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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388" ID-PMC="PMC5672149" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-89-11" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9C1BFFADD6208818FFDAFFD9FC60390A" ID-PubMed="29118649" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138297" ModsDocID="1314-2003-89-11" checkinTime="1509030994220" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O." docDate="2017" docId="78C2712049AA5E0285DD3097A322DD9F" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 89: 11-72" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 89" docPubDate="2017-10-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388" docTitle="Tradescantia (Campelia) crassula subsp. subg. Pellegrini, 2017, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="9C1BFFADD6208818FFDAFFD9FC60390A" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="9C1BFFADD6208818FFDAFFD9FC60390A" masterDocTitle="Morphological phylogeny of Tradescantia L. (Commelinaceae) sheds light on a new infrageneric classification for the genus and novelties on the systematics of subtribe Tradescantiinae" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1668142114453" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Morphological phylogeny of Tradescantia L. (Commelinaceae) sheds light on a new infrageneric classification for the genus and novelties on the systematics of subtribe Tradescantiinae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil &amp; Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Current address: Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington D. C. 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-10-26</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>89</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>11</mods:start>
<mods:end>72</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-89-11</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">9C1BFFADD6208818FFDAFFD9FC60390A</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1138297</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225709" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:78C2712049AA5E0285DD3097A322DD9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/78C2712049AA5E0285DD3097A322DD9F" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
2.2.
<taxonomicName LSID="78C27120-49AA-5E02-85DD-3097A322DD9F" authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" status="stat. nov." subGenus="Campelia">Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M.Pell., comb. et</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="23" pageNumber="34">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Floral morphology of subtribe Tradescantiinae s. l. A Tinantia Scheidw B Thyrsanthemum Pichon C Weldenia Schult. f. D-I Callisia Loefl. s. l.: D Cuthbertia Small E Aploleia Raf. (i. e. C. sect. Leptocallisia s. s.) F Callisia s. s. (i. e. C. sect. Callisia) G Callisia sect. Brachyphylla D. R. Hunt H Hadrodemas H. E. Moore (i. e. C. sect. Hadrodemas) I-J Tripogandra Raf. s. l.: I Callisia sect. Leptocallisia pro parte J Tripogandra s. s. K-L Elasis D. R. Hunt: K E. hirsuta (Kunth) D. R. Hunt L E. guatemalensis C. B. Clarke ex Donn. Sm.) M. Pell M Matudanthus D. R. Hunt N Gibasis Raf. O-T Tradescantia L. emend. M. Pell.: O T. subg. Austrotradescantia P-Q T. subg. Campelia R T. subg. Mandonia S T. subg. Setcreasea T T. subg. Tradescantia. A by E. Barbier, B, L, P by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez, C by S. Cross, D by D. Rankin, E by J. Amith, F, J, N-O, Q-T by M. O. O. Pellegrini, G by S. Eduardo, H by C. Willemsen, I by B. E. Hammel, K by A. Kay, and M by A. Garcia Mendoza." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164505" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Figs 6P-Q</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">, 10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Campelia" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia sect. Campelia</taxonomicName>
(Rich.) D.R.Hunt, Kew Bull. 41(2): 404. 1986.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Campelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Campelia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Campelia</taxonomicName>
Rich.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Démonstr">Demonstr</normalizedToken>
. Bot.: 46. 1808.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Zanonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Zanonia</taxonomicName>
Cramer., Disp. Syst.: 75. 1803, nom. illeg. Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Zanonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zanonia bibracteata" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bibracteata" status="stat. nov.">Zanonia bibracteata</taxonomicName>
Cramer., nom. illeg. [=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanonia" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia zanonia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Sw.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Gonatandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gonatandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Gonatandra</taxonomicName>
