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<mods:title id="3A7C41662B78C0E286E092704DDAC233">Colony Structure and Redescription of Males in the Rarely Collected Arboreal Ant, Aphaenogaster mariae Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4BFDA96C9EE0DC546CA47761DB5137C8">Kirchner, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CF29A8D18ED3AB620C6DD7C8B890788">Bertone, Matthew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C719315446139D558ACA556BE004BC2C">Blaimer, Bonnie B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3AAE2BF05600FE7C4C4922D10972750E">Youngsteadt, Elsa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A49FF980FA24BACA3845B6300C560B24">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="260BD547D1BA496852C79B3FD547779A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="05B83659CD316F90DB7863D8DEA43AF9">2023-11-16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E287CEFF83FFBC56EE5F89FDB0FDD3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CEFF83FFBC56EE5F89FDB0FDD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E287CEFF83FFBC56EE5F89FDB0FDD3" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="C3516553FF83FFB756EE5F89FE7AFA2E" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF83FFB756EE5F89FE7AFA2E" blockId="7.[171,557,1468,1527]" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="D0BC81B4FF83FFB756EE5F89FE7AFA2E" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" reason="4">
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Treatment of Male
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF83FFB757C65F89FE7AFA2E" ID-CoL="67KMD" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF83FFB757C65F89FEBBFA2E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
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Forel
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
</heading>
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C3516553FF83FFB756C85C3AFBF8F9D1" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF83FFB756C85C3AFBF8F9D1" blockId="7.[109,620,1551,1743]" lastBlockId="7.[651,1161,1319,1744]" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
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||||
Diagnosis (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13702A5DFF83FFB757545C3AFE59F9F1" box="[273,406,1551,1576]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" captionTargetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-80@9.[109,1165,196,1419]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 14–17. Aphaenogaster mariae male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1st gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment." pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Figs. 14–17</figureCitation>
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).—Among North American
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF83FFB756B15C05FE64F990" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1853" box="[244,427,1584,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF83FFB756B15C05FE64F990" box="[244,427,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Aphaenogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, male
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF83FFB754425C05FF5CF9B2" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF83FFB754425C05FF5CF9B2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">A. mariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are most similar in appearance to the sister species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF83FFB757225C46FDF7F955" authorityName="DeMarco and Cognato" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[359,568,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tennesseensis">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF83FFB757225C46FDF7F955" box="[359,568,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">A. tennesseensis</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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. In both species, the males have a head that is wider posteriorly than anteriorly, a short postpetiole, and swollen metapleural processes, but
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF83FFB7552C5F7DFC2AFAB8" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[873,997,1352,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF83FFB7552C5F7DFC2AFAB8" box="[873,997,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">A. mariae</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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can be separated by the lack of distinct spines on the propodeum, the presence of erect dorsal setae, an anteriorly shining scutum, and metapleural processes that barely extend past the propodeum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF83FFB755C95FDAFBE5F9D1" author="Carroll, J. F." box="[908,1066,1519,1544]" journalOrPublisher="Gainesville, FL: University of Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" refId="ref4634" refString="Carroll, J. F. 1975. Biology and ecology of ants of the genus Aphaenogaster in Florida. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida." title="Biology and ecology of ants of the genus Aphaenogaster in Florida" type="book" year="1975">Carroll 1975</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C3516553FF83FFBA54EE5C25FC4CFADB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" type="description">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF83FFB854EE5C25FE8AF997" blockId="7.[651,1161,1319,1744]" lastBlockId="8.[160,670,1356,1748]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Measurements and indices.—Values are in mm and presented as mean ± SD (range). HL: 0.783 ± 0.02 (0.750–0.810); HW: 0.615 ± 0.02 (0.581–0.652); EL: 0.337 ± 0.01 (0.310–0.363); SL: 0.215 ± 0.02 (0.175–0.275); MscL: 0.782 ± 0.03 (0.744–0.829); MscW: 0.722 ± 0.02 (0.691– 0.782); ML: 1.581 ± 0.07 (1.416–1.673); PL: 0.424 ± 0.03 (0.349–0.475); PW: 0.231 ± 0.01 (0.211–0.249); PPL: 0.359 ± 0.03 (0.271–0.393); PPW: 0.306 ± 0.01 (0.271– 0.335); CI: 78.6 ± 2.25 (73.8–83.5); SI: 35.0 ± 3.39 (29.7–42.2); MI: 219.0 ± 12.0 (190.7–235.1).</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF346650FF8CFFB856FE5EDDFBF4FAC1" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" startId="8.[187,229,1256,1276]" targetBox="[175,1216,196,1208]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8CFFB856FE5EDDFBF4FAC1" blockId="8.[160,1211,1255,1304]" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
