diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF81965FFDBCFE98FBBB9116.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF81965FFDBCFE98FBBB9116.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7eb7dc6fbe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF81965FFDBCFE98FBBB9116.xml @@ -0,0 +1,632 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + +Genus + +Myrmeleon +Linnaeus, 1767 + + + + + + + + + +Myrmeleon +Linneaus, 1767: 913 + + +. + + + + + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon formicarium +Linnaeus, 1767: 914 + + +. Subsequent designation by + +Latreille 1810: 435 + +. + + + + + + + +Macroleon +Banks, 1909: 4 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon validus +McLachlan, 1894: 515 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Enza +Navás, 1912a: 113 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Enza otiosus +Navás, 1912a: 114 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Myrmeleodes +Navás, 1912c: 242 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleodes medius +Navás, 1912c: 243 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Moreyus +Navás, 1914a: 55 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Moreyus brasiliensis +Navás, 1914a: 55 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Morter +Navás, 1915a: 466 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon hyalinus +Olivier, 1811: 126 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Neleon +Navás, 1915b: 53 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon immaculatum +De Geer, 1773: 564 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Neseurus +Navás, 1916: 53 + + +. + +Type +species: + +Myrmeleon alternans +Brullé + +in Webb & Berthelot, 1839: 83. Original designation. + + + + + +Myrmeleonellus +Esben-Petersen, 1918b: 17 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleonellus pallidus +Esben-Petersen, 1918b: 18 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Leptoleon +Esben-Petersen, 1918b: 18 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Leptoleon regularis +Esben-Petersen, 1918b: 18 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Cocius +Navás, 1919: 296 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Cocius angustatus +Navás, 1919: 297 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Dicholeon +Navás, 1920: 193 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Dicholeon nigritarsis +Navás, 1920: 193 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Tafanerus +Navás, 1921: 62 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Tafanerus indicus +Navás, 1921: 63 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Talosus +Navás, 1923a: 35 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Talosus oberthuri +Navás, 1923a: 35 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Banya +Navás, 1923b: 145 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Banya trifasciata +Navás, 1923b: 145 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Grocus +Navás, 1925: 185 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Grocus gerstaeckeri +Navás, 1925: 185 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Colinus +Navás, 1925: 187 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Colinus philippinus +Navás, 1925: 187 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Afroleon +Navás, 1927: 13 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Afroleon basutus +Navás, 1927: 13 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Neurocolinus +Navás, 1930b: 42 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Colinus philippinus +Navás, 1925: 187 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Nemeyus +Navás, 1934a: 502 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Nemeyus sanaanus +Navás, 1934a: 503 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Nezuela +Navás, 1934b: 155 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Nezuela geayana +Navás, 1934b: 156 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Bordus +Navás, 1936a: 165 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Bordus temeratus +Navás, 1936a: 166 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Congoleon +Navás, 1936b: 337 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Congoleon sociatus +Navás, 1936b: 337 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Hypsoleon +Navás, 1936c: 103 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Hypsoleon chappuisinus +Navás, 1936c: 103 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Nelneja +Navás, 1936c: 104 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Nelneja guttata +Navás, 1936c: 104 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Diagnosis + + +Small to large-sized antlions. Adult. Wings narrow to broad, without markings, hyaline. Forewing presectoral area with 5–10 crossveins; RP arising almost opposite to CuA fork, seldom with an extra row of cell under the hypostigmatic cell. Hindwing presectoral area with 4–5 crossveins; RP arising almost opposite to CuA fork. Anterior Banksian line absent, posterior Banksian line distinct on both wings. Femoral sense hair present on fore and mid legs, absent on hind leg. Female ectoproct simple; posterior gonapophyses long, slender; anterior gonapophyses short or lobed, shorter than posterior gonapophyses. Male ectoproct usually simple, sometimes with ventral projection; gonarcus arched; mediuncus usually sclerotized. + + + + +Remarks + + + + +Myrmeleon + +consists of around 180 species with similar combination of characters ( +Stange 2004 +; + +Machado +et al. +2019 + +; +Oswald 2024 +). Due to the recovery of this genus as paraphyletic by + +Michel +et al. +(2017) + +and + +Machado +et al. +(2019) + +, more morphological characters are needed for resolving the complex relationship among + +Myrmeleon + +and the other +Myrmeleontini +genera. Here, the Taiwanese species can be assigned to four distinct species groups due to several morphological characters. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF849640FE34FD6EFCF19139.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF849640FE34FD6EFCF19139.