Schltdl., Linnaea 24: 659. 1851,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Gonatandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gonatandra tradescantioides" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tradescantioides" status="stat. nov.">Gonatandra tradescantioides</taxonomicName>
Schltdl. [=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanonia" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia zanonia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Sw.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Sarcoperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sarcoperis" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Sarcoperis</taxonomicName>
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 16. 1837,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Sarcoperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sarcoperis bibracteata" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bibracteata" status="stat. nov.">Sarcoperis bibracteata</taxonomicName>
(Cramer) Raf. [=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanonia" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia zanonia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Sw.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Cymbispatha" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia sect. Cymbispatha</taxonomicName>
(Pichon) D.R.Hunt, Kew Bull. 35(2): 440. 1980.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cymbispatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cymbispatha" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Cymbispatha</taxonomicName>
Pichon, Not. Syst. 12: 224. 1946,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. commelinoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="commelinoides" status="stat. nov.">T. commelinoides</taxonomicName>
Schult.f.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Rhoeo" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia sect. Rhoeo</taxonomicName>
(Hance) D.R.Hunt, Kew Bull. 41(2): 401. 1986.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Rhoeo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoeo" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Rhoeo</taxonomicName>
Hance, Ann. Bot. Syst. 3: 659. 1852,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. discolor" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="discolor" status="stat. nov.">T. discolor</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Hér">L'Her</normalizedToken>
. (=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. spathacea" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="spathacea" status="stat. nov.">T. spathacea</taxonomicName>
Sw.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Zebrina" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia sect. Zebrina</taxonomicName>
(Schnizl.) D.R.Hunt, Kew Bull. 41(2): 404. 1986.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Zebrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="stat. nov.">Zebrina</taxonomicName>
Schnizl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 7: 870. 1849,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Zebrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zebrina pendula" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pendula" status="stat. nov.">Zebrina pendula</taxonomicName>
Schnizl. (=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zebrina" status="stat. nov.">T. zebrina</taxonomicName>
Heynh.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">ex</emphasis>
Bosse)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Corinna" status="stat. nov.">Tradescantia sect. Corinna</taxonomicName>
D.R.Hunt, Kew Bulletin 41(2): 405. 1986,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Campelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Campelia standleyi" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="standleyi" status="stat. nov.">Campelia standleyi</taxonomicName>
Steyermark (=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. soconuscana" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="soconuscana" status="stat. nov.">T. soconuscana</taxonomicName>
Matuda)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Herbs</emphasis>
chamaephytes, rarely geophytes, base definite or indefinite, frequently succulent, terrestrial, rupicolous or epiphytes.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Roots</emphasis>
thin, fibrous, rarely thick, tuberous.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Stems</emphasis>
prostrate with ascending apex or erect, herbaceous to succulent, rarely fibrous, little to densely branched, rooting at the basal nodes or at the distal ones when they touch the substrate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Leaves</emphasis>
sessile to subpetiolate; distichously or spirally-alternate, evenly distributed along the stem or congested at the apex of the stems; sheaths closed; blades flat to falcate and/or complicate, base symmetrical or asymmetrical, midvein conspicuous, rarely inconspicuous, adaxially impressed, abaxially prominent, rounded, secondary veins conspicuous or inconspicuous.
