDBB69FC6A" box="[215,350,882,906]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9F23FCCDBB9CFC69" box="[365,427,882,906]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2J, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
).—The two most nearly complete specimens are figured here: MNHN.MCM 190 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9C80FC2DBABEFC29" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9ED4FC0DBA83FC29" box="[154,180,946,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and MNHN.MCM 191 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9FAAFC0DB87FFC29" box="[484,584,946,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9C17FC0DB848FC29" box="[601,639,946,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The more nearly complete specimen, MNHN.MCM 190, lacks only the distal end of the left anterolateral process and the posterior end of the ventrolateral crests on both sides. The two halves are solidly fused medially. The specimen is
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9CD9FB8DB8DCFBAA" box="[663,747,1074,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in midline length and
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9F0AFBEDBBABFB8A" box="[324,412,1106,1130]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
wide across the posterior edge, which yields a relative length (ratio of midline length:posterior width) of about 1.5. The internasal process is acuminate in dorsal or ventral outline and relatively broad, with the midline length subequal to the width across the base. The lateral face of the internasal process bears an elongate groove (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9E20FAADBAF3FAC9" box="[110,196,1298,1322]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9E8BFAA3BAF9FACE" box="[197,206,1308,1325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,135,1780,1799]" captionTargetBox="[106,1481,225,1752]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[106,1481,225,1752]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Jaws of Anoualerpeton priscus sp. nov.; Middle Jurassic (late Bathonian), Kirtlington, England. A–C. Premaxillae. A. BMNH R.16336, holotype, left premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis, lateral part of pars dentalis, and most of pars palatinum and preserving no intact teeth, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. BMNH R.16337, right premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis and medial pars of pars palatinum and pars dentalis, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. BMNH R.14157, right premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis, ventral part of pars dentalis, and lateral end of maxillary process and preserving no intact teeth, in lingual (C1) and dorsal (C2) views, both with hair extending obliquely through palatal foramen, and in occlusal (C3) view. D. BMNH R.16338, left maxilla, missing part of pars dentalis below nasal process and about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and dorsal (D3) views. E–H. Dentaries, all in lingual view. E. BMNH R.16344, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior one−quarter of bone. F. BMNH R.16354, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones; G, BMNH R.16356, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about posterior" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<subScript id="36363486B31B1B0B9E8BFAA3BAF9FACE" attach="right" box="[197,206,1308,1325]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">3</subScript>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
) for articulation with the medial edge of the nasal. The anterolateral process is distinct from the main body of the bone and is pointed distally. The more anterior slot between the internasal and anterolateral processes for receipt of the posterior end of the nasal and the more posterior slot between the anterolateral process and the orbital margin for receipt of the posterior end of the prefrontal are both deep. The dorsal margin of the latter slot is shallowly excavated medially. The anterior end of the orbital margin, as demarcated by the posterior end of the slot for receipt of the prefrontal, is approximately in line with the anteroposterior midpoint of the bone. MNHN.MCM 190 is vaguely bell−shaped in outline, with the posterior edge nearly two times wider than the distance between the slots for receipt of the prefrontals. Behind the base of the anterolateral process, the lateral edge of the bone first extends posteriorly in a straight line, then curves outwards in a shallow arc at about 25° from the midline. The posterior edge of the bone is transverse and shallowly concave to either side of the midline. Dorsally, the bone is ornamented with shallow, broad polygonal pits enclosed by a network of narrower, low ridges. In ventral view, the ventrolateral crest is relatively narrow—i.e., crest at the anterior limit of the orbital margin is about 0.4 times as wide as the width across the posterior edge of the frontals, between the medial edges of the crest. The ventrolateral crest is somewhat convex ventrally in transverse profile, with the more lateral part along the orbital margin shallowly bevelled and facing ventrolaterally. Posteriorly the medial face of the ventrolateral crest is indented by a facet for receipt of a complementary process from the parietal. Although the ventrolateral crest is broken more posteriorly, this structure probably extended farther back to underlap the parietal, as in other albanerpetontids (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9A62FDB2BF6EFDC6" author="Estes, R. & Hoffstetter, R." box="[1068,1369,525,549]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="297 - 343" refId="ref14711" refString="Estes, R. and Hoffstetter, R. 1976. Les Urod e les du Mioc e ne de La Grive- Saint-Alban (Is e re, France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 3 e Serie, no. 398, Sciences de la Terre 57: 297 - 343." type="journal article" year="1976">Estes and Hoffstetter 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: pl. 8: 2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B0B9D1CFD8FBFFAFC64" blockId="7.[812,1485,232,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