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Figs. 10–13.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8CFFB8570D5EDDFDD6FB25" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[328,537,1256,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
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||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8CFFB8570D5EDDFDD6FB25" box="[328,537,1256,1276]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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alate queen. 10, Dorsal. 11, Lateral. 12, Frontal. 13, Dorsal view of 1
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<superScript id="7C3E9B90FF8CFFB852F75ED2FB74FB2A" attach="none" box="[1202,1211,1255,1267]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">st</superScript>
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gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates characteristic striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8CFFBA56855C62FC4CFADB" blockId="8.[160,670,1356,1748]" lastBlockId="10.[701,1211,723,1282]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
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Redescription.—
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8CFFB857DE5C62FDE7F9A9" box="[411,552,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Coloration</emphasis>
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(
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||||
<figureCitation id="13702A5DFF8CFFB8541B5C62FF22F948" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" captionTargetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-80@9.[109,1165,196,1419]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 14–17. Aphaenogaster mariae male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1st gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment." pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Figs. 14–17</figureCitation>
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): Head, mesosoma, and petiole dark brown. Postpetiole and gaster dark to medium brown. Pronotum, legs, antennae, and mandibles medium to light brown.
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8CFFB8555F5F58FC93FA5F" box="[794,860,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Head</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13702A5DFF8CFFB855295F58FC71FA5F" box="[876,958,1389,1414]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" captionTargetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-80@9.[109,1165,196,1419]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 14–17. Aphaenogaster mariae male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1st gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment." pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Fig 16</figureCitation>
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): Head subrectangular and distinctly wider posteriorly than anteriorly, lateral surfaces below eyes straight or slightly converging, occipital margin straight, sometimes with slight emargination. Anterior margin of clypeus usually slightly convex, but sometimes straight or with a slight concavity. Eyes large and oval. Mandibles shiny and faintly punctate. Clypeus shiny with delicate longitudinal striations medially that become coarser laterally. Sparse rugose sculpturing on frontal triangle and between mandible insertion and anterior edge of eye. Frontal carinae short and convergent, ending about 2/3 up the eye. Frons densely punctate posteriorly becoming rugose anteriorly. Gena and temples densely punctate to foveolate. Vertex with transverse rugae posteriorly becoming more punctate anteriorly. Long erect setae line midline of head and ventral edge of gena. Three pairs of long erect setae on clypeus near mandible insertion. Erect to decumbent setae on mandible of varying lengths. Antennal scapes short with short, decumbent setae.
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA56E5596CFEECFCAB" box="[160,291,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Mesosoma</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13702A5DFF8EFFBA5773596CFE02FCAB" box="[310,461,857,882]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" captionTargetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-80@9.[109,1165,196,1419]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 14–17. Aphaenogaster mariae male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1st gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment." pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Figs. 14, 15</figureCitation>
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||||
): Mesosoma relatively slender. Mesoscutellum rounded, presenting an even convexity dorsally and gradually sloping laterally. Mesoscutellar disc projecting above maximum height of mesoscutellum. Propodeum subtrapezoidal, its dorsal surface usually flat and gently sloping, but occasionally slightly rounded. Propodeal spines absent, often replaced by a pair of thickened lobes. Lower metapleuron swollen posteriorly, ending in a flange that barely extends past the declivitous face of the propodeum. Pronotum finely reticulate. Anterior-most portion of mesoscutum smooth and shining. Finely lineate sculpture arising along longitudinal midline of mesoscutum, running along length of mesoscutum becoming rugose laterally. Mesoscutellar disc with longitudinal rugae. Medial dorsum of propodeum smooth and shining or delicately reticulate Lobes and declivitous face of propodeum rugose. Anepisternum finely lineolate anteriorly becoming carinulate posteriorly. Subalar area strongly costate. Katepisternum, metapleuron, and lateral propodeum lineolate to costate. Mesoscutum with sparse, long, erect setae and shorter, decumbent setae. Several erect setae on mesoscutellar disc. Propodeal lobes with fine, appressed pubescence.