<taxonomicName genus="Synflorescences" lsidName="Synflorescences" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Synflorescences</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
terminal or axillary in the distal portion of the stems, sometimes exclusively axillary, composed of a main florescence with 1-several coflorescences, rarely composed of a solitary main florescence.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Inflorescences (main florescences)</emphasis>
consisting of a pedunculate double-cincinni fused back to back; inflorescence bract hyaline, tubular, inconspicuous; peduncle bracts present or not, bladeless sheaths, rarely with a reduced leaf-like blade; supernumerary bracts generally present, leaf-like to slightly spathaceous, the same size as the leaves or the cincinni bracts; cincinni bracts spathaceous, similar to unequal to each other, saccate or not, flat or conduplicate, free or fused to each other, overlapping each other or not; bracteoles expanded, imbricate or completely involving the cincinnus, linear-triangular to triangular or flabellate, hyaline.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual, slightly zygomorphic due to the unequal sepals and geniculate pedicels, flat or tubular, when present floral tube infundibuliform to hypocrateriform, rarely campanulate; pedicel gibbous at apex, geniculate at anthesis and pre-anthesis, deflexed at post-anthesis; sepals unequal, free to conate, membranous or chartaceous, rarely fleshy, elliptic to broadly elliptic to obovate, dorsally keeled or not, apex obtuse or acute; petals sessile or clawed, equal, free to conate, blade elliptic to ovate to broadly ovate or rhomboid to broadly obovoid to obovoid, flat, base cuneate to obtuse, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse; stamens 6, arranged in two series, subequal, the outer whorl shorter than the inner, filaments free from the petals or epipetalous, straight at anthesis and post-anthesis, basally, medially or apically sparsely bearded with moniliform hairs, hairs shorter than the stamens, variously colored, anthers with connective cordate to sagittate to linearly-tapered, rarely rhomboid, variously colored, anther sacs round, white, sometimes pink to lilac or yellow, pollen white; ovary white, glabrous or pubescent, locules (1-)2-ovulate, style straight at anthesis and post-anthesis, variously colored, cylindrical at base, cylindrical to obconical at the apex, stigma capitate to trilobate, pistil shorter to the same length to longer than the stamens.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Capsules</emphasis>
subglobose to globose, light to medium brown when mature, glabrous, loculicidal, 3-valved, sometimes apiculate due to persistent style base.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Seeds</emphasis>
exarillate, 1-2 per locule, ellipsoid to narrowly trigonal, ventrally flattened, cleft or not towards the embryotega, testa smooth to faintly rugose to rugose or costate with ridges radiating from the embryotega, embryotega semilateral, conspicuous, with a prominent apicule.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Habitat, distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Campelia">Tradescantia subg. Campelia</taxonomicName>
is the most widespread of the subgenera, ranging from Mexico to Argentina (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Tradescantia subg. Austrotradescantia (D. R. Hunt) M. Pell. in blue, and of T. subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. in purple." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164508" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">8</figureCitation>
). It is highly diverse in Central America and northern South America, with its species being mostly restricted to forest understories or growing in elevated open areas, such as the Andean region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="included species">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Included species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Campelia">Tradescantia subg. Campelia</taxonomicName>
is composed by ca. 15 species, including:
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia commelinoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="commelinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Tradescantia commelinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Schult. &amp; Schult.f.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. deficiens" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="deficiens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. deficiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brandegee,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. gracillima" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="gracillima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. gracillima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stand.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. grantii" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Faden,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. huehueteca" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="huehueteca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. huehueteca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Standl. &amp; Steyerm.) D.R.Hunt,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. plusiantha" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="plusiantha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. plusiantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stand.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. poelliae" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="poelliae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. poelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D.R.Hunt,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. praetermissa" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="praetermissa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. praetermissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Pell.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. schippii" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="schippii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. schippii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D.R.Hunt,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. soconuscana" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="soconuscana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. soconuscana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Matuda,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. spathacea" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="spathacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. spathacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. standleyi" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="standleyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. standleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Steyerm.,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zanonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zanonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Sw., and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zebrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zebrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Heynh.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">ex</emphasis>
Bosse. Despite its small number of species, a great deal of taxonomic problems and species complexes still prevents the total number of species from being known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="34" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