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5ff9ee6dc24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF849640FE34FD6EFCF19139.xml @@ -0,0 +1,864 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + + +Baliga brunneipennis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1913 +) + +comb. nov. + + + + + +Figs 1B +, +5–7 + + + + + + + +Hagenomyia brunneipennis +Esben-Petersen, 1913: 223 + + +. + +Type +locality: +Taiwan +( +Kaohsiung +). + + + + + +Hagenomyia pterostigma +Yang, 1999: 149 + + +. + +Type +locality: +China +(Fujiang). + + + + + +Myrmeleon alticola +Miller & Stange, 1999: 61 + + +. + +Type +locality: +Taiwan +( +Taoyuan +). +Syn. nov. + + + + +Hagenomyia sagax + +– + +Esben-Petersen 1913: 223 + +(misidentification). + + + + + +Myrmeleon alticola + +– + + +Stange +et al. +2003: 111 + + +. — + + +Wang +et al. +2018: 106 + + +. + + + + + +Baliga brunneipennis + +– + +Stange 2004: 297 + +. + + + + + +Baliga pterostigma + +– + +Stange 2004: 298 + +. + + + + + +Myrmeleon +( +Myrmeleon +) +alticola + +– + +Stange 2004: 318 + +. + + + + + +Hagenomyia brunneipennis + +– + + +Bao +et al. +2007: 45 + + +. — + + +Wang +et al. +2018: 86 + + +. — + + +Lin +et al. +2019: 139 + + +. + + + + + +Myrmeleon +( +Myrmeleon +) +alticolus + +– + + +Lin +et al. +2019: 139 + + +. + + + + + + +Material examined + + + + + +Holotype of + +Hagenomyia brunneipennis + + +TAIWAN +• +♀ +(labeled as ♂) (photos examined); +Kaohsiung City +, “ +Kosempo +” [now +Jiaxian +]; + +7 Aug. 1911 + +; +H. Sauter +leg.; +SDEI +. + + + + +Holotype +of + +Myrmeleon alticola + + + + + +TAIWAN +• +♂ +(photos examined); +Taoyuan City +, +Fuxing District +, “ +Da-Kwan-Shan Giant Forest Reserve +” [also known as +Lala Mountain +]; + +1100 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 Apr. 1998 + +; +Robert A. Miller +, +Lionel A. Stange +and +Hsiau-Yue Wang +leg.; collected as larva, emerged + +24 Apr. 1998 + +; +FSCA 00091045 +. + + + +Additional material + + + +TAIWAN +– + +Hualien County + +• +1 ♀ +; +Xiulin Township +, +Hualushi +; + +23 Jun.–24 Aug. 2009 + +; +W.T. Yang +and +K.W. Huang +leg.; +Malaise trap +(KCN); +NMNS + +. – + + +Kaohsiung City + +• +1 ♀ +; +Taoyuan District +, +Tengchih +; + +22 Aug. 1996 + +; +Mei-Ling Chan +leg.; +NMNS + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Taoyuan District +, +East Tengchih Mountain +; + +12 Jul. 2022 + +; +Kai-Wei Chan +leg.; preserved in alcohol; +NTU + +. – + + +Nantou County + +• +1 ♂ +; “ +Chip Chip +” [now +Jiji Township +]; + +Jun. 1908 + +; +F.Y. Lanter +leg.; +MFN + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Xinyi Township +, +Dongbu +; + +6 Sep. 1990 + +; +Shun-Chun Hong +leg.; +NTU + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Lugu Township +, +Fenghuang Mountain +; + +28 Nov. 2020 + +; +Yu-Hsiu Lin +leg.; collected as +larva +, emerged +16 Apr. 2021 +; molting failed, preserved in alcohol; +NTU + +• + +1 pupa +, +1 ♂ +(1 larva reared to adult); +Renai Township +, +Highland Experimental Farm N.T.U. +, +Meifeng Farm +; + +17 May 2020 + +; +Yu-Hsiu Lin +leg.; molting failed, preserved in alcohol, +NTU + +. – + + +Yilan County + +• +1 ♀ +; +Datong Township +, +Jianqing Historic Trail +; + +29 Jul. 2020 + +; +Hsuan-Pu Chen +leg.; +NTU + +. + + + + + +Re-description of the adult + + + +MEASUREMENTS +( +♀ +n = 1). Body length: +♀ +37.2 mm +; forewing: length +♀ +47.8 mm +; width +♀ +12.9 mm +; width/length ratio +♀ +0.2699; hindwing: length +♀ +48.9 mm +; width +♀ +10.7 mm +; width/length ratio +♀ +0.2188. + + + +Fig. 5. + +Baliga brunneipennis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1913 +) + +comb. nov. +(NTU). +A +. Head, frontal view. +B +. Head and thorax, dorsal habitus. +C +. Wings. Abbreviations: A = anal veins; C = costa; Cu = cubitus; CuA = cubitus anterior; CuP = cubitus posterior; MA = media anterior; MP = media posterior; pB = posterior Banksian line; RA = radius anterior; RP = radius posterior; Sc = subcosta. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; C = 10.0 mm. + + + +HEAD +( +Fig. 5A–B +). Vertex strongly raised, rounded, reddish-brown, 4 brown spots along anterior margin and 4 brown spots along posterior margins, with sparse short black hairs; occiput dark brown. Frons shiny black, slightly reddish, covered with sparse short hyaline hairs, ventral margin pale yellow; gena whitish-yellow, with a whitish-yellow line along ocular rim; clypeus whitish-yellow, with sparse hyaline hairs. Antenna black, short, with slightly defined club, covered with short dark hairs; scape dark brown with a ring of white band at base; pedicel reddish-orange; flagellum comprising approximately 35 flagellomeres, 1 +st +flagellomere reddish-orange at base. Mouthparts reddish-yellow, labrum reddish-yellow, with several hyaline hairs; maxillary palps yellow, with the 5 +th +and 6 +th +palpomere black, labial palps reddish-yellow, 3 +rd +palpomere fusiform, tapering to acute apex, with round orange palpimacula on apical ⅓; submentum with long dark hairs. + + +THORAX +( +Fig. 5B +). Pronotum broad, shorter than wide, dark brown, anterior margin with yellow bands on lateral, membrane dark brown, with hyaline hairs and long dark hairs. Cervical sclerites dark brown. Mesonotum dark brown. Metanotum dark brown, covered with sparse hyaline hairs. Meso- and metapleuron dark brown, moderately covered with long hyaline hairs. Sternum whitish-yellow. + + + +Fig. 6. + +Baliga brunneipennis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1913 +) (NTU) + +. +A +. Female terminalia, lateral view. +B +. Same, ventral view. +C +. Male terminalia, lateral view. +D +. Same, ventral view. Abbreviations: ag = anterior gonapophysis; ect = ectoproct; lg = lateral gonapophysis; pg = posterior gonapophysis; pp = pregenital plate; S = sternites; T = tergites. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. + + + +LEGS +. Whitish-yellow, short. Coxae moderately covered with long hyaline hairs, whitish-yellow; hind coxae with a brown line. Femora moderately covered with short dark hairs, mixed with sparse long black setae; fore femur whitish-yellow, with several small pale brown spots at apex; mid femora whitish-yellow on basal half and dark brown on distal half; hind femora whitish-yellow, with pale brown marking in middle; femoral sense hair length about ½ length of femur on fore legs and about ⅓ length of femur on mid legs, absent on hind leg. Tibiae moderately covered with short dark hairs, mixed with sparse long black setae, brown, fore tibia slightly pale on ventral surface. Tibial spurs reddish-brown, short, slender, almost straight, longer than tarsomere 1 (shorter on hind leg). Tarsi reddish-brown, sparsely covered with short dark hairs dorsally, short black setae ventrally; tarsomere 1 shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 2–4 (longer on hind leg); tarsomere 5 approximately as long as combined length of tarsomeres 1–4. Pretarsal claws reddish-brown, short, simple, curved, shorter than tibial spurs. + + +WINGS +( +Fig. 5C +). Without markings, hyaline, with yellowish coloring. Forewings acute at