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<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA551F596CFC15FCAB" box="[858,986,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Metasoma</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13702A5DFF8EFFBA55A9596CFB62FCAB" box="[1004,1197,857,882]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" captionTargetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-80@9.[109,1165,196,1419]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 14–17. Aphaenogaster mariae male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1st gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment." pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Figs. 14, 15, 17</figureCitation>
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): In lateral view, petiole triangular with a rounded node and postpetiole oval and broadly convex. Dorsally, both petiole and postpetiole with shallow longitudinal suture centrally. Postpetiole barely longer than wide. Dorsum of petiole and postpetiole finely punctate or rugulose. Gaster feebly striolate with faint striae radiating from postpetiolar attachment. Few decumbent setae on postpetiole and sometimes petiole. Gaster with sparse setae of varying lengths.
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF346650FF8DFFB956CD5F99FBC6FA05" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" startId="9.[136,178,1452,1472]" targetBox="[109,1165,196,1407]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8DFFB956CD5F99FBC6FA05" blockId="9.[109,1160,1451,1500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">
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||||
Figs. 14–17.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8DFFB957505F99FE29FA19" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[277,486,1452,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8DFFB957505F99FE29FA19" box="[277,486,1452,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
male. 14, Dorsal. 15, Lateral. 16, Frontal. 17, Dorsal view of 1
|
||||
<superScript id="7C3E9B90FF8DFFB9527E5F9EFB8BFA6E" attach="left" box="[1083,1092,1451,1463]" fontSize="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">st</superScript>
|
||||
gastral segment (A4); arrow indicates the barely impressed striae radiating from the post-petiolar attachment.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF346650FF8EFFBA56FE5879FB5BFD41" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" startId="10.[187,228,588,608]" targetBox="[160,1216,196,554]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8EFFBA56FE5879FB5BFD41" blockId="10.[160,1212,588,664]" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
Figs. 18–21.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8EFFBA57035879FDDCFDB9" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[326,531,588,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA57035879FDDCFDB9" box="[326,531,588,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
juveniles. 18, Lateral view of larva early in development. 19, Lateral view of larva late in development; note the size and color difference from 18. 20, Lateral view of pupa early in development. 21, Lateral view of pupa late in development; note the color difference from 20. Scale bar applies to Figs. 18–21.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3516553FF8EFFBC55215F0EFDB0FDD3" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8EFFBA55215F0EFBDAFA8D" blockId="10.[868,1045,1339,1364]" box="[868,1045,1339,1364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<heading id="D0BC81B4FF8EFFBA55215F0EFBDAFA8D" box="[868,1045,1339,1364]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" reason="4">Natural History</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8EFFBB54985F58FE09FA92" blockId="10.[701,1211,1389,1747]" lastBlockId="11.[109,619,197,1755]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
This article reports the first documented collection of a colony of the arboreal ant species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8EFFBA55645F9AFBF6FA11" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[801,1081,1455,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA55645F9AFBF6FA11" box="[801,1081,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The nest was in a dead branch 17 m in the canopy of a mature
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8EFFBA551B5FC7FBC9F9D2" box="[862,1030,1522,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA551B5FC7FBC9F9D2" box="[862,1030,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Quercus alba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and presumably inaccessible to most collectors. While this ant’s range spans much of the eastern United States, it is relatively rarely collected, likely due to its arboreal lifestyle.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8EFFBA54F85CACFBC0F96B" author="Wesson, L. G. & R. G. Wesson" box="[701,1039,1689,1714]" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" pagination="89" refId="ref5707" refString="Wesson, L. G., and R. G. Wesson. 1940. A Collection of Ants from Southcentral Ohio. American Midland Naturalist 24 (1): 89. doi: 10.2307/2421055." type="journal article" year="1940">Wesson and Wesson (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
are a notable exception, as they collected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8EFFBA527D5C8FFB75F90A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[1080,1210,1722,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8EFFBA527D5C8FFB75F90A" box="[1080,1210,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
“frequently” from oaks while cataloguing ants of south-central Ohio, but their publication does not report any specific collecting methods.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57485B1CFDA4FE9B" author="MacGown, J. A. & R. L. Brown" box="[269,619,297,322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="325 - 340" refId="ref5283" refString="MacGown, J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 325-340. doi: 10.2317/0502.02.1." type="journal article" year="2006">MacGown and Brown (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
collected a series of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB57385B7FFE32FEBA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[381,509,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB57385B7FFE32FEBA" box="[381,509,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
