diff --git a/data/43/A7/6F/43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.xml b/data/43/A7/6F/43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..bbc7ebeebd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/43/A7/6F/43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2119 @@ + + + +Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus + + + +Author + +Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea +0000-0002-0092-9915 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & 3 Diversity, Santo Domingo Oe 5 - 71 y Cuba, Quito, Ecuador & Institute of Biology, Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany + + + +Author + +Streicher, Jeffrey W. +0000-0002-3738-4162 +Herpetology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom + + + +Author + +Venegas, Pablo J. +0000-0002-6501-4492 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA & Instituto Peruano de Herpetología (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima, Peru + + + +Author + +Ron, Santiago R. +0000-0001-6300-9350 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2025 + +2025-03-13 + + +1231 + + +233 +292 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926 +DAE3FB4E-155F-4529-856D-12732CB58D1D + + + + + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 5 +, +7 +, +9 +, +10 +, +11 +, +20 +, +21 +, +22 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Dispersed stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente dispersa + + + + +Type material. + + + + +Holotype + +. • + +QCAZ +52006 + +(Figs +20 +– +22 +), field no. SC 38765, +adult male +from +Ecuador +, +Provincia Tungurahua +, +Caserío Machay +, + +3 km +E of + +Río Verde on the road to Puyo +, ( + +1.3923 ° S +, +78.2801 ° W + +), + +1349 m +above sea level + +, collected by +SRR +, +F. Ayala +, +T. Camacho +, +M. Yánez +, +D. Rivadeneira +, +S. Aldás +and +D. Pareja +on + +19 September 2011 + +. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at Sketchfab platform ( +https://skfb.ly/oSqqI +) + +. + + +Paratypes + +. • All collected in +Ecuador +. +Provincia Sucumbíos +: +Río Azuela +, +Hostería El Reventador +( + +0.0752 ° S +, +77.5921 ° W + +), + +1680 m + +, + +QCAZ +66709 + +–10, +adult males +, collected by +G. Vaca +, +M. Mejía +and +D. Escobar +on + +26 February 2017 + + +; • + +Provincia Napo +: +Cocodrilos +, +on Baeza – Archidona road +( + +0.6710 ° S +, +77.7928 ° W + +), + +1575 m + +, + +QCAZ +63488 + +, +adult male +, collected by +SRR +, +S. Guamán +, +M. J. Navarrete +, +B. Proaño +and +A. Achig +on + +23 June 2016 + + +; • + +Provincia Tungurahua +: same locality, date, and collectors as for the holotype, ( + +1.4002 ° S +, +78.2807 ° W + +), + +1244 m + +, + +QCAZ +52007 + +, +adult male + +; • + +Reserva Río Zuñac +( + +1.3765 ° S +, +78.1540 ° W + +), + +1594 m + +, + +QCAZ +52458 + +, +52462 +, +adult males +, collected by +F. Ayala +, +D. Paucar +, +Y. Sagredo +, +J. P. Reyes +, +F. Recalde +, +L. Recalde +and +S. Recalde +on + +16 January 2011 + + +; • + +Provincia Pastaza +: +Reserva Comunitaria Ankaku +, +on Puyo – Tena road +( + +1.2676 ° S +, +78.0479 ° W + +), + +1668 m + +, + +QCAZ +46297 + +, +adult male +, collected by +E. Tapia +on + +15 October 2009 + + +; • + +Parque Nacional Llanganates +, +Comunidad Zarentza +( + +0.3524 ° S +, +78.072 ° W + +), + +1419 m + +, + +QCAZ +59819–21 + +, +adult males +, collected by +D. Rivadeneira +, +F. Mora +, +J. C. Sánchez +, +D. Velalcázar +, +D. Núñez +and +J. Pinto + +; • + +Provincia Morona Santiago +: +Chiguinda +( + +3.2278 ° S +, +78.7200 ° W + +), 1741, + +QCAZ +18275 + +, collected by +Í. Tapia +and +G. Onore +on + +27 December 2001 + + +; • + + +16 km +N + +El Ideal +, +on the road to Cuenca from Gualaquiza +( + +3.2425 ° S +, +78.6725 ° W + +), + +1600 m + +, + +QCAZ +23936 + +, metamorph, + +QCAZ +23937 + +, +23945 +, +adult males +, collected by SRR and +G. Romero +on + +09 April 2003 + + +; • + + +8.6 km +E + +9 de Octubre +, +Guamote – Macas road +( +2.24774 ° S +, +78.2069 ° W +), + +1671 m + +, + +QCAZ +32267 + +, +adult male +, collected by +M. Bustamante +, +J. Guayasamin +, +E. Bonaccorso +and +J. F. Freile +on + +19 July 2006 + + +; • + + +4 km +from + +Limón +( +Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez +), +on the road to Plan de Milagro +( + +2.9969 ° S +, +78.4550 ° W + +), + +1373–1409 m + +, + +QCAZ +40878 + +, +adult male +, collected by +I. Tapia +, +D. Salazar +, +L. Coloma +and SRR on + +07 June 2008 + + +, + + +QCAZ +41901 + +adult female +, collected by +D. Salazar +, +E. Lemmon +and +A. Lemmon +on + +06 August 2008 + + +; • + +Limón +( +Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez +), +Río Napinaza +( + +2.9230 ° S +, +78.4080 ° W + +), + +1430 m + +, + +QCAZ +42002 + +, +adult male +, collected by +D. Salazar +, +E. Lemmon +and +A. Lemmon +on + +13 August 2008 + + +, + + +QCAZ +42047 + +, +adult male +, collected by +D. Salazar +and +N. Peñafiel +on + +28 February 2008 + + +; • + +Bosque Protector Abanico +( + +2.2448 ° S +, +78.2053 ° W + +), 1646, + +QCAZ +49032 + +, +adult male +, collected by +Y. Sagredo +and R. +Jarrín +on + +26 July 2010 + + +; • + +9 de Octubre – Macas road +( + +2.2351 ° S +, +78.2167 ° W + +), + +1683 m + +, + +QCAZ +57014–16 + +, +adult males +, collected by +F. Ayala +, +Y. Sagredo +, +S. Arroyo +, +S. Valverde +and +L. Cedeño +on + +02 March 2014 + + +; • + +Parque Nacional Sangay +, +Sardinayacu +( + +2.0928 ° S +, +78.1687 ° W + +), + +1475–1735 m + +, + +QCAZ +58732–3 + +, +58735 +, +adult males +, collected by +D. Rivadeneira +, +D. Velalcázar +, +J. Pinto +, +F. Mora +, +D. Núñez +, +J. C. Sanchez +and +A. Correa +between + +16 January 2015 +and +26 January 2015 + + +, + + +QCAZ +59099 + +, +adult female +, collected by +SRR +, +D. Paucar +, +PJV +, +P. Baldeón +, +M. Caminer +and +K. Nusirquia +on + +28 February 2015 + + +; • + +Puchimi +( + +2.7774 ° S +, +78.1595 ° W + +), + +1365–1450 m + +, + +QCAZ +69548 + +, +69550 +, +69555 +, +69561–63 +, +adult males +, collected by +D. Almeida +, +D. Núñez +, +K. Nusirquia +and +J. Mora +on + +09 July 2017 + + +; • + +Comunidad Shuar Kunkuk +, +base of Cordillera del Cóndor mountain range +( + +3.3302 ° S +, +78.1972 ° W + +), + +1521 m + +, + +QCAZ +71029 + +, +adult female +, collected by +D. Almeida +, +D. Núñez +, +K. Nusirquia +and +R. Gavilanes +on + +01 March 2018 + + +; • + +Cordillera de Cutucú +, +Carlos Hurtado’s house surroundings +( + +2.7818 ° S +, +78.1604 ° W + +), + +1380 m + +, + +QCAZ +71428 + +, +adult male +, collected by +D. Almeida +, +D. Paucar +, +D. Núñez +, +K. Nusirquia +and +R. Gavilanes +on + +29 January 2018 + + +; • + +Provincia Zamora Chinchipe +: +Miazi Alto +( + +4.2502 ° S +, +78.6174 ° W + +), + +1250 m + +, + +QCAZ +41031 + +, +adult female +, 41032, +male +, collected by +E. Tapia +and +J. Guayasamín +on + +12 April 2009 + + +, + + +QCAZ +41554 + +, +adult male +, collected by +J. Guayasamín +, +E. Tapia +and + + + +H. + + +Braun + +on + +07 April 2009 + + +, + + +QCAZ +41649 + +, +adult female +, collected by +S. Aldás +, +J. Guayasamín +and +E. Tapia +on + +12 April 2009 + + +; • + +Los Encuentros +( + +3.7568 ° S +, +78.6457 ° W + +), + +QCAZ +47074 + +, +juvenile +, 47110 +female +, collected by +A. Almendáriz +on + +23 June 2009 + + +; + +Nuevo Paraíso +, +700 m NO on the road to Las Tres Aguas +( + +4.8710 ° S +, +78.9757 ° W + +), + +1742 m + +, + +QCAZ +57099–100 + +, +adult females +, collected by +D. Paucar +, +D. Almeida +, +G. Galarza +and +D. Pareja +on + +10 April 2014 + + +; • + +Reserva Numbami +, + +18 km +on Zamora-Romerillos road + +( + +4.1760 ° S +, +78.9561 ° W + +), + +1434–1583 m + +, + +QCAZ +57664 + +, +57667 +, +adult males +, 57665–66, +adult females +, collected by +SRR +, +D. Paucar +, PJV, +D. Almeida +, +D. Velalcázar +, +M. J. Navarrete +, +S. Arroyo +, +N. Páez +and +Z. Lange +on + +11 July 2014 + + +; • + +Parque Nacional Podocarpus +, +Bombuscaro +( + +4.1344 ° S +, +78.9938 ° W + +), + +1443 m + +, + +QCAZ +60688 + +, +60692 +, +adult males +, 60694–95, +adult females +, collected by +D. Rivadeneira +, +F. Mora +, +J. C. Sánchez +, +D. Velalcázar +, +D. Núñez +, +J. Pinto +, +K. Cruz +and +L. Tipantiza +on + +24 March 2015 + + +; • + +Concesión Mirador ECSA +, +Río Wawayme basin +, +towards Canales +( + +3.59145 ° S +, +78.4212 ° W + +), + +1637 m + +, + +QCAZ +66050–52 + +, +adult males +, collected by +R. Betancourt +, +M. Cajamarca +and +L. Pandiguana +on + +23 November 2016 + + +; • + +Nuevo Paraíso +, +Ciudad Perdida +( + +4.4803 ° S +, +78.8294 ° W + +), + +1334 m + +, + +QCAZ +68056 + +, +adult female +, collected by +F. Ayala +, +K. Nusirquia +, +D. Núñez +and +A. Calispa +on + +13 May 2017 + + +. + + + + + + +Variation of preserved specimens of + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +Dorsal and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +52006 + +(holotype, +adult male +), + +QCAZ +41554 + +, 69548, 69561, 66709 ( +adult males +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +66051 + +, 52458, 66710, 66052, 69550, 63488 ( +adult males +); fifth and six rows: + +QCAZ +60694 + +, 57100, 41649, 41901, 60695, 41031 ( +adult females +). See Suppl. material +1 +: table S 1 for locality information. All specimens are shown at the same scale. + + + + + + + +Variation in life of + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +Dorsolateral view. From left to right, first row: + +QCAZ +52006 + +(holotype, +adult male +), 52463, 69562 ( +adult males +); second row: + +QCAZ +66709 + +, 59821, 66710 ( +adult males +); third row: + +QCAZ +49032 + +, 69563, 58732 ( +adult males +); fourth row: + +QCAZ +58733 + +, 63488, 69546 ( +adult males +); fifth row: + +QCAZ +41031 + +, 57100, 57666 ( +adult females +); sixth row: + +QCAZ +60694 + +, 60695 ( +adult females +). + + + + + + + +Variation in life of + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +Ventral view. From left to right, first row: + +QCAZ +52006 + +(holotype, +adult male +), 52463, 69562 ( +adult males +); second row: + +QCAZ +49032 + +, 69563, 66709 ( +adult males +); third row: + +QCAZ +59821 + +, 66710, 58732 ( +adult males +); fourth row: + +QCAZ +58733 + +, 63408, 69456 ( +adult males +); fifth row: + +QCAZ +69550 + +, 59820 ( +adult males +), + +QCAZ +41031 + +( +adult female +); sixth row: + +QCAZ +57099 + +, 57666, 59099, 57100 ( +adult females +). + + + + + +Definition. + + +In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The Definition and Diagnosis are based on +11 adult females +and +36 adult males +. + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean +SVL +34.1 mm +in +adult males +(range 31.3–38.7; +n += 36) and mean +SVL +41.1 mm +in +adult females +(range 35.4–45.2; +n += 11; Suppl. material +1 +: table S 5, Fig. +7 +); (2) white supralabial stripe present or absent; (3) tympanum rounded, inconspicuous to conspicuous in males and conspicuous in females; supratympanic fold present and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in feet and conspicuous in hands: (7) calcar tubercle present; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of scattered large or minute black spots and with white spots or flecks varying from ill-defined to large on the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks yellowish green, olive green, dull green, brownish green or greyish green, with barely visible to thick white spots and minute or thick black spots or flecks, scattered throughout the body; venter yellow, gold, whitish, brownish green, grayish green, or dark pinkish; axillar and inguinal regions and ventral surfaces yellow, blueish, greenish, silver, brownish green or dark pinkish; pericloacal spots yellow, white or unpigmented; webbing yellow, yellow orange, whitish or dark pinkish; iris pearl or pinkish with leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consist of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.11 ± +0.015 s +and a mean dominant frequency of 2795.4 ± 138.68 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz. The call can be repeated in a series of 1 to 8 calls. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +living in the Amazon basin are + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +(sympatrically distributed, Fig. +5 +), + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola +. +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +differs by having a supratympanic fold (absent in + +H. +maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola + +), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (thick in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola + +), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and fee (inconspicuous in hands and feet in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, Fig. +11 +), conspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands (inconspicuous in hands and feet in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, and + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +and + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +), a calcar tubercle present (absent in all species except for + +H. phyllognathus + +), and an iris pearl or pinkish with leather-colored reticulations (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and a bronze iris in + +H. torrenticola + +, Fig. +12 +). + + +The advertisement call of + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +differs by having a call duration of 0.11 ± +0.015 s +(shorter in + +H. +albopunctulatus + +with 0.051 ± +0.005 s +and in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.03 ± +0.001 s +), a dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz (lower in + +H. albopunctulatus + +with 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and in + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +with 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz) and a fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz (lower in + +H. albopunctulatus + +with 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz and in + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +with 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz). + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +has an intercall duration of 0.33 ± +0.044 s +(shorter in + +H. phyllognathus + +with +0.06 s +and in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.07 ± +0.007 s +) (Table +4 +, Fig. +9 +; +Melin 1941 +; +Duellman and Altig 1978 +; +Rivera-Correa 2016 +). Moreover, all males of + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +have been found calling while perching on vegetation over streams ( +n += 14; + +Pontificia Universidad Católica del +Ecuador +2024 + +), while all males of + +H. albopunctulatus + +were registered calling from under the rocks next to streams ( +n += 5; + +Pontificia Universidad Católica del +Ecuador +2024 + +). + + +Finally, + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +inhabits elevations between 879 and +1807 m +, while + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +lives lower between 214 and +622 m +and in warmer and wetter environments (Figs +5 +, +10 +). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +. + + + +Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs +20 +– +22 +). Measurements (in mm): +SVL +32.7; foot length 13.6, head length 9.6, head width 9.5, eye diameter 2.9, tympanum diameter 1.5, tibia length 15.8, femur length 14.3, internarial distance 2.7, interorbital distance 4.8. Head slightly longer than wide; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly truncated in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly convex; loreal region slightly concave; internarial region and top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area flat, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum round, with upper and posterior margins covered by a curved unpigmented supratympanic fold, reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, barely defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the length of head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, between round choanae, narrowly separated from each other, with five (right) and four (left) teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present. + + +Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2—3 ++ +III 2 +1 / 2 +—2 ++ +IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent, palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 2 – — 1 ++ +II 1 ++ +— 2 – III 1 ++ +— 2 ++ +IV 2 ++ +— 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle small, pinkish white; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in feet and conspicuous in hand; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth; venter finely granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, round tubercles below; cloacal fold present, thick. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in preservative + + + +(Fig. +20 +). Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs, and flanks cream densely covered with minute black spots, bigger black spots dispersed on the head and anterior part of the body. Very few, barely visible, white spots scattered on the posterior dorsum and hindlimbs. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs cream. Mental gland cream. White supralabial stripe. White ulnar fold. Pinkish white cloacal and tarsal folds with black spots. Webbing cream. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in life + + + +(Figs +21 +, +22 +). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks pale brownish green with minute black spots in the anterior part of the body and arms and white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs. Belly and other ventral surfaces are reddish brown. Tympanum and throat greenish. Mental gland yellowish green. Webbing reddish brown. Iris pinkish with leather reticulations. + + + + +Variation. + + +Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Figs +20 +– +22 +. In preservative (Fig. +20 +), dorsal background coloration varies from darker and brownish cream to pale cream. Background coloration has a variable pattern of white spots distributed throughout the body and limbs with minute black spots scattered in the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41901 + +), minute and thick brownish black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57100 + +), few black marks scattered in the dorsum (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +60695 + +) or without black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69550 + +), to barely visible white spots in the body with minute black spots dispersed in the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66710 + +), minute and thick black or brownish black spots covering half the body or the entire body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41554 + +, 69548), covering half the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66052 + +, 66709), with dark marks and flecks across the body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66051 + +, 52458) and big white marks with thick brownish spots in the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41649 + +) and barely visible black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +60694 + +). Ventral surfaces vary from pale cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57100 + +) to cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66051 + +), without any pattern. Throat cream or whitish cream, with or without minute black spots (e. g., 66709). Mental gland varies from cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69548 + +) to whitish cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41554 + +). Cloacal fold varies from white (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +60695 + +), pinkish white (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69550 + +), to pinkish white with black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69561 + +). White supralabial stripe varies from absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69548 + +), inconspicuous (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66051 + +) to conspicuous (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66710 + +). + + +In life, dorsal background coloration varies from yellowish green, pale olive green, olive green, brownish green, darker