apex; veins and crossveins mostly brown; costal area without or with very few interconnected crossveins, distal crossveins often branched; presectoral area with 8–10 crossveins and 0–2 irregular cells; RP arising almost opposite to CuA fork, with 24–32 crossveins from origin of RP to hypostigmatic cell, with an extra row of cell under hypostigmatic cell; CuP supporting 1 cell before fusing with 1A; 3A mostly fused with 2A; hypostigmatic cell short; pterostigma pale white; anterior Banksian line absent, posterior Banksian line distinct. Hindwings slightly longer and narrower than forewings; acute at apex; presectoral area with 4–7 crossveins and 0–3 irregular cells; RP arising almost opposite to MP fork, at origin runs equidistant to RA and MA, with 22–29 crossveins from origin of Rs to hypostigmatic cell; hypostigmatic cell as long as forewing; pterostigma pale white; anterior Banksian line absent, posterior Banksian line slightly distinct; male with pale pilula axillaris. + + +ABDOMEN +( +Fig. 1B +). Shorter than hindwing, tergites brown, sternite brown, densely covered with short dark hairs dorsally and laterally, hyaline hairs ventrally. + + +FEMALE +TERMINALIA +( +Fig. 6A–B +). Tergite VIII at least 2 times as wide as tergite IX. Tergite IX narrow, triangular in lateral view. Ectoproct rectangular in lateral view, with long, black digging setae on ventral half. Lateral gonapophyses relatively long, rectangular in lateral view, slightly smaller than ectoproct, with long, black digging setae on posterior side and long, thin, black setae on ventral side. Posterior gonapophyses long, slender, with long, black setae. Anterior gonapophyses almost as long as posterior gonapophyses, thick at base, well separated, with long, thick, black setae. Pregenital plate distinct, rectangular, presented on posterior margin of sternite VII. + + + +Fig. 7. + +Baliga brunneipennis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1913 +) + +, male genitalia (NTU). +A +. Lateral view. +B +. Ventral view. +C +. Caudal view. Abbreviations: gon = gonarcus; med = mediuncus; par = parameres. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. + + + +MALE +GENITALIA +( +Figs 6C–D +, +7 +). Ectoproct rectangular in lateral view, with a ventral projection, dorsal margin slightly shorter than ventral margin, covered with short pale brown hair, ventral half with long black setae. Sternite IX almost as long as combined length of tergite IX and ectoproct, tapered in ventral view, with long black setae posteriorly. Gonarcus hyaline, arched, with short lateral arm produced posteriorly in lateral view. Mediuncus well sclerotized, dark brown, with two projections in lateral view, ventral one extending over parameres, caudal view with a three-pronged shape. Parameres well sclerotized, large, dark brown, oval and oblique in caudal view, slightly separated, with a small ventral projection in lateral view. + + + + + +Distribution + + + +Taiwan +(central mountainous area) ( +Fig. 31B +) and +China +(Fujiang, +Henan +, +Sichuan +, +Zhejiang +) ( + +Wang +et al. +2018 + +). + + + + + +Biology + + + +From the collecting and emergence date of the examined specimens, the adults appear from April to September. The larvae inhabit a forest environment with altitudes above +1600 m +a.s.l. ( + +Lin +et al. +2021 + +). + + + + + +Remarks + + + +This species is similar to + +B. asakurae + +in characters, including wing venation (forewing RP arising almost opposite to CuA fork, often with an extra row of cells under the hypostigmatic cell; hindwing RP arising almost opposite to MP fork, at origin runs equidistant to RA and MA), genitalia (male mediuncus three-pronged in caudal view; female anterior gonapophyses more than half length of posterior gonapophyses), and larval morphology (IX abdominal sternite without or with few reduced digging setae) ( +Figs 5C +, +6A–B +, +7 +; + +Lin +et al. +2021 + +: figs 3b, 4b, 6). Such a combination of characters can also be observed in other species of + +Baliga + +from +Japan +( + +Hayashi +et al. +2020 + +). Due to such, this species should be placed in + +Baliga + +. This species differs from + +B. asakurae + +by the smaller pterostigma and fully dark brown abdomen of the adult ( +Figs 1B +, +5C +). + + +Since the original description, there have been no records of + +Baliga brunneipennis + +collected from +Taiwan +. During their 1998 collecting trip to the island, Stange and Miller did not collect this species and mentioned that only the +holotype +is known. As a result of this collecting trip, they described six new species of + +Myrmelon + +, including + +Myrmeleon alticola +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +( + +Miller +et al. +1999 + +; + +Stange +et al. +2003 + +). After comparing images of the +holotypes +of each nominal species, we conclude that + +M. alticola + +is a junior synonym of + +B. brunneipennis + +. In the identification key provided by + +Stange +et al. +(2003) + +, + +B. brunneipennis + +is described to have several interconnected veins in the costal area of the fore wings and the wing membranes yellowish-brown, thus differing from the species + +M. alticola + +. However, the interconnected veins are not present in the +holotype +, and the yellowish-brown coloring of the wings is likely only a variation. + + +In + +Wang +et al. +(2018) + +, + +B. brunneipennis + +was described to have large, white pterostigma as in + +B. asakurae + +, which is not present in the +holotype +. Such a misunderstanding might be caused by an error in a figure of the wing tip of + +B. asakurae + +wrongly captioned as + +B. brunneipennis + +in + +Stange +et al. +(2003 + +: fig. 63b). Additionally, + +Hagenomyia pterostigma +Yang, 1999 + +from +China +was synonymized with + +B. brunneipennis + +mainly due to the large pterostigma ( + +Bao +et al. +2007 + +; + +Wang +et al. +2018 + +). This synonym may be wrong and that name could be a synonym of + +B. asakurae + +, but because we have not examined any specimen from +China +, we do not propose this synonymy here. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF8A964AFD8DFD11FD699369.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF8A964AFD8DFD11FD699369.