diff --git a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.xml b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.xml index b849f747559..00ce66ea497 100644 --- a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.xml +++ b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.xml @@ -1,51 +1,55 @@ - - - -A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) + + + +A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Ted R. Schultz -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Ted R. Schultz +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -John S. Lapolla -Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. +John S. Lapolla +Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2010 - -19 + +2010 + +19 - -1 + +1 - -11 -43 + +11 +43 -journal article +journal article +310331 +10.5281/zenodo.15625778 +e76d5ce8-6b53-4443-9869-2a7bf4510071 +15625778 - + @@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ ( -Figs 1–5 +Figs 1–5 ) @@ -361,7 +365,7 @@ shares a number of character states with some members of the aforementioned grou . - + Figs 1–5. Scanning electron micrographs of the holotype worker of diff --git a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.xml b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.xml index 1dd1c8891c1..d780123ee17 100644 --- a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.xml +++ b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.xml @@ -1,51 +1,55 @@ - - - -A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) + + + +A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Ted R. Schultz -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Ted R. Schultz +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -John S. Lapolla -Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. +John S. Lapolla +Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2010 - -19 + +2010 + +19 - -1 + +1 - -11 -43 + +11 +43 -journal article +journal article +310331 +10.5281/zenodo.15625778 +e76d5ce8-6b53-4443-9869-2a7bf4510071 +15625778 - + @@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ LaPolla, ( -Figs 6, 8 +Figs 6, 8 , and 10) @@ -213,7 +217,7 @@ n ) - + Figs 6–11. Full-face (dorsal) and lateral views of the holotype worker of @@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ can easily be confused with P. denticulata ( -Figs 7, 9 +Figs 7, 9 , and 11) with which it shares the most character states. However, the species can be separated by: (i) mandibular dentition: P. denticulata @@ -414,7 +418,7 @@ is relatively shorter ( ( PI 43– 49) ( -Figs 12 +Figs 12 –13). @@ -523,7 +527,7 @@ keys out to - + Fig. 12. Relationship between head width and head length among diff --git a/data/03/97/28/0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.xml b/data/03/97/28/0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.xml index 0a523c595a3..768b84168ed 100644 --- a/data/03/97/28/0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.xml +++ b/data/03/97/28/0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.xml @@ -1,51 +1,55 @@ - - - -A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) + + + +A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Ted R. Schultz -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Ted R. Schultz +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -John S. Lapolla -Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. +John S. Lapolla +Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2010 - -19 + +2010 + +19 - -1 + +1 - -11 -43 + +11 +43 -journal article +journal article +310331 +10.5281/zenodo.15625778 +e76d5ce8-6b53-4443-9869-2a7bf4510071 +15625778 - + @@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ LaPolla, ( -Figs 14–25 +Figs 14–25 ) @@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ N Leading edge of antennal scape with all hairs curving to apex, lacking hairs that curve to the base of segment; mandibles long and linear with a small, but conspicuous preapical tooth close to the apicodorsal teeth; propodeum with small denticles; segments of the waist with ventral margin lacking spongiform tissue of any kind; first gastral sternite lacking spongiform pad; body strongly reticulate and with area within each reticulation verrucose; coloration distinctive: mandibles mostly whitish, antennae and legs yellowish, mesosoma mostly ferruginous, waist segments light brown, and head and gaster mostly dark brown or black. - + Figs 14–22. Scanning electron micrographs of the holotype worker of @@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ waist segments lacking ventral spongiform tissue; petiole with anterior acute pr : anterior portion of head yellowish and gradually increasing in color to ferruginous by level of eyes and dark brown on rest of head. Mandibles mostly whitish with tips ferruginous to dark brown. Mesosoma ferrugineous; petiole and postpetiole light brown; legs and antennae yellowish, slightly lighter in color than waist segments; first gastral tergite black or dark brown, second and third gastral tergites ferrugineous, fourth gastral tergite yellowish; first to third gastral sternites ferrugineous, fourth gastral sternite yellowish. - + Figs 23–25. Automontage images of a paratype of diff --git a/data/03/97/28/0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.xml b/data/03/97/28/0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.xml index 8344beda55c..09d4622f8cd 