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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FE49A12FFE34FA4E" ID-CoL="3CDH" authority="Mago-Leccia, 1994" authorityName="Mago-Leccia" authorityYear="1994" box="[408,492,1391,1415]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FE49A12FFE34FA4E" bold="true" box="[408,492,1391,1415]" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Results</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FF50A1F0FE48F9C1" bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">
Spermatozoa of
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FE4FA1F0FE01FA21" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FE4FA1F0FD25FA01" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[414,765,1456,1480]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">Brachyhypopomus draco</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FF50A190FE01FA21" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[129,473,1488,1512]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">Brachyhypopomus bombilla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FDF0A190FF07F9C1" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Brachyhypopomus gauderio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FF21A1B0FE55F9C1" box="[240,397,1520,1544]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypopomidae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
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The spermatozoa of the three analyzed species are characterized by a well defined head, midpiece, and single flagellum. Both the head and nucleus tend to be spherical in
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD3DA211FD24F9A1" box="[748,764,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FF50A231FF67F940" box="[129,191,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">draco</emphasis>
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(head,
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FEC0A231FEB9F940" box="[273,353,1649,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
; nucleus
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FE19A231FDDBF940" box="[456,515,1649,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G-H-I), but ovoid in
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.
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(head,
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; nucleus,
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FE37A2D1FDC6F960" box="[486,542,1681,1705]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B-C) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FD58A2D1FCDBF960" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[649,771,1681,1705]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD58A2D1FD41F961" box="[649,665,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD74A2D1FCDBF960" box="[677,771,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">bombilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(head,
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FF15A2F1FECBF900" box="[196,275,1713,1737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
; nucleus,
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FEA5A2F1FE72F900" box="[372,426,1713,1737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M-N). Nuclear diameter is 1.0 µm for
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FF75A291FF26F920" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[164,254,1745,1769]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FF75A291FF6CF921" box="[164,180,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FF11A291FF26F920" box="[192,254,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; length and width nuclear measurements are 1.7 x 2.8 µm for
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FF3FA2B1FEBCF8C0" authorityName="Giora &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="2009" box="[238,356,1777,1801]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gauderio">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FF3FA2B1FF26F8C1" box="[238,254,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FED9A2B1FEBCF8C0" box="[264,356,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">gauderio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 0.9 x 1.8 µm for
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FDE2A2B1FD7FF8C0" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[563,679,1777,1801]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FDE2A2B1FD9BF8C1" box="[563,579,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD9CA2B1FD7FF8C0" box="[589,679,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">bombilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nuclear chromatin is condensed and granular in all three species, with extensive areas of lighter chromatin seen only in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FD59A371FCDBF880" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[648,771,1841,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD59A371FD40F881" box="[648,664,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FD74A371FCDBF880" box="[677,771,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">bombilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FF59A311FF67F8A0" box="[136,191,1873,1897]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M-N).All species undergo nuclear rotation. The proximal centriole is anterior, slightly lateral and perpendicular to the distal. Electron-dense material is associated with both centrioles. The proximal centriole and most of the distal are contained within a deep nuclear fossa (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FB9DA490FB5CFF21" box="[1100,1156,208,232]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C-I-M). Only in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FAE3A490FA74FF21" authorityName="Giora &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="2009" box="[1330,1452,208,232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gauderio">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FAE3A490FA9AFF2E" box="[1330,1346,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FA9CA490FA74FF21" box="[1357,1452,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">gauderio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does the fossa branch extensively throughout the nucleus (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FA50A4B0FC92FEE1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). The midpiece contains several elongate mitochondria and a large number of vesicles, some of which contain stainable material (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FC59A510FC65FEA1" box="[904,957,336,360]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B-D-G-H-M).An open cytoplasmic canal is only observed immediately posterior to the centriolar complex in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FA44A530FC51FE61" authorityName="Giora &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="2009" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gauderio">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FA44A530FA7DFE4E" box="[1429,1445,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FCF8A5D0FC51FE61" box="[809,905,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">gauderio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FC49A5D0FC30FE61" box="[920,1000,400,424]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FBF7A5D0FB5AFE61" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[1062,1154,400,424]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FBF7A5D0FBEEFE6E" box="[1062,1078,400,423]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FB95A5D0FB5AFE61" box="[1092,1154,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FB40A5D0FB01FE61" box="[1169,1241,400,424]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
) but this may close more posteriorly.An open cytoplasmic canal is not apparent in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FCF8A590FC78FE21" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[809,928,464,488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FCF8A590FC78FE21" box="[809,928,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B. bombilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An area of more organized membranous structures is only observed in the midpiece of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FB71A5B0FB23FDC1" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[1184,1275,496,520]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FB71A5B0FB68FDCE" box="[1184,1200,496,519]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FB6CA5B0FB23FDC1" box="[1213,1275,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FAD9A5B0FA9AFDC1" box="[1288,1346,496,520]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G-J). The flagellum has the classic 9 + 2 microtubular pattern and does not show intratubular differentiation, both tubules of each peripheral doublet being electron-lucent (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FB21A610FAF0FDA1" box="[1264,1320,592,616]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig 1</figureCitation>
E-J-L). The flagellar membrane does not have lateral projections or fins in any of the species. However, there is substantially more cytoplasm between the axoneme and flagellar membrane in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FA44A6F0FC5DFD21" authorityName="Loureiro &amp; Silva" authorityYear="2006" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombilla">
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FA44A6F0FC5DFD21" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">B. bombilla</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FC40A690FC06FD21" box="[913,990,720,744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 1L</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
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Spermatozoa of
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FC08A750FB9FFCE1" bold="true" box="[985,1095,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Gymnotus</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FBA5A750FB66FCEE" bold="true" box="[1140,1214,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">carapo</emphasis>
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-
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437455311FB1EA74FFA80FCEE" box="[1231,1368,783,807]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnotidae</taxonomicName>
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The spermatozoa of
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FBF6A770FB4CFC8E" box="[1063,1172,816,839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Gymnotus</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B97AEAA537455311FB15A770FAC8FC8E" box="[1220,1296,816,839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">carapo</emphasis>
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are comprised of a head (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FC45A710FC3EFCA1" box="[916,998,848,872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) containing a spherical nucleus (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237455311FAEDA710FA57FCA1" box="[1340,1423,848,872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="882">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
), a well defined midpiece (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FEA5A4F0FE68FF01" box="[372,432,176,200]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C-E) and a single flagellum (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD08A4F0FF55FF21" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A-B-C-E). Nuclear diameter is approximately 1.9 µm. Nuclear chromatin is condensed and granular (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FDD8A4B0FD9DFEC1" box="[521,581,240,264]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B-C). The nucleus does not appear to undergo rotation during spermiogenesis, thus resulting in a centriolar complex and flagellum that are lateral to the nucleus (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FEB8A510FE70FEA1" box="[361,424,336,360]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B-C). The nucleus is indented by a double, shallow, and strongly eccentric nuclear fossa (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD06A530FF7CFE61" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). The proximal centriole is anterior and perpendicular to the distal centriole, both are associated with electron-dense spurs and other material, and both are located to one side of the nucleus completely outside the nuclear fossa (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD58A5B0FD10FDC1" box="[649,712,496,520]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B-C). The midpiece contains spherical to elongate mitochondria irregularly distributed, and abundant vesicles, most of which are concentrated in the posterior portion of midpiece (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD09A610FF56FD41" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C-E). Many of these vesicles are elongate and often contain electron-dense material. The midpiece also contains a short cytoplasmic canal immediately posterior to the distal centriole (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FF58A690FF12FD21" box="[137,202,720,744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B-E), but this appears to close more posteriorly. The single flagellum has a 9 + 2 microtubular axoneme which does not show intratubular differentiation (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FDDBA750FD87FCE1" box="[522,607,784,808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). The flagellum lacks lateral projections or fins (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FE30A770FDE1FC81" box="[481,569,816,840]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-129@4.[136,1459,262,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. A: Spermatozoon of Gymnotus aff. carapo (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar complex and flagellum (f) lateral to the nucleus (n), double nuclear fossa (double arrow), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) in the posterior portion of midpiece, cc = cytoplasmic canal; D: Flagella of spermatozoa of G.aff. carapo in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); E: Midpiece of spermatozoon of G.aff. carapo in longitudinal section (TEM) showing short cytoplasmatic canal (cc) and vesiclular arrangement (v). Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Some irregularly arranged accessory microtubules were present in the cytoplasm of the midpiece, but these were not evident on all micrographs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
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<paragraph id="8BB136B737475313FF50A790FDE9FC21" blockId="3.[129,772,976,1544]" box="[129,561,976,1000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">
Spermatozoa of
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537475313FEE5A790FDE9FC21" bold="true" box="[308,561,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Eigenmannia trilineata</emphasis>
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-
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D3437475313FD92A790FD3CFC21" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[579,740,976,1000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="884" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sternopygidae</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BB136B737475313FF77A7B0FD0DF9C1" blockId="3.[129,772,976,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">
The spermatozoa of
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<emphasis id="B97AEAA537475313FEADA7B1FDB1FBC1" box="[380,617,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Egenmannia trilineata</emphasis>
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are comprised of a spherical head (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FE9CA050FE45FBE1" box="[333,413,1040,1064]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) containing an ovoid nucleus (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD08A050FF78FB81" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[809,847,976,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[136,1459,189,1965]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. (next page) A-F-K: Spermatozoa of Brachyhypopomus gauderio, Brachyhypopomus draco, and Brachyhypopomus bombilla respectively (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece; B-C: Spermatozoa of B. gauderio in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n), deep nuclear fossa (nf), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc=proximal centriole),open cytoplasmatic canal(cc), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material, f = flagellum; D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing cytoplasmatic canal (cc)and elongate mitochondrion (m); E:Flagella ofspermatozoa of B. gauderio in cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules ofeach peripheral doublet (arrow);G-H-I: Spermatozoa of B. draco in longitudinal section (TEM) showing spherical nucleus (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), open cytoplasmatic canal (cc), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense materialand forming an organized membranous structure; J:Midpiece and flagellum of spermatozoaof B.draco in cross section (TEM) showing vesicles (v) forming an organized membranous structure, and electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow); L: Flagella of spermatozoa of B. bombilla in longitudinal and cross section (TEM) showing electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet (arrow), and cytoplasm located between axoneme (a) and flagellar membrane(asterisk); M-N: Spermatozoaof B.bombilla in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus with extensive areas of lighter chromatin (n), centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), elongate mitochondria (m), and presence of vesicles (v) containing some electron-dense material.Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224118/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), a distinct midpiece (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FE50A070FE64FB81" box="[385,444,1072,1096]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B-E), and single flagellum (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD08A070FF55FBA1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A-B). Nuclear length measured approximately 1.3 µm and width 1.3 µm. The nucleus contains masses of electron-dense flocculent chromatin in a lighter matrix (
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B-E). Nuclear rotation takes place during spermiogenesis. The proximal centriole is anterior and perpendicular to the distal centriole and both centrioles are contained within a nuclear fossa (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FD09A0B0FF7AFAE1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). It was not possible to definitively identify a cytoplasmic collar in the region immediately posterior to the nucleus; however, more posteriorly a collar is lacking. The midpiece contains several elongate mitochondria (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FDEEA130FD58FA41" box="[575,640,1392,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B-D-E) and relatively few vesicles (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FEA0A1D0FE73FA61" box="[369,427,1424,1448]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D-E). The flagellum has the usual 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement with no intratubular differentiation (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FEFFA190FEA8FA21" box="[302,368,1488,1512]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C-D). Along most of its length the flagellum has a pair of lateral projections or fins (