workers and four dealate queens and found a nest in a standing dead tree in the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi, but still listed the species as “uncommon” among their intensive terrestrial collections. In another study,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57715827FDA4FDF2" author="MacGown, J. A. & J. G. Hill & R. L. Brown & T. L. Schiefer & J. G. Lewis" box="[308,619,530,555]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref5336" refString="MacGown, J. A., J. G. Hill, R. L. Brown, T. L. Schiefer, and J. G. Lewis. 2012. Ant Diversity at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Oktibbeha, Noxubee, and Winston Counties, Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Station Bulletin 1197: 1-30." type="journal article" year="2012">MacGown et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB57775806FE7CFD95" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[306,435,563,588]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB57775806FE7CFD95" box="[306,435,563,588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be “easily collected with peanut butter bait” on large oak and hickory trees and, indeed, most of the records of the species on AntWeb were collected with peanut butter (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB56D858EFFD90FD2A" accessDate="2022-03-23" author="California Academy of Science" box="[157,607,730,755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" publicationUrl="https://www.antweb.org)" refId="ref4608" refString="California Academy of Science. 2022. AntWeb. (https://www.antweb.org) (accessed 23 March 2022)." title="AntWeb" type="url" year="2022">California Academy of Science 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB562858CEFE4CFCCD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[109,387,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB562858CEFE4CFCCD" box="[109,387,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Aphaenogaster mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has also been collected by others at baits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57CB5928FDA9FCEF" author="Ellison, A. M. & N. J. Gotelli & E. J. Farnsworth & G. D. Alpert" box="[398,614,797,822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref4900" refString="Ellison, A. M., N. J. Gotelli, E. J. Farnsworth, and G. D. Alpert. 2012. A field guide to the ants of New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA. 398 pp." type="book" year="2012">Ellison et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB5628590BFEE6FC8E" author="DeMarco, B. B." box="[109,297,830,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref4730" refString="DeMarco, B. B. 2015. Phylogeny of North American Aphaenogaster species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reconstructed with morphological and DNA data. Ph. D. Dissertation, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University." type="book" year="2015">DeMarco 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), in pitfall traps (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB544C590BFF68FCA1" author="Munsee, J. R." pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="222 - 227" refId="ref5456" refString="Munsee, J. R. 1967. Nine species of ants (Formicidae) recently recorded from Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 77: 222-227." type="journal article" year="1967">Munsee 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB56F1596AFDC8FCA1" author="MacGown, J. A. & R. L. Brown" box="[180,519,863,888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="325 - 340" refId="ref5283" refString="MacGown, J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 325-340. doi: 10.2317/0502.02.1." type="journal article" year="2006">MacGown and Brown 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB5451596AFF1CFC43" author="Vogt, J. T. & J. A. MacGown & J. Lewis & S. Horn & M. D. Ulyshen" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="297 - 309" refId="ref5624" refString="Vogt, J. T., J. A. MacGown, J. Lewis, S. Horn, and M. D. Ulyshen. 2022. Diversity and Seasonal Occurrence of Native and Nonnative Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Long- Term Experimental Chinese Privet (Lamiales: Oleaceae) Plots in Georgia, USA. Journal of Entomological Science 57 (2): 297-309. doi: 10.18474/JES21-58." type="journal article" year="2022">Vogt et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), Lindgren funnel traps (AntWeb data), and in Berlese funnels (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57AF5997FE8FFC05" author="MacGown, J. A. & R. L. Brown" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="325 - 340" refId="ref5283" refString="MacGown, J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 325-340. doi: 10.2317/0502.02.1." type="journal article" year="2006">MacGown and Brown 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB571559F6FD90FC05" author="MacGown, J. A. & J. G. Hill & R. L. Brown & T. L. Schiefer & J. G. Lewis" box="[336,607,963,988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref5336" refString="MacGown, J. A., J. G. Hill, R. L. Brown, T. L. Schiefer, and J. G. Lewis. 2012. Ant Diversity at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Oktibbeha, Noxubee, and Winston Counties, Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Station Bulletin 1197: 1-30." type="journal article" year="2012">MacGown et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but typically only as single individuals. It seems the most reliable method for collecting this species is by baiting trunks of mature hardwood trees with peanut butter, if the collector is primarily interested in workers, or active hand-collecting on oak trees as high in the canopy as possible, particularly if the collector is interested in locating nests (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57615EDAFDA8FAD1" author="Wesson, L. G. & R. G. Wesson" box="[292,615,1263,1288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="89" refId="ref5707" refString="Wesson, L. G., and R. G. Wesson. 