100644 --- a/data/03/97/28/0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.xml +++ b/data/03/97/28/0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.xml @@ -1,51 +1,55 @@ - - - -A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) + + + +A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Ted R. Schultz -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Ted R. Schultz +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -John S. Lapolla -Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. +John S. Lapolla +Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2010 - -19 + +2010 + +19 - -1 + +1 - -11 -43 + +11 +43 -journal article +journal article +310331 +10.5281/zenodo.15625778 +e76d5ce8-6b53-4443-9869-2a7bf4510071 +15625778 - + @@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ and LaPolla, ( -Figs 26–39 +Figs 26–39 ) @@ -211,7 +215,7 @@ Small ( (worker). —Head: mandibles elongate with outer margin convex; inner margin of mandibles with minute inconspicuous preapical denticle in mandible’s midlength, visible under high magnification; apical fork of mandibles lacking intercalary teeth; anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave or transverse; dorsum of antennal scape imbricate; anterior edge of antennal scape with at least 3 narrowly spatulate hairs curving toward base, some hairs on scape multi-furcate ( -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 ); hairs on upper margin of scrobe narrowly spatulate and curving anteriorly; apicoscrobal hair flagellate; dorsum of head strongly areolate; ocular carina failing to reach level of eyes; eyes minute, with only 1 ( one paratype , most of them with two) or 2 ommatidia; dorsum of head with fine subdecumbent hairs, some of which curve medially and with pair of erect hairs present on cephalic margin (very difficult to see). @@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ mandibles elongate with outer margin convex; inner margin of mandibles with minu humeral hair flagellate; anterior portion of pronotum, in dorsal view, strongly reticulate; dorsum of promesonotum rugulose and with conspicuous median longitudinal ruga or carina that extends for entire length of promesonotum; areas between rugae smooth and shining; dorsum of promesonotum with subdecumbent hairs that curve medially, most hairs directed backwards; posterior half of promesonotum areolate; mesonotum with pair of flagellate simple hairs; dorsum of propodeum and declivity of propodeum areolate; mesopleuron and metapleuron mostly smooth and shining; mesopleuron and metapleuron divided by strip of aerolate sculpture that originates at ventral margin of mesopleuron and metapleuron and extends dorsally in direction of metanotal groove, this strip incomplete, fading before it connects with metanotal groove; propodeal spines long; declivity of propodeum with a thin carina. Metasoma: dorsum and sides of petiole strongly areolate; ventral margin lacking spongiform tissue or process of any kind; node of petiole, in lateral view, with two transverse rows each consisting of four long subdecumbent and simple hairs and composed of two hairs medially and two hairs distally ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ); posterior margin of petiolar node with small spongiform crest, best seen in fronto-dorsal view; in dorsal view, lateral projections of crest conspicuous and triangular; postpetiole with ventral and lateral spongiform lobes well developed; dorsum of postpetiole with longitudinal rugae, areas between rugae smooth and shining; base of first gastral sternite bearing conspicuous pad of spongiform tissue; basigastral costulae longitudinal and sharply defined, longer than maximum length of disc of postpetiole; dorsum of first gastral tergite with numerous long flagellate hairs; entire tergite posterior to basigastral costulae smooth and shining. @@ -388,7 +392,7 @@ and ). - + Figs 26–36. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratype worker of @@ -400,7 +404,7 @@ Figs 26–36. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratype worker of -Figs 26–36 +Figs 26–36 . Continued. @@ -438,7 +442,7 @@ of the Neotropics can be modified as below to include Bolton (2000) - + Figs 37–39. Automontage images of the holotype worker of diff --git a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.xml b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.xml index 9bed8d938b8..d13131fd2ad 100644 --- a/data/03/97/28/0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.xml +++ b/data/03/97/28/0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.xml @@ -1,51 +1,55 @@ - - - -A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) + + + +A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -Ted R. Schultz -Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A +Ted R. Schultz +Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, POB 37012, NHB, CE 516, MRC 188, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012, U. S. A - - -Author + + +Author -John S. Lapolla -Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. +John S. Lapolla +Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, U. S. A. -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2010 - -19 + +2010 + +19 - -1 + +1 - -11 -43 + +11 +43 -journal article +journal article +310331 +10.5281/zenodo.15625778 +e76d5ce8-6b53-4443-9869-2a7bf4510071 +15625778 - + @@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla n. sp. ( -Figs 40–47 +Figs 40–47 ) @@ -207,9 +211,9 @@ Small ( (worker). —Head: leading edge of antennal scapes with at least one hair curving toward base of antennal scape; hairs on leading edge of antennal scapes narrowly spatulate or simple; inner margin of mandibles with pair of preapical spiniform teeth close to apicodorsal tooth and minute but conspicuous pair of teeth at midlength of mandibles; anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave ( -Figs 40, 42 +Figs 40, 42 ); dorsum of clypeus finely reticulate; dorsum of head markedly areolate and with multi-furcate hairs on posterior occipital portion ( -Figs 40–41, 43 +Figs 40–41, 43 ); upper margin of scrobes with row of simple hairs that curve anteriorly and with two flagellate hairs, one of which is in apicoscrobal position; eyes very reduced, with 2 or 3 ommatidia; ocular carina weakly developed, short and not reaching level of eyes; cephalic dorsum, in profile, with 2 pairs of inconspicuous erect simple hairs, very difficult to see and perhaps fragile and easily lost but differing from bifurcating pilosity that surrounds them. Mesosoma: dorsum of promesonotum, propodeum, and declivity of propodeum strongly areolate; dorsum of pronotum with elongate pair of hairs in addition to those at humeri; humeral hair flagellate; promesonotal spiracle in dorsal view projecting laterally, giving pronotum wider appearance and mesonotum and propodeum narrower appearance; mesonotum with pair of elongate hairs; sides of pronotum and anepisternum strongly areolate; mesopleuron and metapleuron mostly smooth and shining; dorsum of promesonotum and propodeum with simple subdecumbent hairs; propodeal spines minute and acute, subtended by broad lamella on declivity. @@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ dorsum of peduncle, disc, and sides of petiole strongly areolate; in lateral vie ( paratype ) ventral process reduced to small tooth ( -Fig. 43 +Fig. 43 ); petiole, in lateral view, subquadrate; sides of petiole, in dorsal view, with conspicuous triangular crest; postpetiole, in lateral view, with large ventral spongiform lobes; disc of postpetiole with some longitudinal rugae; areas between rugae smooth and shining; dorsum of postpetiole with decumbent hairs; first gastral sternite with pad of spongiform tissue; first gastral tergite smooth and shining, with some conspicuous longitudinal basigastral costulae, barely as long as disc of postpetiole; first gastral tergite mostly with subdecumbent and decumbent hairs and some erect hairs (lacking in some paratype specimens. It is probable that these hairs are very fragile and lost easily). @@ -329,7 +333,7 @@ species group the species group with 6 or more ommatidia); - + Figs 40–47. Scanning electron micrograph of a paratype worker of @@ -340,9 +344,9 @@ Figs 40–47. Scanning electron micrograph of a paratype worker of . 40, Head and mandibles in full-face view. 41, Cephalic capsule in full-face view. 42, Mandibles in dorsal view. 43, Lateral view. 44, Dorsal view. 45, Dorsal view of mesosoma. 46, Waist segments in dorsal view. 47, Postpetiole and first gastral tergite in dorsal view. - + -Figs 40–47 +Figs 40–47 . Continued diff --git a/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml b/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b44e6e19414 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,727 @@ + + + +Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) movements and habitat use predict human-caused mortality across temporal scales + + + +Author + +Parsons, Bethany + + + +Author + +Wilson, Abbey E. + + + +Author + +Graham, Karen + + + +Author + +Stenhouse, Gordon B. + +text + + +Canadian Journal of Zoology + + +2023 + +2023-02-01 + + +101 + + +2 + + +81 +94 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 + +journal article +10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 +1480-3283 +15624705 + + + + +GPS location data from a total of 23 grizzly +bears + + + + +residing in +Alberta +, +Canada +, from 2005 to 2021, were used to determine whether movement and habitat use differed between bears that survived and those that died over various temporal scales. Not all bears had data from both the year of death and the preceding years; therefore, some of the bears used in the 2–4-year time block were different from the 1 year and 1 week time blocks ( +Tables 2 +and +3 +; +Figs. 1 +and +2 +). However, all three time block analyses and the countdown to death analysis used a paired sample of nine bears (nine bears that died paired with nine bears that survived). We found significant differences at all three time scales in the time block analyses ( +Figs. 5 +and +6 +), and the countdown to death analysis demonstrated that differences in behaviour between bears that died and bears that survived increased as the date of death approached ( +Fig. 7 +). + + + +Table 1. +The initial, full model structure for each analysis used to determine whether grizzly bear ( + +Ursus arctos + +) behaviour was associated with survival. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
ModelTermsPrediction
+Time blocks: 2–4 years, 1 year, 1 week +
Fate ∼ Diurnality2 + Displacement2+ Diurnality:Diurnality2Bears that died are active at different times of the day compared with bears that survived (potentially nonlinearly).