<figureCitation id="13352A3237475313FDA9A1B0FD11F9C1" box="[632,713,1520,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,1776,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[129,1452,284,1708]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A: Spermatozoon of Eigenmannia trilineata (SEM), h = sperm head, arrow = flagellum, double arrow = midpiece, m = mitochondrion; B, E: Spermatozoa of E. trilineata in longitudinal section (TEM) showing ovoid nucleus (n) with flocculent chromatin, centriolar arrangement (dc= distal centriole, pc= proximal centriole), and elongate mitochondria (m), v = vesicles; C: Flagella of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross sections (TEM) showing axonemal or flagellar fins (af); D: Midpiece of spermatozoa of E. trilineata in cross section (TEM) showing presence of vesicles (v) and mitochondria (m), and flagellar axoneme (a) with electron-lucent tubules of each peripheral doublet. Scale bars = 1µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756626/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="884">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:identifier id="7CF05306F910DA51551A455C1F69F66A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5609.4.8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F18783981CFFA8FF59F8BAFCF4FF73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15215586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F18783981CFFA8FF59F8BAFCF4FF73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F18783981CFFA8FF59F8BAFCF4FF73" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">
<subSubSection id="C342651E981CFFA7FF59F8BAFC4BFCD2" pageId="6" pageNumber="589" type="nomenclature">
<subSubSection id="C342651E981CFFA7FF59F8BAFD0BFC36" box="[151,750,1878,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE73695981CFFA7FF59F8BAFD0BFC36" blockId="6.[151,942,1878,1977]" box="[151,750,1878,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">
<heading id="D0AF81F9981CFFA7FF59F8BAFD0BFC36" bold="true" box="[151,750,1878,1905]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="589" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92CEA87981CFFA7FF59F8BAFD0BFC36" bold="true" box="[151,750,1878,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">
@ -82,14 +84,14 @@ Stonis &amp; Remeikis
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E981CFFA7FF59F896FEA6FCFE" pageId="6" pageNumber="589" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE73695981CFFA7FF59F896FC4BFCD2" blockId="6.[151,942,1878,1977]" box="[151,942,1914,1941]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E981CFFA7FF59F873FEA6FCFE" box="[151,323,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE73695981CFFA7FF59F873FEA6FCFE" blockId="6.[151,942,1878,1977]" box="[151,323,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">
(
<figureCitation id="13632A10981CFFA7FF51F873FF02FCFE" box="[159,231,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 16" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,179,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-31@4.[154,1434,179,1836]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 16. Adults of Dvidulopsis gen.nov. 1, 2, D. latipennata (Puplesis &amp; Robinson, 2000) comb. nov., Honduras, 7.5 km SE of La Ceiba, right bank of Rio Cangrejal, 100 m, 15°43ʹ34″N, 86°44ʹ26″W, 14.iv.2023 (new distribution); 3, D. diviantis Stonis &amp; Remeikis, sp. nov., Honduras; 4, D. amazonensis (Stonis &amp; Diškus, 2018) comb. nov. (type species of the genus), Ecuador; 5, 6, D. ecuadoriana (Puplesis &amp; Diškus, 2002) comb. nov., Ecuador (46, after Stonis &amp; Diškus 2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="589">Figs 3</figureCitation>
@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ Stonis &amp; Remeikis
<subSubSection id="C342651E9812FFA9FF59F873FA90FC9A" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736959812FFA9FF59F873FA90FC9A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1950,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B92CEA879812FFA9FF59F873FEAFFCFF" bold="true" box="[151,330,1950,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B303CC89812FFA9FE9BF873FA90FC9A" collectingDate="2024-03-03" collectionCode="R, MfN" country="Honduras" elevation="10" latitude="15.765772" location="Tela" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.35194" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Atlantida" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="3B303CC89812FFA9FE9BF873FA90FC9A" accessionNumber="PV121131" collectingDate="2024-03-03" collectionCode="MfN" collectorName="J. R. Stonis" country="Honduras" elevation="10" latitude="15.765772" location="Tela" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.35194" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" specimenCode="RA1222" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Atlantida Department" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54E388379812FFA9FE9BF873FE27FCFE" box="[341,450,1951,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD1C9812FFA9FE1FF873FE0DFCFE" box="[465,488,1951,1977]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" type="male"></specimenCount>
@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ Stonis &amp; Remeikis
,
<collectingRegion id="499CF8779812FFA9FD68F873FC7BFCFE" box="[678,926,1951,1977]" country="Honduras" name="Atlantida" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">Atlantída Department</collectingRegion>
(the Caribbean coast),
<location id="8E87604E9812FFA9FB7BF873FB0DFCFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F18783981CFFA8FF59F8BAFCF4FF73:8E87604E9812FFA9FB7BF873FB0DFCFE" box="[1205,1256,1951,1977]" country="Honduras" latitude="15.765772" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.35194" name="Tela" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" stateProvince="Atlantida">Tela</location>
<location id="8E87604E9812FFA9FB7BF873FB0DFCFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F18783981CFFA8FF59F8BAFCF4FF73:8E87604E9812FFA9FB7BF873FB0DFCFE" box="[1205,1256,1951,1977]" country="Honduras" latitude="15.765772" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.35194" name="Tela" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" stateProvince="Atlantida Department">Tela</location>
, approx.
<quantity id="4CA09B709812FFA9FA96F873FA72FCFE" box="[1368,1431,1951,1977]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="0075D1A69812FFA9FA96F873FA72FCFE" box="[1368,1431,1951,1977]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
@ -169,9 +171,10 @@ Stonis &amp; Remeikis
<date id="FFE610559812FFA9FD62F82FFCFFFC9A" box="[684,794,1987,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" value="2024-03-03">
<collectingDate id="EFA2E9BD9812FFA9FD62F82FFCFFFC9A" box="[684,794,1987,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" value="2024-03-03">3.iii.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. J.
<collectionCode id="ED49AE509812FFA9FCA8F82FFC98FC9A" box="[870,893,1987,2013]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">R</collectionCode>
. Stonis, genitalia slide no. RA1222
, leg.
<collectorName id="26AD53439812FFA9FC98F82FFC34FC9A" box="[854,977,1987,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">J.R. Stonis</collectorName>
, genitalia slide no.
<specimenCode id="DBFE9EEE9812FFA9FB64F82FFAEEFC9A" box="[1194,1291,1987,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="591">RA1222</specimenCode>
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD1C9812FFA9FAC5F82FFAFBFC9A" box="[1291,1310,1987,2013]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" type="male"></specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="ED49AE509812FFA9FAE2F82FFA8CFC9A" box="[1324,1385,1987,2013]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jp8y-i5nv" name="Museum für Naturkunde" pageId="8" pageNumber="591" type="Museum">MfN</collectionCode>
@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ Stonis &amp; Remeikis
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E9813FFA8FF09FF7AFC29F81B" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="diagnosis">
<subSubSection id="C342651E9813FFA8FF09FF7AFC85FA5B" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE736959813FFA8FF09FF7AFC85FA5B" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="B92CEA879813FFA8FF09FF7AFEA7FBF7" bold="true" box="[199,322,150,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Externally,
@ -203,12 +206,18 @@ can be confused with the similar, cream-scaled
</taxonomicName>
. However, in the male genitalia, the new species differs from all currently known species of the genus by at least three unique characters: the massive, bilobed gnathos; the basally pointed phallus; and the short, widely triangular inner lobe of the valva.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E9813FFA8FF09FECAFE7DFA23" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736959813FFA8FF09FECAFE7DFA23" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="B92CEA879813FFA8FF09FECAFED9FA07" bold="true" box="[199,316,294,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">Barcodes.</emphasis>
We barcoded the male
<typeStatus id="54E388379813FFA8FD8FFECAFD46FA07" box="[577,675,294,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen; the sequence is available in GenBank under the voucher/ sample ID: PV121131.
specimen; the sequence is available in GenBank under the voucher/ sample ID:
<accessionNumber id="940BAB769813FFA8FED4FEA6FE71FA23" box="[282,404,330,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">PV121131</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E9813FFA8FF09FE82FA9CF87F" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE736959813FFA8FF09FE82FBE8F927" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="B92CEA879813FFA8FF09FE82FEE1FACF" bold="true" box="[199,260,366,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">Male</emphasis>
(
@ -229,6 +238,8 @@ Unknown.
<figureCitation id="13632A109813FFA8FEB0FD62FDE5F9EE" box="[382,512,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 2125" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[165,1419,187,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[163,1425,179,1895]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2125. Male genitalia of Dvidulopsis diviantis Stonis &amp; Remeikis, sp. nov., Honduras, holotype, genitalia slide no. RA1222 (MfN). 21, 2325, enhanced details; 22, photographic image of the genitalia slide." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215534/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">Figs 2125</figureCitation>
). Capsule significantly longer (300 μm) than wide (180 μm). Uncus clearly bilobed. Gnathos partially divided, with thickened slender lateral arms and a two-lobed main plate. Valva 160 μm long, with two lobe-like processes: median and smaller basal; transtilla with a slender transverse bar; sublateral processes long, slender, and straight. Juxta absent. Vinculum with large lateral lobes, anteriorly with a deep, round excavation. Phallus 225 μm long, strongly constricted basally, with three elongated carinae apically; vesica without cornuti.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342651E9813FFA8FF09FCAEFC29F81B" box="[199,972,834,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE736959813FFA8FF09FCAEFC29F81B" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1077]" box="[199,972,834,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="B92CEA879813FFA8FF09FCAEFEAEF81B" bold="true" box="[199,331,834,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="592">Bionomics.</emphasis>
Adults fly in March. Otherwise, the biology is unknown.

View file

@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C276B6BE2682E4CFB43FBD4" ID-CoL="MWM8" authority="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton, 2008" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[1088,1172,1072,1096]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C276B6BE2682E4CFB43FBD4" bold="true" box="[1088,1172,1072,1096]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Results</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C349651F7C276B68E5672E0EFBF5F835" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="739" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C276B6BE5672E0EFB76FA96" blockId="1.[809,1452,1137,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">
A total of
<specimenCount id="9D55FD1D7C276B6BE5942E0EFB8CFB15" box="[956,1115,1137,1162]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" type="generic">300 specimens</specimenCount>
-
<specimenCount id="9D55FD1D7C276B6BE25A2E0DFB22FB15" box="[1138,1269,1137,1161]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" type="female">150 females</specimenCount>
with total length ranging from
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C276B6BE5942EEDFBAEFB35" box="[956,1145,1169,1193]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1615" metricValueMax="1.768" metricValueMin="0.5549999999999999" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" unit="mm" value="116.15" valueMax="176.8" valueMin="55.5">55.5 to 176.8 mm</quantity>
and
<specimenCount id="9D55FD1D7C276B6BE2842EEDFACEFB35" box="[1196,1305,1169,1193]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" type="male">150 males</specimenCount>
ranging from
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C276B6BE5012ECDFC09FB55" box="[809,990,1201,1226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4025" metricValueMax="2.123" metricValueMin="0.682" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" unit="mm" value="140.25" valueMax="212.3" valueMin="68.2">68.2 to 212.3 mm</quantity>
- were analyzed. The estimated reproductive period lasted from August to December for females and from July to December for males (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C276B6BE27C2E8DFB46FA96" box="[1108,1169,1265,1290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[136,175,933,957]" captionTargetBox="[134,792,166,918]" captionTargetId="figure-242@2.[138,781,166,919]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Monthly variation of mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) for Brachyhypopomus draco males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421036/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C276B6BE5672F6DFBF8F9F6" blockId="1.[809,1452,1137,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">
The GSI of
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C276B6BE5FA2F6EFBF8FAB5" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[978,1071,1297,1321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C276B6BE5FA2F6EFC35FAB5" box="[978,994,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B927EA867C276B6BE5D82F6DFBF8FAB5" box="[1008,1071,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males did not exhibit a significant relation with the feeding indexes analyzed (IR and HSI), whereas the GSI of females showed significant positive relation with HSI (
<tableCitation id="C6D1032F7C276B6BE5C22F0DFBEFFA16" box="[1002,1080,1393,1418]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[136,202,1169,1193]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Multiple regression with analysis of variance (ANOVA) of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) for Brachyhypopomusdraco females sampledfrom September 2003 to August 2004. Only significant predictor variables are shown presented." pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Among the six abiotic factors that were considered, temperature, oxygen saturation, and water depth positively influenced male GSI, while female GSI was affected only by water depth (
<tableCitation id="C6D1032F7C276B6BE2582FADFB15FA76" box="[1136,1218,1489,1514]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[136,202,1169,1193]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Multiple regression with analysis of variance (ANOVA) of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) for Brachyhypopomusdraco females sampledfrom September 2003 to August 2004. Only significant predictor variables are shown presented." pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Monthly data of RI and HSI variation are presented in
<figureCitation id="13682A117C276B6BE2B02F8DFB37F996" box="[1176,1248,1521,1546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[816,855,933,957]" captionTargetBox="[800,1450,166,916]" captionTargetId="figure-244@2.[807,1450,166,919]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Monthly variation of mean repletion index (RI) for Brachyhypopomus draco males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size." pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13682A117C276B6BE3392F8EFAC9F996" box="[1297,1310,1522,1546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[129,168,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[139,760,178,894]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[127,770,166,903]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Monthly variation of mean hepatosomatic index (HSI) for Brachyhypopomus draco males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421038/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">3</figureCitation>
respectively. Monthly data of water temperature, conductivity, depth, dissolved oxygen, rainfall, and photoperiod for the study site are summarized in
<figureCitation id="13682A117C276B6BE5C52C2DFBFCF9F6" box="[1005,1067,1617,1642]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[809,848,1265,1289]" captionTargetBox="[819,1447,176,1231]" captionTargetId="figure-119@3.[809,1452,166,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4. Monthly variation of light photoperiod (min) (above); water temperature (ºC), depth (cm) and oxygen saturation (%) (middle); conductivity (µS/cm) and rainfall (mm) (below). Values in lagoa Verde from September 2003 to August 2004." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421040/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C276B68E5672C0DFD36F835" blockId="1.[809,1452,1137,1962]" lastBlockId="2.[136,779,1649,1961]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="739" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">
The absolute fecundity of the species analyzed showed an average value of 935.8 vitellogenic oocytes (ranging from 576 to 1391 oocytes) for females with total length from
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C276B6BE3472CCEFC72F975" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4395" metricValueMax="1.7399999999999998" metricValueMin="1.139" pageId="1" pageNumber="738" unit="mm" value="143.95" valueMax="174.0" valueMin="113.9">113.9 to 174 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6D1032F7C276B6BE59E2CADFBDAF976" box="[950,1037,1745,1770]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[136,199,177,201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), total length (Lt), total weight (Wt), absolute fecundity (AF) and relative fecundity (RF) of 10 Brachyhypopomus draco females." pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Table 2</tableCitation>
). The average relative fecundity was estimated as 0.17 vitellogenic oocytes per mg total weight (