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..bc2bda63040 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF8A964AFD8DFD11FD699369.xml @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + +Genus + +Baliga +Navás, 1912 + + + + + + + + + +Baliga +Navás, 1912a: 110 + + +. + + + + + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon asakurae +Okamoto, 1910: 297 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + + + +Balaga +Navás, 1912a:111 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Myrmeleon micans +McLachlan, 1875: 176 + + +. Original designation. + + + + + +Baga +Navás, 1930a: 37 + + +. + +Type +species: + + +Balaga montana +Navás, 1930a: 37 + + +. Monotypy. + + + + + +Diagnosis + + +Medium to large-sized antlions. Wings relatively broad, without markings, hyaline; hindwing longer than forewing. Forewing presectoral area with 5–10 crossveins; RP arising almost opposite to CuA fork, often with an extra row of cells under the hypostigmatic cell. Hindwing presectoral area with 4–7 crossveins; RP arising almost opposite to MP fork, at origin runs equidistant to RA and MA. Anterior Banksian line absent, posterior Banksian line distinct on both wings. Femoral sense hair present on fore and mid legs, absent on hind leg. Female ectoproct simple; posterior gonapophyses long, slender; anterior gonapophyses long, shorter than posterior gonapophyses, well separated. Male ectoproct simple, often with ventral projection; gonarcus arched, with lateral arms producing posteriorly; mediuncus three-pronged in caudal view, with two projections in lateral view; parameres strongly sclerotized, oblique, separated. + + + +Fig. 1. +Adult habitus of species of + +Myrmeleontini +Latreille, 1802 + +of Taiwan, lateral view. +A +. + +Baliga asakurae +( +Okamoto, 1910 +) + +, ♀ (NTU). +B +. + +B. brunneipennis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1913 +) + +, ♀ (NTU). +C +. + +Myrmeleon tenuipennis +Rambur, 1842 + +, ♀ (NTU). +D +. + +M. littoralis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, ♀ (NTU). +E +. + +M. wangi +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, ♂ (NTU). +F +. + +M. heppneri +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, ♂ (NTU). +G +. + +M. persimilis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, ♂ (NTU). +H +. + +M. punctinervis +Banks, 1937 + +, ♀ (NTU). +I +. + +M. taiwanensis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, ♂ (NTU). Scale bars = 10.0 mm. + + + + + +Remarks + + + +The relationship between the genera + +Baliga + +and + +Hagenomyia + +is still unclear. + +Baliga + +has been assigned as a synonym of + +Hagenomyia + +in several works, including +Esben-Petersen (1913) +, +Markl (1954) +and + +Wang +et al. +(2018) + +, while +Stange (2004) +, + +Hayashi +et al. +(2020) + +and +Oswald (2024) +considered an opposing opinion. Here, we agree with the latter view. By comparing the Taiwanese and the Japanese species in + +Hayashi +et al. +(2020) + +, + +Baliga + +is an independent genus that can be determined by a series of characters, including female anterior gonapophyses almost as long as posterior gonapophyses, the shape of the male genitalia, especially the three-pronged mediuncus, as well as the long, slender mandible and the few abdominal digging setae of the larvae. Most species inhabit moist forest environment ( + +Stange +et al. +2003 + +; + +Hayashi +et al. +2020 + +; + +Lin +et al. +2021 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF91966FFD91FA60FE889297.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF91966FFD91FA60FE889297.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..58ad9a7bc6c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF91966FFD91FA60FE889297.xml @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + + +Myrmeleon punctinervis + +group + + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +The + +M. punctinervis + +group is characterized by the hindwing shorter than the forewing; hindwing RP at origin runs closer to MA; male genitalia with gonarcus narrow, arched, crescent-shaped in lateral view, mediuncus well sclerotized, large, trapezoid in caudal view, parameres well sclerotized, large, rectangular in caudal view. + + + + + +Included species + + + + +Myrmeleon heppneri +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, + +M. persimilis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +, + +M. punctinervis +Banks, 1937 + +, and + +M. taiwanensis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +. + + + + + +Remarks + + + +In + +Miller +et al. +(1999) + +, the + +M. punctinervis + +complex was mentioned, stating that four species were recognized, including + +M. confusus + +, + +M. persimilis + +, + +M. taiwanensis + +, and + +M. punctinervis + +, of which + +confusus + +being a nomen nudum. Another invalid name + +M. nigriventris + +was also mentioned, which is likely an erratum of + +punctinervis + +depending from the text. The + +punctinervis + +group recognized here is likely to be consistent with the species complex they mentioned. While + +Miller +et al. +(1999) + +suggested that there may be additional species from +Taiwan +, this has not been confirmed by our investigation. + + +The four species within this group are similar in body size, general appearance, and the shape of the male genitalia. The larvae of this group can all be found on the coast, with + +M. punctinervis + +also inhabiting inland riverbanks ( + +Miller +et al. +1999 + +; + +Stange +et al. +2003 + +; + +Lin +et al. +2021 + +). A similar structure of the male genitalia is also seen in many species of + +Myrmeleon + +, including + +M. otiosus +( +Navás, 1912 +) + +, + +M. solers +Walker, 1853 + +, + +M. mariaemathildae + +Pantaleoni +et al. +, 2010 + + +, + +M. almohadarum + +Badano +et al. +, 2016 + + +, + +M. regularis +( +Esben-Petersen, 1918 +) + +, + +M. immanis +Walker, 1853 + + +M. inconspicuus +Rambur, 1842 + +and + +M. capito +Navás, 1912 + +( +New 1985 +, +1990 +; + +Pantaleoni +et al. +2010 + +; +Krivokhatsky 2011 +; +Sekimoto 2014 +; + +Badano +et al. +2016 + +). This may indicate a close relationship among these species and the + +punctinervis + +group from +Taiwan +, resulting in a larger species group. Confirmation will require additional material and research. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF949654FD77FB53FC8A9115.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF949654FD77FB53FC8A9115.