displacement + (1 | Pair)Displacement2Bears that died move different distances compared with bears that survived (potentially nonlinearly).
Diurnality: displacementThe difference in diurnality of bears that died and bears that survived depends on the displacement and vice versa.
Fate ∼ Risk2 + RSF2+ Risk: RSF + (1 | Pair)Risk2Bears that died use habitats of different risk compared with bears that survived (potentially nonlinearly).
RSF2Bears that died use habitats of different quality compared with bears that survived (potentially nonlinearly).
Risk: RSFThe difference in use of risky habitats by bears that died and bears that survived depends on the quality habitat and vice versa.
+Countdown to death +
Behaviour variable (diurnality, displacement, risk, or RSF) ∼ DaysDays prior to death2Behaviour changes over time as death date approaches (potentially nonlinearly) for bears that survived and bears that died.
prior to death2 × Fate + (1 | Pair)FateBehaviour differs for bears that died and bears that survived during the whole time period considered.
Fate: days prior to deathBehaviour changes over time differently for bears that died and bears that survived as death approaches.
+ + + +Note: +For each of the three time block analyses, one movement model and one habitat use model were fit. For the countdown to death analysis, four models——one for each behaviour variable——were fit. The prediction describes how each term fits into the paper’s hypotheses if the term is significant in the final model. + + + + +Fig. 4. +Diagram showing how the two types of analyses and potential model outcomes for key variables relate to the study hypotheses. For the time block analyses, “behaviour variable” refers to any of the movement or habitat use variables (diurnality, displacement, risk, RSF). Note that this diagram does not represent all potential combinations of outcomes, and the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. + + +Movement + +Time block analyses + + +At the largest time scale (2–4 years prior to death), grizzly bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived, although they were also more likely to have low diurnality than more moderate values, resulting in a J-shaped curve ( +Table 4 +; +Fig. 5A +). There were no significant differences in displacement. Similarly, 1 year prior to death, diurnality was significantly higher in bears that died than those that survived ( +Table 4 +; +Fig. 5B +). During this time, no significant difference in displacement between bears that survived and bears that died was observed. Conversely, 1 week prior to death, there was no significant difference in diurnality between bears that died and those that survived; however, displacement was significantly greater in bears that died compared with those that survived ( +Table 4 +; +Fig. 5C +). + + +Countdown to death + + +When modelling changes in movement over time as death approached, we found that although bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived over the 60 days prior to death, there was no change in diurnality as death approached ( +Table 5 +; +Fig. 7A +). However, displacement increased exponentially in grizzly bears that died as death approached, but not in bears that survived ( +Table 5 +; +Fig. 7B +). + + + +Habitat use + +Time block analyses + + +Grizzly bears that died were found to have significantly different patterns of habitat use than bears that survived 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death ( +Table 6 +; +Figs. 6A–6D +). Bears that died used habitats with higher risk values and low-to-moderate RSF values. In addition, these variables interacted; the highest likelihood of anthropogenic mortality occurred in bears that used areas that were simultaneously low RSF and high risk ( +Table 6 +; +Figs. 6A–6D +). Similar patterns in risk and RSF were observed 1 week prior to death; however, there was no significant interaction between risk and RSF ( +Table 6 +; +Figs. 6E and 6F +). + + +Countdown to death analysis + + +We found that the use of risky habitat was significantly higher in bears that died compared with those that survived, indicating that bears that died used overall higher risk habitats, and this difference increased as death approached ( +Table 7 +; +Fig. 7C +). Similarly, bears that died used lower RSF habitats than bears that survived throughout the time frame, and this difference increased as death approached ( +Table 7 +; +Fig. 7D +). + + + + + +Discussion + + + +As bears are wide ranging and can travel many kilometres and through