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<document id="816761E82FCBC8A99B4FDCDD4706620D" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2441353" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764955" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1738159694183" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mumtaz, Sabia, Ahmad, Irfan &amp; Tahseen, Qudsia" docDate="2025" docId="461A87F9FFFCF26CFD95FB8599F182AB" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.59.1-4.171-193.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2441353" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Butlerius indicus Mumtaz, Ahmad &amp; Tahseen, 2025, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="BA23FF81FFFEF27CFF92FFF79A778260" masterDocTitle="A new and a known species of the genus Butlerius Goodey, 1929 (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from India and their relationship with congeners" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="171" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1738828914019" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="4EC2F11DC3DFF4824708938FB415EA24">A new and a known species of the genus Butlerius Goodey, 1929 (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from India and their relationship with congeners</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="E06D23AAFCF203EA401226618332C02B">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<treatment id="461A87F9FFFCF26CFD95FB8599F182AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764943" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:461A87F9FFFCF26CFD95FB8599F182AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/461A87F9FFFCF26CFD95FB8599F182AB" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFFCF27EFD95FB85996A86EC" box="[519,797,1138,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFFCF27EFD95FB85996A86EC" blockId="2.[519,797,1138,1164]" box="[519,797,1138,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
<heading id="95448183FFFCF27EFD95FB85996A86EC" bold="true" box="[519,797,1138,1164]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="173" reason="3">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFFCF27EFD95FB85996A86EC" bold="true" box="[519,797,1138,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFFCF27EFD95FB8598A686EC" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[519,721,1138,1164]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="173" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFFCF27EFD95FB8598A686EC" bold="true" box="[519,721,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Butlerius indicus</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFFCF27EFE44FB58993A86A9" blockId="2.[470,845,1199,1225]" box="[470,845,1199,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
(
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFE4CFB58983D86A9" box="[478,586,1199,1225]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Figures 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFDCAFB58981E86A9" box="[600,617,1199,1225]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFDE6FB5898F286A9" box="[628,645,1199,1225]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,715,738]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,142,683]" captionTargetId="figure-88@9.[163,1153,142,684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Cladogram showing relationships of the species of Butlerius Goodey, 1929. Apomorphic morphological traits are designated by black squares and plesiomorphic traits by white squares." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFD02FB5898E986A9" box="[656,670,1199,1225]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1430,1453]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,862,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-64@9.[163,1153,860,1398]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Worldwide geographical locations of the species of Butlerius, 1929. The colour corresponds to country of location." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764975/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">8</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="83310354FFFCF27EFD3EFB58997B86A9" box="[684,780,1199,1225]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Butlerius indicus sp. n. Measurements are in µm and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range)." pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="83310354FFFCF27EFC89FB58995C86A9" box="[795,811,1199,1225]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="12.[53,109,343,366]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of species of Butlerius Goodey, 1929 based on some important morphological characters." pageId="2" pageNumber="173">3</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="83310354FFFCF27EFCA5FB58993286A9" box="[823,837,1199,1225]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="14.[53,109,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 4. Morphometric comparison between species of italic (all measurements are in µm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="173">4</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFFCF27EFF32FAF19B518740" blockId="2.[160,1156,1286,1728]" box="[160,294,1286,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFFCF27EFF32FAF19B518740" bold="true" box="[160,294,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFFCF274FF32FADE98518456" blockId="2.[160,1156,1286,1728]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1155,1495,1728]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFFCF27EFF32FADE9A8A8723" bold="true" box="[160,253,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Female.</emphasis>
Body slender, medium–sized, less than
