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@ -95,7 +98,7 @@
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D27658B5F672A838BFCF1FCA7FCEC" box="[767,859,782,808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A8219FCF2FC52FCE3" box="[877,942,781,807]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A8219FCF2FC52FCE3" box="[877,942,781,807]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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@ -163,9 +166,9 @@ the municipalities of São José dos Campos, Miracatu and Ubatuba (where the new
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by
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<collectorName id="269F23DA8B5F672A8363FB36FD62FB27" box="[535,670,1225,1251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. Mariano</collectorName>
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(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A83C5FB36FD0EFB27" box="[689,754,1225,1251]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A83C5FB36FD0EFB27" box="[689,754,1225,1251]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5F672A8276FB36FCA5FB27" box="[770,857,1225,1251]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5F672A8276FB36FCA5FB27" box="[770,857,1225,1251]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). We also sequenced the DNA of this individual.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
|
|
@ -257,7 +260,7 @@ by
|
|||
;
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBCCEE778B5F672A8295F9E0FB39F9FD" box="[993,1221,1566,1593]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZUEC-AMP 25612</specimenCode>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A85A6F9E1FAEFF9FD" box="[1234,1299,1566,1593]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5F672A85A6F9E1FAEFF9FD" box="[1234,1299,1566,1593]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000721/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; recorded)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
. All
|
||||
|
|
@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ because of its miniature body size, fewer phalanges and toes than a typical frog
|
|||
(when in pairs), and absence of attenuated notes.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5E672B8378FD5EFA17FD10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[524,589,673,695]" targetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5E672B8378FD5EFA17FD10" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[524,589,673,695]" targetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5E672B8378FD5EFA17FD10" blockId="7.[524,1515,673,725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5E672B8378FD5EFA17FD72" bold="true" box="[524,1515,673,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Figure 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,7 +298,7 @@ holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm.
|
|||
(A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[525,580,794,815]" targetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7" targetType="table">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" ID-Table-UUID="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[525,580,794,815]" targetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" blockId="7.[525,1515,793,874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5E672B8379FCE5FBDAFC88" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Table 1 Measurementsoftheholotypeandadultparatypes (oneadultthatwasdissectedforinternal anatomy was not measured) of
|
||||
|
|
@ -399,13 +402,13 @@ Adult paratypes (
|
|||
description
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
–Body slender and leptodactyliform (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5E672B85DFF8F1FB10F8EC" box="[1195,1260,1806,1832]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5E672B85DFF8F1FB10F8EC" box="[1195,1260,1806,1832]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
; SVL =
|
||||
<quantity id="4C92EBE98B5E672B8439F8F1FA45F8ED" box="[1357,1465,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.55" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.55">7.55 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); head as wide as long (
|
||||
<quantity id="4C92EBE98B5E672B83C6F8C9FCE1F894" box="[690,797,1846,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.78">1.78 mm</quantity>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5E672B825EF8C9FC7CF894" box="[810,896,1846,1872]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5E672B825EF8C9FC7CF894" box="[810,896,1846,1872]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), and one-fourth of total body length (HW/SVL = HL/ SVL = 23.6%); snout short and slightly mucronate in dorsal view and between rounded and vertical in lateral view; nostrils oval, not protuberant and directed anterolaterally;
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B51672484D8FB4DFDB2FB37" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||||
distinct; loreal region slightly concave; lips nearly sigmoid; eyes slightly protruding in dorsal and lateral view, and directed anterolaterally, 27.5% ED/HW and ED/HL (as HW = HL); tympanum indistinct; vocal sac not externally expanded; vocal slits present; tongue longer than wide, with posterior half free; choanae small and rounded; vomerine teeth absent. Forearm more than twice (2.3 times) length of upper arm length; hand length shorter than forearm or upper arm lengths; hands with all fingers distinct; fingers Iand IV externally vestigial; fingers II and III robust; tips of fingers Iand IV (when visible) rounded, fingers II and III pointed; relative finger length I ≤ IV <II <III; subarticular tubercles absent; inner and outer metacarpal tubercles absent. Leg relatively long, total leg length (TBL + THL + FL =