<tableCitation id="C6D1032F7C276B6BE5182D6DFC53F8B6" box="[816,900,1809,1834]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[136,199,177,201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), total length (Lt), total weight (Wt), absolute fecundity (AF) and relative fecundity (RF) of 10 Brachyhypopomus draco females." pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Analysis of the absolute frequency distribution of oocyte diameter conforms to that of a species with synchronous oocyte development in more than two groups, and with fractional spawning, the species being estimated to spawn at least twice during a reproductive period (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C276B6BE36D2DEDFA51F835" box="[1349,1414,1937,1961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[809,849,1840,1864]" captionTargetBox="[818,1452,1474,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[813,1456,1464,1824]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 5. Distribution of relative frequency of 150 oocyte diameters of 10 Brachyhypopomus draco females with highest GSI values sampled from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421042/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="738">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). A high frequency of pre-vitellogenic (reserve) oocytes can be observed. These are the smallest germinative cells that are visible under a stereomicroscope, have a large and central nucleus, and contain no yolk vesicles. The reserve oocytes will only mature in the next reproductive period, but are followed by oocyte stores in successive maturation stages (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E6B82D4DFF05F8D4" box="[144,210,1840,1865]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[809,849,1840,1864]" captionTargetBox="[818,1452,1474,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[813,1456,1464,1824]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 5. Distribution of relative frequency of 150 oocyte diameters of 10 Brachyhypopomus draco females with highest GSI values sampled from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421042/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), which are released at different times in the current reproductive period. The presence of reserve oocytes and more than one store of oocytes in successive developmental stages provide evidence that
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E75C2DEDFE18F835" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[372,463,1937,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E75C2DEDFE53F834" box="[372,388,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E7B92DEDFE18F835" box="[401,463,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an iteroparous species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2C661C7C246B68E6A029D9FE6EFBA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5421036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" startId="2.[136,175,933,957]" targetBox="[134,792,166,918]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C246B68E6A029D9FE6EFBA1" blockId="2.[136,779,933,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E6A029D9FF1BFC21" bold="true" box="[136,204,933,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
Monthly variation of mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) for
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E69B29B9FE1BFC41" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[179,460,965,989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E69B29B9FE1BFC41" box="[179,460,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Brachyhypopomus draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2C661C7C246B68E51829D9FC28FBA1" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" startId="2.[816,855,933,957]" targetBox="[800,1450,166,916]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C246B68E51829D9FC28FBA1" blockId="2.[816,1459,933,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E51829D9FCAEFC21" bold="true" box="[816,889,933,957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
Monthly variation of mean repletion index (RI) for
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E51829B9FBEBFC41" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[816,1084,965,989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E51829B9FBEBFC41" box="[816,1084,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Brachyhypopomus draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males (above) and females (below) from September 2003 to August 2004. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation and the values between the brackets are the sample size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2C661C7C246B68E6A02EEDFE00FAB5" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" startId="2.[136,202,1169,1193]" targetBox="[140,776,1336,1553]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C246B68E6A02EEDFE00FAB5" blockId="2.[136,778,1168,1321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E6A02EEDFF3DFB34" bold="true" box="[136,234,1168,1193]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Table 1.</emphasis>
Multiple regression with analysis of variance (ANOVA) of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) for
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E70F2EADFDF1FB75" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[295,550,1233,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E70F2EADFDF1FB75" box="[295,550,1233,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Brachyhypopomus draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females sampled from September 2003 to August 2004. Only significant predictor variables are shown presented.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEC36947C246B68E57E2EEDFBF5F835" blockId="2.[816,1459,1169,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">
The sex ratio established for the
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E2B32EEDFB26FB35" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[1179,1265,1169,1193]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E2B32EEDFB7CFB34" box="[1179,1195,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E29D2EEDFB26FB35" box="[1205,1265,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
studied population was 1:
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C246B68E55A2ECDFC4CFB55" box="[882,923,1201,1225]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
each month, as well as in the global sample. Sexual dimorphism related to total body length was determined for the species, with males growing to greater lengths than females (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E5102F6DFCA1FAB4" box="[824,886,1296,1321]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,175,1110,1134]" captionTargetBox="[146,772,715,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-192@4.[138,781,709,1094]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Relative frequency distribution of Brachyhypopomus draco males (n = 175) and females (n = 175) for total length classes sampled from September 2003 to August 2004." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421044/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The largest male and female sampled had total lengths of
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C246B68E5622F4DFC67FAD4" box="[842,944,1329,1353]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.123" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" unit="mm" value="212.3">212.3 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C246B68E5F52F4CFB92FAD4" box="[989,1093,1328,1352]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.768" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" unit="mm" value="176.8">176.8 mm</quantity>
, respectively. Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C534D177C246B68E3032F4DFA55FAD5" authorityName="Giora, Malabarba &amp; Crampton" authorityYear="2008" box="[1323,1410,1329,1353]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draco">
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E3032F4DFAECFAD4" box="[1323,1339,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B927EA867C246B68E36E2F4DFA55FAD5" box="[1350,1410,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">draco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with hypertrophy of the distal portion of caudal filament - vertical broadening and lateral compression, which give the caudal filament a paddle-like shape - were sampled during all months of the year, with male caudal filament depth ranging from
<quantity id="4CAB9B717C246B68E3AD2FCCFC72FA74" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.92" metricValueMax="6.88" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="2" pageNumber="739" unit="mm" value="3.92" valueMax="6.88" valueMin="0.96">0.96 to 6.88 mm</quantity>
, representing 1.14% to 3.47% of total length. Caudal filaments grouped in level one (n = 32) were found in all months of the year, except November and December, but with higher frequency in April and July (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E2732C4DFB4DF9D5" box="[1115,1178,1585,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[816,854,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox="[835,1447,175,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[813,1456,166,1258]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 7. Relative frequency distribution of caudal filament depth levels for Brachyhypopomus draco males. Caudal filaments depth Level 1 = from 0 to 1.5%; Level 2 = from 1.51% to 2.5%; Level 3 = from 2.51% to 3.50%." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Caudal filaments in level two (n = 94) were found in all sampled months, showing a higher frequency in November (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E25E2C0DFB64F915" box="[1142,1203,1649,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[816,854,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox="[835,1447,175,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[813,1456,166,1258]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 7. Relative frequency distribution of caudal filament depth levels for Brachyhypopomus draco males. Caudal filaments depth Level 1 = from 0 to 1.5%; Level 2 = from 1.51% to 2.5%; Level 3 = from 2.51% to 3.50%." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Filaments in level three (n = 7) were found from August to January except in September and November (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E5CC2CCDFBFEF955" box="[996,1065,1713,1737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[816,854,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox="[835,1447,175,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[813,1456,166,1258]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 7. Relative frequency distribution of caudal filament depth levels for Brachyhypopomus draco males. Caudal filaments depth Level 1 = from 0 to 1.5%; Level 2 = from 1.51% to 2.5%; Level 3 = from 2.51% to 3.50%." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The χ
<superScript id="7C269BDC7C246B68E2AA2CD3FB5DF921" attach="left" box="[1154,1162,1711,1725]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">2</superScript>
test indicated a significant difference between the three levels during the whole sampled year, except in February and July, with the highest values occurring from August to December and in March (
<tableCitation id="C6D1032F7C246B68E37B2D6DFA72F8B5" box="[1363,1445,1809,1833]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="4.[816,879,1488,1512]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 3. Chi-square test (χ2) for caudal filament modification levels of Brachyhypopomus draco males sampled from September 2003 toAugust 2004 (p &lt;0.05; df = 2)." pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Table 3</tableCitation>
). No individuals with level three filaments were found from February to July of the year studied, suggesting a regression of the caudal filament hypertrophy after the reproductive period months (
<figureCitation id="13682A117C246B68E5FD2DEDFBC2F835" box="[981,1045,1937,1961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[816,854,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox="[835,1447,175,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[813,1456,166,1258]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 7. Relative frequency distribution of caudal filament depth levels for Brachyhypopomus draco males. Caudal filaments depth Level 1 = from 0 to 1.5%; Level 2 = from 1.51% to 2.5%; Level 3 = from 2.51% to 3.50%." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5421048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5421048/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="739">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
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<mods:title id="47524B6AD79A8230AB2139F0953F13F1">The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae</mods:title>
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Genus
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Wang
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFC642156FC5EA14E" box="[930,989,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
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Andersen
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Syn.:
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(see
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<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E20FF8DFF51243CFB6BA4E5" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="94127C126E20FF8DFF51243CFB6BA4E5" blockId="22.[151,1437,1832,2039]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
A genus of ~270 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E20FF8DFB92243DFB4FA450" box="[1108,1228,1832,1858]" name="Antarctica" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
. Seven subgenera are recognized, namely
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFE7F2458FDB6A475" box="[441,565,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BDEA1D7B6E20FF8DFD852458FD0BA475" box="[579,648,1869,1895]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E20FF8DFD5D2459FC3FA475" authority="Kieffer, 1909" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1909" box="[667,956,1868,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Isocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFD5D2459FC8DA474" box="[667,782,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Isocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1909
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E20FF8DFC092458FB74A475" authority="Lehmann, 1981" authorityName="Lehmann" authorityYear="1981" box="[975,1271,1868,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Maurius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFC092458FBADA474" box="[975,1070,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Maurius</emphasis>
Lehmann, 1981
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFACC2459FA1FA474" box="[1290,1436,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nostocladius</emphasis>
Ashe
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFF1B2464FF72A498" box="[221,241,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et</emphasis>
Murray, 1980;
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E20FF8DFE692465FC13A499" authority="Wiedenbrug et Fittkau, 1997" authorityName="Wiedenbrug et Fittkau" authorityYear="1997" box="[431,912,1904,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Oliveiriella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFE692465FDB3A498" box="[431,560,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Oliveiriella</emphasis>
Wiedenbrug
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFD142464FD65A498" box="[722,742,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et</emphasis>
Fittkau, 1997
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E20FF8DFC672465FAE0A499" authority="Santos Abreu, 1918" authorityName="Santos Abreu" authorityYear="1918" box="[929,1379,1904,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFC672465FBEEA498" box="[929,1133,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Paratrichocladius</emphasis>
Santos Abreu, 1918
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E20FF8DFF512481FD81A4BD" authority="Nishida, 1987" authorityName="Nishida" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,514,1940,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudocricotopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFF512481FEE3A4BC" box="[151,352,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Pseudocricotopus</emphasis>
Nishida, 1987
</taxonomicName>
(see
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E20FF8DFC972481FBB9A4BD" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[849,1082,1940,1967]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="189 - 386" refId="ref18931" refString="Andersen, T., Saether, O. A., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (2013) 9. The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 189-386." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFC042480FC7AA4BC" box="[962,1017,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E20FF8DFB832480FAE3A4BD" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Krosch, M. N." box="[1093,1376,1940,1967]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="719 - 732" refId="ref20708" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Krosch, M. N. (2015) DNA sequences and austral taxa indicate generic synonymy of Paratrichocladius Santos- Abreu with Cricotopus Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 40 (4), 719-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12130" type="journal article" year="2015">Cranston &amp; Krosch 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae inhabit all
<typeStatus id="4B16C2B06E20FF8DFE9B24ACFE1BA4C1" box="[349,408,1977,2003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">types</typeStatus>
of freshwaters including saline coastal waters. They are frequently associated with aquatic plants, including algae, and some mine living parts of aquatic macrophytes (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E20FF8DFC2A24C9FB5FA4E5" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[1004,1244,2012,2039]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" pagination="189 - 386" refId="ref18931" refString="Andersen, T., Saether, O. A., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (2013) 9. The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 189-386." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFBA624C8FB1BA4E4" box="[1120,1176,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFF282746FE1BA77C" bold="true" box="[238,408,1107,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Cardiocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1912
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A genus of 20 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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and Oceania.The Neotropical species were reviewed by
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFDF127D5FDF2A7CB" box="[567,625,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
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. The larvae live in fast-flowing waters and are often associated with the immature stages of blackflies (
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), on which they are reported to be predaceous (
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E20FF8DFAA527F1FA1EA7EF" box="[1379,1437,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E21FF8CFF5127C8FEA8A7EA" bold="true" box="[151,299,1245,1272]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Limnophyes</emphasis>
Eaton
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A genus of&gt;90 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Oceania.