When
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cymbispatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cymbispatha" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Cymbispatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was proposed by
<bibRefCitation author="Pichon, M" journalOrPublisher="Herbier du Museum de Paris" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" pagination="217 - 242" refId="B76" refString="Pichon, M, 1946. Sur les Commelinacees. Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 12 (3-4): 217 - 242" title="Sur les Commelinacees. Notulae Systematicae." volume="12" year="1946">Pichon (1946)</bibRefCitation>
as a new genus, he reinforced the importance of inflorescence characters in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
, especially the shape of the cincinni bracts, and position of the embryotega on the seed. The author characterized his new genus as possessing a double-cincinni subtended by two spathaceous bracts (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10D, E</figureCitation>
), stamens of different length (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10F-H</figureCitation>
), tapered connective (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10I</figureCitation>
), and lateral embryotega; but did not note the zygomorphic calyx (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10D, E</figureCitation>
), the shape of the anther sacs, and the white pollen (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10I</figureCitation>
), all unusual characters for the genus. The present analysis reveals that important morphological characters, such as the characters listed by
<bibRefCitation author="Pichon, M" journalOrPublisher="Herbier du Museum de Paris" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" pagination="217 - 242" refId="B76" refString="Pichon, M, 1946. Sur les Commelinacees. Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 12 (3-4): 217 - 242" title="Sur les Commelinacees. Notulae Systematicae." volume="12" year="1946">Pichon (1946)</bibRefCitation>
, and previously considered as exclusive to
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="section" section="Cymbispatha">T. sect. Cymbispatha</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4114596" author="Hunt, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="33" pageNumber="44" refId="B44" refString="Hunt, DR, 1980. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114596" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4114596" year="1980">Hunt 1980</bibRefCitation>
), are actually shared with all or most species from the
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Campelia">T. subg. Campelia</taxonomicName>
. These characters are: subequal sepals, keeled dorsal sepal, subequal stamens, and semilateral embryotega. Characters like, zygomorphic sepals, and pedicels the same size as the floral buds or sessile to subsessile are not exclusive to
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. subsp. sect." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="section" section="Cymbispatha">T. sect. Cymbispatha</taxonomicName>
, but are actually homoplastic synapomorphies to the two larger clades within the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Campelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Campelia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Campelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (i.e.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. commelinoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="commelinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. commelinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group+
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zebrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zebrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group). Spathaceous bracts, the presence of supernumerary bracts, and white pollen grains
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">in vivo</emphasis>
, are also recovered in the present analysis as homoplastic synapomorphies to this subgenus. Thus,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Campelia">T. subg. Campelia</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from the remaining subgenera by synflorescences with one or more coflorescences, presence of peduncle bracts, presence of supernumerary bracts, spathaceous cincinni bracts (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10C-E</figureCitation>
); flowers with pedicels geniculate at anthesis and pre-anthesis (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10E</figureCitation>
), unequal sepals (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10D, E</figureCitation>
), dorsal sepal generally keeled (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10D</figureCitation>
), outer filaments shorter than the inner (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10F-H</figureCitation>
), white pollen, pistil longer than the stamens (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Tradescantia subg. Campelia (Rich.) M. Pell. A-B habit: A prostrate habit of T. zebrina Heyhn. ex Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves B rosette habit of T. spathacea Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves C-E inflorescence: C synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of T. zanonia (L.) Sw. D main florescence of T. polliae D. R. Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower E main florescence of T. zanonia, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower F-H flowers: F oblique view of a flower of T. zebrina G cluster of flowers of T. spathacea, showing the orange to red anther sacs H oblique view of a flower of T. commelinoides Schult. &amp; Schult. f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives I anther of T. zanonia, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac. J style of T. zanonia, showing the capitate stigma. A, C, E, F, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, B by L. Gutierrez, D by F. A. Michelangeli, G by S. Neuwirth, and H by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">10E</figureCitation>
), and semilateral embryotega.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138301" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.89.20388.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/164510" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia (Campelia) subsp. subg." order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Campelia">Tradescantia subg. Campelia</taxonomicName>
(Rich.) M.Pell.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">A-B</emphasis>
habit:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">A</emphasis>
prostrate habit of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zebrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zebrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Heyhn.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">ex</emphasis>
Bosse, also showing the distichously-alternate, subpetiolate, striped leaves
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">B</emphasis>
rosette habit of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. spathacea" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="spathacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. spathacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw., also showing the spirally-alternate and sessile leaves
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">C-E</emphasis>