<quantity id="094B9B0AFFFCF27EFD4EFADD99538723" box="[732,804,1322,1347]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; almost straight after fixation, tapering only very slightly anteriorly, but more posteriorly towards a filiform tail. Cuticle with fine transverse striations. Longitudinal striations fine with equally spaced dot-like punctations (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFEA6FA659BF887CB" box="[308,399,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(F)). Lip region more or less flat, continuous with body contour. Lips six, amalgamated with six small papilliform inner labial and six setose outer labial sensilla. Amphidial apertures large, elliptical to square-shaped (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFCA3FA2099E48790" box="[817,915,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(B)), 12–13 µm from anterior end of stoma, at the level of dorsal tooth. Stoma 2.5 times longer than wide. Cheilostom longer than wide, spacious, barrel-shaped, cheilorhabdions arched inward anteriorly, cheilorhabdial flaps eight, arched outwards to reveal an open stoma; gymnostom broader than long, isotopic, isomorphic, lacking armature (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFCE4F99599B8841B" box="[886,975,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(D)). Stegostom anisotopic and anisomorphic, dorsal metastegostomal wall with a medium-sized, triangular, anteriorly directed, movable tooth, subventral walls without armature (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFFCF27EFC69F9509E2784A0" box="[1019,1104,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="173">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(D)). Pharynx with slender 56–95 µm long, muscular corpus of uniform diameter, expanding slightly into a 12–20 µm long median bulb. Corpus lumen prominently sclerotised. Isthmus relatively muscular, 20–30 µm long, continuing posteriorly into a basal bulb of 17–27 µm × 13–15 µm dimension without any valve plate or grinder. Dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus usually prominent, located near base of basal bulb (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF9F27BFC16F9C799AD8429" box="[900,986,1584,1609]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="178">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(F)). Nerve ring encircling isthmus immediately posterior to median bulb, at 68–78% of pharyngeal length. Hemizonid located near the expanding part of basal bulb, about 74–80% of pharyngeal length. Secretory–excretory pore faintly visible. Cardia well-developed, 3–4 µm long, consisting of three flaps, one dorsal and two ventro-sublateral. Intestine composed of dark granulated cells with prominent nuclei, intestinal lumen uniformly wide, 7– 8 µm without any bacterial pouch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF6F276FF52F9C8986386BB" blockId="8.[160,1155,1495,1728]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1155,1114,1243]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">
Reproductive system amphidelphic, anterior gonad on right side and posterior on left side of intestine. Both branches almost identical. Ovaries reversed with distal part of ovaries not reaching the level of vulva (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF6F274FD96F972981784FE" box="[516,608,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(D)). Oocytes arranged in double row in germinal zone and single row in maturation zone (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF6F274FDCFF95098C784A0" box="[605,688,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="179">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(E)). Oviduct narrow, tubular. Spermatheca thin-walled, without distinct demarcation, filled with rounded to ovoid sperms. Uterus divisible into a distal smaller muscular part and a proximally placed longer, glandular part made up of large cells and narrow lumen. Columella distinct from spermatheca. Vagina narrow, tubular, 5–6 µm long about one-fourth of corresponding body diameter. Vulval opening small, elliptical, flushing with body contour. Vulva–anus distance 8.0–12.5 times vulval body diameter. Rectum 1.1–1.7 times anal body diameter (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF4F276FC02FBAD99868613" box="[912,1009,1114,1139]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(I)). Phasmids located at a level, 1.4–2.5 anal body diameter posterior to anus. Tail long, filiform 0.6–1.7 times vulva–anus distance, divided into two parts, an anterior short conoid part and a posterior longer filamentous part.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF4F276FF32FAF19A968740" bold="true" box="[160,225,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Male.</emphasis>
Similar to female in general morphology but smaller in size (625–823 µm). Lip region with four cephalic papillae posterior to outer labial sensilla. Reproductive system monorchic, testis reflexed laterally, on right side of intestine. Spermatocytes arranged in two rows distally followed by single row proximally. Vas deferens a long tube containing spermatocytes transforming into spermatozoa, tapering to an ejaculatory duct. Spicules paired, slender, arcuate, 1.2–1.7 times cloacal body diameter long. Manubrium round connected to calomus/lamina complex – that is slightly expanded just posterior to manubrium, and then smoothly tapering to prominent bifid distal tips constituting a fine ventral spur (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF4F276FBACFA0D9AD98456" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1551,1574]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[163,1153,142,1519]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Anterior region showing anterior pharynx; (B) Anterior region showing amphids (lateral view); (C) Anterior region of male showing amphids and dorsal tooth (dorsoventral view); (D) Female reproductive tract (anterior branch); (E) Posterior pharynx; (F) Female posterior region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules &amp; gubernaculum; (H) Male posterior region with spicules showing bifid distal ends; (I) Subcuticle showing punctations (Scale bars = 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764959/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(H)). Gubernaculum slender, boat-shaped, 56–75% of spicules length, proximally curved and distally with a sleeve (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF4F276FE53F9C898628438" box="[449,533,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(G)). Tail divided into two parts, an anterior short conoid part and a posterior longer filamentous part. Genital sensilla nine pairs – constituting three precloacal and six postcloacal pairs in the configuration of