many different habitat +types +in a short time, the location of death tells us little about a grizzly bear’s habits and activities beforehand. Therefore, we examined the movement and habitat use of grizzly bears that died to understand temporal scales of behaviour and how it differed from bears that survived. We found evidence of significant differences in each behaviour variable between bears that died and bears that survived, rejecting the null hypothesis that grizzly bear deaths are random and unrelated to movement and habitat use. Three out of four behaviour variables differed 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, supporting hypothesis 1 that grizzly bears that died exhibited long-term patterns of risky behaviour. In addition to displaying overall riskier behaviour than bears that survived, we found evidence that some behavioural differences were only observed 1 week prior to death and (or) increased as death approached, supporting hypothesis 2 that bears died during a period where they were exhibiting risky behaviour compared with their individual normal patterns of movement and habitat use. Our data suggest that although the likelihood of mortality was related to some long-term differences in behaviour between bears that died and bears that survived, these differences increased prior to death due to short-term changes in individual behaviour. + + +During the 2–4 years prior to death and 1 year prior to death, we found that bears that died were more diurnal than bears that survived. This difference was not significant 1 week prior to death and there was no evidence of an increasing trend in diurnality as death approached. We expected this behaviour to be evident at finer time scales, but the small number of GPS locations for the last week and countdown to death analyses may have precluded significance. As most human activity in grizzly bear habitat occurs during the daylight, diurnal behaviour increases the likelihood of human– grizzly bear interactions. In fact, grizzly bears have previously been found to be more nocturnal in areas of high human activity, suggesting a temporal avoidance strategy ( +Gibeau et al. 2002 +; +Hertel et al. 2017 +). This association between habitat use and diurnality may explain the J-shaped pattern found in the 2–4-year time block analysis, where both low and high diurnality were associated with increased likelihood of death. Bears that died that had lower than average diurnality may have been compensating for using high-risk human use areas. Alternatively, human mortality due to vehicle collisions may be more likely in bears at night due to limited visibility. + + +There was no significant long-term difference in displacement between bears that survived and bears that died 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death. However, bears that died were found to displace more 1 week prior to death. This result was supported with the countdown to death analysis showing an exponential increase in displacement shortly before death. Increased displacement is typically associated with traveling and foraging behaviour ( +Hertel et al. 2019 +; +Stenhouse et al. 2022 +) and can increase the chance of being seen or encountering people. Furthermore, a previous study on this population of grizzly bears showed that they select open areas that are visible to roads when traveling ( +Parsons et al. 2020 +), which may put them at further risk for a mortality event. The results from these two movement variables highlight that both of our hypotheses contribute to variability in mortality risk due to behaviour; grizzly bears that died displayed increased diurnality over the long term and increased displacement on a short-term basis. This suggests that diurnality may be more central to a bear’s individual personality because it was seen in the long-term analysis, whereas bears change their displacement as a short-term response to different situations. + + + +Table 2. +GPS location data from grizzly bears ( + +Ursus arctos + +) that died of human causes and those that survived were used to determine differences in movements and habitat use 2–4 years prior to death. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Bear IDSexAgePairYears of dataMortality dateCause of death
+G120 +M3–612012–2013, 20156 Nov. 2015Illegal
G128M2–322013–20149 July 2014Defense
G160M4–532015–201617 Sep. 2018Defense
G204F2–342005–200612 Nov. 2008Illegal
+G223 +F20–2252007–200928 May 2009Vehicle
+G260 +F5–1162007–201323 Sep. 2013Illegal
+G285 +M2–372012–201317 May 2013Illegal