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, b) revised the Holarctic, Afrotropical, and Neotropical species of the genus. The larvae are eurytopic, including aquatic, semiterrestrial, and terrestrial habitats (
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Andersen
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E23FF8EFF2825CFFE1BA5E7" bold="true" box="[238,408,1754,1781]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Antillocladius</emphasis>
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A genus of 30 named species that occur mostly in the Neotropical region, but are also found in the Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions (
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;
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). The genus was reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E23FF8EFF7A247EFE20A497" author="Mendes, H. F. &amp; Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[188,419,1899,1925]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref23374" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2004) A review of Antillocladius Saether, 1981, Compterosmittia Saether, 1981 and Litocladius new genus (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 594 (1), 1-82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.594.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Mendes
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E23FF8EFEDB247EFED4A497" box="[285,343,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
(2004
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,
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) and
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E23FF8EFDED247EFCE8A497" author="Mendes, H. F. &amp; Andersen, T." box="[555,875,1899,1925]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref23239" refString="Mendes, H. F. &amp; Andersen, T. (2008) A review of Antillocladius Saether and Litocladius Mendes, Andersen et Saether, with the description of two new Neotropical genera (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 1887 (1), 1-75. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1887.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Mendes &amp; Andersen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
. Known larvae from South America appear to be terrestrial or semi-terrestrial as they have been collected in moss and lichens on stones and tree trunks; a North American species has been found in seeps near streams and impoundments (
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Mendes
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E23FF8EFBA324A6FB1CA4DF" box="[1125,1183,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
2004
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;
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E23FF8EFAA424A6FA1EA4DF" box="[1378,1437,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
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Genus
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A genus of six species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, and Oriental regions. The genus was revised by
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. The larvae are unknown. However, they can be expected to construct transportable cases of sand grains and small wood- or plant remains, as seen in the larvae of other species in the subtribe
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FF28272FFEF0A746" bold="true" box="[238,371,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
Wulp, 1874
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Syn.:
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E25FF88FF14276BFE43A784" authority="Reiss, 1972" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1972" box="[210,448,1150,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nimbocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FF14276BFEC0A784" box="[210,323,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Nimbocera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FE8F276BFE43A784" author="Reiss, F." box="[329,448,1150,1174]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="49 - 94" refId="ref24707" refString="Reiss, F. (1972) Die Tanytarsini (Chironomidae, Diptera) Sudchiles und Westpatagoniens. Mit Hinweisen auf die Tanytarsini- Fauna der Neotropis. Studies on Neotropical Fauna, 7, 49-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650527209360434" type="journal article" year="1972">Reiss, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
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Sanseverino
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FDB1276AFD29A784" box="[631,682,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94127C126E25FF88FF512788FD47A7A7" blockId="19.[151,754,1150,1205]" box="[151,708,1181,1205]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
Syn.:
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FF142788FECDA7A7" box="[210,334,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Caladomyia</emphasis>
Säwedal, 1981
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(see
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Lin
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FD8F278BFDFFA7A7" box="[585,636,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
2018
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).
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<paragraph id="94127C126E25FF88FF5127F6FF63A6A3" blockId="19.[151,1437,1251,1457]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">
A species-rich genus with approximately 400 described extant species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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, including 100 species known from the Neotropics (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FC7C2612FB12A633" author="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Amat, G. &amp; Hamada, N. &amp; Gilka, W." box="[954,1169,1287,1313]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="505 - 529" refId="ref20891" refString="Dantas, G. P. S., Amat, G., Hamada, N. &amp; Gilka, W. (2022) Towards the systematics and diversity of Neotropical Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae): news from Colombia. Zootaxa, 5129 (4), 505-529. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5129.4.2" type="journal article" year="2022">
Dantas
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FBD5261DFBCEA633" box="[1043,1101,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FB592612FB59A633" author="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Hamada, N. &amp; Gilka, W." box="[1183,1242,1287,1313]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="115 - 139" refId="ref21156" refString="Dantas, G. P. S., Hamada, N. &amp; Gilka, W. (2023) Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Chironomidae, Diptera): new species from the western Amazon region in Peru and Brazil, new records from the Neotropics, and remarks on the taxonomy of the genus. Zootaxa, 5271 (1), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.4" type="journal article" year="2023">2023</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FB2E261DFF57A657" author="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Gilka, W." pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="22 - 30" refId="ref21033" refString="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Gilka, W. (2024) A hundredth Neotropical species of the genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Chironomidae, Diptera) from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Dipteron, 40, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10971563" type="journal article" year="2024">Dantas &amp; Giłka 2024</bibRefCitation>
). A molecular phylogeny of the genus was presented by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FCA2263EFBA5A657" author="Lin, X. &amp; Stur, E. &amp; Ekrem, T." box="[868,1062,1323,1349]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="659 - 677" refId="ref23040" refString="Lin, X., Stur, E. &amp; Ekrem, T. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and temporal diversification of Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) support generic synonymies, a new classification and center of origin. Systematic Entomology, 43 (4), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12292" type="journal article" year="2018">
Lin
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FC532639FC53A657" box="[917,976,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
, placing
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FB56263EFA9AA657" box="[1168,1305,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Caladomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E25FF88FED92645FE1AA67B" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[287,409,1360,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FED92645FE1AA67B" box="[287,409,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The larvae are found in all
<typeStatus id="4B16C2B06E25FF88FD0F2645FC87A678" box="[713,772,1360,1386]" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">types</typeStatus>
of freshwaters, with some marine, and at least one terrestrial species. The freshwater species usually construct long, soft tubes that are fixed to the bottom substrate (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E25FF88FAD92666FF57A6A3" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." pageId="19" pageNumber="220" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref21725" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2013) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 387-556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E25FF88FAA22661FA1EA69F" box="[1380,1437,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
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Genus
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A transantarctic genus of more than 20 named species that occurs in South and Central America (
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;
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Andersen
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), and the Austro-Pacific region (
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). In South America larva of
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(
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occurs in habitats characterised by high amounts of fine organic particles in both lotic and lentic systems (
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Trivinho-Strixino
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2009
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).
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFF282442FED9A460" bold="true" box="[238,346,1879,1906]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Nandeva</emphasis>
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Wiedenbrug, Reiss
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Fittkau, 1998
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A genus with seven described extant species that occur in the Neotropical and Australasian regions; the geographical distribution of all
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFEA424A9FE45A4C4" box="[354,454,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Nandeva</emphasis>
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has been recently analysed by
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Andersen
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(2011)
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and
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Giłka
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFB5824A8FB54A4C4" box="[1182,1239,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
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. The only described larvae were found in semi-immersed leaf litter packs in a tropical stream in
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(
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).
</paragraph>
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFF2827E6FE30A61C" bold="true" box="[238,435,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Cladotanytarsus</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1921
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A genus divided into two subgenera,
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Kieffer, 1921 and
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFBC0262EFBEEA647" box="[1030,1133,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Lenziella</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1922
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, with 73 and 7 described valid species respectively (
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E26FF8BFD2B264AFC67A66B" author="Puchalski, M. &amp; Paasivirta, L. &amp; Gilka, W." box="[749,996,1375,1401]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="428 - 436" refId="ref24528" refString="Puchalski, M., Paasivirta, L. &amp; Gilka, W. (2018) Cladotanytarsus saetheri sp. nov. and C. gedanicus Gilka: Holarctic sibling species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 4394 (3), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4394.3.8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Puchalski
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFCA22675FC1CA66B" box="[868,927,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E26FF8BFC35264AFA8DA66B" author="Puchalski, M. &amp; Paasivirta, L. &amp; Gilka, W." box="[1011,1294,1375,1401]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="428 - 436" refId="ref24528" refString="Puchalski, M., Paasivirta, L. &amp; Gilka, W. (2018) Cladotanytarsus saetheri sp. nov. and C. gedanicus Gilka: Holarctic sibling species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 4394 (3), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4394.3.8" type="journal article" year="2018">Giłka &amp; Puchalski 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Except for
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, the genus is distributed in all zoogeographical regions including Oceania (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E26FF8BFBA32696FAE5A68C" author="Gilka, W. &amp; Dobosz, R." box="[1125,1382,1411,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref22396" refString="Gilka, W. &amp; Dobosz, R. (2015) A contribution to the systematics of Australasian Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae): first descriptions from New Caledonia. Zootaxa, 3980 (1), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.1.7" type="journal article" year="2015">Giłka &amp; Dobosz 2015</bibRefCitation>
). No named species are recorded from South America, but larval morphotypes have been reported from
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(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E26FF8BFAF026B2FF74A6F7" author="Roque, F. O. &amp; Correia, L. C. S. &amp; Trivinho-Strixino, S. &amp; Strixino, G." pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref25243" refString="Roque, F. O., Correia, L. C. S., Trivinho-Strixino, S. &amp; Strixino, G. (2004) A review of Chironomidae studies in lentic system in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 4 (2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032004000200007" type="journal article" year="2004">
Roque
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFA4E26BDFF37A6F7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al.</emphasis>
2004
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). Larvae construct sessile cases of fine detritus and have been found in streams and larger rivers, lakes, and ponds, as well as in brackish water and hot springs (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E26FF8BFD1B26FAFC1CA51B" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[733,927,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref21725" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2013) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 387-556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E26FF8BFCE526E5FCD8A51B" box="[803,859,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
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A genus with ~100 species distributed in all zoogeographical regions except
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Genus
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Meigen, 1803
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A genus of&gt;30 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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and Oceania. Two subgenera are recognized, namely
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and
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E28FF85FD3B20C6FCE1A0FF" box="[765,866,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Apelopia</emphasis>
Roback, 1971
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(see
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). The larvae live in sediments in standing and slowly flowing waters, especially in temperate to warm regions, where they can tolerate high salinity (
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).
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E28FF85FF2823CAFEF3A3E8" bold="true" box="[238,368,223,250]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Procladius</emphasis>
Skuse, 1889
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The second most speciose genus of
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, with ~70 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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. Four subgenera are recognized, namely
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E28FF85FB3E225EFA1BA277" author="Roback, S. S." box="[1272,1432,331,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" pagination="135 - 138" refId="ref25143" refString="Roback, S. S. (1982) Naelotanypus viridis, a new genus and species of Coelotanypodini (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Colombia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 134, 135-138." type="journal article" year="1982">Roback, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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,
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Oliveira, Messias
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Silva-Vasconcellos, 1992
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, and
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E28FF85FCA9227AFB83A29B" box="[879,1024,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Psilotanypus</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1906
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(see
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E28FF85FF242281FD82A2BF" author="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Hamada, N." box="[226,513,403,430]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" pagination="462 - 470" refId="ref21093" refString="Dantas, G. P. S. &amp; Hamada, N. (2018) Immature stages of Laurotanypus travassosi Oliveira, Messias &amp; Silva-Vasconcelos, 1992 reveal a new synonymy in Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 444 (4), 462-470. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4444.4.6" type="journal article" year="2018">Dantas &amp; Hamada 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae prefer muddy substrate of standing or slow-flowing water bodies, especially ponds and small lakes, but a few also inhabit the profundal zone of large, deep lakes (
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).
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described two new species from the Neotropical region and presented a checklist of the
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species
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of the world. In the Southern Hemisphere the larvae are associated with both lotic and lentic warm waters (
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Genus
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Genus
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A genus of ~40 named species distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions. The genus was revised by Silva
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(2014). The larvae live in small, standing water bodies as well as in streams and rivers (
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Genus
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A genus of ~20 named species occurring in the Nearctic, Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. Unnamed species were reported from
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Genus
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A genus of 12 named species distributed in all zoogeographical regions except
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and Oceania. Three species are described from
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;
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Shimabukuro
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2021
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). The larvae inhabit flowing waters, especially areas with sandy beds (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2BFF86FDAF219AFCF7A1BB" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[617,884,655,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" pagination="39 - 136" refId="ref20620" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (2013) 5. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 39-136." type="journal article" year="2013">Cranston &amp; Epler 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
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Genus
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Syn.:
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, 1962.
