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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870771" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName LSID="8621AB5E-566F-20C3-7240-F690CF164B6E" authority="Oliv. ex Benth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bothriocline Oliv. ex Benth.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Baccharoides, Bothriocline, and Vernonia potamophila. Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. A Habit B Close up of flowering head: note that the corollas are narrowed near the apex and have an lengthened throat that is much longer than the short lobes and the involucral bracts have a differentiated margin that is often pale or reddish; Bothriocline laxa N. E. Br. C Immature heads; Vernonia potamophila Klatt. D Image of herbarium specimen (PRE). See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77473" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figures 1C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustrations: A Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. B Bothriocline aggregata Hutch., note: this taxon is not found in southern Africa C Ethulia conyzoides L. f., note: lack of pappus; and D Gymnanthemum koekemoerae H. Rob. & V. Funk, note: broad involucral bracts without a high midrib. See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77474" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">; 2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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<treatment id="8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870771" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" scope_family="Asteraceae">
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<paragraph id="5DC83E515988345B65180EFC1A702553" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="4ED5CDDC0555C16D93C8E9841BC23690" ID-CoL="3BTX" LSID="8621AB5E-566F-20C3-7240-F690CF164B6E" authority="Oliv. ex Benth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bothriocline Oliv. ex Benth.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="CC9BA895000B7C2798C982AE83C35A3A" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Baccharoides, Bothriocline, and Vernonia potamophila. Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. A Habit B Close up of flowering head: note that the corollas are narrowed near the apex and have an lengthened throat that is much longer than the short lobes and the involucral bracts have a differentiated margin that is often pale or reddish; Bothriocline laxa N. E. Br. C Immature heads; Vernonia potamophila Klatt. D Image of herbarium specimen (PRE). See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77473" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figures 1C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="C3B975B0D6C1AD0758835E9807E55CF9" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustrations: A Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. B Bothriocline aggregata Hutch., note: this taxon is not found in southern Africa C Ethulia conyzoides L. f., note: lack of pappus; and D Gymnanthemum koekemoerae H. Rob. & V. Funk, note: broad involucral bracts without a high midrib. See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77474" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">; 2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="87DFA65B775C45427A4E16B5B11E74D1" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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; 4
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="58" start="start">Bothriocline</pageBreakToken>
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<subSubSection id="61051CA84F06532DD6732AFDF021636F" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5A4EC07A863C3DB68B7CC32D575F9F40" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="E0EAA2D48C83B7E33F82B27CF20B0216" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="1C36A1D602D0AFCEAC6DE9143DF1FF61" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" start="start">Bothriocline</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooker’s">Hooker's</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="C74C5EB3B5587075693B9DF5CA213064" originalValue="Hooker’s">Hooker's</normalizedToken>
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Icon. Pl. 12: 30, t. 1133. 1873. - Type:
|
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7DF26EA65F0DBC8713071AB28AB1028A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
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<emphasis id="CDCB0FA429C4A82DF7A555D69DAD4E10" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Volkensia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<paragraph id="0A8B540822822F116BFE95C77BE714CD" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="6DC080024E5064B6A88F600AEA150724" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Volkensia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
O. Hoffm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 219. 1894; Engl. & Prantl,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Natürl">Natuerl</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="20FDA9F3AB10F8EAF385E2F8D4FA9201" originalValue="Natürl">Natuerl</normalizedToken>
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. Pflanzenfam. iv. 5: 387. 1893. - Type:
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia argentea" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Volkensia argentea</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B6A271C1122340BB9F99B9CD38BD4B30" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia argentea" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="868D3ACADB77B38F558A1F59938F439A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Volkensia argentea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
O. Hoffm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="resources">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Resources.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph id="DC3512E25E07D837BA3A3A60E989B41D" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Resources.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C101B35E861C01982F8708B1CD1D5255" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
Many species are keyed in
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jeffrey’s">Jeffrey's</normalizedToken>
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|
||||
<normalizedToken id="7086D2D9669940185A1CB978970A5E14" originalValue="Jeffrey’s">Jeffrey's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(1988)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