inflorescence:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
synflorescence showing the presence of a coflorescence, also showing the berry-like fruits of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zanonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zanonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Sw.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">D</emphasis>
main florescence of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. polliae" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="polliae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. polliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D.R.Hunt, showing the basally fused, folded, non-saccate, not overlapping, cincinni bracts and flat flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
main florescence of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zanonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zanonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the basally free, not folded, saccate, overlapping cincinni bracts, geniculate pedicels at anthesis and pre-anthesis, and the infundibuliform flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">F-H</emphasis>
flowers:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">F</emphasis>
oblique view of a flower of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zebrina" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zebrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zebrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">G</emphasis>
cluster of flowers of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. spathacea" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="spathacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. spathacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the orange to red anther sacs
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">H</emphasis>
oblique view of a flower of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pellegrini" authorityYear="2017" family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. commelinoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="commelinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. commelinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Schult. &amp; Schult.f., showing the linearly-tapered connectives
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">I</emphasis>
anther of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zanonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zanonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the sagittate connective and round anther sac.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">J</emphasis>
style of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="zanonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">T. zanonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the capitate stigma.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">A, C, E, F, I, J</emphasis>
by M.O.O. Pellegrini,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">B</emphasis>
by L. Gutierrez,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">D</emphasis>
by F.A. Michelangeli,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">G</emphasis>
by S. Neuwirth, and
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="34">H</emphasis>
by P. Acevedo-Rodriguez.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11373" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89e8ad69-44b9-454b-91b6-00c13ad41da3" ID-PMC="PMC5345365" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-656-123" ID-PubMed="28331405" ID-ZBK="11FEFBEC24EA4AD6BF7EE01809E4112D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-656-123" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 656" ModsDocTitle="Review of Dibrachys Förster from China (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae)" checkinTime="1487100168404" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jiao, Tian-yang, Yao, Qin-ying &amp; Xiao, Hui" docDate="2017" docId="78C2B69089EA727214B7600662E372C6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 656: 123-149" docOrigin="ZooKeys 656" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.656.11373" docTitle="Dibrachys maculipennis Szelenyi 1957" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="138" masterDocId="FFF3424EFFD1FFB34A031C6EFFE95967" masterDocTitle="Review of Dibrachys Foerster from China (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="149" masterPageNumber="123" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1668164230158" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Review of Dibrachys Foerster from China (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Jiao, Tian-yang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yao, Qin-ying</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xiao, Hui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:number>656</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127858746" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:78C2B69089EA727214B7600662E372C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/78C2B69089EA727214B7600662E372C6" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName authority="Szelenyi, 1957, new record to China" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Dibrachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dibrachys maculipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculipennis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="137" start="start">Dibrachys</pageBreakToken>
maculipennis
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szelényi">Szelenyi</normalizedToken>
, 1957, new record to China
</taxonomicName>
Figs 33-37
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Dibrachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dibrachys maculipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculipennis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="138" start="start">Dibrachys</pageBreakToken>
maculipennis
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szelényi">Szelenyi</normalizedToken>
, 1957: 301, 307.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">
Body slender (Figs 33, 34), length 2.2-2.3 mm; gaster spindle. Head in frontal view (Fig. 35), 1.13
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as high; antennal scrobe very shallow, extending upwards but not reaching anterior ocellus; antennal insertion slightly above lower ocular line; lower face flat; clypeus with transverse striation and lower margin slightly protruding with two blunt teeth. Antennal scape as long as eye height, reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus; length of pedicel and flagellum combined slightly shorter than head width (0.95
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
); anelli transverse; Fu1 to Fu3 slightly long than broad respectively, Fu4 and Fu5 quadrate, Fu6 slightly transverse; clava slightly clavate, 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad. Head in dorsal view, 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long; occipital carina strong; POL 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
OOL. Mesosoma 1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad, with regular reticulation. Propodeum (Fig. 36) with median carina incomplete; plicae distinct anteriorly. Fore wing (Fig. 37) with a yellowish-brown infumation behind marginal vein; submarginal vein 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as marginal vein, marginal vein 1.94