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Recently
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formally placed the genus
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as a synonym of
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The genus now comprises ~50 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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. Larvae of
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are, with few exceptions, more or less cold stenothermic and in temperate regions of the Holarctic primarily inhabitants of sandy or detritus rich sediments of springs and lentic habitats of stream sections close to springs. Larvae of
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are eurythermic, living in a variety of standing waters of all sizes, but are also present in small lotic habitats including pools in rivers (
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
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Genus
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A genus of 48 named species that occurs in all zoogeographical regions except the Afrotropical and Oriental regions and Oceania. South America is the most diverse region with 27 named species, while two species,
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;
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Genus
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Kieffer, 1913
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A genus of ~20 described species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Australasian regions. A key to the males of the Neotropical species was given by
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. The larvae inhabit benthic sediments of lakes, including artificial impoundments, slow flowing reaches of rivers, and old riverbeds (
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). The genus can be very abundant in Amazonian flood-plain lakes and in wetlands in southern
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(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2CFF81FAF925C3FEC8A406" author="Fonseca Leal, J. J. &amp; Esteves, F. A. &amp; Callisto, M." pageId="26" pageNumber="227" pagination="109 - 123" refId="ref21948" refString="Fonseca Leal, J. J., Esteves, F. A. &amp; Callisto, M. (2004) Distribution of chironomid larvae in an Amazonian flood-plain lake impacted by bauxite tailings (Brazil). Amazonia, 18 (1), 109-123. [https://ia802302.us.archive.org/4/items/amazoniana-18-1-2-109-123/amazoniana-18-1-2-109-123.pdf]" type="journal article" year="2004">
Fonseca Leal
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2CFF81FF1625EEFE8BA406" box="[208,264,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">et al.</emphasis>
2004
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2CFF81FE9025EFFDA8A406" author="Panatta, L. &amp; Stenert, C. &amp; Santos, E. M. &amp; Maltchik, L." box="[342,555,1786,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" pagination="229 - 242" refId="ref24059" refString="Panatta, L., Stenert, C., Santos, E. M. &amp; Maltchik, L. (2007) Diversity and distribution of Chironomid larvae in wetlands in Southern Brazil. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 80 (3), 229-242. https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567(2007)80[229:DADOCL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2007">
Panatta
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2CFF81FE6925EEFE64A406" box="[431,487,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">et al.</emphasis>
2007
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).
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Genus
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The only included species,
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, is known from
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(
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) and
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. Other life stages have not been associated directly, but tentatively assigned females from
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and
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are in the collection at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM).
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FF2825EBFE0AA40B" bold="true" box="[238,393,1790,1817]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Ablabesmyia</emphasis>
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A genus of nearly 100 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions, except
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; it is currently the most speciose genus in
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E2DFF80FE04247EFDD5A497" box="[450,598,1899,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tanypodinae">Tanypodinae</taxonomicName>
. Four subgenera,
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FCDE247EFC2AA497" box="[792,937,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Ablabesmyia</emphasis>
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,
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Roback, 1985,
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FB23247EFAB9A497" box="[1253,1338,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Karelia</emphasis>
Roback, 1971
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, and
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FEC8249AFEE3A4BB" box="[270,352,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Sartaia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2DFF80FEAE249AFD87A4BB" author="Roback, S. S. &amp; Coffman, W. P." box="[360,516,1935,1961]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" pagination="9 - 79" refId="ref25188" refString="Roback, S. S. &amp; Coffman, W. P. (1983) Results of the Catherwood Bolivian-Peruvian Altiplano expedition Part II. Aquatic Diptera including montane Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae) from Venezuela. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 135, 9-79." type="journal article" year="1983">Roback, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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are recognized (see
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2DFF80FD2D249AFB83A4BB" author="Ashe, P. &amp; O'Connor, J. P." box="[747,1024,1935,1961]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" refId="ref19421" refString="Ashe, P. &amp; O'Connor, J. P. (2009) A world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 445 pp." type="book" year="2009">Ashe &amp; OConnor 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Most Neotropical species probably belong in
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FEC224A6FE16A4DF" box="[260,405,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Ablabesmyia</emphasis>
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, but as pointed out by several authors, many South American species cannot be assigned to subgenus with certainty (see
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Neubern
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2DFF80FDA524C2FD1FA4E3" box="[611,668,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Many of the recently described species are thus not assigned to subgenus. The Neotropical species were reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2AFF87FCCE2382FC79A3A3" author="Neubern, C. S. O. &amp; Silva, M. A. N. &amp; Fonseca-Gessner, A. A." box="[776,1018,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref23645" refString="Neubern, C. S. O., Silva, M. A. N. &amp; Fonseca-Gessner, A. A. (2013) Neotropical Ablabesmyia Johannsen (Diptera: Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) - Part I. Zootaxa, 3733 (1), 1-123. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3733.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Neubern
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2AFF87FCA92382FC25A3A3" box="[879,934,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
. The larvae occur in a wide variety of habitats, including small and large standing and flowing waters from cold temperate to warm tropical climate zones (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2AFF87FF5923CAFE29A3EB" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[159,426,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" pagination="39 - 136" refId="ref20620" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (2013) 5. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 39-136." type="journal article" year="2013">Cranston &amp; Epler 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
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Genus
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Wulp, 1874
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A genus of ~75 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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and Oceania. Three subgenera are recognized, namely
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FDE721BCFD42A1D0" box="[545,705,681,706]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
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;
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Ashe
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OConnor, 2000
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; and
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Langton
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Cobo, 1997
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(see
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).
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of the genus was given by Saether (1995). The larvae occur in mosses, phytotelmata, springs, ditches, streams, and lakes and a few species are hygropetric (
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Andersen
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2013
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Genus
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One named species,
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, has been recorded from
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and
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(
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2EFF83FEDD247EFD96A494" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X." box="[283,533,1899,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref25937" refString="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 48, 1-69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether &amp; Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
). The latter authors suggest that all South American records of the genus likely belong to the subspecies
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FE6A2485FE59A4BB" box="[428,474,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">P. e.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E2EFF83FE27249AFCBDA4B8" authority="Saether &amp; Wang, 1995" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1995" box="[481,830,1935,1962]" class="Arachnida" family="Scytodidae" genus="Scytodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FE27249AFDC3A4BB" box="[481,576,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">longipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E2EFF83FD80249AFCBDA4B8" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X." box="[582,830,1935,1962]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref25937" refString="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 48, 1-69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether &amp; Wang, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Larval habitats vary from terrestrial to lentic and lotic aquatic habitats (
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FE0F24A1FD82A4DF" box="[457,513,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FF28274DFE57A760" bold="true" box="[238,468,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Parametriocnemus</emphasis>
Goetghebuer, 1932
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A genus of 35 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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and the Neotropical region. The genus is recorded from South America based on unnamed larvae from
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,
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,
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, and
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(
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;
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Ospina-Torres
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FDBA27FCFD35A610" box="[636,694,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
1999
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;
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). Larvae of
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are found in springs and relatively fast flowing cold streams and rivers (
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2EFF83FBC12618FBC3A634" box="[1031,1088,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
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. The Neotropical species were reviewed by
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Wiedenbrug
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. The larvae occur in most lotic habitats, from fast-flowing streams to slow-flowing ditches and rivers (
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Andersen
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E2FFF82FDBA2485FD37A4BB" box="[636,692,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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).
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@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
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</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="50E3098B6FA1140EF7A079AD9CD49782">
<mods:url id="2B5331352960D602F170195418A1700C">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="2BB2744EA283574BEE5E887F23F0BDE1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D7E3594DAA2CAF6DF76C431C51BB9587" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D7A408CA1907B4618505E85462D30494" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B4B739858846A73A2F5AC8D2CCD95F3C" type="ZooBank">CA7C2AC5-1F69-448F-B686-511FA33FF06E</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E30FF9DFF5121A6FD98A1DF" box="[151,539,691,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="94127C126E30FF9DFF5121A6FD98A1DF" blockId="6.[151,539,691,718]" box="[151,539,691,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<heading id="CF5ACB7E6E30FF9DFF5121A6FD98A1DF" bold="true" box="[151,539,691,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFF5121A6FD98A1DF" ID-CoL="K3JX" authority="(Malloch, 1915)" baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[151,539,691,718]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Axarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFF5121A6FD98A1DF" bold="true" box="[151,539,691,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFF5121A6FED2A1DC" bold="true" box="[151,337,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Axarus dorneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFEA621A6FD90A1DF" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[352,531,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="275 - 543" refId="ref23173" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1915) The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10 (1 - 8), 275-543. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v10.376" type="journal article" year="1915">Malloch, 1915</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E30FF9DFF5121EEFBFEA02B" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="94127C126E30FF9DFF5121EEFBFEA02B" blockId="6.[151,1437,763,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFF5121EEFEFAA007" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[151,377,763,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="275 - 543" refId="ref23173" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1915) The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10 (1 - 8), 275-543. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v10.376" type="journal article" year="1915">Malloch, 1915: 471</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFE4A21EEFD96A007" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[396,533,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFE4A21EEFD96A007" box="[396,533,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) [
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E30FF9DFDE921EEFDEDA007" box="[559,622,763,789]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="5669B2F06E30FF9DFDBD21E9FD41A004" box="[635,706,764,790]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Texas</collectingRegion>
];
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFD1021E9FC26A007" author="Townes, H. K." box="[726,933,763,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 206" refId="ref26963" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae )). American Midland Naturalist, 34 (1), 1-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421112" type="journal article" year="1945">Townes (1945: 96</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFC1621EEFAE7A007" authority="(Malloch)" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[976,1380,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFC1621EEFB69A007" box="[976,1258,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Xenochironomus dorneri</emphasis>
(Malloch)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BDEA1D7B6E30FF9DFAA821E9FEABA02B" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" rank="species">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
),
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFEFD200AFDC8A02B" author="Spies, M. &amp; Reiss, F." box="[315,587,799,825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="61 - 119" refId="ref26726" refString="Spies, M. &amp; Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, Supplement 22, 61-119. [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SpixSupp_022_0061-0119.pdf]" type="journal article" year="1996">Spies &amp; Reiss (1996: 74</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFDB6200AFC38A02B" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" box="[624,955,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFDB6200AFCD7A02B" box="[624,852,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chironomus dorneri</emphasis>
Malloch
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFC012035FBEFA02B" box="[967,1132,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">nomen dubium</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E30FF9DFF012056FD7BA0B7" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="94127C126E30FF9DFF012056FD7BA0B7" blockId="6.[151,1437,763,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFF012056FE25A04F" bold="true" box="[199,422,835,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Material recorded.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="24C5764F6E30FF9DFE6A2051FD77A0B7" collectingDate="1928-12-22" collectingDateMax="1986-03-25" collectingDateMin="1928-12-22" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="C. H. Curran &amp; H. Malicky &amp; M. Spies" country="Panama" county="As" determinerName="F. Reiss" location="Oeste Province" municipality="Barro Colorado Island" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3">
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E30FF9DFE6A2051FD8BA04C" box="[428,520,836,862]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E30FF9DFDD62056FDEAA04F" box="[528,617,835,861]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Panamá</collectingCountry>
<location id="91722AC96E30FF9DFDA82056FC9AA04F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB:91722AC96E30FF9DFDA82056FC9AA04F" box="[622,793,835,861]" country="Panama" county="As" municipality="Barro Colorado Island" name="Oeste Province" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Oeste Province</location>
,
<location id="91722AC96E30FF9DFCE52056FC26A04C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB:91722AC96E30FF9DFCE52056FC26A04C" box="[803,933,835,862]" country="Panama" county="As" municipality="Barro Colorado Island" name="Canal Zone" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Canal Zone</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="7476E6686E30FF9DFC692051FB2AA04F" box="[943,1193,835,862]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Barro Colorado Island</collectingMunicipality>
,
<specimenCount id="82ABB79B6E30FF9DFB742056FB7DA04F" box="[1202,1278,835,861]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<date id="E0135AD26E30FF9DFACE2056FF51A093" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="1928-12-22">
<collectingDate id="F057A33A6E30FF9DFACE2056FF51A093" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="1928-12-22">22 December 1928</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg
<collectorName id="395819C46E30FF9DFECF2072FE17A093" box="[265,404,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">C.H. Curran</collectorName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFE652072FDC3A090" author="Townes, H. K." box="[419,576,871,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 206" refId="ref26963" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae )). American Midland Naturalist, 34 (1), 1-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421112" type="journal article" year="1945">Townes 1945</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingCounty id="7D73049E6E30FF9DFD952072FDF1A093" box="[595,626,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">As</collectingCounty>
previous except
<specimenCount id="82ABB79B6E30FF9DFCF22072FC0DA093" box="[820,910,871,897]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
,
<date id="E0135AD26E30FF9DFC5D2072FB57A093" box="[923,1236,871,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="1986-02-06" valueMax="1986-03-25" valueMin="1986-02-06">
<collectingDate id="F057A33A6E30FF9DFC5D2072FB57A093" box="[923,1236,871,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="1986-02-06" valueMax="1986-03-25" valueMin="1986-02-06">6 February25 March 1986</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMethod id="4DEC04056E30FF9DFB262072FAC9A090" box="[1248,1354,871,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">light trap</collectingMethod>
, leg
<collectorName id="395819C46E30FF9DFA47207DFF76A0B7" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">H. Malicky</collectorName>
, det.