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF4F276FCB3F9729ACB84A0" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">v1, v2, v3d/v4, ad, (v5, v6, v7), ph, pd</emphasis>
. Precloacal pair
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF4F276FEE2F9509BFE84A0" box="[368,393,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="181">v1</emphasis>
located above the spicule range, about twice cloacal body diameter anterior to cloaca;
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FEFEFB689BF286D8" box="[364,389,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v2</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FE2FFB689B9386D8" box="[445,484,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v3d</emphasis>
almost at the same level, just anterior to cloacal opening.
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FBF5FB689EF486D8" box="[1127,1155,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">ad</emphasis>
about one cloacal body diameter posterior to cloaca.
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FD69FB35996486BB" box="[763,787,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v7</emphasis>
larger than
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FC0DFB3599CF86BB" box="[927,952,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v5</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FC61FB359E7B86BB" box="[1011,1036,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v6</emphasis>
. Phasmids pore-like, at the level of
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FE25FB129BA7869E" box="[439,464,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v5</emphasis>
, 1.7–2.1 anal body diameter posterior to cloacal opening.
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FBF5FB129EF4869E" box="[1127,1155,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">pd</emphasis>
subdorsal, far posterior to the
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FE7DFAF098598740" box="[495,558,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">v5–v7</emphasis>
group (
<figureCitation id="56882A6AFFF5F277FD14FAF098AC8740" box="[646,731,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,225,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[194,1131,164,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[163,1153,161,1448]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Butlerius indicus sp. n. (A) Entire female; (B) Entire male; (C) Male anterior region showing stoma (lateral view); (D) Anterior region showing stoma and amphids (dorsoventral view); (E) Female reproductive system showing anterior branch; (F) Pharyngeal region; (G) Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; (H) Female posterior region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764957/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Figure 1</figureCitation>
(G)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFF5F277FF32FAAB9B9087BE" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF5F277FF32FAAB9BBD8716" blockId="11.[160,1155,1372,1502]" box="[160,458,1372,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FF32FAAB9BBD8716" bold="true" box="[160,458,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Type habitat and locality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF5F277FF32FA889B9087BE" blockId="11.[160,1155,1372,1502]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
The wet collection of the present population of
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF5F277FD27FA88991387F8" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[693,868,1407,1432]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FD27FA88991387F8" box="[693,868,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Butlerius indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FCF9FA8899DD87F8" bold="true" box="[875,938,1407,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7F45786FFF5F277FCF9FA8899DD87F8" box="[875,938,1407,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was collected from
<collectedFrom id="7DAF7512FFF5F277FF32FA559BC487DB" box="[160,435,1442,1467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">rotting bark in Haldwani</collectedFrom>
,
<collectingRegion id="0C77F80DFFF5F277FE2EFA55983D87DB" box="[444,586,1442,1467]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="B6A4767FFFF5F277FDC1FA5598FD87DB" box="[595,650,1442,1467]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">India</collectingCountry>
on
<date id="BA0D102FFFF5F277FD27FA55990F87DB" box="[693,888,1442,1467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" value="2019-02-12">
<collectingDate id="AA49E9C7FFF5F277FD27FA55990F87DB" box="[693,888,1442,1467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" value="2019-02-12">12 February 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
at geographical coordinates