|
||||
|
|
@ -415,10 +418,10 @@ distinct; loreal region slightly concave; lips nearly sigmoid; eyes slightly pro
|
|||
); shank slightly shorter than thigh (SHL/SVL = 40.6% and THL/SVL = 47.5%); foot longer than tarsus and the shank; toe I externally absent; toes II, III, IV and V externally distinct and functional. Skin smooth without dermal ossifications. Measurements of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54D1F8AE8B5167248554F947FB7AF916" box="[1056,1158,1720,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
presented in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B516724845CF947FA83F916" box="[1320,1407,1720,1746]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B516724845CF947FA83F916" box="[1320,1407,1720,1746]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5167248378FBD5FA17FBBE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" targetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5167248378FBD5FA17FBBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000721" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000721/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" targetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5167248378FBD5FAC6FB99" blockId="8.[524,1515,1066,1146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5167248378FBD5FA17FBFB" bold="true" box="[524,1515,1066,1088]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Figure 2
|
||||
|
|
@ -438,7 +441,7 @@ Color in life of the
|
|||
</emphasis>
|
||||
–The general coloration of the dorsal body surface is yellowish-brown. Adark brown stripe extends laterally from the tip of the snout to the flanks. Dorsal surfaces of arms and legs interrupted by dark brown stripes. An x-shaped or dorsal mark is present. The lateral view of the body is dark brown; the region overlying the upper jaw is dark brown with distinct white spots. The ventral body surface is brown with small white blotches. The ventral surface of the hands and feet are dark brown with white blotches over each phalanx of the fingers and toes. The pupil is black, and the iris is bronze.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5067258378FC7BFA17FC35" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[524,589,900,922]" targetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5067258378FC7BFA17FC35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000723" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[524,589,900,922]" targetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5067258378FC7BFA17FC35" blockId="9.[524,1516,899,1010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5067258378FC7BFBEFFC73" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
Figure 3
|
||||
|
|
@ -453,7 +456,7 @@ paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality o
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5067258086FB48FCD8FA8C" blockId="9.[498,1542,1207,1353]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5067258086FB48FD52FB15" bold="true" box="[498,686,1207,1233]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Color variation</emphasis>
|
||||
–Color and ornamentation patterns in this species vary considerably among individuals. Some frogs have a leaf-like dorsal coloration, while others have a rock-like dorsal coloration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B506725824CFAF9FC84FAE5" box="[824,888,1286,1313]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[524,589,900,922]" captionTargetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" captionTargetId="figure-274@9.[498,1299,234,872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (A) ZUEC-AMP 25272; (B) ZUEC-AMP 25274; (C and D) ZUEC-AMP 25275 displaying mouth-gaping behavior and the same individual on top of one herpetologist’s fingertip. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B506725824CFAF9FC84FAE5" box="[824,888,1286,1313]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[524,589,900,922]" captionTargetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" captionTargetId="figure-274@9.[498,1299,234,872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (A) ZUEC-AMP 25272; (B) ZUEC-AMP 25274; (C and D) ZUEC-AMP 25275 displaying mouth-gaping behavior and the same individual on top of one herpetologist’s fingertip. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We did not observe significant variation in the ventral pattern of the individuals.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5067258086FA92FD27F9E3" blockId="9.[498,1541,1389,1575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
|
|
@ -462,7 +465,7 @@ Color in preservative of the
|
|||
<typeStatus id="54D1F8AE8B5067258239FA92FC4AFA43" box="[845,950,1389,1415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(less than 1 year in preservative)–The general coloration of the dorsal surface is reddish-brown (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5067258530FA6AFB7AFA6B" box="[1092,1158,1429,1455]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5067258530FA6AFB7AFA6B" box="[1092,1158,1429,1455]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The white spots overlying the upper jaw and ventral region can become pale cream; no
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B50672585EFFA42FAAEFA13" box="[1179,1362,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">linea masculina</emphasis>
|
||||
is visible. The stripes on the arms and legs become more evident. The extremities of the fingers and toes become pale cream.