<determinerName id="61CE90D66E30FF9DFEF72099FE0AA0B7" box="[305,393,907,934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">F. Reiss</determinerName>
[
<collectionCode id="F2BCE4D76E30FF9DFE51209EFE55A0B7" box="[407,470,907,933]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
] (
<collectorName id="395819C46E30FF9DFE2A209EFDD1A0B7" box="[492,594,907,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">M. Spies</collectorName>
, pers. comm.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E30FF9DFF0120BAFDEDA0D8" box="[199,622,943,970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="94127C126E30FF9DFF0120BAFDEDA0D8" blockId="6.[151,1437,763,1258]" box="[199,622,943,970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFF0120BAFD84A0DB" bold="true" box="[199,519,943,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Distribution in Neotropics.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E30FF9DFDCB20A5FDEAA0D8" box="[525,617,944,970]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E30FF9DFF0120C6FB51A7FB" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="94127C126E30FF9DFF0120C6FB51A7FB" blockId="6.[151,1437,763,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFF0120C6FE85A0FF" bold="true" box="[199,262,979,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Note.</emphasis>
The species was described based on a female from Texas and was regarded as a
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFB5620C1FAB6A0FF" box="[1168,1333,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">nomen dubium</emphasis>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFAA620C6FEC6A703" author="Spies, M. &amp; Reiss, F." pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="61 - 119" refId="ref26726" refString="Spies, M. &amp; Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, Supplement 22, 61-119. [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SpixSupp_022_0061-0119.pdf]" type="journal article" year="1996">Spies &amp; Reiss (1996)</bibRefCitation>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFE0520EDFD15A703" author="Townes, H. K." box="[451,662,1015,1042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 206" refId="ref26963" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae )). American Midland Naturalist, 34 (1), 1-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421112" type="journal article" year="1945">Townes (1945: 96)</bibRefCitation>
described a male as
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFCB920E2FA8DA703" authority="(Malloch)" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[895,1294,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFCB920E2FB15A703" box="[895,1174,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Xenochironomus dorneri</emphasis>
(Malloch)
</taxonomicName>
based partly on a specimen from Barro Colorado Island, but he admits that he “can not be sure that the male and female described above are the same species or that either of them are Mallochs
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFC9C272AFC2DA74B" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[858,942,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFC9C272AFC2DA74B" box="[858,942,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">dorneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There seems to be a number of Neotropical species closely related to
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFE782776FD91A76F" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[446,530,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFE782776FD91A76F" box="[446,530,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">dorneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the material available is scanty. The male specimen described and figured above is the only available male that can possibly be Mallochs
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFCA12792FC38A7B3" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[871,955,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFCA12792FC38A7B3" box="[871,955,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">dorneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” Since
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFBDA2792FA8AA7B3" author="Roback, S. S." box="[1052,1289,1159,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="235 - 245" refId="ref24988" refString="Roback, S. S. (1963 a) The genus Xenochironomus (Diptera: Tendipedidae) Kieffer, taxonomy and immature stages. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 88, 235-245." type="journal article" year="1963">Roback (1963a: 236)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFA862792FE8EA7D4" author="Sublette, J. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref26783" refString="Sublette, J. E. (1966) Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the American Museum of Natural History. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 39 (1), 1-32. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25083484]" type="journal article" year="1966">Sublette (1966: 25)</bibRefCitation>
the species has generally been considered to be a member of
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFC0E27BEFB94A7D7" authorityName="Roback" authorityYear="1980" box="[968,1047,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Axarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFC0E27BEFB94A7D7" box="[968,1047,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Axarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Following
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E30FF9DFB6727B9FAC9A7D4" author="Townes, H. K." box="[1185,1354,1195,1222]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 206" refId="ref26963" refString="Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae )). American Midland Naturalist, 34 (1), 1-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421112" type="journal article" year="1945">Townes (1945)</bibRefCitation>
we list the species as
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E30FF9DFEF127DAFDA7A7FB" authority="(Malloch)" authorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Armitage &amp; Andersen &amp; Giłka &amp; Castillo Sánchez &amp; Ríos González &amp; Aguirre" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[311,548,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorneri">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E30FF9DFEF127DAFE29A7FB" box="[311,426,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A. dorneri</emphasis>
(Malloch)
</taxonomicName>
. However, the material from
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E30FF9DFCAA27C5FC46A7F8" box="[876,965,1232,1258]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Panama</collectingCountry>
should be re-examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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A genus of ~15 species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, and the Australasian regions. Ten species are known from South America (
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). The larvae occur in littoral to sublittoral soft sediments in lakes and rivers (
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Epler
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2013
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Genus
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A genus with&gt;30 named species that occur mainly in tropical areas in the Neotropical region with a few species in the southern parts of the Nearctic region (
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; Pinho
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Epler
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Genus
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One of the most species-rich and common chironomid genera, with ~300 described species from all zoogeographical regions except
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. The larvae graze on detritus or are filter-feeders, predominantly in soft sediments of standing water, rarely in flowing water (
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Genus
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A genus of ~20 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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and Oceania. The larvae live in streams and larger rivers, lakes, and ponds as well as brackish water and hot springs (
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Epler
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Genus
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A genus of more than ten described species that occur only in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions (
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Bello-González
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A genus with ~15 species; according to
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Epler
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A genus of ~20 described species from the Neotropical, Nearctic and Western Palaearctic regions. Eleven species are described from the Neotropical region (
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Shimabukuro
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2023). Larvae favour sandy or gravelly littoral sediments, primarily in meso- or oligotrophic lakes or in large, slow flowing rivers (
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Genus
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FF2821C3FE0FA1E3" bold="true" box="[238,396,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Paratendipes</emphasis>
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A genus of nearly 40 named species that occur in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions and in the Holarctic realm (
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Qi
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FF042056FF79A04F" box="[194,250,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). For South America there are only records of unnamed species (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FBC32056FB4DA04F" author="Roque, F. O. &amp; Correia, L. C. S. &amp; Trivinho-Strixino, S. &amp; Strixino, G." box="[1029,1230,835,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref25243" refString="Roque, F. O., Correia, L. C. S., Trivinho-Strixino, S. &amp; Strixino, G. (2004) A review of Chironomidae studies in lentic system in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 4 (2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032004000200007" type="journal article" year="2004">
Roque
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FB902056FB0EA04F" box="[1110,1165,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FB1E2056FF50A093" author="Trivinho-Strixino, S." pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refId="ref27009" refString="Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2011) Larvas de Chironomidae: Guia de Identificacao. Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Laboratorio de Entomologia Aquatica, Sao Carlos, 371 pp." type="book" year="2011">Trivinho-Strixino 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae are found in lakes, ponds, small water bodies, bogs, and hot springs and in streams and rivers in soft sediments and sandy bottoms (
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Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FDA3209EFD1EA0B7" box="[613,669,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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).
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Genus
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A genus of&gt;100 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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. The genus was revised by
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, describing
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Epler
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Genus
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Thienemann
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A genus with a single named species,
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(
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, or their generic affinities are unclear (
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Epler
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2013
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). In Brazilian streams they have also been found in accumulations of litter attached to stones (
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A genus of 15 named species mainly distributed in the Neotropical region (tropical and subtropical Central and South America), but several species reach their northern limits in southeastern
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are mostly found in sediments, on plants or in floating mats of vegetation in lentic habitats, in fresh to brackish water, and in oligotrophic to hypereutrophic conditions (
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Genus
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Lenz, 1921
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The genus has a worldwide distribution with at least 30 species in the Holarctic region and 20 species in the Neotropical region (
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<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3DFF90FD1E27DCFC1DA7F1" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[728,926,1225,1251]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref21725" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2013) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 387-556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FCD827DFFCDBA7F1" box="[798,856,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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). The adults of the Neotropical species were revised by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3DFF90FED227F8FE64A615" author="Spies, M. &amp; Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F." box="[276,487,1261,1287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="61 - 98" refId="ref26669" refString="Spies, M., Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F. (1994) The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921, from the Neotropical faunal region. Spixiana, Supplement 20, 61-98. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/68095]" type="journal article" year="1994">
Spies
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FE9E27FBFE11A615" box="[344,402,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
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. Larvae are found in lentic and lotic water bodies under a wide range of conditions, including leaf miners in submerged macrophytes; they also live in association with Bryozoa or are ectoparasites on other invertebrates (
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Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FE7A2623FE76A65D" box="[444,501,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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as
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FD3C2430FCF9A42E" box="[762,890,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">P. supparilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3DFF90FC4C2431FBA4A42F" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[906,1063,1828,1853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="233 - 331" refId="ref21423" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, 2 (5), 233-331." type="journal article" year="1931">Edwards, 1931</bibRefCitation>
))
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3DFF90FBA82431FADBA42F" author="Spies, M. &amp; Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F." box="[1134,1368,1828,1853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="61 - 98" refId="ref26669" refString="Spies, M., Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F. (1994) The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921, from the Neotropical faunal region. Spixiana, Supplement 20, 61-98. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/68095]" type="journal article" year="1994">
Spies
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FB6B2430FB61A42E" box="[1197,1250,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
(1994: 81)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3DFF90FAA32431FEC2A449" author="Spies, M." pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="173 - 175" refId="ref26528" refString="Spies, M. (2008) Parachironomus valdiviensis, spec. nov., and other changes to nomenclature of Neotropical Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, 31, 173-175." type="journal article" year="2008">Spies (2008: 174)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E3DFF90FF51249CFC7DA4F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="94127C126E3DFF90FF51249CFC7DA4F9" blockId="11.[151,1437,1929,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3DFF90FF51249CFEFFA4B1" bold="true" box="[151,380,1929,1955]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Material recorded.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="24C5764F6E3DFF90FE40249FFE7EA4D5" collectingDate="1984-01-02" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="W. Nentwig &amp; M. Spies" country="Panama" determinerName="F. Reiss" location="Gamboa" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Colon">
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3DFF90FE40249FFE61A4B6" box="[390,482,1930,1956]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5669B2F06E3DFF90FE36249CFD27A4B1" box="[496,676,1929,1955]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Colon Province</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="91722AC96E3DFF90FD75249CFC96A4B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C04CD046E3DFF97FF5125CAFED2A2BF:91722AC96E3DFF90FD75249CFC96A4B1" box="[691,789,1929,1955]" country="Panama" name="Gamboa" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Colon">Gamboa</location>
,
<specimenCount id="82ABB79B6E3DFF90FCE5249CFCF6A4B1" box="[803,885,1929,1955]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<date id="E0135AD26E3DFF90FC45249CFBBBA4B1" box="[899,1080,1929,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1984-01-02">
<collectingDate id="F057A33A6E3DFF90FC45249CFBBBA4B1" box="[899,1080,1929,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1984-01-02">2 January 1984</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg
<collectorName id="395819C46E3DFF90FBB4249FFB7CA4B1" box="[1138,1279,1929,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">W. Nentwig</collectorName>
, det.
<determinerName id="61CE90D66E3DFF90FA87249FFA1EA4B1" box="[1345,1437,1929,1956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">F. Reiss</determinerName>
[
<collectionCode id="F2BCE4D76E3DFF90FF5824B8FF5EA4D5" box="[158,221,1965,1991]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
] (
<collectorName id="395819C46E3DFF90FF3524B8FED9A4D5" box="[243,346,1965,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">M. Spies</collectorName>
, pers. comm.)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="24C5764F6E3DFF90FDCE24B8FC79A4F9" collectingDate="1986-02-22" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="H. Malicky &amp; M. Spies" country="Panama" determinerName="F. Reiss" location="Barro Colorado Island" municipality="Canal Zone" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Oeste Province">
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3DFF90FDCE24B8FDE2A4D5" box="[520,609,1965,1991]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Panamá</collectingCountry>
<collectingRegion id="5669B2F06E3DFF90FDAE24B8FC96A4D5" box="[616,789,1965,1991]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Oeste Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="7476E6686E3DFF90FCE624B8FC26A4DA" box="[800,933,1965,1992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Canal Zone</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="91722AC96E3DFF90FC7724BBFB2DA4D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C04CD046E3DFF97FF5125CAFED2A2BF:91722AC96E3DFF90FC7724BBFB2DA4D5" box="[945,1198,1965,1992]" country="Panama" municipality="Canal Zone" name="Barro Colorado Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Oeste Province">Barro Colorado Island</location>
,
<specimenCount id="82ABB79B6E3DFF90FB7C24B8FA8BA4D5" box="[1210,1288,1965,1991]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<date id="E0135AD26E3DFF90FAD224B8FF51A4F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1986-02-22">
<collectingDate id="F057A33A6E3DFF90FAD224B8FF51A4F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1986-02-22">22 February 1986</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMethod id="4DEC04056E3DFF90FF1B24C4FEC5A4FE" box="[221,326,2001,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">light trap</collectingMethod>
, leg
<collectorName id="395819C46E3DFF90FEBC24C7FE78A4F9" box="[378,507,2001,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">H. Malicky</collectorName>
, det.