MNHN.MCM 191 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9A73FD90BE95FDAB" box="[1085,1186,559,584]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9AFDFD8FBEE0FDAB" box="[1203,1239,560,584]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2K</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is a larger, but less nearly complete fused pair of frontals. Originally the specimen lacked only the distal ends of the internasal and left anterolateral processes, the posterior end of the left ventrolateral crest, and the right posterolateral corner (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9B2CFD10BFF7FD2B" box="[1378,1472,687,712]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 2. Jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in lingual (B1) and laterolingual (B2) and slightly dorsal views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in lingual and slightly ventral view. D–G, dentaries. D. MNHN.MCM 204, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus, broken at level of opening for Meckelian canal and preserving about anterior three−quarters of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views. E. MNHN.MCM 195, right dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior two−fifths of bone, in lingual view. F. MNHN.MCM 192, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones, in lingual view. G. MNHN.MCM 193, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The specimen was broken during photography and some bone was lost from the median area (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="32892A46B31B1B0B9A89FD50BF2BFCEB" box="[1223,1308,751,776]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,1711,1730]" captionTargetBox="[108,1478,241,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-49@4.[102,1484,225,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales." pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The specimen is
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9D08FCB0B9AAFCC4" box="[838,925,783,807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long in midline length and was probably
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9B38FCAFBFFAFCC4" box="[1398,1485,784,808]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long or slightly longer when complete; the posterior width is estimated at about 3.0 mm. The estimated ratio of midline length:posterior width is 1.6, which compares favorably with
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B0B9D62FC2FBE3AFAA4" blockId="7.[812,1485,232,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
MNHN.MCM 190. Based on the assumption that snout–pelvic length in albanerpetontids is about ten times the midline length of the frontals (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9A61FC70BED6FC04" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1071,1249,975,999]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="529 - 544" refId="ref15179" refString="Gardner, J. D. 1999 b. The amphibian Albanerpeton arthridion and the Aptian - Albian biogeography of albanerpetontids. Palaeontology 42: 529 - 544." type="journal article" year="1999">Gardner 1999b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), MNHN.MCM 191 suggests a snout–pelvic length of about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9AAFFC50BF06FBE4" box="[1249,1329,1007,1031]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||||
. In addition to being larger, MNHN.MCM 191 differs from MNHN.MCM 190 as follows: bone somewhat more triangular in dorsal or ventral outline; laterodorsal margins of internasal process straighter in dorsal or ventral outline (but with midline length of process remaining subequal to width across the base); lateral edge of bone more nearly concave along its entire length and extending laterally at a lesser angle of about 20° in dorsal or ventral outline; and ventral face of ventrolateral crest more bevelled. In other respects, MNHN.MCM 190 and 191 resemble one another.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B0B9D62FAE1BF0BF995" blockId="7.[812,1486,1374,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31B1B0B9D62FAE1B9E3FA95" box="[812,980,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Other elements</emphasis>
|
||||