G301M3–482014–201522 Sep. 2016Vehicle
+G365 +a +F14–1592019–20201 Sep. 2021Illegal
G129M4–512013–2014––
+G152 +M4–522013–2014––
G142M5–632016–2017––
G238F3–642007–2010––
+G023 +F20–2252009–2011––
+G111 +F14–2062008–2014––
+G284 +M3–472012–2013––
G304M2–382016–2017––
G355F9–1092018–2019––
+ + + +Note: +Bears that were also used in the 1 year and 1 week prior to death and in the countdown to death analyses are indicated + +in bold text. Age is the range of ages for a bear that correspond to the years of data. + + +a + +G365’s collar was found cut off Sep. 2021. The bear could have been killed between Oct. 2020 and Sep. 2021. + + + + +Table 3. +GPS location data from grizzly bears ( + +Ursus arctos + +) that died of human causes and those that survived were used to determine differences in movements and habitat use 1 year and 1 week prior to death and in the countdown to death analyses. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Bear IDSexAgePairMortality dateCause of death
+G120 +M616 Nov. 2015Illegal
G141M3225 May 2016Illegal
G150M238 Oct. 2013Illegal
G164M4414 July 2015Illegal
G169M553 Oct. 2016Illegal
+G223 +F22628 May 2009Vehicle
+G260 +F11723 Sep. 2013Illegal
+G285 +M2817 May 2013Illegal
G302M15917 Sep. 2015Found dead
G165M131––
G171M32––
+G152 +M43––
G157M84––
G166M105––
+G023 +F206––
+G111 +F97––
+G284 +M38––
G303M89––
+ + + +Note: +Bears that were also used in the 2–4 years prior to death analyses are indicated in bold text. + +The age at the year of death is provided for both the bear that died and the matched bear that +survived. Both the bear that died and the matched survivor had GPS location data for the year that +the bear died. + + + +Fig. 5. +Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears ( + +Ursus arctos + +) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The +y +-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality. + + + +While there is well-documented data on how grizzly bears use habitat and that grizzly bear deaths occur in high-risk areas ( + +Nielsen et al. 2004 +b + +, +2010 +), we aimed to determine how the use of these layers differed between grizzly bears that died and bears that survived and at what temporal scales. We found that bears that died used higher risk areas than bears that survived at all time scales, and this difference became more pronounced as death approached. Modelled high-risk habitats are often close to areas of high human use, which can lead to legal and illegal harvest being destroyed because of encounters with human habitation, property, or in response to self defense, and vehicular and (or) railway collisions ( +McLellan et al. 1999 +; + +Nielsen et al. 2004 +b + +). As the risk layer used has high densities of known mortality sources, it is not surprising that bears that died were found to have overall higher use of these areas than bears that survived, as well as particularly high use as death approached. While body condition was noted at the time of capture, it was not known at the time of a mortality event and may explain why some bears were willing to accept more risk to find food resources ( +Boulanger et al. 2013 +). + + +Food resources and human-caused mortality are major factors in regulating grizzly bear populations, with food resources determining reproductive rates and human-caused mortality regulating survival ( +Naves et al. 2003 +; +Nielsen et al. 2010 +). Because many areas with high human activity also have good resources, grizzly bear habitat selection requires trade-offs between these two factors. The RSF layer incorporates measures relating to both resources and human activity, providing insight into this trade-off. Previous studies using this layer have shown that in our study area, the highest RSF habitats have both good resources and security (low risk), and very low RSF values largely represent remote alpine areas, which are simultaneously low resource and very low risk ( +Nielsen et al. 2006 +). Our results show that grizzly bears that died were more likely to use low-to-moderate RSF habitats, which often represent areas that have good resources but low security, such as roadside vegetation and valley bottoms ( +Nielsen et al. 2006 +). In addition, the interaction between risk and RSF 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death shows that grizzly bears that died were particularly likely to use habitats that were simultaneously low RSF and high risk. Whereas bears that survived were more likely to only use risky areas when the food resources made the risk