|
||||
|
|
@ -470,22 +473,22 @@ is visible. The stripes on the arms and legs become more evident. The extremitie
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5067278086F9B4FCB1FDAF" blockId="9.[498,1542,1611,1916]" lastBlockId="11.[498,1542,234,619]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5067258086F9B4FCD6F9A1" bold="true" box="[498,810,1611,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Internal anatomy: organs</emphasis>
|
||||
(ZUEC-AMP 25273; female)–After cutting the skin, the transparent abdominal muscles were observed to have a slight dark-brown coloration (melanocytes). Beneath the musculature, the liver and small intestine were also observed with similar dark-brown pigmentation. However, it was more prominent in the intestine than in the ventral musculature and liver (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B50672582AEF915FBD0F8C0" box="[986,1068,1770,1796]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B50672582AEF915FBD0F8C0" box="[986,1068,1770,1796]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). After removing the abdominal muscles and opening the pericardium, we observed the heart to have melanocytes scattered throughout the atria, ventricle,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5067258217F8C4FBE2F890" box="[867,1054,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">conus arteriosus</emphasis>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5067258516F8C4FACDF890" box="[1122,1329,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">truncus arteriosus</emphasis>
|
||||
. After cutting the pectoral girdle in the medial region of the weakly mineralized procoracoid cartilages, we observed that the dark pigmentation extends from the cranial region of the heart to the carotid and systemic arteries. We did not see this pigmentation in the pulmocutaneous artery (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B526727833EFEC5FD2BFE90" box="[586,727,314,340]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4B, 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B526727833EFEC5FD2BFE90" box="[586,727,314,340]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4B, 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Aslight extension of this dark pigmentation occurs in the musculature lateral to the systemic and carotid arteries (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B526727850FFE9DFAF8FEB8" box="[1147,1284,354,380]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4B, 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B526727850FFE9DFAF8FEB8" box="[1147,1284,354,380]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4B, 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Near the bifurcation of the internal and external jugular arteries and between the systemic and carotid arteries, there were two black, ovoid parathyroid glands on each side (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B52672785BFFE4EFADCFE08" box="[1227,1312,433,460]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B52672785BFFE4EFADCFE08" box="[1227,1312,433,460]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Less black pigmentation was observed in the thoracic region; however, a few small spots were observed close to the white eggs and in the oviduct. The oviduct was transparent and between the left and right oviduct two mature eggs were observed, and the oviducts joined near the pubis (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B52672783DAFDAEFCC1FDAF" box="[686,829,593,619]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4D, 4E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B52672783DAFDAEFCC1FDAF" box="[686,829,593,619]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[498,1299,234,1813]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 Ventral dissection of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with the highlighted structures. (A) Abdominal muscles, (B) Liver, (C) Small intestine; (D) Atrium, (E) Ventricle, (F) Conus arteriosus, (G) Truncus arteriosus, (H) Carotid artery, (I) Systemic artery, (J) Parathyroid gland, (K) Eggs, (L) Oviduct. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4D, 4E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5367268378F8CEFA17F85A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" targetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5367268378F8CEFA17F85A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000727" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000727/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[524,589,1841,1863]" targetBox="[502,1298,236,1809]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5367268378F8CEFA17F85A" blockId="10.[524,1516,1841,1952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5367268378F8CEFD8FF8A0" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Figure 4 Ventral dissection of
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,7 +511,7 @@ Figure 4 Ventral dissection of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B526727849DFD6FFDC7FD15" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. dacnis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is broadly similar to that of other small species in the genus, including by lacking osteoderms and having unornamented dermal skull bones that are not co-ossified to the skin. This individual (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5267278383FCF8FCC4FCE6" box="[759,824,775,802]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5267278383FCF8FCC4FCE6" box="[759,824,775,802]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000729/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is osteologically mature with ossified mesopodials and complete, ossified distal long bones; the specimen is missing the right leg, which was removed for DNA analysis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5267278366FC81FCD7F8C1" blockId="11.[498,1542,655,1917]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