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as postmarginal vein, 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as stigmal vein; stigma vein slightly longer than postmarginal vein (1.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
). Gaster 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad, 1.14
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as broad as thorax width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">
China: 2♀, Beijing, V1967; 1♀, Shaanxi: Hangzhou, X.1959, ex.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Smerinthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smerinthus planus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">Smerinthus planus</taxonomicName>
Walker, leg. Zhe-Min Zheng; 1♀, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, 7.VI.1972, ex.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles baoris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baoris">Apanteles baoris</taxonomicName>
Wilkinson, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">Hosts.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">
Recorded hosts of the species were
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">Megachile rotundata</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius) (
<taxonomicName lsidName="Noctuoidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Megachilidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Megachilidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Peck, O" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="23" pageNumber="146" pagination="418 - 422" title="Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera) parasites of the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachilerotundata in Canada." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent101418-4" volume="101" year="1969">Peck 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hyphantria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantria cunea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunea">Hyphantria cunea</taxonomicName>
(Drury) (
<taxonomicName lsidName="Noctuoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Erebidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Dzhanokmen, KA" journalOrPublisher="Opredeliteli Nasekomikh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR" pageId="22" pageNumber="145" pagination="57 - 228" title="Hymenoptera III. Chalcidoidea 5. Pteromalidae." volume="3" year="1978">Dzhanokmen 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Here we newly report
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Smerinthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smerinthus planus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">Smerinthus planus</taxonomicName>
Walker (
<taxonomicName lsidName="Noctuoidea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Sphingidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Sphingidae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles baoris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baoris">Apanteles baoris</taxonomicName>
Wilkinson (Hymenopter:
<taxonomicName family="Braconidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="138" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="138">China (Beijing, Shaanxi, Zhejiang); Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropic regions.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Schedorhinotermes" authority="Silvestri, 1909" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Schedorhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schedorhinotermes" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schedorhinotermes Silvestri, 1909</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Rhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinotermes" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhinotermes</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Schedorhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schedorhinotermes" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schedorhinotermes</taxonomicName>
) Silvestri 1909: 289.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Schedorhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schedorhinotermes" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schedorhinotermes</taxonomicName>
Silvestri. Snyder, 1949: 89.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="70" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Rhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinotermes intermedius" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Rhinotermes intermedius</taxonomicName>
Brauer, 1865, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="70" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
Imagoes very similar to those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Parrhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parrhinotermes" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parrhinotermes</taxonomicName>
. Head approximately circular in shape. Fontanelle situated in the middle of the head. Frons with a slightly visible groove. Labrum short, inclined downward, without groove. Soldiers generally dimorphic and sometimes trimorphic. All species described here have dimorphic soldiers, excepted
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Schedorhinotermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schedorhinotermes seclusus" order="Blattodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seclusus">Schedorhinotermes seclusus</taxonomicName>
in which the minor soldiers can sometimes be further separated into two morphs (
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, LR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian entomological Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="85" pagination="235 - 236" title="Trimorphic soldiers in Schedorhinotermes seclusus (Hill) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and notes on biology." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1987.tb00293.x" volume="26" year="1987">Miller 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Minor soldiers with elongated head. Frons and clypeus with a groove in the middle that joins the opening of the fontanelle to the labrum. Labrum elongated, crossed by a groove in the middle, ending in a brush. Mandibles long and slender. Left mandible with two short subsidiary teeth. Right mandible with one short subsidiary tooth. Major soldiers with labrum proportionally shorter than in minor soldiers. Frons and clypeus with a groove in the middle, from the fontanelle to the labrum. Labrum short and large, with a groove in the middle and an apical brush. Mandibles stout and strongly curved. Left mandible with two large subsidiary teeth. Right mandible with one large subsidiary tooth, as well as a hump at the base. Major soldiers supply more relevant systematic information to distinguish species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="70" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
This genus is known from Africa, Southeast Asia, the Papuan region and Australia (
<bibRefCitation author="Emerson, AE" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="465 - 521" title="Geographical origins and dispersions of termite genera." volume="37" year="1955">Emerson 1955</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, WV" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B)" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="103 - 113" title="African termites of the genus Schedorhinotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and associated termitophiles (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)." volume="37" year="1968">Harris 1968</bibRefCitation>
). It feeds on dead wood.