<determinerName id="61CE90D66E3DFF90FDF024C7FD0CA4F9" box="[566,655,2001,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">F. Reiss</determinerName>
[
<collectionCode id="F2BCE4D76E3DFF90FD5A24C4FD58A4F9" box="[668,731,2001,2027]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
] (
<collectorName id="395819C46E3DFF90FD3724C4FCDBA4F9" box="[753,856,2001,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">M. Spies</collectorName>
, pers. comm.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E3AFF97FF012383FD68A3A3" box="[199,747,150,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="94127C126E3AFF97FF012383FD68A3A3" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,429]" box="[199,747,150,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FF012383FD84A3A2" bold="true" box="[199,519,150,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Distribution in Neotropics.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FDCB2382FDFCA3A3" box="[525,639,151,177]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Argentina</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FD4D2382FD64A3A3" box="[651,743,151,177]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCB72F996E3AFF97FF0123AEFED2A2BF" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="94127C126E3AFF97FF0123AEFED2A2BF" blockId="12.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FF0123AEFE92A3C7" bold="true" box="[199,273,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FEDF23AEFE69A3C7" author="Spies, M. &amp; Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F." box="[281,490,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="61 - 98" refId="ref26669" refString="Spies, M., Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F. (1994) The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921, from the Neotropical faunal region. Spixiana, Supplement 20, 61-98. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/68095]" type="journal article" year="1994">
Spies
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FE9823AEFE1BA3C7" box="[350,408,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
treated
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FD8123AEFBBDA3C7" authority="(Edwards, 1931)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[583,1086,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="supparilis">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FD8123AEFCF9A3C7" box="[583,890,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Parachironomus supparilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FC4C23AEFBB5A3C7" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[906,1078,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="233 - 331" refId="ref21423" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, 2 (5), 233-331." type="journal article" year="1931">Edwards, 1931</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as a “superspecies”. However,
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FF5123CAFEA6A3EB" author="Spies, M." box="[151,293,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="173 - 175" refId="ref26528" refString="Spies, M. (2008) Parachironomus valdiviensis, spec. nov., and other changes to nomenclature of Neotropical Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, 31, 173-175." type="journal article" year="2008">Spies (2008)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the treatment of
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FD9A23CAFCE0A3EB" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[604,867,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="supparilis">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FD9A23CAFD6BA3EB" box="[604,744,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">P. supparilis</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
as a superspecies is untenable and split the species in three separately valid species:
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FDCB2216FC95A20F" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[525,790,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="supparilis">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FDCB2216FD1AA20F" box="[525,665,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">P. supparilis</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
distributed in the southern Andean eastern slope south to Tierra del Fuego,
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FEA02232FD15A253" authority="Spies, 2008" authorityName="Spies" authorityYear="2008" box="[358,662,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valdiviensis">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FEA02232FD8BA253" box="[358,520,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">P. valdiviensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FDD72232FD15A253" author="Spies, M." box="[529,662,295,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="173 - 175" refId="ref26528" refString="Spies, M. (2008) Parachironomus valdiviensis, spec. nov., and other changes to nomenclature of Neotropical Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, 31, 173-175." type="journal article" year="2008">Spies, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from two localities in southern and central
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FB542232FB4CA253" box="[1170,1231,295,321]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Chile</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FACC2232FEA3A277" authority="Paggi, 1977" authorityName="Paggi" authorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistilus">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FACC2232FA1EA253" box="[1290,1437,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">P. longistilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FF51225EFEA3A277" author="Paggi, A. C." box="[151,288,331,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="200 - 206" refId="ref23891" refString="Paggi, A. C. (1977) Formas imaginales y preimaginales de Quironomidos (Diptera) II. Parachironomus longistilus sp. nov. Limnobios, 1 (6), 200-206." type="journal article" year="1977">Paggi, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
distributed from northeast
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FD9C225EFD4AA277" box="[602,713,331,357]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Argentina</collectingCountry>
north to southeast
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FC6F225EFC75A277" box="[937,1014,331,357]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
One of the specimens from
<collectingCountry id="ECBA3C826E3AFF97FA82225EFA1EA277" box="[1348,1437,331,357]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Panama</collectingCountry>
was collected in connection with a study on the feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider
<taxonomicName id="53AD07916E3AFF97FB15227AFECFA2BF" authority="(Nentwig 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Nentwig" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Arachnida" family="Scytodidae" genus="Scytodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3AFF97FB15227AFA1FA29B" box="[1235,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Scytodes longipes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3AFF97FF592286FEC7A2BF" author="Nentwig, W." box="[159,324,402,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="284 - 288" refId="ref23517" refString="Nentwig, W. (1985) Feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider Scytodes longipes (Araneae, Scytodidae). Oecologia, 65, 284-288. [https: // link. springer. com / article / 10.1007/BF00379231] https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379231" type="journal article" year="1985">Nentwig 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
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<mods:title id="243BC31B1CAD864F4585F6687261FA0A">The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae</mods:title>
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Genus
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Lenz, 1941
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A genus of 23 described species, most of which occur in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. A single named species,
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<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3EFF93FF332051FEF1A04F" box="[245,370,835,862]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">C. daktylos</emphasis>
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(Walley
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Curran, 1934) is recorded from
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in South America (
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). The larvae inhabit sediments of sand and mud in lakes and rivers (
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Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3EFF93FC56207DFC4BA093" box="[912,968,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
2013
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).
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Genus
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A genus of 57 described species distributed in all zoogeographical regions, except
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. Four species are described from South America (
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Silva
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2010
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Silva
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Epler
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Genus
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A genus of ~85 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except
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. The genus was revised by
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. The larvae inhabit the littoral sediments of standing waters and can be common in lentic habitats (
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Epler
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(
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Roque
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2004
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3EFF93FBB72602FAFAA623" author="Trivinho-Strixino, S." box="[1137,1401,1303,1329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refId="ref27009" refString="Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2011) Larvas de Chironomidae: Guia de Identificacao. Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Laboratorio de Entomologia Aquatica, Sao Carlos, 371 pp." type="book" year="2011">Trivinho-Strixino 2011</bibRefCitation>
). A key to adult males was given by
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3EFF93FDC52629FD41A647" author="Yan, C. &amp; Saether, O. A. &amp; Jin, Z. &amp; Wang, X." box="[515,706,1339,1366]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref27860" refString="Yan, C., Saether, O. A., Jin, Z. &amp; Wang, X. (2008) Three new species of the Harnischia complex from the Sino-Indian Region, with a review of Demicryptochironomus Lenz (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 1968 (1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1968.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">
Yan
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3EFF93FDF32629FDEEA647" box="[565,621,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
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. The larvae occur in sandy or muddy sediments in lakes, streams, and rivers, where they have been reported to be predatory, especially on oligochaetes (
<bibRefCitation id="F03C01E36E3EFF93FB9B264AFA9DA66B" author="Epler, J. H. &amp; Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[1117,1310,1375,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" pagination="387 - 556" refId="ref21725" refString="Epler, J. H., Ekrem, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2013) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 66, pp. 387-556." type="journal article" year="2013">
Epler
<emphasis id="A6D9A0006E3EFF93FB642675FB58A66B" box="[1186,1243,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
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@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
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Genus
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A genus of 14 described species, all occurring in South America, except
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and keys to male adults and larvae of all species are also provided. The larvae are associated with aquatic macrophytes, decayed leaves, wood and fruits in lotic and lentic habitats.
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<mods:start id="41F3068D238F89EBB9520E711AB59732">578</mods:start>
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<treatment id="231BD609A519D03AFF5C318639E3FE31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15224153" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:231BD609A519D03AFF5C318639E3FE31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/231BD609A519D03AFF5C318639E3FE31" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="580" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" scope_family="Cicadellidae" scope_order="Hemiptera" scope_subFamily="Coelidiinae">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF5C31863FADFB35" bold="true" box="[163,978,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<subSubSection id="E3A83494A519D039FF5C31863DB0FB35" box="[163,463,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C31863DB0FB35" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,463,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF5C31863DB4FB35" ID-CoL="8JM29" authority="Nielson 2015: 51" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="51" authorityYear="2015" box="[163,459,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF5C31863D6BFB35" bold="true" box="[163,276,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FEE531863DB4FB35" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[282,459,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="1 - 202" refId="ref2334" refString="Nielson, M. W. (2015) A revision of the tribe Coelidiini of the Oriental, Palearctic and Australian biogeographical regions (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insecta Mundi, 0410, 1-202." type="book chapter" year="2015">Nielson 2015: 51</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3A83494A519D039FE3031863FADFB35" box="[463,978,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FE3031863FADFB35" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[463,978,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
Type species.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FD9B31863FADFB35" authority="Nielson 1990: 453" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="453" authorityYear="1990" box="[612,978,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Lodiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FD9B31863F72FB35" bold="true" box="[612,781,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Lodiana furcata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FCEB31863FADFB35" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[788,978,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="445 - 475" refId="ref2237" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1990) New Oriental leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini with a revised key to the species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 21 (4), 445-475. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631290X00355" type="journal article" year="1990">Nielson 1990: 453</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="E3A83494A519D039FF5C31DD394AF88F" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C31DD393AFB5E" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1349,1218,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
1.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3031DD3E10FB5E" authority="(Nielson) 1982: 91 - 93" authorityName="" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="91 - 93" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[207,623,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3031DD3DFEFB5D" box="[207,385,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus curtus</emphasis>
(Nielson) 1982: 9193
</taxonomicName>
India: West Bengal
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3031F93E66FB7A" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,537,1254,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3031F93E66FB7A" authority="Nielson 1982: 91" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1982" box="[207,537,1254,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Olidiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3031F93D1BFB79" box="[207,356,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Olidiana curta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE9431F93E66FB7A" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[363,537,1254,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="1 - 318" refId="ref2203" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1982) A revision of the subfamily Coelidiinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) IV. Coelidiini. Pacific Insects Monograph, 38, 1-318." type="journal article" year="1982">Nielson 1982: 91</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3030153E5EFAA5" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,545,1289,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030153E5EFAA5" authority="Nielson 1990: 450" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="1990" box="[207,545,1289,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Lodiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030153D20FAA5" box="[207,351,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Lodiana curta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE9930153E5EFAA5" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[358,545,1289,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="445 - 475" refId="ref2237" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1990) New Oriental leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini with a revised key to the species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 21 (4), 445-475. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631290X00355" type="journal article" year="1990">Nielson 1990: 450</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3030313ECFFAC1" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,688,1325,1350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030313DB0FAC2" authority="(Nielson)" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[207,463,1326,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Olidiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030313D1BFAC1" box="[207,356,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Olidiana curta</emphasis>
(Nielson)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE2730313ECFFAC1" author="McKamey, S. H." box="[472,688,1325,1350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="502 - 510" refId="ref2098" refString="McKamey, S. H. (2006) Further new genus-group names in the Cicadellidae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108 (3), 502-510." type="journal article" year="2006">McKamey 2006: 504</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF30304D3E3FFAED" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,576,1361,1386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF30304D3E3FFAED" authority="(Nielson) 2015: 54" authorityName="Nielson" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="54" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[207,576,1361,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF30304D3DFEFAED" box="[207,385,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus curtus</emphasis>
(Nielson) 2015:54
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C3065393BFA16" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1348,1402,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
2.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030653E19FA16" authority="(Nielson) 1991: 453" authorityName="" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="453" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[207,614,1402,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030653DEBFA16" box="[207,404,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus furcatus</emphasis>
(Nielson) 1991: 453
</taxonomicName>
India: West Bengal
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3030813E4BFA32" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,564,1438,1462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030813E4BFA32" authority="Nielson 1990: 450" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="1990" box="[207,564,1438,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Lodiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030813D0DFA32" box="[207,370,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Lodiana furcata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE8730813E4BFA32" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[376,564,1438,1462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="445 - 475" refId="ref2237" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1990) New Oriental leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini with a revised key to the species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 21 (4), 445-475. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631290X00355" type="journal article" year="1990">Nielson 1990: 450</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3030DD3EBDFA5E" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,706,1474,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030DD3D9EFA5E" authority="(Nielson)" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[207,481,1474,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Olidiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030DD3D08FA5E" box="[207,375,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Olidiana furcata</emphasis>
(Nielson)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE1430DD3EBDFA5E" author="McKamey, S. H." box="[491,706,1474,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="502 - 510" refId="ref2098" refString="McKamey, S. H. (2006) Further new genus-group names in the Cicadellidae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108 (3), 502-510." type="journal article" year="2006">McKamey 2006: 504</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3030F93E50FA7A" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,559,1510,1534]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3030F93E50FA7A" authority="Nielson 2015: 54" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[207,559,1510,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3030F93DFEFA7A" box="[207,385,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus curtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE7830F93E50FA7A" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[391,559,1510,1534]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="1 - 202" refId="ref2334" refString="Nielson, M. W. (2015) A revision of the tribe Coelidiini of the Oriental, Palearctic and Australian biogeographical regions (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insecta Mundi, 0410, 1-202." type="book chapter" year="2015">Nielson 2015:54</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C331139FCF9A2" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1411,1550,1574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
3.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033113E4EF9A2" authority="Meshram" authorityName="Meshram" authorityYear="2025" box="[207,561,1550,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multispinatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033113DB4F9A2" box="[207,459,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus multispinatus</emphasis>
Meshram
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FDC833113EF8F9A2" bold="true" box="[567,647,1550,1574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82F50676A519D039FDC833113EF8F9A2" box="[567,647,1550,1574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
India: Arunachal Pradesh
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C332939FCF9CA" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1411,1590,1615]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
4.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033293F5CF9CB" authority="Viraktamath &amp; Meshram 2019: 27" authorityName="Viraktamath &amp; Meshram" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="2019" box="[207,803,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parapectitus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033293DBEF9CA" box="[207,449,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus parapectitus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE3833293F5CF9CB" author="Viraktamath, C. A. &amp; Meshram, N. M." box="[455,803,1590,1615]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref2413" refString="Viraktamath, C. A. &amp; Meshram, N. M. (2019) Leafhopper tribe Coelidiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae) of the Indian subcontinent. Zootaxa, 4653 (1), 1-91. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4653.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">Viraktamath &amp; Meshram 2019: 27</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
India: Arunachal Pradesh
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C33413977F9F3" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1288,1630,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
5.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033403EC2F9F2" authority="(Nielson) 1991: 454 - 455" authorityName="" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="454 - 455" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[207,701,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularius">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033403DCBF9F3" box="[207,436,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus singularius</emphasis>
(Nielson) 1991: 454455
</taxonomicName>
; 2015 India: Assam
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF30339C3E2EF91E" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,593,1666,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF30339C3E2EF91E" authority="Nielson 1990: 445" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="445" authorityYear="1990" box="[207,593,1666,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Lodiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF30339C3DF0F91F" box="[207,399,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Lodiana singularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE69339C3E2EF91E" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[406,593,1666,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="445 - 475" refId="ref2237" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1990) New Oriental leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini with a revised key to the species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 21 (4), 445-475. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631290X00355" type="journal article" year="1990">Nielson 1990: 445</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3033B83EA0F93A" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,735,1702,1727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033B83D80F93B" authority="(Nielson)" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[207,511,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Olidiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033B83DEBF93B" box="[207,404,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Olidiana singularis</emphasis>
(Nielson)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FDF733B83EA0F93A" author="McKamey, S. H." box="[520,735,1702,1727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="502 - 510" refId="ref2098" refString="McKamey, S. H. (2006) Further new genus-group names in the Cicadellidae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108 (3), 502-510." type="journal article" year="2006">McKamey 2006: 506</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF3033D43E06F966" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[207,633,1738,1763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033D43E06F966" authority="(Nielson) 2015: 54" authorityName="" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Nielson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="54" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[207,633,1738,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularius">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033D43DCBF967" box="[207,436,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus singularius</emphasis>
(Nielson) 2015: 54
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA519D039FF5C33EC394AF88F" blockId="1.[163,1411,1177,1803]" box="[163,1333,1779,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">
6.