1940. A Collection of Ants from Southcentral Ohio. American Midland Naturalist 24 (1): 89. doi: 10.2307/2421055." type="journal article" year="1940">Wesson and Wesson 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB56285F25FECEFAF0" author="Carter, W. G." box="[109,257,1296,1321]" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 18" part="78" refId="ref4668" refString="Carter, W. G. 1962. Ants of the North Carolina Piedmont. The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 78 (1): 1-18." title="Ants of the North Carolina Piedmont" type="journal article" year="1962">Carter 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB574A5F25FE7FFAF0" author="DuBois, M. B." box="[271,432,1296,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="153 - 187" refId="ref4863" refString="DuBois, M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: Subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11 (2): 153-187." type="journal article" year="1985">DuBois 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB57FB5F25FF65FA92" author="Frye, J. A. & C. T. Frye" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="37 - 46" refId="ref4980" refString="Frye, J. A., and C. T. Frye. 2012. Associations of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on oaks and pines in inland dune and ridge woodlands in Worcester County, Maryland. The Maryland Entomologist 5 (4): 37-46." type="journal article" year="2012">Frye and Frye 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB56F35F07FE75FA92" author="MacGown, J. A. & J. G. Hill & R. L. Brown & T. L. Schiefer & J. G. Lewis" box="[182,442,1330,1355]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref5336" refString="MacGown, J. A., J. G. Hill, R. L. Brown, T. L. Schiefer, and J. G. Lewis. 2012. Ant Diversity at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Oktibbeha, Noxubee, and Winston Counties, Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Station Bulletin 1197: 1-30." type="journal article" year="2012">MacGown et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8FFFBB56C85F66FCB5FD56" blockId="11.[109,619,197,1755]" lastBlockId="11.[651,1161,197,1755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
It is possible that this ant is not actually rare, but only rarely collected with common ground-based collecting methods. If this were the case, canopyfocused collections might regularly detect this species. In the past three years, we have surveyed canopy ants at seven sites in central North Carolina by hand-collecting in 30
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB576C5C6BFE03F9AE" box="[297,460,1630,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB576C5C6BFE03F9AE" box="[297,460,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Quercus alba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
canopies and deploying baits (178 tuna and 178 jam) in 89 additional tree canopies. These efforts detected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB56985CF7FE95F902" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[221,346,1730,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB56985CF7FE95F902" box="[221,346,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at two sites and nests at only one. At the same site described here, we found two additional nests (not collected) in a dead branch at 15 m and 19 m high, each in a separate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB55985B1CFBF4FE9B" box="[989,1083,297,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB55985B1CFBF4FE9B" box="[989,1083,297,322]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Q. alba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Both nests were similar in structure to the one described here. In addition, at this site and one other, we detected one worker per site at a canopy bait but observed no other individuals in those trees. This leads us to conclude that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB55775BC5FC64FDD0" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[818,939,496,521]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB55775BC5FC64FDD0" box="[818,939,496,521]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is rarely collected not only because of its arboreal nesting strategy, but also because its populations occur in low, localized densities, at least in our study region.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF436D8FF8FFFBC54EE58A2FDB0FDD3" blockId="11.[651,1161,197,1755]" lastBlockId="12.[160,670,197,522]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
An explanation for this species’ relative rarity may exist in its reproductive strategy.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB548758EFFCB5FD2A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[706,890,730,755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref5747" refString="Wheeler, W. M. 1910. Ants; their structure, development, and behavior. Columbia University Biological Series 9. The Columbia University Press, New York City, NY, USA. 663 pp." type="book" year="1910">Wheeler (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested that queens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB54F758CEFCFBFCCD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[690,820,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB54F758CEFCFBFCCD" box="[690,820,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the sister species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB522858CEFCFFFCEF" authorityName="DeMarco and Cognato" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tennesseensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB522858CEFCFFFCEF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. tennesseensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, may be temporary social parasites of other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB55C4590BFBF4FC8E" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1853" box="[897,1083,830,855]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB55C4590BFBF4FC8E" box="[897,1083,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Aphaenogaster</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
early in the colony lifecycle, relying on established nests of their congeners to provide for their incipient colony. Due to high host-specificity, social parasites are nearly always less abundant or more localized in distribution than their host species (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB54D65E12FBDFFB99" author="Holldobler, B. & E. O. Wilson" box="[659,1040,1063,1088]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref5144" refString="Holldobler, B., and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. 732 pp. + 24 plates." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler and Wilson 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB52675E12FCC9FBBB" author="Thomas, J. A. & K. Schonrogge & G. W. Elmes" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="479 - 518" refId="ref5489" refString="Thomas, J. A., K. Schonrogge, and G. W. Elmes. 2005. Specializations and host associations of social parasites of ants, pp. 479-518. In Fellowes, M. D. E., G. J. Holloway, and J. Rolff, eds. Insect evolutionary ecology: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 22 nd Symposium, Reading, UK, 2003. CABI Publishing. 539 pp. doi: 10.1079/9780851998121.0479." type="book chapter" year="2005">Thomas et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). While temporary social parasitism has yet to be proven for either species, dealate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB54A95EBEFCA5FB7D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[748,874,1163,1188]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB54A95EBEFCA5FB7D" box="[748,874,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