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1e20f74609e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF949654FD77FB53FC8A9115.xml @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + + +Myrmeleon wangi + +group + + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +The + +M. wangi + +group can be characterized by the hindwing shorter than the forewing; hindwing RP at origin runs closer to MA; male genitalia with gonarcus arched, membrane with short black setae, mediuncus well sclerotized, inverted V-shaped in caudal view, parameres well sclerotized, triangular in caudal view, the larvae with brown markings on coxae. + + + + + +Included species + + + + +Myrmeleon wangi +Miller & Stange, 1999 + + +stat. rev. + + + + + +Possible candidates: + +Myrmeleon formicarius +Linnaeus, 1767 + +, + +M. punicanus +Pantaleoni & Badano, 2012 + +, + +M. trivialis +Gerstaecker, 1885 + + + + + + +Remarks + + + +Several other Old World species have a similar structure in the male genitalia comparing with + +M. wangi + +, including + +M. formicarius + +, + +M. punicanus + +and + +M. trivialis + +. The male genitalia of these species are similar to those of + +M. wangi + +in the overall shape of the gonarcus and with short, black setae on the membrane. However, the mediuncus of + +M. wangi + +is an inverted V-shape in caudal view ( +Fig. 16C +), as the mediuncus of the other three species appears to be three-pronged. The male genitalia of these species can be distinguished from those of + +Baliga + +by the presence of short, black setae on the membrane, as well as the lack of an additional dorsal process on the mediuncus, which is present in species of + +Baliga + +in lateral view ( +Figs 4A +, +7A +) ( +Pantaleoni & Badano 2012 +; +Sekimoto 2014 +; + +Hassan +et al. +2022 + +). The above-mentioned species likely belong to a closely related or the same species group as + +M. wangi + +, but additional research is required. If these species are proven to be in the same species group, this group should be redesignated as + +Myrmeleon formicarius + +group. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9A965AFD89F992FABA9238.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9A965AFD89F992FABA9238.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93523e8963a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9A965AFD89F992FABA9238.xml @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + + +Myrmeleon littoralis + +group + + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +The + +M. littoralis + +group is characterized by the hindwing longer than the forewing; hindwing RP at origin runs equidistant to RA and MA; male genitalia with gonarcus narrow, arched, mediuncus weakly sclerotized, parameres well sclerotized, hooked in lateral view. + + + + + +Included species + + + + +Myrmeleon littoralis +Miller & Stange, 1999 + +. + + + + +Possible candidate: + +Baliga kashimirensis + +Hassan +et al +., 2022 + + +(see below). + + + + + +Remarks + + + +Several characters of the sole species of this group, including longer hindwings and the interconnected crossveins on the costal area ( +Fig. 11C +), are similar to the species of + +Baliga + +, but remaining characters such as the overall morphology of the larvae (IX abdominal sternite with one or more row of digging setae) ( + +Lin +et al. +2021 + +: figs 3e, 4e, 10), and the male genitalia and female terminalia (female anterior gonapophyses about half length of posterior gonapophyses) ( +Figs 12–13 +) suggest that this species group is distinct from + +Baliga + +. + +Hassan +et al. +(2022) + +described + +Baliga kashimirensis + +from +Pakistan +but based on the male genitalia and female terminalia, this species should belong to the + +M. littoralis + +group as well. Since we have not yet examined specimens of + +B. kashmirensis + +, taxonomic changes are not made here. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9E965FFD95FE66FD5792AE.xml b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9E965FFD95FE66FD5792AE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..27f1e6a65c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/84/E9/0384E974FF9E965FFD95FE66FD5792AE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + + + +Taxonomic revision of the antlion tribe Myrmeleontini (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Taiwan + + + +Author + +Lin, Yu-Hsiu Hugh +9DE3E7B3-7541-40FF-8366-F23615F044D6 +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. +hughlin06@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ko, Chiun-Cheng +290CF231-2518-4C91-A2EA-C184C9728C7F +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. + + + +Author + +Tseng, Hui-Yun +A005A399-9A29-4345-8793-63D9C1611ABE +Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106332, Taiwan. +hytseng1216@ntu.edu.tw + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2024 + +2024-11-21 + + +969 + + +1 +61 + + + + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2743/12577 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.969.2743 +2118-9773 +14204763 +3705B6E3-C2DD-42B1-9ED6-1ABBD2EBC20C + + + + + + +Myrmeleon tenuipennis + +group + + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +The + +M. tenuipennis + +group is characterized by the hindwing nearly as long as the forewing; hindwing RP at origin runs closer to MA; male genitalia with gonarcus flat, mediuncus reduced, parameres well sclerotized, rectangular in caudal view. + + + + + +Included species + + + + +Myrmeleon tenuipennis +Rambur, 1842 + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/22/D2/0A/22D20AFBBC415495B40AEB53EFFBE5CB.xml b/data/22/D2/0A/22D20AFBBC415495B40AEB53EFFBE5CB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5bebd1dd3c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/22/D2/0A/22D20AFBBC415495B40AEB53EFFBE5CB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,699 @@ + + + +Unveiling two new species of Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) that cause green mold disease on Stropharia rugosoannulata from Guizhou Province, China + + + +Author + +Tarafder, Entaj +0000-0002-3680-3433 +Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Wenjun, Zhang +https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8310-0537 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Karunarathna, Samantha C. +0000-0001-7080-0781 +Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China + + + +Author + +Elgorban, Abdallah M. +0000-0003-3664-7853 +Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia + + + +Author + +Huilian, Man +https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7894-1873 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Nan, Wu +https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1192-4171 +School of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Reclamation University, Daqing 163316, China + + + +Author + +Zeng, Xiangyu +0000-0003-1341-1004 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China + + + +Author + +Yong, Wang +0000-0003-3831-2117 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China + + + +Author + +Tian, Feng-Hua +0000-0002-6962-9531 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + +text + + +MycoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-11-22 + + +110 + + +361 +383 + + + +journal article +10.3897/mycokeys.110.134154 + + + + + +Trichoderma strophariensis +E. Tarafder & F. H. Tian + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 3 +, +4 + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Trichoderma strophariensis + +differs from + +T. britannicum + +by smaller stromata (0.9–2.2 × +0.8–2 mm +) with dark green surface, margin free; surface finely rugose or tubercular, brownish between black ascomata; ostiolar dots absent, inconspicuous or convex to distinctly papillate measuring (27 –) 35–64 (– 90) mm diam. Additionally, it is easily distinguished from + +T. viridistromatis + +by its relatively larger ascospores (8.4–16.9 × 5.5–8.1 µm) and conidia (8.5–25.5 × 5.7–17.9 μm). Phylogenetically, + +T. strophariensis + +forms a distinct clade and is closely related to + +T. viridistromatis + +, + +T. britannicum + +, and + +T. aerugineum + +with 100 % ML and 0.90 +BYPP +statistical support (Fig. +1 +). + + + + + + +Morphology of + +Trichoderma strophariensis + +( +HGUP +24-0001, +GUCC +24-0002) +a, b +disease in the field habitat +c +fresh stromata on natural habitat +d +dry stromata +e +ostiolar dots on stromata surface +f +cortical and subcortical tissues in section +g +ascomatal tissue in section +h +asci with ascospores +i +ascospores. Scale bars: 10 mm ( +a, b +); 20 mm ( +c +); 100 mm ( +d – f +); 50 μm ( +g +); 20 μm ( +h, i +). + + + + + + + +a +cultures on +MEA +(five days) +b +cultures on PDA (five days) +c +cultures on SNA (4 days) +d +conidiophores +e +phialides +f +conidia. Scale bars: 10 μm ( +d, e +); 5 μm ( +f +). + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + + + +HGUP +24-0001 + +. + + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet + +‘ +strophariensis + +’ refers to the occurrence of the new taxon in cultivated mushrooms + +Stropharia rugosoannulata + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Stromata +, when fresh +1–14 mm +in diameter, +1–11 mm +thick (n = 10), solitary to sometimes aggregated, discoid or undulate, with brownish margin and pale red, depressed center when young, becoming reddish with rugose surface when mature. Attached to the host by hyphae, easily detached; sides often attenuated downward, surrounded at the base by white cottony mycelium when young. Surface finely rugose, tubercular, brownish between black ascomata; Ostiolar dots are convex to umbilicate, greenish, overall colors light green, darker green when dry, surface and spores green when mature. +Ostiole +14–21 μm wide at apex, 41–59 μm high (n = 30). +Ascomata +(139 –) 175–295 (– 347) × (113 –) 151–248 (– 290) μm (n = 20), flask-shaped or sub-globose, crowded. +Peridium +18–28 μm thick at the base and sides (n = 40), light brown. +Asci +(67 –) 110–146 (– 207) × (3.7 –) 5.8–7.7 (– 9.4) μm, stipe (3 –) 7–11 (– 18) μm long (n = 50), containing 16 - ascospores, apex slightly thickened, hyaline, cylindrical. +Ascospores +(8.4 –) 9.2–11.6 (– 16.9) × (5.5 –) 6.6–7.8 (– 8.1) μm, l / w (1.2 –) 1.4–1.6 (– 2.1) (n = 90), green, verruculose; sub-globose, oblong, elongated, thick-walled. + + + + +Culture characteristics. + +Optimal growth at 25 ° C on all media, poor and limited growth at 30 ° C, no growth at 35 ° C. + +On + +MEA + +and +PDA +growth is slow, colony creamy white, finely farinose by scant effuse conidiation; on +PDA +reverse brownish, surface turning greenish-brown. On + +MEA + +at 25 ° C after five days colony radius +5–7 mm +; colony circular, dense, thick, first whitish, becoming zonate after a few weeks, turning olive-green to brown with yellow greenish, farinose center; conidiation effuse, on short odd verticillium like conidiophores. On +SNA +colony radius at 25 ° C after 2 weeks +6–9 mm +; colony dense, hyaline, turning greenish or olivaceous from conidia. Conidiation following growth, effuse, on aerial hyphae and short odd verticillium-like conidiophores, spreading from the plug. +Conidiophores +simple, 1–4 level are branched and tapered at the tips, bearing few asymmetric side branches, terminated by solitary phialides of 2–3 divergent phialides. +Phialides +(10.5 –) 37–44 (– 55) × (1.5 –) 2.5–11 (– 12.5) μm (n = 50), mostly gregarious, cylindrical, less commonly subfusiform, often thickest near the base. +Conidia +(8.5 –) 12.5–16.4 (– 25.5) × (5.7 –) 6.5–10.7 (– 17.9) μm (n = 70), one-celled, variable shape and size, typically oblong and pale olive green when fully mature, sub-globose, oval or ellipsoid and hyaline when immature, straight or slightly curved, sides sometimes pinched, smooth; base often truncate, thick-walled. + + + + +Habitat. + + +On mushroom cultivated field, associated with + +Stropharia rugosoannulata + +. + + + + +Distribution. + + +China +, +Guizhou Province +, Guiyang City, and Liupanshui City; +Guizhou +City in +Anshun Province +. + + + + +Material examined. + + + +China +• +Guizhou +, +Liupanshui City +, +Shuicheng District +, + +23°55'39.36"N +, +120°11'30.64"E + +, + +on soil surfaces of + +Stropharia rugosoannulata + +cultivated field + +, + +16 - November- 2023 + +, +E. Tarafder +and +F. H. Tian +( + +HGUP +24-0001 + +, +holotype +); ex-type living cultures + +GUCC + +TB 1117 +, + +GUCC + +TB 1118 +and + +GUCC + +TB 1119 + +. + + + + +GenBank accession numbers. + + + +GUCC + +TB 1117 ( +ITS +: +PP 920011 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954941 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954947 +); + +GUCC + +TB 1118 ( +ITS +: +PP 920012 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954942 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954948 +); + +GUCC + +TB 1119 ( +ITS +: +PP 920013 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954943 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954949 +). + + + + +Notes. + + +Morphologically, our new isolates are most similar to + +T. danicum + +in the size of stromata ( +5–20 mm +) but can be distinguished by its generally smaller ascospores and conidia (Table +3 +); the presence of deeper color of stromata and ascospores, less pigment on media, and faster growth rate on +PDA +and +SNA +. However, our new isolates differ from + +T. britannicum + +by smaller stromata ( +0.9–2.2 mm +) with dark green surfaces ( +Jaklitsch, 2009 +). In addition, it differs from other new species ( + +T. viridistromatis + +) in producing cylindrical, less commonly subfusiform phialides (10.5–55 × 1.5–12.5 μm) and larger conidia (8.5–25.5 × 5.7–17.9 μm), typically oblong, subglobose, oval, sometimes ellipsoid and pale olive