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF5F277FF76FA329B1687BE" box="[228,353,1477,1502]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" precision="15" seconds="52" value="29.214445">29°12ʹ52′′N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF5F277FEF6FA329B9487BE" box="[356,483,1477,1502]" degrees="79" direction="east" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" precision="15" seconds="40" value="79.52778">79°31ʹ40′′E</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFF5F271FF32F9EE9829828D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF5F277FF32F9EE9B338453" blockId="11.[160,1155,1561,1691]" box="[160,324,1561,1587]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FF32F9EE9B338453" bold="true" box="[160,324,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Type material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF5F277FF32F9CB9B3384FB" blockId="11.[160,1155,1561,1691]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<materialsCitation id="7EDB3CB2FFF5F277FF32F9CB9B3384FB" collectedFrom="rotting bark in Haldwani" collectingDate="2019-02-12" country="India" county="Aligarh" latitude="29.214445" location="Female" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="79.52778" municipality="Aligarh Muslim University" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Uttar Pradesh" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FF32F9CB9B768435" box="[160,257,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<typeStatus id="1108884DFFF5F277FF32F9CB9B768435" box="[160,257,1596,1621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="D8B5FD66FFF5F277FE9CF9CB9B288435" box="[270,351,1596,1621]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" type="female">Female</specimenCount>
on slide AMU/ZD/NC/
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF5F277FDC9F9CB997B8435" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[603,780,1596,1621]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FDC9F9CB997B8435" box="[603,780,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">Butlerius indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF5F277FC81F9CB99238435" bold="true" box="[787,852,1596,1621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7F45786FFF5F277FC81F9CB99238435" box="[787,852,1596,1621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
/1 deposited in the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FF799829828D" blockId="13.[160,1155,142,237]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<materialsCitation id="7EDB3CB2FFF3F271FF52FF79982D828D" collectedFrom="rotting bark in Haldwani" collectingDate="2019-02-12" country="India" latitude="29.214445" location="Department of Zoology" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="79.52778" pageId="13" pageNumber="182" specimenCount="29" specimenCount-female="16" specimenCount-male="13" stateProvince="Uttar Pradesh" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF52FF799B5D82C7" box="[192,298,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<typeStatus id="1108884DFFF3F271FF52FF799B5D82C7" box="[192,298,142,167]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="D8B5FD66FFF3F271FEA5FF799B9082C7" box="[311,487,142,167]" count="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" type="female">Sixteen females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="D8B5FD66FFF3F271FDB3FF7998F282C7" box="[545,645,142,167]" count="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
on slides AMU/ZD/NC/
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FC19FF799E4C82C7" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[907,1083,142,167]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FC19FF799E4C82C7" box="[907,1083,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Butlerius indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBD1FF799EF482C7" bold="true" box="[1091,1155,142,167]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7F45786FFF3F271FBD1FF799EF482C7" box="[1091,1155,142,167]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
/2–14 deposited in the nematode collection of Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFF3F271FF32FEEE983787E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF32FEEE9B9E8353" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" box="[160,489,281,307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF32FEEE9B9E8353" bold="true" box="[160,489,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Diagnosis and relationships</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF32FECA9B3B8046" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FF32FECA9B228336" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[160,341,317,342]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF32FECA9B228336" box="[160,341,317,342]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">Butlerius indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FEF2FECA9BD38336" bold="true" box="[352,420,317,342]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7F45786FFF3F271FEF2FECA9BD38336" box="[352,420,317,342]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is characterised by finely-striated and punctated cuticle; large barrel-shaped, anteriorly arched cheilostom; isotopic and isomorphic gymnostom; anisotopic and anisomorphic stegostom, dorsal stegostomal wall with medium-sized, anteriorly directed tooth; female reproductive system amphidelphic; males with slender, arcuate spicules having a bifid distal tip constituting a fine ventral spur; boat-shaped gubernaculum, proximally curved, distal end provided with a sleeve, and nine pairs of genital sensilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FDD89BEE815B" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