|
|
@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ The skull is compact, slightly longer than wide, and lacking ornamented dermal r
|
|||
, and a robust alary process that is approximately as tall as wide and widely separated from the nasal. In ventral view, the maxillae are nearly straight and bear odontoids on the anterior third. The quadratojugals are thin and angled dorsally, and do not articulate with the maxillae. The pterygoids are slender, each with a long, straight, and forked anterior ramus that approaches but does not articulate with the adjacent maxilla, a short, subtriangular posterior ramus adjacent to but not articulating with the ventral ramus of the squamosal, and a short, broad medial ramus that is well separated from the prootic. Distinct neopalatines are not observable and likely not synostosed to the sphenethmoid. Distinct, small c-shaped vomers are present bordering the anterior margins of the choanae. Tall, thin, and curved septomaxillae are present at the anterior margin of the nasal capsule. The parasphenoid is triradiate with a long, rectangular anterior ramus. The squamosals are robust, and each has a prominent zygomatic ramus that is expanded ventrally as a sheet-like flange along its anterior margin and a long, slender posterior ramus that is adjacent but not fused to the prootic. The portions of the prootic are not completely synostosed and the broad fenestra ovalis contains a small, irregularly shaped operculum; a stapes (or columella) is not present. The posteromedial processes of the hyoid are ossified and slender. The arytenoid cartilages are not obviously mineralized.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5267208366F8ECFA5AF947" blockId="11.[498,1542,655,1917]" lastBlockId="12.[498,1542,1521,1906]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">There are eight distinct, procoelous, non-imbricating presacral vertebrae that arenot fused to one another. The atlas lacks transverse processes and cotyles that are widely separated, a distance greater than the posterior diameter of the atlas centrum. Transverse processes of presacral II are distinctly shorter than those of III–VIII. The sacrum is procoelous with stout transverse processes. Asesamoid at the distal transverse process of the sacrum is present at its articulation with the ilium. The urostyle bears a tall dorsal ridge that decreases in height posteriorly along the anterior two-thirds of the urostyle.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5567208100FB0AFA17FA7E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" targetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5567208100FB0AFA17FA7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000729/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" targetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5567208100FB0AFAE4FA59" blockId="12.[116,1515,1268,1466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5567208100FB0AFB2DFACF" bold="true" box="[116,1233,1268,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of
|
||||
|
|
@ -545,7 +548,7 @@ The advertisement call of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5467218231FB69FC53FB6B" box="[837,943,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. dacnis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182B5FB6AFBE8FB6B" box="[961,1044,1173,1199]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182B5FB6AFBE8FB6B" box="[961,1044,1173,1199]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000731/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) can be simple or complex, respectively containing one or two multipulsed (three to seven pulses) notes, emitted in mean intervals of 2.1 ±
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E20CB8B5467218322FB1AFD66FAC4" box="[598,666,1253,1280]" degrees="0.32" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="555" value="-0.32">0.32 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
(1.67–2.69). Out of the 17 recordings made, only two presented calls with two notes. The mean note duration was 0.05 ±
|
||||
|
|
@ -553,7 +556,7 @@ The advertisement call of
|
|||
(0.03–0.08), and the call with two notes could reach up to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E20CB8B5467218264FACAFCA8FA8B" box="[784,852,1333,1359]" degrees="0.41" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="555" value="-0.41">0.41 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call frequency varied from 6.89 (minimum measured frequency) to 8.96 (maximum measured frequency) kHz, while the mean dominant frequency was 8.22 ± 0.1 kHz (8.01–8.44) (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5467218284FA7AFBBBFA5B" box="[1008,1095,1413,1439]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="15.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from Brachycephalus genus. Call traits present as mean ± standard deviation (range)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5467218284FA7AFBBBFA5B" box="[1008,1095,1413,1439]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="15.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from Brachycephalus genus. Call traits present as mean ± standard deviation (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
@ -577,8 +580,8 @@ s +
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B54672183FCF99CFD0DF9B8" box="[648,753,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. pernix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182DFF99DFBD7F9B9" box="[939,1067,1634,1661]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 6C; S</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B546721855FF99CFBCAF9B9" box="[1067,1078,1635,1661]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182DFF99DFBD7F9B9" box="[939,1067,1634,1661]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000731/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 6C; S</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B546721855FF99CFBCAF9B9" box="[1067,1078,1635,1661]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, Table S4). The phylogenetic inference recovered