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA519D039FF3033EC3EFBF88F" authority="Nielson 2015: 54" authorityName="Nielson" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="2015" box="[207,644,1779,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventrospinatus">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA519D039FF3033EC3DA9F88F" box="[207,470,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="579">Singillatus ventrospinatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CF231AEEA519D039FE2333EC3EFBF88F" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[476,644,1779,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="579" pagination="1 - 202" refId="ref2334" refString="Nielson, M. W. (2015) A revision of the tribe Coelidiini of the Oriental, Palearctic and Australian biogeographical regions (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Insecta Mundi, 0410, 1-202." type="book chapter" year="2015">Nielson 2015:54</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
India: Meghalaya
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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Keys to species of
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from Indian subcontinent
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(Modified from
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1. Subgenital plate with an apical spine (
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: Figs. 40 J, 41 D)............................. 2
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- Subgenital plate without an apical spine (
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: Fig. 42 C)................................ 3
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2. Aedeagal subapical process very short, about as long as wide (
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:Figs. 40 KL)..................................................................................................
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<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51AD03AFB1735AA3943FF4E" box="[1256,1340,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">S. curtus</emphasis>
(Nielson)
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- Aedeagal subapical process long and slender, several times longer than wide (
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: Figs. 41 A, C).....................................................................
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Viraktamath &amp; Meshram
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3. Pygofer caudoventral process forked apically (
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: Fig. 40 M)............
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<keyLead id="1043C42AA51AD03AFF68343439E3FEBB" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">- Pygofer caudoventral process not forked................................................................... 4</keyLead>
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4. Pygofer caudoventral process hooked apically (
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: Figs. 43 EF).....
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Nielson
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- Pygofer caudoventral process straight (
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: Fig. 43 A).................................. 5
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5. Subgenital plate apex truncate with short spine apically (
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: Fig.43 B)...
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- Subgenital plate plate rounded with many macrosetae in lateral view (Figs. 89)........
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@ -1,66 +1,75 @@
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@ -77,7 +86,7 @@ Meshram
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<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51AD03AFF68373B3D6DFDBA" blockId="2.[151,682,511,574]" box="[151,274,548,574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">
(
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFF60373B3D75FDBA" box="[159,266,548,574]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox-0="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId-0="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetId-1="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFF60373B3D75FDBA" box="[159,266,548,574]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox-0="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId-0="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetId-1="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224142" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/15224142/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51AD03AFF6837733DE6FD02" blockId="2.[151,1437,620,790]" box="[151,409,620,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">
@ -86,10 +95,10 @@ Meshram
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51AD03AFF68378F38DCFC92" blockId="2.[151,1437,620,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51AD03AFF68378F3CA5FD2E" box="[151,218,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Male:</emphasis>
General habitus dark brown. Head ochraceous, frontoclypeus and clypellus dark brown but paler dorsally and along laterofrontal suture, lora and genae dark brown. Pronotum black with fine yellow speckles &amp; mesonotum black. Forewing dark brown with pale spots, venation dark brown with yellow speckles. Hind leg with apex of femur, tibia and tarsal segments black, setae on hind tibia brown to light brown (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFBE237E338E8FC92" box="[1053,1175,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Figs. 2ab</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFBE237E338E8FC92" box="[1053,1175,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224142/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Figs. 2ab</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51AD03AFF6833DD3C97F979" blockId="2.[151,1437,1730,1790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51AD03AFF6833DD3D6BF95E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1730,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Habitus of
@ -105,26 +114,26 @@ Meshram
</caption>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51AD03AFF3832333846F87E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1836,2043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">
Head large 0.8x as wide as pronotum, anterior margin rounded; crown narrow produced beyond anterior margin of eyes, ocelli prominent situated near anterior margin of crown, eyes large, elongate ovoid occupying about 2/3 entire dorsal area of head (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFE3D326B3E6BF80A" box="[450,532,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFE3D326B3E6BF80A" box="[450,532,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224142/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
); clypeus long and narrow, lateral margin expanded apically, clypellus expanded apically not surpassing facial margin (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFDC332873EF1F836" box="[572,654,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51AD03AFDC332873EF1F836" box="[572,654,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[211,1375,815,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-523@2.[210,1377,814,1706]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male). a. Dorsal habitus; b. Lateral habitus; c. Pronotum; d. Face." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224142/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="580">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
). Pronotum large, median length 1.3x length of crown, surface roughly knobbed; mesonotum and scutellum combined length 1.8x length of pronotum. Forewing dark brown with pale spots, venation dark brown with yellow speckles. Hind femoral macrosetae 2+2+0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51BD03BFF3835883EADFEE1" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51BD03BFF3835883D13FF35" box="[199,364,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Male genitalia</emphasis>
: Pygofer in lateral view triangular with long caudoventral process broadened to midlength then tapered with pointed apex not reaching posterior dorsal angle (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFCA635A43FB0FF51" box="[857,975,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3fg</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFCA635A43FB0FF51" box="[857,975,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3fg</figureCitation>
). Subgenital plate broad at base, more or less of uniform width throughout length, apex rounded with numerous spines in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFB2E35C03932FF7D" box="[1233,1357,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3cd</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFB2E35C03932FF7D" box="[1233,1357,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3cd</figureCitation>
). Style broad at base, apophysis short, apex pointed (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFD6D341C3E9CFE99" box="[658,739,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFD6D341C3E9CFE99" box="[658,739,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
). Connective Y shaped (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFC06341C3833FE99" box="[1017,1100,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Fig. 3h</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFC06341C3833FE99" box="[1017,1100,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Fig. 3h</figureCitation>
). Aedeagus with shaft slightly sinuate subapically, short subapical spine simple, very slender, length ~0.14x total length of aedeagus; gonopore dorsal just basad of subapical process (
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFDB434543EBAFEE1" box="[587,709,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3ab</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="33897B9AA51BD03BFDB434543EBAFEE1" box="[587,709,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-123@3.[219,1368,381,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Singillatus multispinatus Meshram sp. nov. (male genitalia). a. Aedeagus, dorsal view; b. Aedeagus, lateral view; c. Subgenital plate, dorsal view; d. Subgenital plate, lateral view (magnified); e. Style, dorsal view; f. Pygofer, lateral view; g. Pygofer, ventral view, h. Connective, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">Figs. 3ab</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FFCD3797A51BD03BFF68326F3EEFF855" pageId="3" pageNumber="581" startId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" targetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<caption id="FFCD3797A51BD03BFF68326F3EEFF855" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15224145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15224145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="581" startId="3.[151,250,1904,1928]" targetBox="[220,1368,383,1880]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51BD03BFF68326F3EEFF855" blockId="3.[151,1436,1904,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51BD03BFF68326F3D6CF80C" bold="true" box="[151,275,1904,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="581">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6CB21C9CA51BD03BFEE5326E3E02F80D" authority="Meshram" authorityName="Meshram" authorityYear="2025" box="[282,637,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Singillatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="581" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multispinatus" status="sp. nov.">
@ -151,7 +160,7 @@ wide across posterolateral angles of pronotum.
<subSubSection id="E3A83494A51CD03CFF3835C03E4DFE99" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AB0D671FA51CD03CFF3835C03E4DFE99" blockId="4.[151,1436,150,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">
<emphasis id="99C6BB0DA51CD03CFF3835C03D01FF7C" bold="true" box="[199,382,222,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1BDA6D42A51CD03CFE7335C03E4DFE99" collectingDate="2018-07-11" collectionCode="NPC" country="India" elevation="989" location="Stuti" municipality="Khonsa" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Arunachal Pradesh" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="1BDA6D42A51CD03CFE7335C03E4DFE99" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5107157301" collectingDate="2018-07-11" collectingMethod="Sweep net" collectionCode="NPC" collectorName="Stuti" country="India" elevation="989" location="Khonsa" municipality="Khonsa" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Arunachal Pradesh" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="7409D9BDA51CD03CFE7335C03E5FFF7D" box="[396,544,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="BDB4AC96A51CD03CFDD235C03E3BFF7D" box="[557,580,223,249]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" type="male"></specimenCount>
,
@ -162,11 +171,7 @@ wide across posterolateral angles of pronotum.
:
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="4B69FD65A51CD03CFC3935C03861FF7D" box="[966,1054,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">Khonsa</collectingMunicipality>
,
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12N,
<superScript id="5CC7CA57A51CD03CFB4935C138A5FF68" attach="left" box="[1206,1242,222,249]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">950</superScript>
3412E,
, 2701'12''N, 950 34'12''E,
<quantity id="6C4ACAFAA51CD03CFAAA35C039E7FF7D" box="[1365,1432,223,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.89" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" unit="m" value="989.0">
<elevation id="209F802CA51CD03CFAAA35C039E7FF7D" box="[1365,1432,223,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.89" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" unit="m" value="989.0">989m</elevation>
</quantity>
@ -177,9 +182,9 @@ wide across posterolateral angles of pronotum.
,
<collectingMethod id="72F31F08A51CD03CFEDB341C3DE5FE99" box="[292,410,259,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">Sweep net</collectingMethod>
,
<location id="AE6D31C4A51CD03CFE59341C3DA4FE99" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:231BD609A51AD03CFF6834E03DDEFE71:AE6D31C4A51CD03CFE59341C3DA4FE99" box="[422,475,259,285]" country="India" municipality="Khonsa" name="Stuti" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" stateProvince="Arunachal Pradesh">Stuti</location>
<collectorName id="064702C9A51CD03CFE59341C3DA4FE99" box="[422,475,259,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">Stuti</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="CDA3FFDAA51CD03CFE15341C3E58FE99" box="[490,551,259,285]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nwky-2b63" name="National Pusa Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="582" type="">NPC</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="CDA3FFDAA51CD03CFE15341C3E58FE99" box="[490,551,259,285]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nwky-2b63" name="National Pusa Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="582">NPC</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>