green after maturity. Phylogenetically, our isolate ( + +HGUP + +24-0001) forms an independent clade and clustering with + +Trichoderma britannicum + +, + +T. aerugineum + +, + +T. danicum + +, + +T. viridistromatis + +, and + +T. spinulosum + +within the Spinulosum lineage with 100 % ML and 1.00 +BYPP +statistical support (Fig. +2 +). It exhibits 4 % sequence differences (28 / 610 nucleotides, four gaps) in the ITS region, 4 % differences (48 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) in the + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 5 % differences (64 / 1244 nucleotides, twenty-five gaps) in +tef 1 - α +gene when compared with + +T. britannicum + +. Additionally, the differences between our isolate with + +T. viridistromatis + +are 4 % (29 / 610 nucleotides, four gaps) in the ITS region, 4 % (46 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) differences in the + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 5 % (65 / 1244 nucleotides, twenty-five gaps) differences in the +tef 1 - α +gene. In contrast, the differences in our isolate with + +T. danicum + +are more than 4 % (25 / 610 nucleotides, eight gaps) in the ITS region, 9 % (99 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) in + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 8 % (105 / 1244 nucleotides, three gaps) in +tef 1 - α +gene (Table +2 +). Therefore, based on both morphological and phylogenetic distinctions, + +T. strophariensis + +is introduced as a new species from cultivated mushrooms. + + + + + + +Morphological comparison of + +Trichoderma britannicum + +, + +T. aerugineum + +, + +T. strophariensis + +, + +T. danicum + +, + +T. viridistromatis + +, and + +T. spinulosum + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Taxon (holotype)AscosporesConidiaSubstratumReferences
+ +T. britannicum + +10–16 × 4.5–6.2 μm4.7–19.3 × 4–6.2 μmDecaying wood of broadleaf trees +Jaklitsch et al. 2014 +
+ +T. aerugineum + +8–12 × 4–6 µm3–5 × 2–4 µmDecaying wood +Chaverri and Samuels (2004) +
+ +T. strophariensis + +8.4–16.9 × 5.5–8.1 µm8.5–25.5 × 5.7–17.9 μm +mushroom species ( + +Stropharia + +) +This study
+ +T. danicum + +3–5 × 2.5–4.4 µm3–3.5 × 2.7–3 µmOn pine wood +Jaklitsch 2009 +
+ +T. viridistromatis + +3.4–5.6 × 2.4–3.3 µm2.8–4 × 1.7–3.2 µm +mushroom species ( + +Stropharia + +) +This study
+ +T. spinulosum + +5–7 × 3–4 μm3.5–4.7 × 3–3.7 μm +On stems of + +Chelidonium majus + + +Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2015 +
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/6C/4F/E5/6C4FE537E9C8585A83841E1B8AF4AC09.xml b/data/6C/4F/E5/6C4FE537E9C8585A83841E1B8AF4AC09.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e711ef87ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/6C/4F/E5/6C4FE537E9C8585A83841E1B8AF4AC09.xml @@ -0,0 +1,730 @@ + + + +Unveiling two new species of Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) that cause green mold disease on Stropharia rugosoannulata from Guizhou Province, China + + + +Author + +Tarafder, Entaj +0000-0002-3680-3433 +Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Wenjun, Zhang +https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8310-0537 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Karunarathna, Samantha C. +0000-0001-7080-0781 +Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China + + + +Author + +Elgorban, Abdallah M. +0000-0003-3664-7853 +Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia + + + +Author + +Huilian, Man +https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7894-1873 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + + + +Author + +Nan, Wu +https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1192-4171 +School of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Reclamation University, Daqing 163316, China + + + +Author + +Zeng, Xiangyu +0000-0003-1341-1004 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China + + + +Author + +Yong, Wang +0000-0003-3831-2117 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China + + + +Author + +Tian, Feng-Hua +0000-0002-6962-9531 +Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China & Institute of Edible Mushroom, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China + +text + + +MycoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-11-22 + + +110 + + +361 +383 + + + +journal article +10.3897/mycokeys.110.134154 + + + + + +Trichoderma viridistromatis +E. Tarafder & F. H. Tian + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 5 +, +6 + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Trichoderma viridistromatis + +differs from + +T. aerugineum + +by its smaller stromata ( +0.5–2 mm +diam, to ca. +1 mm +thick in + +T. aerugineum + +) and bigger phialides measuring 7–23 × 2.4–4 μm in + +T. aerugineum + +. In addition, it is easily distinguished from + +T. strophariensis + +by its smaller ascospores (3.4–5.6 × 2.4–3.3 µm) and conidia (2.8–4 × 1.7–3.2 μm). Phylogenetically, + +T. viridistromatis + +forms a distinct clade and is closely related to + +T. strophariensis + +, + +T. britannicum + +, and + +T. aerugineum + +with 100 % ML and 0.90 +BYPP +statistical support (Fig. +1 +). + + + + + + +Morphology of + +Trichoderma viridistromatis + +( +HGUP +24-0004, +GUCC +24-0005) +a, b +diseased in the field, +c +fresh stromata on natural substrate +d +cortical and subcortical tissues +e +ascomatal tissue in section +f +asci with ascospores +g, h +ascospores. Scale bars: 10 mm ( +a – c +); 1,000 μm ( +d +); 50 μm ( +e +); 20 μm ( +f – h +). + + + + + + + +a +cultures on +MEA +(five days) +b +cultures on +PDA +(five days) +c +cultures on +SNA +(four days) +d +conidiophores +e +phialides +f +conidia. Scale bars: 10 μm ( +d, e +); 5 μm ( +f +). + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + + + +HGUP +24-0004 + +. + + + + + +Etymology. + + +The epithet + +“ +viridistromatis + +” refers to an entirely green-colored stroma. + + + + +Description. + + +Stromata +, when fresh +1–7 mm +in diam., +0.5–2 mm +thick (n = 10), mostly gregarious, aggregated, discoid or undulate, becoming pulvinate, compact; outline circular to oblong; margin attached or free, surface smooth when immature without ostiolar dots, with yellowish margin and pale red, depressed center when young, becoming reddish with rugose surface when mature. Outline circular, oblong or irregularly lobed. Surface smooth, tubercular or rugose, when young finely velvety. Ostiolar dots absent, ostiolar openings sometimes visible, (16 –) 20–30 (– 32) μm (n = 30) wide, inconspicuous, pale, more distinct and shinier after rehydration. +Ostioles +(18 –) 24–30 (– 