.—An articular, 15 trunk vertebrae, three caudal vertebrae, and four humeri complete the inventory of albanerpetontid material from Anoual. These are typical for albanerpetontids and do not differ appreciably from homologous specimens reported from the Middle Jurassic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9B18FA61B950F9F5" author="McGowan, G. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="227 - 234" refId="ref15663" refString="McGowan, G. J. 1996. Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Jurassic (Bathonian) of southern England. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona 60: 227 - 234." type="journal article" year="1996">McGowan 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), Lower Cretaceous (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9A02FA41BF67F9F5" author="Estes, R. & Sanchiz, B." box="[1100,1360,1534,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="21 - 39" refId="ref14767" refString="Estes, R. and Sanchiz, B. 1982. Early Cretaceous lower vertebrates from Galve (Teruel), Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2: 21 - 39." type="journal article" year="1982">Estes and Sanchíz 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9B16FA41B9DCF9D5" author="McGowan, G. J. & Ensom, P. C." pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="113 - 117" refId="ref15799" refString="McGowan, G. J. and Ensom, P. C. 1997. Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 118: 113 - 117." type="journal article" year="1997">McGowan and Ensom 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and Miocene (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9AD3F9A1BFF1F9D5" author="Estes, R. & Hoffstetter, R." box="[1181,1478,1566,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="297 - 343" refId="ref14711" refString="Estes, R. and Hoffstetter, R. 1976. Les Urod e les du Mioc e ne de La Grive- Saint-Alban (Is e re, France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 3 e Serie, no. 398, Sciences de la Terre 57: 297 - 343." type="journal article" year="1976">Estes and Hoffstetter 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) of Europe and from the Lower Cretaceous of North America (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9D7DF9E1BE4DF995" author="Gardner, J. D. & Averianov, A. O." box="[819,1146,1630,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="453 - 467" refId="ref15390" refString="Gardner, J. D. and Averianov, A. O. 1998. Albanerpetontid amphibiansfrom Middle Asia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43: 453 - 467." type="journal article" year="1998">Gardner and Averianov 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9AC8F9E1BF06F995" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1158,1329,1630,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="529 - 544" refId="ref15179" refString="Gardner, J. D. 1999 b. The amphibian Albanerpeton arthridion and the Aptian - Albian biogeography of albanerpetontids. Palaeontology 42: 529 - 544." type="journal article" year="1999">Gardner 1999b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA0D36C3B31B1B049D62F932BB11FDC3" blockId="7.[812,1485,1677,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[102,775,232,544]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B31B1B0B9D62F932B9B9F946" box="[812,910,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||||
.—Association of albanerpetontid specimens from Anoual within one species is supported by three lines of evidence. First, the provenance of the specimens is unique—no other albanerpetontids are known from Gondwana. Second, the specimens were collected from a single horizon at one locality. The fossiliferous lens at Anoual is restricted, with a depth of only about
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9A49F8EFBE7DF884" box="[1031,1098,1872,1896]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||||
and an areal extent of some
|
||||
<quantity id="6D4A9B26B31B1B0B9B31F8EFBFF3F884" box="[1407,1476,1872,1896]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="5DC79B8BB31B1B0B9B8AF8F2BFFAF8BD" attach="left" box="[1476,1485,1869,1886]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">2</superScript>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B31B1B0B9D7DF8CFBEBAF86B" author="Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Evans, S. E. & Levine, J. F. & Russell, D. A." box="[819,1165,1904,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refId="ref16596" refString="Sigogneau-Russell, D., Evans, S. E., Levine, J. F., and Russell, D. A. 1998." type="book" year="1998">Sigogneau−Russell et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Third, there is no compelling morphological evidence that more than one taxon of albanerpetontid is represented. The maxillae and dentaries have two complementary attributes that justify their association: occlusal margin of jaw convex and teeth strongly heterodont in size anteriorly. Comparisons with other albanerpetontids known by more extensive series of frontals and premaxillae, particularly species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6DB24D40B3141B049C78FEF7B8F9FE83" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[566,718,328,352]" class="Amphibia" family="Albanerpetontidae" genus="Albanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="98C6EAD1B3141B049C78FEF7B8F9FE83" box="[566,718,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Albanerpeton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CE234B32B3141B049E28FED7BB2EFE62" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[102,281,360,385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" pagination="55 - 70" refId="ref15275" refString="Gardner, J. D. 2000 a. Revised taxonomy of albanerpetontid amphibians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45: 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="2000">Gardner 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, b), suggest that differences among the Anoual premaxillae in relative build and proportions and among frontals in overall shape and in details of the internasal process, lateral edge of the bone, and transverse crest are within the expected limits of intraspecific variation for albanerpetontids.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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