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B5467218318F974FD36F960" authorityName="Napoli, Caramaschi, Cruz & Dias" authorityYear="2011" box="[620,714,1674,1700]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulex">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5467218318F974FD36F960" box="[620,714,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. pulex</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,14 +623,14 @@ species group)) and the other containing ((
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B54672183F0F8FCFD10F8D8" box="[644,748,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. pernix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182DFF8FDFBDBF8D8" box="[939,1063,1794,1820]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 6C, S</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5467218553F8FDFBCEF8D8" box="[1063,1074,1794,1820]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B54672182DFF8FDFBDBF8D8" box="[939,1063,1794,1820]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000731/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 6C, S</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5467218553F8FDFBCEF8D8" box="[1063,1074,1794,1820]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, Table S4). The 16S uncorrected genetic distance between the new species and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B54672182C2F8D5FB98F880" baseAuthorityName="Giaretta & Sawaya" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[950,1124,1834,1860]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermogenesi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B54672182C2F8D5FB98F880" box="[950,1124,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. hermogenesi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ranged from 6.8% to 7.8% (mean 7.1%;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B546721834EF8AEFD63F8A8" box="[570,671,1873,1900]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B546721834EF8AEFD63F8A8" box="[570,671,1873,1900]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). These distances are higher than distances found between species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B54672184A3F8ADFA13F8AF" box="[1495,1519,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B5767228086FA52FD91FA03" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[498,621,1453,1479]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||||
|
|
@ -638,7 +641,7 @@ and
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B57672283DEFA52FCBDFA03" box="[682,833,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species groups (3.2% to 5.9%,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B57672285DAFA52FAE8FA03" box="[1198,1300,1453,1479]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B57672285DAFA52FAE8FA03" box="[1198,1300,1453,1479]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The relationships between species within each of the species groups containing the bright colored and bufoniform species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B5767228390FA02FC83F9D2" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[740,895,1532,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5767228390FA02FC83F9D2" box="[740,895,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -652,7 +655,7 @@ and
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5767228517FA02FB30F9D2" box="[1123,1228,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. pernix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species groups) are in general low supported (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B576722827EF9DBFCA6F9FA" box="[778,858,1572,1598]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B576722827EF9DBFCA6F9FA" box="[778,858,1572,1598]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Furthermore, some species were not recovered as monophyletic (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B57672283D2F9B2FD3CF9A2" box="[678,704,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">i.e</emphasis>
|
||||
.,
|
||||
|
|
@ -672,12 +675,12 @@ and
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5767228467F9B2FA66F9A2" box="[1299,1434,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B57672284DEF9B3FA05F9A2" box="[1450,1529,1612,1638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B57672284DEF9B3FA05F9A2" box="[1450,1529,1612,1638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[524,589,673,695]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,660]" captionTargetId="figure-144@7.[498,1299,234,645]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Brachycephalus dacnis holotype (ZUEC-AMP 24982) adult male, SVL = 7.55 mm. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000717/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and the genetic distances estimated were extremely low, less than 1% (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5767228447F98BFA65F94A" box="[1331,1433,1652,1678]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B5767228447F98BFA65F94A" box="[1331,1433,1652,1678]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[525,580,794,815]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,894,1446]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of the holotype and adult paratypes (one adult that was dissected for internal anatomy was not measured) of Brachycephalus dacnis. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (minimum−maximum) in millimeters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF1516848B5E672B8379FCE5FC7DFCAE">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5767228100FB6CFA17FAB2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" targetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5767228100FB6CFA17FAB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000731" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000731/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" targetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5767228100FB6CFA17FAB2" blockId="14.[116,1515,1171,1398]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5767228100FB6CFCD4FB6C" bold="true" box="[116,808,1171,1193]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 6 Geographicdistribution, advertisementcallsandphylogeny.</emphasis>