45) μm long, plane with the surface, (8 –) 12–19 (– 23) μm wide at the apex (n = 30). +Ascomata +(69 –) 75–85 (– 96) × (36 –) 41–55 (– 60) μm (n = 30), numerous, 5–7 per mm stroma length, sub-globose or flask-shaped. +Peridium +(7 –) 11–19 (– 22) μm (n = 60) thick at the base and sides; hyaline to pale yellowish. +Asci +(63 –) 74–81 (– 85) × (3.2 –) 4.2–5 (– 5.5) μm, stipe (4 –) 5–11 (– 14) μm (n = 30) long, containing 16 - ascospores, apex not thickened, hyaline, cylindrical. +Ascospores +(3.4 –) 3.6–4.3 (– 5.6) × (2.4 –) 2.8–3.1 (– 3.3) μm, l / w 1–1.1 (– 1.2) (n = 34), hyaline, verruculose, single-celled, non-septate, sub-globose, oblong or slightly tapered downwards, thick-walled. + + + + +Culture characteristics. + + +Optimal growth at 25 ° C on all media, poor and limited growth at 30 ° C, no growth at 35 ° C. Although + +MEA + +exhibited good growth, precultures were made on it. + + +On + +MEA + +and +PDA +, growth is slow, colony is creamy white, finely farinose by scant effuse conidiation; on +PDA +, reverse brownish, surface turning greenish-brown. On + +MEA + +at 25 ° C after five days colony radius +5–7 mm +; colony circular, dense, thick, first whitish, becoming zonate after a few weeks, turning olive-green to brown with yellow-greenish, farinose center; conidiation effuse, on short odd verticillium like conidiophores. On +SNA +colony radius at 25 ° C after 2 weeks +6–9 mm +; colony dense, hyaline, turning greenish or olivaceous from conidia. Conidiation following growth, effuse, on aerial hyphae and short odd verticillium-like conidiophores, spreading from the plug. +Conidiophores +simple, 1–4 level, are branched and tapered at the tips, bearing few asymmetric side branches, terminated by solitary phialides of 2–3 divergent phialides. +Phialides +(5.5 –) 7–10 (– 14) × (1.6 –) 2.5–2.9 (– 3.5) μm (n = 32), mostly gregarious, lageniform, less commonly subfusiform, not thickest near the base. +Conidia +(2.8 –) 3.1–3.7 (– 4) × (1.7 –) 2.2–2.7 (– 3.2) μm (n = 70), variable shape and size, typically oblong and pale yellowish green when fully mature, oval, ellipsoid and hyaline when immature, straight or slightly curved, sides sometimes pinched, smooth; base often truncate. + + + + +Habitat. + + +On mushroom cultivated field, associated with + +Stropharia rugosoannulata + +. + + + + +Distribution. + + +China +, +Guizhou Province +, Guiyang City, and Liupanshui City; +Guizhou +City in +Anshun Province +. + + + + +Material examined. + + + +China +• +Guizhou +, +Liupanshui City +, +Shuicheng District +, + +24°55'39.936"N +, +121°11'30.264"E + +, + +on soil surfaces of + +Stropharia rugosoannulata + +cultivated field + +, + +16 - November- 2023 + +, +E. Tarafder +and +F. H. Tian +( + +HGUP +24-0004 + +, +holotype +); ex-type living cultures + +GUCC + +TB 1120 +, + +GUCC + +TB 1121 +and + +GUCC + +TB 1122 + +. + + + + +GenBank accession numbers. + + + +GUCC + +TB 1120 ( +ITS +: +PP 922277 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954944 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954950 +); + +GUCC + +TB 1121 ( +ITS +: +PP 926290 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954945 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954951 +); + +GUCC + +TB 1122 ( +ITS +: +PP 922285 +; + +rpb 2 + +: +PP 954946 +; +tef 1 - α +: +PP 954952 +) + + + + +Notes. + + +Morphologically, our newly described taxon + +Trichoderma viridistromatis + +shares common characteristics with + +T. aerugineum + +( +CBS +120541) and + +T. britannicum + +, a species previously isolated from dead stems and leaves of + +Calamagrostis epigejos + +. However, + +T. viridistromatis + +differs from + +T. aerugineum + +by having smaller stromata ( +0.5–2 mm +in diameter, compared to ca. +1 mm +thick in + +T. aerugineum + +) and larger phialides (7–23 × 2.4–4 μm in + +T. aerugineum + +) and ascospores (8–12 × 4–6 µm; Table +4 +) ( +Chaverri and Samuels 2004 +). Additionally, it can be distinguished from + +T. strophariensis + +by its larger stromata ( +1–14 mm +in diameter, +1–11 mm +thick in + +T. strophariensis + +) and significantly larger subglobose to elongated ascospores (8.4–16.9 × 5.5–8.1 µm). In comparison, + +T. britannicum + +has discoid, convex to turbinate stromata surrounded by light brown radial mycelium and much larger one-celled ascospores (10–16 × 4.5–6.2 μm; Table +4 +) ( +Jaklitsch et al. 2014 +). The phylogenetic positions of the new taxon (Fig. +2 +) demonstrated that + +Trichoderma viridistromatis + +is closely related to + +T. strophariensis + +, + +T. britannicum + +, and + +T. aerugineum + +, with strong statistical support (Fig. +2 +). However, our isolate differs from + +T. britannicum + +with 3 % (17 / 610 nucleotides, with five gaps) in ITS region, 2 % (20 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) in + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 4 % (55 / 1244 nucleotides, twenty-one gaps) in +tef 1 - α +gene. Moreover, the difference in our collections with + +T. aerugineum + +is more than 2 % (10 / 610 nucleotides, ten gaps) in the ITS region, 7 % (79 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) in the + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 6 % (78 / 1244 nucleotides, eleven gaps) in +tef 1 - α +gene (Table +2 +). Additionally, the differences between our isolate with + +T. strophariensis + +are 4 % (29 / 610 nucleotides, four gaps) in ITS region, 4 % (46 / 1080 nucleotides, no gaps) differences in + +rpb 2 + +gene, and 5 % (65 / 1244 nucleotides, twenty-five gaps) differences in +tef 1 - α +gene also supported + +T. viridistromatis + +to be a distinct species compared to + +T. strophariensis + +and + +T. britannicum + +respectively. + + + + + + +Morphological comparison of + +Trichoderma britannicum + +, + +T. aerugineum + +, + +T. viridistromatis + +, + +T. spinulosum + +, and + +T. strophariensis + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Taxon (holotype)AscosporesConidiaSubstratumReferences
+ +T. britannicum + +10–16 × 4.5–6.2 μm4.7–19.3 × 4–6.2 μmDecaying wood of broadleaf trees +Jaklitsch et al. 2014 +
+ +T. aerugineum + +8–12 × 4–6 µm3–5 × 2–4 µmDecaying wood +Chaverri and Samuels (2004) +
+ +T. viridistromatis + +3.4–5.6 × 2.4–3.3 µm2.8–4 × 1.7–3.2 μm +mushroom species ( + +Stropharia + +) +This study
+ +T. spinulosum + +5–7 × 3–4 µm3.5–4.7 × 3–3.7 µm +On stems of + +Chelidonium majus + + +Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2015 +
+ +T. strophariensis + +8.4–16.9 × 5.5–8.1 µm8.5–25.5 × 5.7–17.9 μm +mushroom species ( + +Stropharia + +) +This study
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file