worthwhile, bears that died used areas offering little habitat value while also being high risk. Grizzly bears may use habitat suboptimally in terms of anthropogenic risk and resources to avoid more dominant bears ( +Stonorov and Stokes 1972 +; +Rode et al. 2006 +). Female and subadult grizzly bears have been found to use areas of both higher anthropogenic activity and lower resources than adult males, which may be due to competitive exclusion as well as to reduce the risk of infanticide ( +Rode et al. 2006 +). Small grizzly bears may also be displaced from the best habitats by larger grizzly bears ( +Stonorov and Stokes 1972 +). More research on the role of social structure and dominance in grizzly bears is required to understand why some bears use suboptimal habitats. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/AA/87/03AA87A8FF8CFFA1F6C46261662FFD84.xml b/data/03/AA/87/03AA87A8FF8CFFA1F6C46261662FFD84.xml index e2ba66052ad..fee18fb9e62 100644 --- a/data/03/AA/87/03AA87A8FF8CFFA1F6C46261662FFD84.xml +++ b/data/03/AA/87/03AA87A8FF8CFFA1F6C46261662FFD84.xml @@ -1,64 +1,66 @@ - - - -Nomenclatural novelties in Miconieae (Melastomataceae): new synonym and typifications + + + +Nomenclatural novelties in Miconieae (Melastomataceae): new synonym and typifications - - -Author + + +Author -Valente, Beatriz Do Nascimento -0000-0003-3464-0439 -bia.nasc.valente@gmail.com +Valente, Beatriz Do Nascimento +0000-0003-3464-0439 +bia.nasc.valente@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Baumgratz, José Fernando A. -0000-0003-3509-293X -jbaumgra@jbrj.gov.br +Baumgratz, José Fernando A. +0000-0003-3509-293X +jbaumgra@jbrj.gov.br - - -Author + + +Author -Maia, Vitor Hugo -0000-0003-2135-7650 -Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP: 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil & Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Estrada da Gávea 50, CEP: 22451 - 263, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil & Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP: 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -vhmaia@puc-rio.br +Maia, Vitor Hugo +0000-0003-2135-7650 +Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP: 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil & Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Estrada da Gávea 50, CEP: 22451 - 263, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil & Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP: 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil +vhmaia@puc-rio.br -text - - -Phytotaxa +text + + +Phytotaxa - -2020 - -2020-05-19 + +2020 + +2020-05-19 - -443 + +443 - -2 + +2 - -179 -188 + +179 +188 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.5 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.5 -journal article -10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.5 -1179-3163 -13878095 +journal article +310332 +10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.5 +ffde94de-5444-4930-b889-2219dfa25b47 +1179-3163 +13878095 - + 3. @@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ in Peruvia. ! designated here) . — -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 . @@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ Ruiz & Pavón’s collections were deposited at A. B. Lambert’s herbarium, collected by Pavón was located. - + FIGURE 4. Neotype of diff --git a/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FABCFA448C18.xml b/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FABCFA448C18.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a63fb442d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FABCFA448C18.xml @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ + + + +Orthomnion javense (Mniaceae, Bryophyta), new to India and Nepal + + + +Author + +Omar, Ichha +Bryology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, India + + + +Author + +Nair, M. C. +Department of Botany, The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode- 673014, India + + + +Author + +Asthana, A. K. +Bryology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, India + + + +Author + +Asthana, Geeta +Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow- 226007, India + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-02-12 + + +432 + + +3 + + +283 +288 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.5 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.5 +1179-3163 +13875899 + + + + + + +Key to the genus + +Orthomnion +Wils. + +in +India + + + + + + + + +1. Leaf border 1–3 cells wide, restricted to base ....................................................................................................................................2 + + +Leaf border 2–4 cells wide, extended to near apex or throughout .....................................................................................................3 + + + + + +2. Leaf apex rounded to obtuse without an apiculus, wide bulging cells present at apex................................................... + +O. dilatatum + + + + + +Leaf apex acute with a long apiculus, wide bulging cells absent at apex ........................................................................ + +O. noguchii + + + + + + + +3. Leaf border strong, thick walled, throughout 2–4 cellswide up to apex ........................................................................... + +O. bryoides + + + + + +Leaf border weak, thin walled, at base up to 3(–4) cells wide gradually reduced to one cell wide towards apex or becoming obsolete................................................................................................................................................................................ + +O. javense + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FE78FE428F2C.xml b/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FE78FE428F2C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cdfe3584064 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BF/52/87/BF528796FFA09E33FF79FE78FE428F2C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ + + + +Orthomnion javense (Mniaceae, Bryophyta), new to India and Nepal + + + +Author + +Omar, Ichha +Bryology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, India + + + +Author + +Nair, M. C. +Department of Botany, The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode- 673014, India + + + +Author + +Asthana, A. K. +Bryology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, India + + + +Author + +Asthana, Geeta +Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow- 226007, India + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-02-12 + + +432 + + +3 + + +283 +288 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.5 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.5 +1179-3163 +13875899 + + + + + +Orthomnion javense +(Fleischer) +Koponen (1980: 53) + +. + + + + + +Mnium javense +Fleischer (1904: 585) + +. + + + + + +Lectotype +(designated by +Koponen1980 +):— +West Java +: +Gedehbei +, +Tjibodas an waldbäumen +, + +1400 m + +, + +July 1898 + +, + +M. Fleischer + +( +FH +) (not seen) + +( +Figs 1. A–T +, +2. 1 +–24). + + + + +Plants +slender, lax, +2.5–5cm +long. +Stems +brownish, creeping, densely radiculose, +0.3–0.45mm +in diameter, in cross section differentiated into outer 2–3 layered thick-walled cortical cells 7.5–15×7.5–11.25 µm and inner thin-walled medullary cells 22.5–37.5 × 30–37.5 µm. +Leaves +green, fragile, thin, crisped when dry, distantly arranged, elliptic to broadly ovate, +3–5 mm +long and +1.6–2.5 mm +wide; leaf base not decurrent; apex acute to obtuse, often having group of few quadrate cells on both the sides of a small apiculus (86–160 µm); margin entire; border differentiated, 2–3(–4) cells wide, frequently extended to near apex, occasionally merging into the apiculus or completely diffused at apex, border cells thin walled, linear rectangular to rhomboidal 93.75–123.75(–168.75) × 7.5 µm; costa strong, brown, covering more than half of the leaf length, often vanish near apex or rarely reaching the apex; leaf apical cells quadrate to subquadrate (18.75–)22.5–30(–33.75) × 18.75–22.5 µm, middle cells subquadrate to hexagonal (26–)30–45 × 18.75–37.5(–41.25) µm, thin walled, not pitted, corner thickenings absent, basal cells elongated rectangular 41.25–60 × (22.5–)26.25–30 µm. +Sexuality +dioecous, +fertile +plants with creeping stem of ± +3cm +giving rise to upright erect branches of +1 cm +in length containing archegonia; perichaetial leaves long spathulate 4.2 × +2 mm +, crowded at apex, apex of leaves often brittle and decayed. Sporophyte not seen. + + + + +Distribution: +— +China +, +India +( +Karnataka +), +Indonesia +, +Japan +, +Laos +, +Nepal +, +Papua New Guinea +, +Philippines +and +Vietnam +. + + + + +Specimens examined: +— + +INDIA +. +Karnataka +: +Chikkaballapur district +, +Nandi +hills, + +1400 m + +, + +5August 2018 + +, + +Sabarish +15638 + +(ZGC) + +; + +NEPAL +. +Between Bir Gaon +and +Dingla +, + +1610 m + +, + +1 July 1972 + +, + +Z. Iwatsuki +no. 2130 + +(NICH—313167 ( +paratype +of + +O. noguchii + +). + + + + + \ No newline at end of file