|
||||
(A) Typelocalitiesof
|
||||
|
|
@ -898,9 +901,9 @@ and
|
|||
species groups by its smooth skin, distinct frontoparietals, nasals, vomers, and parasphenoid that arenot synostosed
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B56672382C4F8DDFC2FF8FF" box="[944,979,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">via</emphasis>
|
||||
a bony sphenethmoid (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5667238598F8DEFACBF8F8" box="[1260,1335,1825,1852]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5667238598F8DEFACBF8F8" box="[1260,1335,1825,1852]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000729/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5667238432F8DDFAA8F8F8" box="[1350,1364,1826,1852]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B5667238432F8DDFAA8F8F8" box="[1350,1364,1826,1852]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
), presence of a quadratojugal, robust anterior process of the pterygoid, lack of hyperossification in the skull, distinct coracoid and clavicle and lack of mineralized epicoracoid cartilages, lack of vertebral fusions, lack of bony plates in the axial skeleton, and presence of phalanges on all digits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3BFD8B49673C8330FC32FCFEFC23" author="Lyra ML & Rancilhac L & Irisarri I & Kunzel S & Sanchez E & Condez TH & Padilla O & Sole M & Toledo LF & Haddad CFB & Vences M." box="[580,770,972,999]" journalOrPublisher="Toxins" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" part="13" publicationUrl="10.3390/toxins13110816" refId="ref14139" refString="Lyra ML, Monteiro ΙPC, Rancilhac L, Irisarri I, Kunzel S, Sanchez E, Condez TH, Rojas- Padilla O, Sole M, Toledo LF, Haddad CFB, Vences M. 2021. Initial phylotranscriptomic confirmation of homoplastic evolution of the conspicuous coloration and bufoniform morphology of pumpkin-toadlets in the genus Brachycephalus. Toxins 13 (11): 816 DOI 10.3390 / toxins 13110816." title="Initial phylotranscriptomic confirmation of homoplastic evolution of the conspicuous coloration and bufoniform morphology of pumpkin-toadlets in the genus Brachycephalus" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C8330FC32FCFEFC23" box="[580,770,972,999]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Lyra et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -978,9 +981,9 @@ is distinguished by having a smooth dorsal texture (granular in
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C83EEFB1BFCE6FB39" box="[666,794,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B. clarissae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C825DFB1CFC89FB3A" box="[809,885,1251,1278]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C825DFB1CFC89FB3A" box="[809,885,1251,1278]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000729/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C82F0FB1BFC6EFB3A" box="[900,914,1252,1278]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C82F0FB1BFC6EFB3A" box="[900,914,1252,1278]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
), phalanges on pedal digits Iand V (lacking in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B49673C84BDFB1BFA1DFB39" box="[1481,1505,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C84BDFB1BFA1DFB39" box="[1481,1505,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1050,7 +1053,7 @@ lack phalanges on the toes, whereas both
|
|||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as well as a fully synostosed braincase (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C8088F9B5FDC7F9A0" box="[508,571,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C8088F9B5FDC7F9A0" box="[508,571,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
), a wire-like anterior process of the pterygoid, no quadratojugal, heavily mineralized epicoracoid cartilages fused with the pectoral bones, fused presacral vertebrae VI, VII, and VIII, and no phalanges on manual digit Ior IV. From
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B49673C850FF965FAF2F977" authorityName="Condez, Monteiro, Comitti, Garcia, Amaral & Haddad" authorityYear="2016" box="[1147,1294,1689,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sulfuratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C850FF965FAF2F977" box="[1147,1294,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B. sulfuratus</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1065,7 +1068,7 @@ is distinguished by the absence of an inverted V-shaped chest mark (
|
|||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[117,172,248,269]" targetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15" targetType="table">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" ID-Table-UUID="DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[117,172,248,269]" targetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" blockId="15.[117,1515,248,300]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B5667238101FF07FB95FEC9" bold="true" box="[117,1129,248,270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from