queens have been collected from Berlese funnels that also contained nests of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB55175EFBFCFAFAD1" authority="(MacGown and Brown 2006)" baseAuthorityName="MacGown and Brown" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulva">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB55175EFBFC77FB3E" box="[850,952,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. fulva</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB55895EFBFCE3FAD1" author="MacGown, J. A. & R. L. Brown" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="325 - 340" refId="ref5283" refString="MacGown, J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 325-340. doi: 10.2317/0502.02.1." type="journal article" year="2006">MacGown and Brown 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Both species exhibit relatively late nuptial flights (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB55975F24FB4CFAF3" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[978,1155,1297,1322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" pagination="577 - 601" refId="ref5787" refString="Wheeler, W. M. 1916. Formicoidea, pp. 577-601. In Viereck, H. L. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA. Volume 22. 824 pp." type="book chapter" year="1916">Wheeler 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB54CE5F07FCE6FA92" author="Carroll, J. F." box="[651,809,1330,1355]" journalOrPublisher="Gainesville, FL: University of Florida" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref4634" refString="Carroll, J. F. 1975. Biology and ecology of ants of the genus Aphaenogaster in Florida. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida." title="Biology and ecology of ants of the genus Aphaenogaster in Florida" type="book" year="1975">Carroll 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which could allow socially parasitic queens to take advantage of nascent colonies of earlier-flying congeners. Additionally, queens of both species share morphology suggestive of social parasitism, including small body size (similar to the workers) and large propodeal spines—traits unique within the genus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB54D65C08FC85F98F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[659,842,1597,1622]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref5747" refString="Wheeler, W. M. 1910. Ants; their structure, development, and behavior. Columbia University Biological Series 9. The Columbia University Press, New York City, NY, USA. 663 pp." type="book" year="1910">Wheeler 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF8FFFBB55275C08FBE8F98F" author="DeMarco, B. B." box="[866,1063,1597,1622]" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" refId="ref4730" refString="DeMarco, B. B. 2015. Phylogeny of North American Aphaenogaster species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reconstructed with morphological and DNA data. Ph. D. Dissertation, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University." type="book" year="2015">DeMarco 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). If
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB52285C08FD2CF9AE" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB52285C08FD2CF9AE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a temporary social parasite of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB54CE5C4AFD21F941" baseAuthorityName="MacGown and Brown" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[651,750,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulva">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB54CE5C4AFD21F941" box="[651,750,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. fulva</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or other congeners, it would follow that populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF8FFFBB55F05C94FBFCF963" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[949,1075,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF8FFFBB55F05C94FBFCF963" box="[949,1075,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
would occur in relatively low and/or localized densities. This could also explain the occurrence of dealate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF88FFBC57EF5AD3FDEBFF26" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[426,548,230,255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF88FFBC57EF5AD3FDEBFF26" box="[426,548,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="87">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
queens in soil and leaf litter samples, despite their arboreal nesting habits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B29FF88FFBC579B5B1CFE8EFEBA" author="MacGown, J. A. & R. L. Brown" pageId="12" pageNumber="87" pagination="325 - 340" refId="ref5283" refString="MacGown, J. A., and R. L. Brown. 2006. Survey of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Tombigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 325-340. doi: 10.2317/0502.02.1." type="journal article" year="2006">MacGown and Brown 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). While she raises her first brood, a newly mated
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF88FFBC57825B5EFD88FE5D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1886" box="[455,583,363,388]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF88FFBC57825B5EFD88FE5D" box="[455,583,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="87">A. mariae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
queen may temporarily dwell in the soil nests of other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5BFF88FFBC56A85B9BFDDFFE1E" box="[237,528,430,455]" pageId="12" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B93FEACAFF88FFBC56A85B9BFE68FE1E" box="[237,423,430,455]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="87">Aphaenogaster</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, ascending into the canopy once there is a wellestablished colony of her own workers.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue