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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" ID-PMC="PMC3577090" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-245-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" ID-PubMed="23431087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578462" ModsDocID="1313-2970-245-1" checkinTime="1425642919252" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bousquet, Yves" docDate="2012" docId="11AF0CCDC2E1FDEEB822C9ED5D9C6897" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 245: 1-1722" docOrigin="ZooKeys 245" docPubDate="2012-11-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" docTitle="Bembidion gordoni Lindroth 1963" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" id="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" lastPageNumber="417" masterDocId="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" masterDocTitle="Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="1722" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="417" updateTime="1668154792637" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bousquet, Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">bousquety1@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-11-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>245</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>1722</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127868067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:11AF0CCDC2E1FDEEB822C9ED5D9C6897" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/11AF0CCDC2E1FDEEB822C9ED5D9C6897" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="416" pageNumber="417">
<subSubSection pageId="416" pageNumber="417" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">
<taxonomicName LSID="11AF0CCD-C2E1-FDEE-B822-C9ED5D9C6897" authority="Lindroth, 1963" authorityName="Lindroth" authorityYear="1963" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion gordoni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="416" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gordoni">Bembidion gordoni Lindroth, 1963</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="416" pageNumber="417" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindroth" authorityYear="1963" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="416" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gordoni">Bembidion gordoni</taxonomicName>
Lindroth, 1963b: 284. Type locality: &quot;Kitchener, B[ritish] C[olumbia]&quot; (original citation). Holotype (♂) in UBC. Etymology. The specific name was proposed for Gordon Stace Smith [1866-1962], a dedicated beetle collector in British Columbia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="416" pageNumber="417" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">This mountain species is known from southern British Columbia south at least to central Oregon along the Cascade Range (Lindroth 1963b: 286), west to Gallatin County in southern Montana (Maddison 2012: Supplementary content Table S1).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="416" pageNumber="417" type="records">
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">Records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="416" pageNumber="417">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="416" pageNumber="417">CAN</emphasis>
: BC
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="416" pageNumber="417">USA</emphasis>
: MT, OR, WA
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ENCODING="UTF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6160147" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5918b440-d835-4e34-9618-f1b58aab1bed" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114913868" ID-HNS-Pub="27552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6160147" checkinTime="1409237179507" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Longino, John T" docDate="2013" docId="11AF1AF4106ABE7F6A77965EBD199F77" docLanguage="en" docName="27552.htm.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3699" docTitle="Octostruma balzani" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="EE74F677DCA4F13702125E9CE8D29A0F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the ant genus Octostruma Forel 1912 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1645264522075" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the ant genus Octostruma Forel 1912 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Longino, John T</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>3699</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>61</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier type="HNS-Pub">27552</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3699.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">65A19D30-8E7A-4073-B92B-9709F8384752</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
(Emery, 1894)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">(Figs 1E, 3D, 5B, 7B, 8B, 9A, 14D, 18, 42)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Rhopalothrix balzani Emery</taxonomicName>
1894: 217, pl. 1, fig. 10. Lectotype worker (here designated): Bolivia; cantoni di Coroico e Chilumani-Yungas, 1600m, 1891 (Balzan) [presumed; see Comments] [MCSN, CASENT0904969] (examined); queen: same data as lectotype [MCSN, examined]. Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Octostruma</taxonomicName>
: Brown 1949: 92.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Mann" authorityName="Mann" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi" subGenus="Octostruma">Rhopalothrix (Octostruma) barberi Mann</taxonomicName>
, 1922: 42. Syntype workers: Guatemala, Alta Vera Paz, Cacao, Trece Aguas (Barber &amp; Schwarz) [USNM] (examined). Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Octostruma</taxonomicName>
: Brown, 1949: 92. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
: Brown &amp; Kempf, 1960: 194.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Weber" authorityName="Weber" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="equilatera" subGenus="Octostruma">Rhopalothrix (Octostruma) equilatera Weber</taxonomicName>
, 1934: 52, fig. 10. Syntype workers: Nicaragua, &quot;Tuli Creek near San Mejuel&quot; [assumed Rio Tule near San Miguelito; see Noble, 1918], Nov 1916, from stomach of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Basiceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dendrobates tinctorius (C. R. Halter)</taxonomicName>
[MCZC] (examined). Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Octostruma</taxonomicName>
: Brown 1949: 92. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
: Brown &amp; Kempf, 1960: 194.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">Geographic range. Northern Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon) to southern Brazil (Parana).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">Description. Worker. HW 0.50-0.63 (lectotype HW 0.58), HL 0.46-0.58, WL 0.51-0.63, CI 104-113 (n=26). Labrum as in Fig. 1E, sides concave, strap-like lateral portions converging from base to mid-length, then becoming porrect, joined by a thin translucent lamella but leaving distinctly bilobed apex; mandible triangular, in profile view with mandible closed, in same plane as clypeus, apex of mandible not down-turned; with mandible fully open, dorsal face remains in same plane as clypeus; mandible with 8 teeth (Fig. 3D), tooth 1 continuous with basal rim of dorsal surface, tooth 1 a broad blunt lamella, strongly differentiated from tooth 2, teeth 2-5 acute, similar in shape, with denticles between them; teeth 5-8 forming an apical fork, with 5 and 8 large, 6 and 7 small partially confluent denticles; dorsal surface of mandible roughened; ventral surface concave, smooth and shining; interior surface narrow, concave, smooth and shining; scape flattened, with pronounced anterobasal lobe, dorsal surface shallowly rugulose punctate; clypeus with broad, shallow emargination anteriorly; face matte, densely punctate rugulose throughout; frontal carinae faint, nearly obsolete; antennal socket deep, dorsal rim of socket continuous with pronounced dorsal margin of antennal scrobe; antennal scrobe deep, strongly delimited dorsally, posteriorly, and ventrally with sharply defined thin cuticular rim; compound eye small, circular, composed of about 7 ommatidia; short feeble carina extends from ventral margin of antennal socket across floor of scrobe toward compound eye; scrobe matte but smoother than sculpture on face; vertex lobes and undersurface of head densely punctate; occipital carina obsolete.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">Promesonotum forming continuous convexity in profile; metanotal groove forming a thin impressed notch visible in profile view; posterodorsal propodeum a single, concave, sloping surface, not differentiated into dorsal and posterior faces; propodeal spines in the form of acute flattened perpendicular plates, extending ventrally as very thin carinae, not forming ventral lamellae; propodeal spiracle medium-size, diameter less than width of base of propodeal spine, located below propodeal spine and abutting posterior margin; entire mesosoma uniformly matte, densely punctate.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="19" type="mainText">
Petiole in profile with peduncle differentiated from node, anterior surface concave from petiolar foramen to node, node subquadrate, with long sloping dorsal face and short vertical posterior face; anteroventral margin with acute tooth; postpetiole low, broad, crescent-shaped in dorsal view; entire petiole and postpetiole densely punctate; entire gaster densely punctate, tergal
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncta">puncta</taxonomicName>
denser than sternal
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncta">puncta</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="20" start="start">Anterior</pageBreakToken>
labral lobe with about three thin stiff setae on side, tuft of soft, thick, translucent, capitate setae of unequal length projecting from apex (like Fig. 2); each larger mandibular tooth with fully appressed seta running length of tooth; anterior margin of scape with about seven stiff spatulate setae; clypeus and face with very sparse fully appressed ground pilosity; face typically with ten erect spatulate setae arranged as in Fig. 5B; mesonotum typically with a pair of erect spatulate setae located at the juncture of pro- and mesonotum; mesotibia with 5 clavate seta of variable size at apex; petiole usually lacking erect setae; postpetiole with 0-2 erect setae; first gastral tergite with 4-16 erect setae, these clustered posteriorly, relatively broadened apically; ground pilosity fully appressed, sparse (length of setae less than distance between them); first gastral sternite with moderately abundant, somewhat clavate erect setae over much of surface except narrow area near postpetiolar insertion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">Color red brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">Queen. HW 0.53-0.67, HL 0.50-0.61, WL 0.64-0.80, CI 104-112 (n=11). Labrum, mandible, scape, antennal scrobe, and head sculpture similar to worker; face with 8-10 erect setae distributed symmetrically around lateral and posterior margins of head, a seta on low ridge in front of each compound eye, 2-4 setae across vertex between compound eyes; ocelli distinct; compound eye large, multifaceted, about 12 ommatidia in longest row.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">Mesosoma with queen-typical alar sclerites; sculpture like in worker; anepisternum and katepisternum separated by strong sulcus; posterodorsal propodeum concave; propodeal spines pronounced, in the form of flattened perpendicular plates, acute in profile; pronotum with about 4 erect setae, mesoscutum with 8-16, axilla with 1, scutellum with 2, metanotum with 2, petiolar node with 2, postpetiolar disc with 2-4, first gastral tergite with 20-40. Other characters similar to worker.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">
Biology.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
is a widespread Central and South American species that is common in many localities. It occurs in a variety of forested habitats: wet to seasonal dry, second growth to mature, lowland to montane. It usually occurs from sea level to the lower edges of cloud forests, typically around 1400 m. The highest elevation record is 1650 m in Nuevo
<normalizedToken originalValue="León" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Leon</normalizedToken>
, Mexico. Almost all collections are from Berlese and Winkler samples of sifted litter and rotten wood from the forest floor. In quantitative 1 m
<sup pageId="20" pageNumber="20">2</sup>
litter plot samples, withinsample abundance is tens of workers or fewer, but the species can occur in nearly every sample, suggesting a high density of small colonies. Dealate queens and intercaste workers often occur together with workers in litter samples.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">
Comments. Species in the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
complex share the following characters: the basal tooth of the masticatory margin of the mandible is broad and lamelliform, and the following four teeth are contrastingly narrow and acutely pointed; the surfaces of the face and dorsal mesosoma are uniformly punctate, with no rugae or smooth areas; and HW is 0.50-0.68. They have sparse spatulate setae and very inconspicuous appressed pubescence, and unlike many other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Octostruma</taxonomicName>
they rarely have a layer of soil adhering to the surface. In many wet forest areas of Central America they are among the most common ants in litter samples.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">
Brown and Kempf (1960) treated the group as a single polytypic species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
, with the three synonyms
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
O. barberi
<authority pageId="20" pageNumber="20">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="equilatera">O. equilatera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutzi">O. lutzi</taxonomicName>
. They had no evidence of sympatry of forms but acknowledged the high variability among the specimens they examined. Perrault (1988) discovered the occurrence of sympatric forms in French Guiana, identifying one of them as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
s.s. and the other as a
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="20" pageNumber="20" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betschi">O. betschi</taxonomicName>
. The inadequately characterized
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
was described from Suriname and quickly synonymized with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
. All of these taxa have been reevaluated in this study and several
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="20" pageNumber="20" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
described from the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">Quantitative inventory projects in Central America have produced hundreds of individual collections from Costa Rica to Mexico, revealing multiple localities with evidence of two or three sympatric species. All the specimens involved are extremely similar in size, shape, mandibular dentition, labrum structure, and surface sculpture. They mainly differ in the disposition of spatulate setae on the face and mesosoma and the degree of impression of the metanotal groove. They also vary to an extent in color and habitat preference. Local bimodal distributions of morphological characters are used as evidence of sympatric species, but there is always a small percentage of specimens that are intermediate and cannot be reliably identified.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesi">
Octostruma batesi
<authority pageId="20" pageNumber="20">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betschi">O. betschi</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenognatha">O. stenognatha</taxonomicName>
share a somewhat triangular head shape and a reduced anterior lobe on the base of the scape. They appear to be allopatric or parapatric in South America, with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenognatha">O. stenognatha</taxonomicName>
occurring in southern Brazil,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesi">O. batesi</taxonomicName>
in the Andes, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betschi">O. betschi</taxonomicName>
occurring throughout Amazonia and into the eastern foothills of the Andes.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutzi">Octostruma lutzi</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, and has two pairs of erect setae on the promesonotum (a trait shared with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesi">O. batesi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betschi">O. betschi</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="21" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
remaining five species-O.
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">
amrishi
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="21">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">O.</taxonomicName>
balzani
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="21">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">O. gymnogon</taxonomicName>
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="21">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megabalzani">O. megabalzani</taxonomicName>
, and O. trithrix-occur in Central and South America and are all extremely similar. Of the five,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
is the most widespread and the most variable. It is sympatric with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
from Honduras northward, with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">O. gymnogon</taxonomicName>
in lowland wet forest areas from eastern Honduras to Panama, and with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megabalzani">O. megabalzani</taxonomicName>
in the highlands of southern Costa Rica and western Panama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
The overlap of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
occurs throughout eastern Mexico, south through the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Peten</normalizedToken>
region and southeastern Guatemala and into the northern Honduran lowlands, as far east as La Ceiba. In Chiapas, four Project LLAMA community samples suggest that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
prefers warmer or more disturbed habitats. These four LLAMA sites in eastern Chiapas fell on a disturbance and temperature gradient: Salto de Agua at 100 m elevation was scrubby second growth forest surrounded by a largely agricultural landscape;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Playón" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Playon</normalizedToken>
de la Gloria at 160 m elevation was an ecotone between second growth vegetation and a large primary forest reserve; Metzabok at 575 m elevation was also ecotonal, like
<normalizedToken originalValue="Playón" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Playon</normalizedToken>
de la Gloria; Naha at 985 m elevation was a large area of mature wet forest. Only
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
was found at Salto de Agua; both species were similarly abundant at
<normalizedToken originalValue="Playón" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Playon</normalizedToken>
de la Gloria and Metzabok; and only
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
was found at Naha. The evidence for two sympatric species was less clear in two community samples from the Atlantic coast of Honduras, Lancetilla Botanical Garden and a site near La Ceiba. The strength of the metanotal groove was variable, and sometimes the face had the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
setal pattern on one side and the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
pattern on the other.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
overlaps with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
in lowland rainforest habitats from the La Moskitia region of eastern Honduras south to Amazonia. In Central America,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
is more likely to be in the warmer and/or more disturbed habitats, while
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
favors cooler or mature forest habitats. For example, on Cerro Saslaya, an isolated mountain range in eastern Nicaragua, a community sample from lowland rainforest around 300 m elevation was a mix of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
, while a sample from montane forest around 1000 m elevation was pure
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">Octostruma amrishi</taxonomicName>
is the dominant species in lowland wet forests of Panama and northern South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">Octostruma gymnogon</taxonomicName>
is a darker, montane version of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
. Allopatric populations occur in the mountains along the Guatemala-Honduras border and in Costa Rica. In Costa Rica,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">O. gymnogon</taxonomicName>
has a sharp elevationally parapatric distribution with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
. On the Barva transect in Costa Rica,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">O. amrishi</taxonomicName>
occurs from sea level to 300 m elevation, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">O. gymnogon</taxonomicName>
occurs from 500 m to 1100 m elevation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
The five similar species in Central America appear to segregate by climate and habitat, with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trithrix">O. trithrix</taxonomicName>
favoring the warmest, driest, and most disturbed habitats;
<taxonomicName authority="," authorityName="," class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amrishi">
O. amrishi
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="21">,</authority>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gymnogon">O. gymnogon</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megabalzani">O. megabalzani</taxonomicName>
favoring the coolest, wettest, least disturbed habitats (and segregating by elevation); and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
falling in between.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
The
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
complex is undersampled in many parts of its range. Given the complexity revealed in Central America and the paucity of characters separating sympatric forms, the true diversity of this group is undoubtedly greater than the simple arrangement proposed here, but molecular data will be needed to further reveal patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
The type locality of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">O. balzani</taxonomicName>
is Bolivia. In the original description, specimens from two localities are described: &quot;Bolivia; cantoni di Coroico e Chilumani-Yungas (Balzan); un esemplare di Salinas sul Beni
<normalizedToken originalValue="è" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">e</normalizedToken>
un poco
<normalizedToken originalValue="più" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">piu</normalizedToken>
piccolo, ma non altrimenti differente.&quot; The Emery collection has a queen and several workers from Coroico and the single worker from Salinas. A worker from the Coroico series was imaged by the California Academy of Sciences and the images posted on Antweb; this worker was chosen as the Lectotype. The pin with the lectotype bears the label &quot;
<taxonomicName authority="Em." authorityName="Em." class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhopalothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">
Rhopalothrix balzani
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Em.</authority>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; in Emery's handwriting but there is no locality label. However, it is clearly part of the Coroico series.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
was named for Luigi Balzan, for whom Emery wrote this moving and poignant tribute:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">After a long journey across Bolivia, made very uncomfortable for lack of funds, Luigi Balzan returned to Italy a few months ago, bringing important zoological and anthropological collections.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="mainText">His sturdy physique, that had resisted the hardships and tropical climates, surrendered to a pernicious fever this past 20 September, in Padova, his homeland. For many years I was in correspondence with Balzan, who came to see me in Bologna before leaving; his unexpected death at a young age deeply saddened me.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
<caption pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="22" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="22" start="start">FIGURE</pageBreakToken>
18.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Octostruma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">Octostruma balzani</taxonomicName>
, worker (CASENT0611293, Guatemala), face and lateral view. Scale bar = 0.25 mm face view, 0.5 mm lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="7E9F65FE4113D2383BE63F8E0595EE19" pageNumber="1038">
<treatmentCitation id="E67B90A7A8B2265D1E66769797D1E93D" author="Zagorodnyuk" authority="Zagorodnyuk 1990" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" journal="Vestn. Zool." kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="28" pageNumber="1038" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" title="Volemys" volume="2" year="1990">
<taxonomicName id="68582354D4289D0776DF43E80E71AD02" ID-CoL="876T" authority="Zagorodnyuk 1990" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1038" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1A0BCDE770CADE827B710571DBE2E1F7" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="44FD6CDD2EBD9033C0364BBC53B1FFBD" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref402957" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1990. Kariotipicheskaya izmenchivost' i sistematika serykh polevok (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Soobshchenie 1. Vidovoi sostav i khromosomnye chisla [Karyotypic variability and systematics of the gray voles (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Communication 1. Species composition and chromosomal numbers]. Vestnik Zoologii, 2: 26 - 37 (in Russian)." year="1990">Zagorodnyuk 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="B47D473509F932960367CC5BDCC318CD" author="Zagorodnyuk" journal="Vestn. Zool." pageNumber="1038" pagination="28" title="Volemys" volume="2" year="1990">Vestn. Zool., 2: 28</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="372B02CFFB9CD3F17100DDA3D9C39133" pageNumber="1038" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="55ED20AD0D7B0C0056FC2C1D7C800B92" pageNumber="1038">
<emphasis id="CE5009EEC90CB8BE8BF09BB5AE1FBCE6" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1038">Type Species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B4D7B2A7D610C7AA051904826CFDC9FA" authority="Lawrence 1982" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1038" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="9DE322D0EF09C24C25D2AC700190B57B" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus musseri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AA44DDB7021A373E5BE1730BD437E226" author="Lawrence, M. A." refId="ref207219" refString="Lawrence, M. A. 1982. Western Chinese arvicolines (Rodentia) collected by the Sage Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 2745: 1 - 19." year="1982">Lawrence 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6F80968AF8B8515E84967726CB55C8DF" pageNumber="1038" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="BA89A3B4367CB69884C6E0B2AD469656" pageNumber="1038">
<emphasis id="148A3AE69651F153D82D9FBF4B1EB90B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1038">Species and subspecies:</emphasis>
2 species:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D27C7B98D942D22E95AF108275BDF1E" pageNumber="1038">
Species
<taxonomicName id="3A3D13DBE97C68623D8B220430BF35B8" authority="(Thomas 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1038" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millicens">
<emphasis id="9FAC9E7DF080105F136B45EBE7CC42E7" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys millicens</emphasis>
(Thomas 1911)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="75BCC8965808A7ED3803252527329103" pageNumber="1038">
Species
<taxonomicName id="92227F91BB2CDFB8E4303EA0F53E6806" authority="(Lawrence 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1038" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="C7659799AB4D5ABA46CBCE8BA6F5F7BB" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys musseri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6D25C1E6A0A9D50053B09FAB522C735C" author="Lawrence, M. A." refId="ref207219" refString="Lawrence, M. A. 1982. Western Chinese arvicolines (Rodentia) collected by the Sage Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 2745: 1 - 19." year="1982">Lawrence 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD73B91B097BDA821A93496E1755A48A" pageNumber="1038" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6958BAC86688AF68C14DBE5A1A2234D0" pageNumber="1038">
<emphasis id="579FA79AF9B10E7B963868EA39674785" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1038">Discussion:</emphasis>
<paragraph id="3918140C252BC0FA1635513E89EF5BD3" pageNumber="1038">
Arvicolini.
<taxonomicName id="20210849F881D248D7F8BB495212BA99" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="50743791082E604A6F5EF01F2E31B6DA" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
circumscribes two species restricted to the alpine-subalpine zone in S
<collectingCountry id="BBC2BBAE4191C05D1B264383395A3ADE" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
that may be part of an older fauna (
<bibRefCitation id="D11A1D125C186D9763E9BD83A4DEA079" author="Lawrence, M. A." refId="ref207219" refString="Lawrence, M. A. 1982. Western Chinese arvicolines (Rodentia) collected by the Sage Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 2745: 1 - 19." year="1982">Lawrence, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Both have traditionally been placed in
<taxonomicName id="6155B7A4FFDECE31BC8C04E23571483A" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A34A17A5B33C4F3A2D245DC8B4042F10" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although their phylogenetic relationships were regarded as obscure or equivocal (G. M. Allen, 1940;
<bibRefCitation id="8C37D5739FF548434D307269E11312D3" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref402957" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1990. Kariotipicheskaya izmenchivost' i sistematika serykh polevok (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Soobshchenie 1. Vidovoi sostav i khromosomnye chisla [Karyotypic variability and systematics of the gray voles (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Communication 1. Species composition and chromosomal numbers]. Vestnik Zoologii, 2: 26 - 37 (in Russian)." year="1990">Zagorodnyuk, 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="2D36CCECD5E6FE559CCC601F8F7F8508" author="Corbet, G. B. &amp; J. E. Hill" refId="ref67955" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1992. Mammals of the Indomalayan region. A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488 pp." year="1992">Corbet and Hill (1992)</bibRefCitation>
did not recognize
<taxonomicName id="04221A059A593C55AFE9FB6DE4073257" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C1C11A48CF5DD180E75E95CC45E913D8" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="2FE2C77FC3E8D7E04A86507900F1EAB5" author="Pavlinov, I. Ya &amp; E. L. Yakhontov &amp; A. K. Agadzhanyan" refId="ref278176" refString="Pavlinov, I. Ya, E. L. Yakhontov, and A. K. Agadzhanyan. 1995 a. [Mammals of Eurasia. I. Rodentia. Taxonomic and geographic guide.] Archives of the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, 32: 289 pp. (in Russian)." year="1995">
Pavlinov et al. (1995
<emphasis id="D09869263B0C07C3770761F13ED6E12C" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
arranged it as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="5911AD45A855EF1FB43DECCA99F186D7" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9130C9C6DA1A6395178E2CFECDDED07A" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In his generic description,
<bibRefCitation id="A18056659D90BA5554E48B53654778B6" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref402957" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1990. Kariotipicheskaya izmenchivost' i sistematika serykh polevok (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Soobshchenie 1. Vidovoi sostav i khromosomnye chisla [Karyotypic variability and systematics of the gray voles (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Communication 1. Species composition and chromosomal numbers]. Vestnik Zoologii, 2: 26 - 37 (in Russian)." year="1990">Zagorodnyuk (1990)</bibRefCitation>
added two other species: Taiwanese
<taxonomicName id="569B57953E52245906D812AB0AC6C5A1" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kikuchii">
<emphasis id="0BD5F26B97D75C1E07F755D1FD26A102" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">kikuchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="21684FB0090B20A995450636AC78862C" baseAuthorityName="Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkei">
<emphasis id="3072EE9D6521C975B33C9A3E9DEC2358" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">clarkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the mountains of
<collectingRegion id="BED6C29393EC27A877FF866D2049D762" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, N
<collectingCountry id="8765886547528C17D131EFFFE2318125" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
, and SE Tibet. Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome
<emphasis id="3A64D976CE4B51E72396D88751AA2CE3" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">b</emphasis>
sequences demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="629D3FE05F6E0DD53906C082A064C1A1" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kikuchii">
<emphasis id="E4250F269EE6C18F88B5B575268E996C" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">kikuchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister-species of
<taxonomicName id="F8A374E97827A8E5E0558FEAC9D8CA2A" authority="(Conroy and Cook, 2000 a)" baseAuthorityName="Conroy and Cook" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oeconomus">
<emphasis id="7FE8FA52EBEBFA17E4FBAC5A03CEEA23" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. oeconomus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="16FBFA147B5E7A8128B30579285CBCF8" author="Conroy, C. J. &amp; J. A. Cook" refId="ref64940" refString="Conroy, C. J., and J. A. Cook. 2000 a. Molecular systematics of a Holarctic rodent (Microtus: Muridae). Journal of Mammalogy, 81: 344 - 359." year="2000">
Conroy and Cook, 2000
<emphasis id="DA85CD3AC6CA65858A4EAD88709BE2A9" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, within a clade embracing
<taxonomicName id="F2C227EA4F27166F813D6A0C89851CF7" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montebelli">
<emphasis id="6630C9D9CE5B7C57EB15B70A16A83DFD" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. montebelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="81B163C6BBA02D386439574DD2A74179" authorityName="Poljakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="middendorffii">
<emphasis id="8ADF3753CCBCFC6C686AC2A1BFA3366A" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. middendorffii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="7D3A8523A44B29164C1663DF9FA9EB7D" baseAuthorityName="Conroy and Cook" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="226EC6799391E368329EFB56730124C8" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. fortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all members of
<taxonomicName id="BECED0EB9767488403AE8902279D315C" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16C7F22C52391C9D05916C2DC7F4ECB3" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subgenus
<taxonomicName id="196A3758E0FDC7F649184588096A0404" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alexandromys">
<emphasis id="D0B1DBE8B3E517A3868840B7758B4486" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Alexandromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see account of
<taxonomicName id="14AB55F6EE9F886145E84AF1FFA2EB61" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kikuchii">
<emphasis id="A60F3FCC2DAE2A224D7A3F99A9392943" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. kikuchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In reassessing the characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="351F12AE7BCE599BC5AF719FE07A3060" baseAuthorityName="Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkei">
<emphasis id="BE9F5ECE070BB48A2FF75E4EB23EF7BA" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">clarkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see that account), we find that it too is morphologically unlike
<taxonomicName id="A931E3703D2F04878EE7F8BD5773B50D" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millescens">
<emphasis id="F68D290DD1487EAB382E2CAF1ECCB581" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">V. millescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CCEB5DC9C1C23E48DFAB4E980DA75087" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="1E76856134EBA66ECEB65E067DCC0DA7" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">V. musseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and instead resembles
<taxonomicName id="4E9400267345BEB854E0C4E8D0695250" baseAuthorityName="Conroy and Cook" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="98974E943618C8240218E4BD969F6634" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. fortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another species in the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="7733D13D460C3A9C5A8FF0A29B376B99" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alexandromys">
<emphasis id="BB5281F95363BD2A833AECEC0E473CCD" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Alexandromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="914C26382CAC6AD6E230815C1FD0AA18" pageNumber="1038">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="5EEDD0F06D8B58B48D042EBD7E7EFE4E" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref402957" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1990. Kariotipicheskaya izmenchivost' i sistematika serykh polevok (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Soobshchenie 1. Vidovoi sostav i khromosomnye chisla [Karyotypic variability and systematics of the gray voles (Rodentia, Arvicolini). Communication 1. Species composition and chromosomal numbers]. Vestnik Zoologii, 2: 26 - 37 (in Russian)." year="1990">Zagorodnyuk (1990)</bibRefCitation>
formally proposed
<taxonomicName id="92B8F99375F37D49C061F3054B024A76" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87B6A491B1E8A0EED31DCDB643E384C6" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its diagnostic traits had been previewed by
<bibRefCitation id="C9D9738CE9F1CB04011CE4C7F81F0DD2" author="Lawrence, M. A." refId="ref207219" refString="Lawrence, M. A. 1982. Western Chinese arvicolines (Rodentia) collected by the Sage Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 2745: 1 - 19." year="1982">Lawrence (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, who concluded that
<taxonomicName id="ADF9A543F7FF07DA35467AEF54D98C22" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="5B9FA9E433FFF41DC713BFFC61DF1E41" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">musseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C2B1B1BE2E3DA443ED828E351E96F54B" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millescens">
<emphasis id="1F542844140FD623F12942856ADFFC79" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">millescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not morphologically fit with other species-groups of
<taxonomicName id="F9B45F972F52A52F27AB3474119848B6" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8124BCEA37D4EAB8E43467170D884552" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Those traits are long tail relative to head and body; smooth and flattened cranium; slim dentary with a low ramus; inflated auditory bullae; M1-2 with a large posterolingual triangle confluent with the opposite labial triangle and forming an inverted chevron-shaped lamina (in
<taxonomicName id="00A01C008FC6AF687F71130D7DEFABAC" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="952391BBDBF6BD6051DFA2D5878EC998" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">V. musseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the configuration characterizes only the M
<quantity id="B2C6C90BF6F7EEA255DCE43F8732934A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="32DDA6BC74C7C178B2523C7EBDC64C24" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millescens">
<emphasis id="43A6CCCCD77689A51804AA20783FBE8E" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">V. millescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); m1 with only four closed triangles anterior to the posterior lamina, the anterior triangles confluent and with the large anteroconid cap; anterior lamina of each m2 is chevron-shaped and formed by confluent lingual and labial triangles.
<taxonomicName id="E5E8135B02973898786641B2E7CF9EE6" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millescens">
<emphasis id="26B1C38BE594BC74B58692A4FD8C3E79" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys millescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller than
<taxonomicName id="980CD567F195F41639273A94EBEFE7D3" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="1079727415D13297741EA123535799B6" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">V. musseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and differs in pelage coloration, but is similar in molar patterns except for the lack of an M1 posterolingual triangle. Their dental patterns are unique among species of
<taxonomicName id="7781CCDB38455FF537E468E53D524318" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADBC2D8A13ECFD8510BB8FCCA30E5B40" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in combination with the distinctive cranial and mandibular conformations and external proportions, isolate
<taxonomicName id="0F8E3B54B64BBE7053203A926E1F7724" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="millicens">
<emphasis id="B69718E59400A50070822918AFC3A4BD" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">millicens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2416F9937DF71EF3159DB7BF72AE31B8" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musseri">
<emphasis id="E90EBC1CD1247140FC87CA91915B2F61" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">musseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from any other species-group of
<taxonomicName id="1AAEEB8BADCF546CD04D88752078B1F5" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="987EEE5EB73046A592C5C1EDBF81D054" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or any other genus of Arvicolini.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F59F6C6F0282011F96F97E66436BD86B" pageNumber="1038">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="B5A0C67AAF6CBA7729162B6BEFD56E30" authorityName="Zagorodnyuk" authorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="52D5A4F35AF00AD692543F4105AC0845" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Volemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with
<taxonomicName id="4A77AC60BBFB983B1385AC388AFB2DF1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irene">
<emphasis id="90F8AAAB31461EC3FD433FDFD3A11B38" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Neodon irene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and certain
<taxonomicName id="771FDDDE9E52FC3D9351AF8C5A1C1E4D" baseAuthorityName="Kaneko" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Eothenomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="90CEC796F0E2C52F42AC60D4E6281CA1" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Eothenomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the only voles recorded from the high mountains of W
<collectingRegion id="5A4E7EC8C75FB11D44CF0AE7BA2C9A76" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="843306AA01D1E4DF4D9065B663E9BBC2" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, where no species of true
<taxonomicName id="CDEEC4B4F11EFAB615B7FD412814728B" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDDCDF18E9721D63C85EF4DE69B6D463" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found.
<taxonomicName id="06CA6B359999B3BDEFBE45242948AA49" baseAuthorityName="Conroy and Cook" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="0753A8972ECEF4EFCCA4A7AFC5FE98CB" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">Microtus fortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does occur in SE
<collectingRegion id="98A6A74675F33583C9EA91A63BFA7A00" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
but inhabits river valleys at low altitudes, and
<taxonomicName id="2B54A594BA779D98770ECF938BA5655F" baseAuthorityName="Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Volemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkei">
<emphasis id="A435CF378F71024E352B6BF229BCBD16" italics="true" pageNumber="1038">M. clarkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from above
<quantity id="6390828720A7041032E049ED7E87C0D0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" unit="m" value="3400.0">
3400
<bibRefCitation id="1B1812A5E6F07EE5F60877776AD98CAD" author="Helgen, K. M. &amp; D. E. Wilson" refId="ref146285" refString="Helgen, K. M., and D. E. Wilson. in press. A systematic and zoogeographic overview of the raccoons of Mexico and Central America. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico." year="in">m in</bibRefCitation>
</quantity>
W
<collectingRegion id="5F9EEFFEB238013CEF8CB5C894EE53C0" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
and N
<collectingCountry id="B379C2E34542B5AA1CA242069A7D021C" name="Myanmar">Burma</collectingCountry>
(see those accounts)
</paragraph>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>