The new species closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FDC7FDD899F68028" authority="Ebsary, 1986" authorityName="Ebsary" authorityYear="1986" box="[597,897,559,584]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDC7FDD8989E8028" box="[597,745,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. canadensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA224B1EFFF3F271FD60FDD899F68028" author="Ebsary BA" box="[754,897,559,584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="1782 - 1785" refId="ref10312" refString="Ebsary BA. 1986. Description of Butlerius canadensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) with an emendation of the genus and a proposal for Parabutlerius n. gen. Can J Zool. 64: 1782 - 1785. doi: 10.1139 / z 86 - 268." type="journal article" year="1986">Ebsary, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FC1DFDD89B14800B" authority="Grootaert and Jaques, 1979" authorityName="Grootaert and Jaques" authorityYear="1979" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="degressei">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FC1DFDD89E788028" box="[911,1039,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. degressei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA224B1EFFF3F271FB85FDD89B14800B" author="Grootaert P &amp; Jaques A" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="203 - 214" refId="ref10398" refString="Grootaert P, Jaques A. 1979. Description of Butlerius degrissei n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) with notes on culture. Nematologica. 25: 203 - 214. doi: 10.1163 / 187529279 X 00235." type="journal article" year="1979">Grootaert and Jaques, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FEE3FDA598F4800B" authority="Khera, 1969" authorityName="Khera" authorityYear="1969" box="[369,643,594,619]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longipyge">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FEE3FDA59B81800B" box="[369,502,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. longipyge</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA224B1EFFF3F271FE6CFDA598F4800B" author="Khera S" box="[510,643,594,619]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="347 - 363" refId="ref10481" refString="Khera S. 1969. Nematodes from the banks of still and running waters VI. Rhabditida from sewer. J Helminthol. 43: 347 - 363. doi: 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 00004910." type="journal article" year="1969">Khera, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FD02FDA599E3800B" authority="Goodey, 1929" authorityName="Goodey" authorityYear="1929" box="[656,916,594,619]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="butleri">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD02FDA59887800B" box="[656,752,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. butleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA224B1EFFF3F271FD6AFDA599E3800B" author="Goodey T" box="[760,916,594,619]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="27 - 62" refId="ref10364" refString="Goodey T. 1929. On some new and little-known free-living nematodes. J Helminthol. 7: 27 - 62. doi: 10. 1017 / S 0022149 X 0001871 X." type="journal article" year="1929">Goodey, 1929</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FC5DFDA59AAF80EE" authority="Meyl, 1957" authorityName="Meyl" authorityYear="1957" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FC5DFDA59E37800B" box="[975,1088,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. gerlachi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA224B1EFFF3F271FBDAFDA59AAF80EE" author="Meyl AH" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" pagination="62 - 66" refId="ref10586" refString="Meyl AH. 1957. Two new free-living nematodes, found in the rain-water reserve of Quesnelia arvensis (Vell.) Mez. (Bromeliaceae) from Brazil. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 24: 62 - 66." type="journal article" year="1957">
Meyl,
<quantity id="094B9B0AFFF3F271FF32FD829AAF80EE" box="[160,216,629,654]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9707799999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" unit="in" value="1957.0">1957</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in general morphology and morphometric values. However, it differs from
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FBE2FD829B6F80D0" authorityName="Ebsary" authorityYear="1986" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBE2FD829B6F80D0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the number of cheilostomal plates (8
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD4FFD60988480D0" box="[733,755,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
12), shape of cheilostom (anteriorly curved
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF67FD4D9B7C80B3" box="[245,267,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
linear), subventral tooth (absent
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD14FD4D98EB80B3" box="[646,668,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
present on left wall), distal end of spicules (bifid
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF72FD2B9A818095" box="[224,246,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
blunt), sleeve of gubernaculum (present
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD2CFD2B98A38095" box="[702,724,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
absent) and number and arrangement of genital sensilla (nine pairs with six postcloacal pairs
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FC91FD08996E8178" box="[771,793,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
eight pairs with five postcloacal pairs in
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FF6BFCD59BFA815B" authorityName="Ebsary" authorityYear="1986" box="[249,397,802,827]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF6BFCD59BFA815B" box="[249,397,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FCB3990E866B" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
From
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FE96FCB39BF4813D" authorityName="Grootaert and Jaques" authorityYear="1979" box="[260,387,836,861]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="degressei">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE96FCB39BF4813D" box="[260,387,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. degressei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the new species differs in having smaller females (671–970 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFFCB39EF4813D" box="[1133,1155,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF32FC909A9781E0" box="[160,224,871,896]" degrees="1,076" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="1.076">1,076</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF72FC909B5181E0" box="[224,294,871,896]" degrees="1,311" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="-1.311">–1,311</geoCoordinate>