treatment of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" rank="tribe" tribe="Vernonieae">Vernonieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6EFFEC35E7B6F4C7CFE68CC8578D9B0E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Vernonieae">Vernonieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in East Africa and in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="53" pageNumber="102" pagination="339 - 384" refId="B59" refString="Wild, H, Pope, GV, 1977. The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.). Kirkia 10: 339 - 384" title="The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.)." volume="10" year="1977">Wild and Pope (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="07DEEACC100C8606BDF13E490DE29024" author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="53" pageNumber="102" pagination="339 - 384" refId="B59" refString="Wild, H, Pope, GV, 1977. The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.). Kirkia 10: 339 - 384" title="The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.)." volume="10" year="1977">Wild and Pope (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B57" refString="Wild, H, 1978a. New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area. Kirkia 11: 1 - 23" title="New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area." volume="11" year="1978 a">Wild (1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B7B7D95C786D30E24F8BE879B2494314" author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B57" refString="Wild, H, 1978a. New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area. Kirkia 11: 1 - 23" title="New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area." volume="11" year="1978 a">Wild (1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="31 - 127" refId="B58" refString="Wild, H, 1978b. The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia). Kirkia 11: 31 - 127" title="The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia)." volume="11" year="1978 b">1978b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EDB4CC210D1431EDFC095CCE8B75057F" author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="31 - 127" refId="B58" refString="Wild, H, 1978b. The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia). Kirkia 11: 31 - 127" title="The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia)." volume="11" year="1978 b">1978b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="descriptions">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Descriptions.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="E66F5BD4B0B07B8AEB20D3EA2CC8285E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="descriptions">
|
||||
<paragraph id="37D91051527183ED9356FDC1EA597757" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Descriptions.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9CAE3C98257B77857C8BE7F9269979A6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
Perennial herbs (up to 1 m) to subshrubs, branching sparse, stems erect with a solid pith and long-armed T-shaped hairs with short 2-celled stalks. Leaves
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="start">alternate</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="BE4719CDD8FB16A3E95E7FD4911A02CE" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="start">alternate</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
, opposite or whorled, sessile to short petiolate, blade narrow to ovate or elliptical, pinnately veined, often paler or tomentose to sericeous below. Inflorescence laxly to densely corymbiform or thyrsiform cymes; heads pedunculate. Involucres campanulate, bracts ca. 50-60, gradate in 3-4 series, cuspidate at apex, with distinct pale or reddish lateral margins, nearly glabrous to pilosulous outside; receptacle convex, epaleaceous, with glabrous reticulum. Florets 3-100 or more in a head; corollas purplish, funnelform, basal tube slender with small stipitate glands, throat shorter than 1 mm, lobes, linear-lanceolate, with glandular dots and often with stiff subapical hairs; anther thecae blunt at base with few sterile cells; apical appendages ovate-oblong, with thin cell walls; style base with minimal annuliform node; sweeping hairs acicular, mostly restricted to branches. Achenes prismatic, short and broad with 3
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–6(–">-6(-</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="8C647E53083BA5D06E858F51D4CC98E3" originalValue="–6(–">-6(-</normalizedToken>
|
||||
9) ribs, setuliferous with sparse short setulae scarcely split at tips, often densely covered with idioblasts and with scattered subquadrate raphids. Pappus of few or no short easily deciduous bristles narrowed at base, without obvious shorter ourter series or outer pappus a rim or collar. Chromosome number n = 9, 10, 18-20 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Jones, SB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="79 - 84" publicationUrl="10.2307/2484281" refId="B21" refString="Jones, SB, 1979. Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 79 - 84, DOI: 10.2307/2484281" title="Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.2307/2484281" volume="106" year="1979">Jones 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5DD6EA4441DE9771E8769896E77D8C07" author="Jones, SB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="79 - 84" publicationUrl="10.2307/2484281" refId="B21" refString="Jones, SB, 1979. Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 79 - 84, DOI: 10.2307/2484281" title="Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.2307/2484281" volume="106" year="1979">Jones 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Jones, SB" editor="Loeve, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="119 - 128" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" refId="B22" refString="Jones, SB, 1982. . In: Loeve, A, Ed., IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 119 - 128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" volume="31" volumeTitle="IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV." year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7DFE2D88273825258EB19F7309810F7C" author="Jones, SB" editor="Loeve, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="119 - 128" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" refId="B22" refString="Jones, SB, 1982. . In: Loeve, A, Ed., IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 119 - 128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" volume="31" volumeTitle="IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV." year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Pollen grains ca. 47
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="15F7A85A0E6995A32383725509359A4E" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||||
in diam, lophate to rarely sublophate, finely echinate, pores in triplet of connected colpar lacunae, perforated tectum usually restricted to muri (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="565DAF214E83FBF3817F4254362C3EEF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
4
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="E38592B50DB1C2DA7CCDBF0EDCEF0C36" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="974375" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="6DDC2E70223CD5745B3C660271345E3D" ID-Zenodo-Dep="974375" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D665742CC2E92D580685AC3160532A05" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0C865B8AF533DAC51C202AD007C9C49D" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2B31DF636A4F8E083D1652C153BC3BB7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="52787A33DC61B2F7E0BF3243CEDD99B1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1826" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="019E52C544282BD2DF343A8DCA9250AB" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1826" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="96CF1F731393EE534A6153FB2602F5AC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and sublophate-lophate