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100
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<taxonomicName id="738F2CD375E19A760D5DC4354E8EA866" ID-CoL="3GGG" ID-ENA="95272" authority="Gravenhorst, 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Campoplex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Campoplex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Campoplex Gravenhorst, 1829</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="8055175B4574DC79C245927492B382E4" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dioratica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="DIORATICA" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">DIORATICA</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="0C6E701ECC14FF51EBBF65ACF9061F50" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
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<taxonomicName id="D7ED967E4B128B9379BFC042FD6C75A3" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Omorgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="OMORGUS" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">OMORGUS</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="985F06E0C7E71EE7E290D95481AF07EC" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
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<taxonomicName id="21A9935B60F6A3BDB5AD33CF245DE7F9" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Omorga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="OMORGA" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">OMORGA</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D8FC4F3AD13A143340C1F6A4CC92FEBC" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
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The
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material in BMNH was sorted and determined by J.F. Perkins and more recently identified by K. Horstmann.
</paragraph>
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doubtfully placed species of
<taxonomicName id="9F08064649D3C983D1AF3423D64A829C" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Campoplex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Campoplex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Campoplex</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D29488EBCCB7DFAD3D7D72AE85F11E4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
[arvensis Gravenhorst, 1829 nom. dub.] Listed as
<taxonomicName id="4CFAF0A8C1C5ED87A55505B2C9FAC296" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Sinophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinophorus arvensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arvensis">Sinophorus arvensis</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="41B5C324D9A844C869760A4B3DAE7F29" author="Fitton, M. G." editor="Fitton, M. G." journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 11, ix + 159 pp." pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" title="Kloet and Hincks. A check list of British insects. Part 4: Hymenoptera" year="1978">Fitton (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, K. Horstmann (pers. comm.) has seen only the type specimen of this species, which remains uninterpreted at present
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E56C1ECE14EF02B8746DECF0785D24DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
species of
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excluded from the British and Irish list:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F322CA163E9087BF5BD593FBE1B73A6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
[borealis (Zetterstedt, 1838,
<taxonomicName id="464C31FE45DA499B08366912247EC5E2" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Porizon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porizon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porizon</taxonomicName>
)] All British specimens in NMS were reidentified as
<taxonomicName id="9FADBD762DD20D9A46EB83872CFB38CC" lsidName="C. caloptiliae" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" rank="species" species="caloptiliae">C. caloptiliae</taxonomicName>
by Horstmann
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[melanostoma (Strobl, 1904,
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); syn. anterior Aubert, 1960] On earlier versions of this checklist,
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was included based on a reared specimen in NMS, but this was based on a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="BCAE09E366358D636115E8F061EB210A" lsidName="C. punctulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" rank="species" species="punctulatus">C. punctulatus</taxonomicName>
.
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Kishida 1932
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<emphasis id="AC80AB20BA1D28AB77BFB9DB0271FBFC" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="512">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="C049E60A9411DE3E3D7F551C82A58326" italics="true" pageNumber="512">Myotis muricola</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="CE25D7F8F7A37FB4EAC6F8E534D9D617" italics="true" pageNumber="512">orii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="53548AC54602A9C7F09EC4D7245A4155" author="Kuroda, N." refId="ref201475" refString="Kuroda, N. 1935. Korean mammals preserved in the collection of Marquis Yamashina. Journal of Mammalogy, 15: 229 - 239." year="1935">Kuroda 1935</bibRefCitation>
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