µm), length of stoma (11–17 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD53FC9098A081E0" box="[705,727,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
22.4–24.5 µm), position of amphids (anterior to dorsal tooth
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE55FC7D9BAA81C3" box="[455,477,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
at the level of dorsal tooth), female reproductive system (amphidelphic
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FED5FC5A9B2A81A6" box="[327,349,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
prodelphic with post-uterine sac), shape of spicules (lamina broad, distal tips bifid or with a spur
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE2BFC389BB88188" box="[441,463,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
lamina narrow, distally hooked) and arrangement of genital sensilla (
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE92FC059B6E866B" box="[256,281,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">v2</emphasis>
just anterior to cloaca
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD8FFC059823866B" box="[541,596,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs v2</emphasis>
above the spicule range).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FBE29E2786F6" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
The new species comes close to
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FDBDFBE298C4864E" authorityName="Khera" authorityYear="1969" box="[559,691,1045,1070]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longipyge">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDBDFBE298C4864E" box="[559,691,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. longipyge</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs in having smaller body size in females (671–970 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE08FBC09BC78630" box="[410,432,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FE2AFBC09B828630" box="[440,501,1079,1104]" degrees="1,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="1.0">1,000</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FE64FBC0984A8630" box="[502,573,1079,1104]" degrees="1,200" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="-1.2">–1,200</geoCoordinate>
µm), more slender body (a = 32.0–43.4
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FB96FBC09E6D8630" box="[1028,1050,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="094B9B0AFFF3F271FBB0FBC09EF48630" box="[1058,1155,1079,1104]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.731" metricValueMax="7.112" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" unit="in" value="26.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="25.0">25–28 in</quantity>
females; 35.4–45.6
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FEE6FBAD9BFD8613" box="[372,394,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="094B9B0AFFF3F271FE02FBAD9B878613" box="[400,496,1114,1139]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.858" metricValueMax="7.112" metricValueMin="6.604" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" unit="in" value="27.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="26.0">26–28 in</quantity>
males), subventral tooth (absent
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FCF4FBAD990B8613" box="[870,892,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
present on both walls), size of spicules (20–25 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE5DFB8A9B9286F6" box="[463,485,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
30–32 µm) and rudimentary bursa (absent
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FC42FB8A999186F6" box="[976,998,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
present).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FB68983787E8" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FF52FB689B5086D8" authorityName="Mumtaz &amp; Ahmad &amp; Tahseen" authorityYear="2025" box="[192,295,1183,1208]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="indicus" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF52FB689B5086D8" box="[192,295,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. indicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FEBCFB689B1986D8" bold="true" box="[302,366,1183,1208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7F45786FFF3F271FEBCFB689B1986D8" box="[302,366,1183,1208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also resembles
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FDB0FB6898F586D8" authorityName="Goodey" authorityYear="1929" box="[546,642,1183,1208]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="butleri">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDB0FB6898F586D8" box="[546,642,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. butleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in most allometric ratios but differs from it in having smaller body size (671–970 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDFEFB3598F586BB" box="[620,642,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FD1FFB3598BD86BB" box="[653,714,1218,1243]" degrees="1,335" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="1.335">1,335</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FD58FB35996486BB" box="[714,787,1218,1243]" degrees="1,857" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="-1.857">–1,857</geoCoordinate>
µm in females; 625–823 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFFB359EF486BB" box="[1133,1155,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF32FB129A97869E" box="[160,224,1253,1278]" degrees="1,197" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="1.197">1,197</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF72FB129B51869E" box="[224,294,1253,1278]" degrees="1,641" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="-1.641">–1,641</geoCoordinate>
µm in males), length of stoma (11–17 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FCBDFB129932869E" box="[815,837,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
24.5–27.5 µm), position of amphids (at the level of dorsal tooth
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDAAFAF098398740" box="[568,590,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
at the base of dorsal tooth), uterine glands (absent
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF32FADD9AC18723" box="[160,182,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
present), size of spicules (20–25 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDDDFADD98128723" box="[591,613,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
38.5–48.5 µm), size of gubernaculum (12–15 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF32FABA9AC18706" box="[160,182,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
24.5–32.5 µm) and arrangement of genital sensilla (
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FD67FABA995E8706" box="[757,809,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">v5–7</emphasis>
cluster at the same level
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBD2FABA9ADA87E8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs v5– 7</emphasis>
cluster separated from each other).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFF3F271FF52FA6598C884A0" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" type="description">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFF3F271FF52FA6598C884A0" blockId="13.[160,1156,281,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">
From
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FE90FA659B0487CB" authorityName="Meyl" authorityYear="1957" box="[258,371,1426,1451]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE90FA659B0487CB" box="[258,371,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the new species differs in having smaller female (L = 671–970 µm
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFFA659EF487CB" box="[1133,1155,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF32FA429AAA87AE" box="[160,221,1461,1486]" degrees="1,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="1.0">1,000</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB875028FFF3F271FF4FFA429B5287AE" box="[221,293,1461,1486]" degrees="1,140" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" precision="55" value="-1.14">–1,140</geoCoordinate>
µm), size of cheilostom (longer than gymnostom, as long as head diameter
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFFA429EF487AE" box="[1133,1155,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
as long as gymnostom, half of head diameter), median bulb (oval, as long as corresponding body diameter
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FEE4FA0D9BFB8473" box="[374,396,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
elongate, almost twice the corresponding body diameter), shape of amphid (broad, elliptical to square-shaped
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDEEF9EA98E58456" box="[636,658,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
stirrup-shaped), shorter pharynx (b = 5.5–6.8
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FF32F9C89AC18438" box="[160,182,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
4.4–4.9), longer tail (c = 2.5–5.0
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDB7F9C8984C8438" box="[549,571,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
5.9–7.6), posterior position of vulva (V = 38–49%
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFF9C89EF48438" box="[1133,1155,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
51–54%), males having spicules (with bifid distal tip constituting a fine ventral spur
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FBFFF9959EF4841B" box="[1133,1155,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
pointed distal tip), gubernaculum slender (boat-shaped
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FCD3F972992084FE" box="[833,855,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
broad, keel-shaped) and genital sensilla (9 pairs
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FE35F9509BCA84A0" box="[423,445,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">vs</emphasis>
11 pairs in
<taxonomicName id="09B34D6CFFF3F271FDD3F95098C584A0" authorityName="Meyl" authorityYear="1957" box="[577,690,1703,1728]" class="Chromadorea" family="Diplogastridae" genus="Butlerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="184" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFF3F271FDD3F95098C584A0" box="[577,690,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="184">B. gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A96564FFEEF26CFF32FF7999F182AB" box="[160,902,142,203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="187" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFEEF26CFF32FF799B6A82C8" blockId="16.[160,902,142,203]" box="[160,285,142,168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis id="FCC7EAFDFFEEF26CFF32FF799B6A82C8" bold="true" box="[160,285,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="187">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE0C36EFFFEEF26CFF32FF4599F182AB" blockId="16.[160,902,142,203]" box="[160,902,178,203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="187">
The name of the species is based on its country of origin, ie
<collectingCountry id="B6A4767FFFEEF26CFCDAFF4599F582AB" box="[840,898,178,203]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="187">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>