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="762811500836246F61E38A47A2F8AF25" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A304FC3F5A39875FA07CDEFD39D2D71D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<emphasis id="33DB666B5903C92C147963159EF62DCC" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="EDA89C4F909276651568140C18C88BAF" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CBF34B840E3FC64D53B1D8E96B36451B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0DF62E44F0620425A1BEFCC5DE60318E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="6C6381B5F1EC163AB1BBACF3B084EDE1" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="402F28B373279EC9EE7205611C97BD99" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">B</emphasis>
|
||||
Near polar view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="C635F8F7A4AB99C6E7C5C6777FC601E9" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">C</emphasis>
|
||||
Fractured grain
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<emphasis id="EF9B277ED357A14BEF0693B0774C234F" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="6F5DF5C9255FF418442479036AF50313" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium cinereum" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinereum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium cinereum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="AE320C7668B348CC811F4FBB2EB39FA3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium cinereum" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinereum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5C8DA0D8575B4D0F01467C639A63B6C8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium cinereum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(L.) H. Rob.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">D</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="473D5F05EA3835A9433B48F2B2172CA1" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">D</emphasis>
|
||||
Equatorial view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">E</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="36C3CFE5CCB24C1ACEE2034981DEDCD2" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">E</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral view with apertures on sides
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="926AE26D6FE90BD7CF793F6BA06DF0C9" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E9BE1C4EF006A7B34F7C6DB5155C0973" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="106F58E3938D555DE2A3AEC510028575" originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus angustifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1A8B482BB1B525E014C1435D1D6B0DB1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus angustifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6C6907C08E5670D31A17CFF289C0E82" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(DC.)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="5703D746BB6F0BA84BCA8FE599CAB03D" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
|
||||
Rob. & B. Kahn.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">G</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="DA48DBC956449BFD04A117D47F5A5038" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">G</emphasis>
|
||||
Polar view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B1760ECDB046FF4EC83BE4BF5CA77A27" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
|
||||
Equatorial view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">I</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="775AB20C09434AB682E5DCD68E969920" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">I</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral view. (A-C,
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F. Meyer 8159</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="1E5CE505996267B94D794B6F3D3D3D72" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F. Meyer 8159</emphasis>
|
||||
; D-F,
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Evans 344</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="4D171910D578DA1570E63D1625B5DAA2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Evans 344</emphasis>
|
||||
; G-I,
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Sidley 2211</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="F23E00B435BECA28C2F283E78F69730B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Sidley 2211</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<paragraph id="1EABD05D2ED5CEAB5DC2F962CA4A450E" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
Notable secondary metabolites include 5-alkylcoumarins and sesquiterpene glaucolides/hirsutanolides [
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7F0DF0345EF59A9C468B51ECC172EC96" author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, as
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline laxa" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline laxa</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="264BA1C75CCEA1C303DFF2060674EC23" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline laxa" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E4FC9A037E9F8949EDBBFD6449DE8B0E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline laxa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
N.E. Br.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline longipes" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8FD927C0E57A170E38731455EA9CDB49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline longipes" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3D9BF7A549A372CDD4DE0EE9200C2785" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Oliv. & Hiern) N.E. Br.], and
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Volkesia" lsidName="Volkesia ripensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="ripensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Volkesia ripensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C70FFCC86CAF498604409D76CA5C4E0D" genus="Volkesia" lsidName="Volkesia ripensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="ripensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="808DD7A8B73DC0C73851EB9DA43A1680" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Volkesia ripensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Hutch. and 5-alkylcoumarins (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF447AA364A10996BC2044EE912D704" author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, as
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1908" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea fusca" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D7E320379270E75B713A1DEBDC67D284" authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1908" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea fusca" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0A2EBE0966C5AD86E44E5EC3E5655694" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
S. Moore,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea rogersii" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rogersii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea rogersii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="88A5A97F252F1458D45D50F9CADB8DE0" authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea rogersii" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rogersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7F887779B1B4533A2630F3EABF52AAE2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea rogersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
S. Moore).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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