|
||||
|
|
@ -1297,7 +1300,7 @@ Presence of attenuated notes
|
|||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B49673C8100FD1DFA17FCA9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[116,181,738,760]" targetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF1516848B49673C8100FD1DFA17FCA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[116,181,738,760]" targetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B49673C8100FD1DFA17FCA9" blockId="16.[116,1515,738,877]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C8100FD1DFD58FD3C" bold="true" box="[116,676,738,760]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
Figure 7 Selected skulls of other
|
||||
|
|
@ -1379,7 +1382,7 @@ Although this trait varies in
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C82C7F8EDFBE0F8EF" box="[947,1052,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B. dacnis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is distinguished by its thin quadratojugal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C8088F8C6FDC2F890" box="[508,574,1849,1876]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B49673C8088F8C6FDC2F890" box="[508,574,1849,1876]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and medially expanded coracoid. From
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B49673C8558F8C5FB81F897" authorityName="Almeida-Silva, Silva-Soares, Rodrigues & Verdade" authorityYear="2021" box="[1068,1149,1850,1875]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Brachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B49673C8558F8C5FB81F897" box="[1068,1149,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B. puri</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1437,9 +1440,9 @@ and
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B48673D85A6FE4DFA7CFE0F" box="[1234,1408,433,459]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. hermogenesi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are morphologically similar, including in their skeletons (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D8513FE26FB4EFE30" box="[1127,1202,473,500]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D8513FE26FB4EFE30" box="[1127,1202,473,500]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[116,181,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[93,1510,238,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-137@12.[90,1512,234,1241]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5 Skeletal anatomy of Brachycephalus dacnis (ZUEC-AMP 24978; undetermined sex) based on CT-scans. (A) The entire skeleton, with insets of (B) the skull (in dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views), (C) right hand and (D) left foot (both in dorsal view), (E) vertebral column (in dorsal view), (F) pectoral girdle (in ventral view), and (G) pelvic girdle (in right lateral view). Abbreviations: c, carpus; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; dt, distal tarsals; ex, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; il, ilium; isc, ischium; m, maxilla; mdI, manual digit I; mdV, manual digit V; min, mineralized cartilage; n, nasal; op, operculum; pd I, pedal digit I; pd V, pedal digit V; pm, premaxilla; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pub, pubis; qj, quadratojugal; sac, sacrum; sc, scapula; ses, sesamoid; sm, septomaxilla; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; ur, urostyle; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000729/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D85B4FE25FB32FE30" box="[1216,1230,474,500]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D85B4FE25FB32FE30" box="[1216,1230,474,500]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[116,181,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,234,725]" captionTargetId="figure-414@16.[90,1512,234,710]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7 Selected skulls of other Brachycephalus species. Cranial elements labeled are discussed in comparisons of B. dacnis to other species. Top row is the leptodactyliform “flea toads”, including B. hermogenesi (sister species of B. dacnis), B. clarissae, B. sulfuratus, and B. didactylus. Bottom row contains representatives of the three named species groups: pernix group (B.albolineatus, B. pernix), vertebralis group (B. vertebralis), and ephippium group (B. ephippium). Museum catalog numbers are listed below each species name. Abbreviations: fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sp, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-7" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000733/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but can be recognized as distinct through acoustic and genetic traits.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B48673D8366FDD6FA8AFB8E" blockId="17.[498,1542,234,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
|
|
@ -1569,7 +1572,7 @@ are lower and do not overlap with those of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B48673D849AFBF7FD7CFB8D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. hermogenesi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Call parameters of these three species are presented in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B48673D846CFBD0FA8CFB8D" box="[1304,1392,1071,1097]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="15.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from Brachycephalus genus. Call traits present as mean ± standard deviation (range)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6E873B78B48673D846CFBD0FA8CFB8D" box="[1304,1392,1071,1097]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="15.[117,172,248,269]" captionTargetBox="[108,1523,319,1447]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from Brachycephalus genus. Call traits present as mean ± standard deviation (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF1516848B5667238101FF07FEDCFEE8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1591,7 +1594,7 @@ was syntopic with
|
|||
<emphasis id="B91E9A1E8B48673D853FF9DAFB05F9FA" box="[1099,1273,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. hermogenesi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. When approached, some individuals occasionally exhibited mouth-gaping (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D85F0F9B3FB25F9A2" box="[1156,1241,1612,1638]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[524,589,900,922]" captionTargetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" captionTargetId="figure-274@9.[498,1299,234,872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (A) ZUEC-AMP 25272; (B) ZUEC-AMP 25274; (C and D) ZUEC-AMP 25275 displaying mouth-gaping behavior and the same individual on top of one herpetologist’s fingertip. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B48673D85F0F9B3FB25F9A2" box="[1156,1241,1612,1638]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[524,589,900,922]" captionTargetBox="[498,1299,234,868]" captionTargetId="figure-274@9.[498,1299,234,872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype individuals found at the Projeto Dacnis private reserve, municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (A) ZUEC-AMP 25272; (B) ZUEC-AMP 25274; (C and D) ZUEC-AMP 25275 displaying mouth-gaping behavior and the same individual on top of one herpetologist’s fingertip. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000723/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We also observed a
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD5460C8B48673D8086F98BFDD1F91A" blockId="17.[498,1542,1133,1878]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
|
|
@ -1617,13 +1620,13 @@ was found in the same area) jumping
|
|||
We identified the stomach contents of two individuals. During dissection, we found one individual (ZUEC-AMP 25273) with four items in its stomach, identified to order: one Collembola, one
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B48673D83CEF8C4FCC0F891" box="[698,828,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, one Hymenoptera (Hexapoda), and one Acari (Sarcoptiformes) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E83BDFF15FCE4FEC0" box="[713,792,234,260]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E83BDFF15FCE4FEC0" box="[713,792,234,260]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000721/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the microCT scan of another individual (ZUEC-AMP 24978), we identified one item, an Anobiinae beetle (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B4B673E8517FEEDFB14FEE8" box="[1123,1256,274,300]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3D8F8B4B673E8587FEEDFAAAFEE9" box="[1267,1366,274,301]" class="Insecta" family="Ptinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ptinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E8405FEEDFA3CFEE8" box="[1393,1472,274,300]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E8405FEEDFA3CFEE8" box="[1393,1472,274,300]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[524,589,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[498,1541,236,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-278@8.[498,1299,234,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2 Brachycephalus dacnis paratype (ZUEC-AMP 25612) adult male, SVL = 7.89 mm. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) ventral view of hand, (D) ventral view of feet. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000721/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1647,7 +1650,7 @@ locality, at Projeto Dacnis private reserve in Ubatuba, state of
|
|||
: Corcovado, municipality of Ubatuba, SP, and Trilha do Corisco, municipality of Paraty,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49AE88EE8B4B673E8416FE37F9FAFE26" box="[1378,1542,456,482]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E8088FE0FFDC2FDCE" box="[508,574,496,522]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13515A898B4B673E8088FE0FFDC2FDCE" box="[508,574,496,522]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1171,1193]" captionTargetBox="[90,1541,236,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-189@14.[90,1512,234,1143]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Geographic distribution, advertisement calls and phylogeny. (A) Type localities of Brachycephalus dacnis (red star) and B. hermogenesi (black star), and additional distribution records of B. dacnis (red triangles, based on call recordings published in Bornschein et al., 2021). This map was created using the free and open-source software QGIS, utilizing publicly available base data sources. (B) Brachycephalus dacnis holotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51341), recorded at Projeto Dacnis private reserve (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (left) and B. hermogenesi topotype’s advertisement call (FNJV 51343), recorded at Picinguaba (type locality), Ubatuba, São Paulo (right). (C) Schematic representation of the Bayesian phylogenetic inference of Brachycephalus based on the mitochondrially encoded 16S rDNA fragment. Black dots indicate fully supported clades (posterior probability, PP => 99). White dots indicate PP> 0.95. Node supports below pp = 0.95 are not shown. Complete tree in the supplement (Fig. S1). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265/fig-6" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14000731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14000731/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
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Reference in a new issue