brownish green, greyish green to lemon grass (Figs +21 +, +22 +). Background coloration has a variable pattern of white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs with minute and thick black spots or marks scattered across the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +52463 + +, 58732), accumulated in the anterior part (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +60694 + +), accumulated in the entire body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69563 + +), with black flecks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41031 + +) or without black spots or any marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57100 + +, 69546) to barely visible or absent white spots without any dark spots or marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +49032 + +, 66710). Additionally, the dorsum can be covered by thick white marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57666 + +, 60694). Venter and posterior tights vary from yellow (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41031 + +, 57666 – less common), greenish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57099 + +, 59099), lemon grass (e. g., + +QCAZ +58732 + +), brownish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +52463 + +, 69550), silver (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59821 + +) or white (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69546 + +). Ventral axillar and inguinal surfaces vary from yellow (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41031 + +) to green (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59099 + +) or white (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69456 + +). Throat white (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +41031 + +), green (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +63488 + +), or brownish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +52463 + +). White supralabial stripe varies from present (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +57100 + +) to absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +66710 + +). Iris varies from pearl with barely visible reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69546 + +) or leather reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59821 + +) to pinkish with leather reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +69563 + +). Webbing matches ventral coloration. + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +is known from more than 25 localities from northern to southern +Ecuador +in the eastern Andean slopes, at elevations between +879–1807 m +(Fig. +5 +). From the species analyzed in this study, this is the most widespread and its biogeographic regions are Eastern Lower Montane Forest and Eastern Montane Forest ( +Ron et al. 2022 +). This species lives in hillside forests, frequently found in secondary forest and artificial open areas. They are nocturnal and associated with streams of running water and ravines. Males call perched on riparian vegetation up to +2.5 m +above the ground. It also occurs close to lagoons and small waterfalls. Perching sites include plants of +Araceae +, bromeliads, cedars, and ferns ( + +Pontificia Universidad Católica del +Ecuador +2024 + +). This species has not been found living or calling under rocks. It is known to live in sympatry with + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +and potentially with + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. + + + + +Advertisement call. + + +We analyzed 60 calls from 14 individuals. + + +QCAZ + +52006 + +from Caserío Machay, Provincia +Tungurahua +, +19 September 2011 +, recorded by SRR. + + +QCAZ + +59820 + +from Comunidad Zarentza, Llanganates National Park, +Provincia Pastaza +, +23 February 2015 +, air temperature 18 ° C recorded by D. Rivadeneira. + + +QCAZ + +63488 + +from Cocodrilos, +Provincia Napo +, +23 June 2016 +, recorded by SRR. + +KU +164338 + +and one unvouchered specimen from +2 km +SW of Río Reventador, +Provincia Napo +, +19 March 1975 +, temperature 18 ° C, recorded by W. E. Duellman. + +USNM +286338 + +, Río Reventador, +Provincia Napo +, recorded by R. McDiarmid. + +USNM +286349 + +from Baeza – Lago Agrio Road, +Provincia Napo +, +22 February 1985 +, recorded by R. McDiarmid. + +USNM +284316 + +from Cascada San Rafael, +Provincia Napo +, recorded by M. Foster. Two unvouchered specimens from San Rafael, +Provincia Napo +, recorded by R. McDiarmid. One unvouchered specimen from Sangay National Park, Provincia +Morona Santiago +, recorded by D. Batallas. Two unvouchered specimens from Río Azuela, +Provincia Napo +, +23 October 1971 +, temperature 18–19 ° C, and one from Cordillera del Dué, Provincia +Sucumbíos +, recorded by W. Duellman. The advertisement call consists of a single note, repeated in series of 1–8 calls (Fig. +9 E +). Average call duration is 0.11 ± +0.015 s +with an average inter-call interval of 0.33 ± +0.044 s +. Mean dominant frequency is 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table +4 +. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +The distribution polygon of + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +is +26,296 km +2 +. Its distribution range overlaps with many protected areas. Its presence in secondary forests and artificial open areas indicates that it can withstand anthropogenic habitat change. Therefore, we propose assigning + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +to the Red List category Least Concern. + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet comes from the Latin word + +dispersus + +in reference to the wide distribution range of this species, extending from north to south of the eastern Andes of +Ecuador +and probably with a wider unknown distribution that includes neighboring countries, +Colombia +, and +Peru +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/70/1B/7D/701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.xml b/data/70/1B/7D/701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6ad9fb1f7c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/70/1B/7D/701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.xml @@ -0,0 +1,872 @@ + + + +Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus + + + +Author + +Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea +0000-0002-0092-9915 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & 3 Diversity, Santo Domingo Oe 5 - 71 y Cuba, Quito, Ecuador & Institute of Biology, Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany + + + +Author + +Streicher, Jeffrey W. +0000-0002-3738-4162 +Herpetology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom + + + +Author + +Venegas, Pablo J. +0000-0002-6501-4492 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA & Instituto Peruano de Herpetología (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima, Peru + + + +Author + +Ron, Santiago R. +0000-0001-6300-9350 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2025 + +2025-03-13 + + +1231 + + +233 +292 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926 +DAE3FB4E-155F-4529-856D-12732CB58D1D + + + + + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 5 +, +7 +, +9 +, +10 +, +11 +, +16 +, +17 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Maycu stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de Maycu + + + + +Type material. + + + + +Holotype + +. • + +QCAZ +67087 + +(Figs +16 +, +17 +), field no. SC 56707, +adult male +from +Ecuador +, +Provincia Zamora Chinchipe +, +Reserva Natural Maycu +, plateau ( + +4.2067 ° S +, +78.6326 ° W + +), + +882 m +above sea level + +, collected by +D. Almeida +, +K. Nusirquia +, +D. Núñez +, +D. Paucar +, +F. Hervas +, +J. Ortega +, +A. Achig +, +S. Pillajo +, +R. Gavilanez +, and +J. Mora +on + +27 February 2017 + +. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at the Sketchfab platform ( +https://skfb.ly/oSqqr +) + +. + + +Paratypes + +. • All from +Ecuador +, +Provincia Zamora Chinchipe +. Collected with the holotype, + +QCAZ +67081 + +, +67086 +adult females +, + +QCAZ +67082 + +adult male +, + +QCAZ +67084 + +, +67085 +juveniles, + +QCAZ +67083 + +tadpole, + +959–1219 m + +of elevation, collected on + +23 and 25 February 2017 +and +01 March 2017 + + +. + +Nuevo Paraíso +, +camp near Río Nangaritza +, +Cordillera del Oso +( + +4.4442 ° S +, +78.8134 ° W + +), + +1127 m + +, + +QCAZ +68055 + +adult male +, collected on + +16 May 2017 + +by +K. Nusirquia +, +Darwin Núñez +, +Andrea Calispa + + + + + + + +Variation of preserved specimens of + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +Dorsal and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +67087 + +(holotype, +adult male +), + +QCAZ +67082 + +, 68055 ( +adult males +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +67081 + +, 67086 ( +adult females +). See Suppl. material +1 +: table S 1 for locality information. All specimens are shown at the same scale. + + + + + + + +Variation in life of + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +Dorsolateral, lateral, and ventral views. From top to bottom: + +QCAZ +67081 + +( +adult female +), + +QCAZ +67082 + +( +adult male +), + +QCAZ +67087 + +(holotype, +adult male +), + +QCAZ +67086 + +( +adult female +). + + + + + +Definition. + + +In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The definition and diagnosis are based on + +two +adult females + +and + +three +adult males + +. + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean +SVL +33.4 mm +in +adult males +(range 31.9–34.2; +n += 3) and mean +SVL +42.7 mm +in +adult females +(range 41.7–43.7; +n += 2; Suppl. material +1 +: table S 5; Fig. +7 +); (2) white supralabial stripe present or absent; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous in males and distinct in females; supratympanic fold inconspicuous and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds inconspicuous or conspicuous; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single, in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in hands and feet; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of black and white spots in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green to crete with white spots and minute or thick black spots scattered over the body; axillar and inguinal regions blueish or mongoose; venter and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow; other ventral surfaces silver or greenish; bones and articulations blue; unpigmented pericloacal spots; webbing yellow orange; iris clam shell with thick dark pinkish to leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consists of a single note, with duration of +0.053 s +( +n += 1) and a dominant frequency of 2343.8 Hz and fundamental frequency of 1171.90 Hz. The call can be repeated consecutively from 10–13 times in a series of calls. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +living in the Amazon basin are + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola +. +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +differs by the absence of a supratympanic fold (present in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (present and thick in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola + +), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (small to inconspicuous in hands and feet in + +H. albopunctulatus + +; Fig. +11 +), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), pericloacal spots ill-defined or absent (well-defined in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and + +H. phyllognathus + +), an absent calcar tubercle (present in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +and + +H. phyllognathus + +), and a clam iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations (a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and a bronze iris in + +H. torrenticola + +, Fig. +12 +). Although our sample size is small, the available evidence indicates that + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +differs from + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +by its smaller size (Fig. +7 +). + + +The advertisement call of + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +has a rise time of +0.8 s +(longer in + +H. albopunctulatus + +with 2.28 ± +0.80 s +and shorter in + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +with 0.57 ± +0.05 s +and in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.16 ± +0.017 s +), a dominant frequency of 2343.8 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1171.9 Hz (higher dominant frequency in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz). + +Hyloscirtus torrenticola + +also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +has a call duration of +0.053 s +(longer in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +of 0.11 ± +0.015 s +) (Table +4 +, Fig. +9 +; +Melin 1941 +; +Duellman and Altig 1978 +; +Rivera-Correa 2016 +). + + +Additionally, + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +inhabits elevations between 882 and +1183 m +, while + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +lives lower between 214 and +622 m +and in wetter and warmer environments (Figs +5 +, +10 +). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +. + + + +Description of characters based on the preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs +16 +, +17 +). Measurements (in mm): +SVL +34.1; foot length 13.9, head length 9.7, head width 10.2, eye diameter 3.0, tympanum diameter 2.0, tibia length 17.2, femur length 17.2, internarial distance 3.1, inter-orbital distance 4.9. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; distance from nostril to eye same as diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region convex; internarial region slightly curved; top of the head slightly concave; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum and tympanic fold inconspicuous; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, diamond-shaped, well defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the size of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers slightly curved, transversal and posterior to ovoid choanae, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing five teeth each; tongue cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and subgular vocal sac present. + + +Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 ++ +— 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent; palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 2 – II 1 ++ +— 2 – III 1 ++ +— 2 – IV 2 – — 1 ++ +V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; inner metatarsal tubercle present and round, outer absent. Skin on dorsum, flanks, dorsal and ventral surfaces of limbs, thighs, and venter smooth; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal fold thick. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in preservative + + + +(Fig. +16 +). Dorsal surfaces of the head, dorsum, flanks, and limbs cream with few minute black and white spots scattered through the body. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs plain cream. Mental gland pale cream. White supralabial stripe absent. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing cream. Other details are shown in Fig. +16 +. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in life + + + +(Fig. +17 +). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green with white spots and minute black spots and a few dispersed black marks. Head darker brown, probably because of the high accumulation of minute black spots. Venter and posterior surface of thighs yellow. Axillar and inguinal regions and other ventral surfaces greenish white. Yellowish mental gland. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing yellow orange. Iris clam shell with leather reticulations. + + + + +Variation. + + +Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Fig. +16 +(in preservative) and Fig. +17 +(in life). In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs with minute and thick darker brownish black spots scattered across the entire body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) or accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +) to darker cream with scattered spots dispersed in the body and limbs and minute black spots covering the dorsum (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +) or barely visible minute black spots and a few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +68055 + +). Venter varies from paler (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +) to darker cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +68055 + +). White supralabial stripe varies from absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +), ill-defined (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) to well-defined (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +). + + +In life (Fig. +17 +), dorsum varies from olive green with scattered white spots throughout the body and limbs with thick black spots in the body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) or few black marks in the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +) to paler olive green with spread white marks covering the entire body and limbs and few black marks in the mid part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +). Axillar and inguinal regions vary from blue (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) to whitish. Ventral surfaces besides venter and posterior thighs vary from greenish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) to whitish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +). A white supralabial stripe is present (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +) or absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +). Iris varies from clam shell with thin leather reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67086 + +), thick pinkish reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67081 + +) or thick leather reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +67082 + +). + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Hyloscirtus maycu + +sp. nov. +is known only from its type locality in Provincia +Morona Santiago +and one locality in Provincia +Zamora Chinchipe +(airline distance +32 km +), at elevations between 882 and +1183 m +, on the foothills of Cordillera del Cóndor, in +Ecuador +(Fig. +5 +). Biogeographic region is Eastern Lower Montane Forest ( +Ron et al. 2022 +). This species lives in primary and secondary forests. They are nocturnal and associated with ravines and streams. Males call from vegetation up to +2 m +high, on the edge of the streams. One individual was recorded calling under a rock, and another on a rock in a ravine with low flow. A metamorph was found (in March) on an island of rock in the middle of a stream, suggesting that its tadpoles develop in streams, like other + +Hyloscirtus + +. A tadpole ( + + +QCAZ + +67083 + +) was found on a pool next to a stream in February. + + + + +Advertisement call. + + +We analyzed five calls from one individual ( + + +QCAZ + +67087 + +) from Reserva Natural Maycu, Provincia +Zamora Chinchipe +, +27 February 2017 +, recorded by J. Ortega. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated 10–13 times in a series of calls (Fig. +9 B +). Average call duration is +0.053 s +with an average inter-call interval of +0.09 s +. The average dominant frequency of the call is 2343.8 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table +4 +. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +The distribution polygon of + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +is +54.8 km +2 +(based on two localities). Its distribution range is small but overlaps with a protected area, Reserva Natural Maycu; however, it is also found in Cordillera del Cóndor, an area severely fragmented by deforestation due to agriculture, cattle raising, and threatened mining activities. In response to its distribution range being less than +20000 km +2 and by having less than 10 known localities, we propose assigning + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +to the Red List category Vulnerable c (VU B 1 a). + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet + +maycu + +is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality of the species, a protected area in +Ecuador +named Reserva Natural Maycu, managed by the NGO Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional. “Maycu” seems to be a derivation of the Shuar word “Maycua” or “Maycuwa”, which the Shuar people use to refer to some species of small trees of the genus + +Brugmansia + +(angel’s trumpet). The southern border of the Reserve has been invaded by illegal miners and provides an additional example of the threat that mining represents for biodiversity conservation (F. Serrano, in litt.). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8A/6B/DA/8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.xml b/data/8A/6B/DA/8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b61de02bd73 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/8A/6B/DA/8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,921 @@ + + + +Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus + + + +Author + +Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea +0000-0002-0092-9915 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & 3 Diversity, Santo Domingo Oe 5 - 71 y Cuba, Quito, Ecuador & Institute of Biology, Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany + + + +Author + +Streicher, Jeffrey W. +0000-0002-3738-4162 +Herpetology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom + + + +Author + +Venegas, Pablo J. +0000-0002-6501-4492 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA & Instituto Peruano de Herpetología (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima, Peru + + + +Author + +Ron, Santiago R. +0000-0001-6300-9350 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2025 + +2025-03-13 + + +1231 + + +233 +292 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926 +DAE3FB4E-155F-4529-856D-12732CB58D1D + + + + + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus +( +Boulenger, 1882 +) + + + + + +Figs 4 +, +5 +, +7 +, +9 +, +11 +, +13 +, +14 +, +15 +Common name: Standard English name: White-speckled tree frog Standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de puntos blancos (Frank and Ramus 1996 +) + + + + + + + +Hyla albopunctulata + +Boulenger, 1882: 385 +, fig. 4. Type locality: Sarayacu, +Ecuador +. + + + + + + + + +Type material. + + + +Designated + +lectotype + +(Fig. +4 A +): +BMNH 1880.12.5.230 +, +adult male +, from “ +Sarayacu +, +Ecuador +” + +. + + +Paralectotypes + +: +BMNH 1880.12.5.159 +–162 +adult males +from “ +Ecuador +” + + + + + +Definition. + + +In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned, based on +four adult females +and +17 adult males +, including the +paralectotypes +. + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean +SVL +32.3 mm +in +adult males +(range 30.3–35.5; +n += 17) and mean +SVL +37.8 mm +in +adult females +(range 37.1–38.1; +n += 4) (Suppl. material +1 +: table S 5, Fig. +7 +); (2) white supralabial stripe present; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous in males and distinct in females, supratympanic fold present and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds present and thick; (5) subarticular tubercles varying from small to inconspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in hands and feet; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of black and white spots in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green to yellowish green, covered with white spots and with or without sparce or clumped black spots; axillar and inguinal regions yellowish or blueish; venter and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow; other ventral surfaces silver, brownish or greenish; yellow pericloacal spots; webbing yellow orange; iris clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consist of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.051 ± +0.005 s +, a mean dominant frequency of 2147.84 ± 137.36 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz. The call can be repeated consecutively for an indefinite number of times (2 –> 70) in a series of calls. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +living in the Amazon basin are + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola +. +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +differs by having a white supralabial stripe (absent in + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +), a supratympanic fold (absent in all species except in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), a thick tarsal fold (rudimentary in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, and + +H. phyllognathus + +), small to inconspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands and feet in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, and + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +; Fig. +11 +), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), an absent calcar tubercle (present in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +and + +H. phyllognathus + +), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, and + +H. torrenticola + +), and a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations (a clam shell iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +and + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, pearl or pinkish iris with leather reticulations in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +and bronze iris in + +H. torrenticola + +, Fig. +12 +). + + + + + + +Ventral views of right hands and feet of the species +A + +H. albopunctulatus +, + +QCAZ +59825 + + +, +SVL +: 37.9 mm, female +B + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +QCAZ +67087 + +, +SVL +: 34.1 mm, male +C + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +, + +QCAZ +53808 + +, +SVL +: 36.1 mm, male +D + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +, + +QCAZ +52006 + +, +SVL +: 32.6 mm, male. + + + + + + + +Photographs of individuals of + +Hyloscirtus phyllognathus + +and + +H. torrenticola + +species in life +A +dorsolateral and ventral views of a male of + +H. phyllognathus + +sensu stricto +( +CORBIDI +9590, Catarata Ahuashiyacu, San Martín, Perú) +B +dorsolateral view of a female of + +H. torrenticola + +( +MAR 1938 +, Departamento de Caquetá, Colombia) +C +dorsolateral view of a male of + +H. torrenticola + +( +MAR 1974 +, same locality as B). Photographs by Alessandro Catenazzi ( +A +) and Marco Rada ( +B, C +). + + + +The advertisement call of + +H. albopunctulatus + +has a rise time of 2.28 ± +0.80 s +(shorter in + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +with +0.832 s +and in + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +with 0.57 ± +0.05 s +), a dominant frequency of 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2210.8–2924.2 Hz in + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. +). + +Hyloscirtus torrenticola + +also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +has a call duration of 0.051 ± +0.005 s +(longer in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +with 0.11 ± +0.015 s +). + +Hyloscirtus +albopunctulatus + +has an intercall duration of 0.30 ± +0.06 s +(shorter in + +H. phyllognathus + +with +0.05 s +and in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.07 ± +0.007 s +) (Table +4 +, Fig. +9 +; +Melin 1941 +; +Duellman and Altig 1978 +; +Rivera-Correa 2016 +). Moreover, all males of + +H. albopunctulatus + +were registered calling from under rocks next to streams ( +n += 5; + +Pontificia Universidad Católica del +Ecuador +2024 + +), while all males of + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +have been found calling while perching in vegetation over streams ( +n += 14; + +Pontificia Universidad Católica del +Ecuador +2024 + +). + + + + +Variation. + + +Dorsal and ventral variation of adult preserved specimens is illustrated on Fig. +13 +. In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with white spots distributed throughout the body and limbs and thick black spots scattered across the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59825 + +) and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59823 + +), with minute black spots scattered in the entire body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59817 + +) or accumulated in the head (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59824 + +), with dark flecks in body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59809 + +), with barely visible minute black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +62188 + +) or absent black spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59827 + +), to cream with barely visible white spots and minute and thick black spots covering almost the entire dorsum (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59814 + +). We found evidence of conspicuous intraindividual phenotypic plasticity in color. Photos of + + +QCAZ + +59825 + +taken within 14 days of each other show variation in the presence of black spots on the dorsum, head, and snout. Similarly, + + +QCAZ + +59822 + +, after 17 days, gained abundant black spots on the dorsum and head and increased the conspicuousness of the dark reticulations on the iris (Fig. +14 A, B +). We did not find phenotypic plasticity in ventral coloration. Ventral surfaces vary from cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59825 + +) to darker cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59817 + +). Mental gland in males varies from whitish cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59814 + +) to darker cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59827 + +). + + + + + + +Variation of preserved specimens of + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +. Dorsal and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +62188 + +, 59825 ( +adult females +), + +QCAZ +59817 + +, 54111 ( +adult males +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +59823 + +, 59827, 59814 ( +adult males +), + +QCAZ +59809 + +(subadult female). See Suppl. material +1 +: table S 1 for locality information. All specimens are shown at the same scale. + + + + + + + +Phenotypic plasticity in dorsal color of + +Hyloscirtus + +. Left column: + +H. albopunctulatus +, + +QCAZ +59822 + + +, +adult male +. Right column: + +Hyloscirtus alytolylax +, + +QCAZ +64841 + + +, +adult male +. Photos in +A, B +were taken within 17 days of each other; photos in +C, D +within 16 minutes +E +Inset of the hindleg of + +QCAZ +64841 + +showing chromatophore change. + + + +In life (Fig. +15 +), the dorsum varies from light green with white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs, and few spread black marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59825 + +) or without black spots or marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59811 + +), yellowish green with white spots covering the entire body and limbs and spread black marks, accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59824 + +) or minute and thick blacks spots across the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59823 + +) to brownish green with white spots in all the body and limbs and few black marks randomly dispersed (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59808 + +). Venter and posterior surfaces of thighs vary from yellow (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59811 + +) to greenish yellow (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59808 + +). Other ventral surfaces vary from whitish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59823 + +) to brownish green (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59824 + +). Iris varies from clam shell with thin (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59825 + +) to thick black or sand dune reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +59823 + +). Examined specimens are listed in Suppl. material +1 +: tables S 1, S 9. + + + + + + +Variation in life of + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +. Dorsolateral and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +59825 + +, 59811, 59824 ( +adult females +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +59808 + +, 59823 ( +adult males +). + + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +is known from seven localities, from North to Central eastern +Ecuador +at elevations between 389 and +1391 m +(Fig. +5 +). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest, Eastern Foothill Forest, and Eastern Montane Forest ( +Ron et al. 2022 +). They are nocturnal and associated with streams near ravines. Males call under rocks in ravines, leaf litter, streams, small creeks, caves, or cracks. Several individuals have been found perching on vegetation up to +2.5 m +but have not been found calling there. The species occurs in sympatry with + +Hyloscirtus dispersus + +sp. nov. + + + + +Advertisement call. + + +We analyzed 26 calls from seven individuals. +Six males +( + + +QCAZ + +59813 + +, 59815, 59817 and three non-collected males) from Comunidad Zarentza, Llanganates National Park, +Provincia Pastaza +, on +17–24 February 2017 +, air temperature 19–21 ° C, recorded by D. Velalcázar and D. Rivadeneira. One individual ( + + +QCAZ + +48503 + +) from Reserva Río Bigal, Provincia +Orellana +, recorded by M. Read, on +22 May 2010 +. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated a highly variable number of times in a series of calls (Fig. +9 A +). We found from two to more than 70 consecutive calls before long silence periods. +One male +( + + +QCAZ + +59815 + +) called with short pauses during +4.08 s +, broadcasting 926 calls. The average call duration is 0.051 + +0.005 s +with an average inter-call interval of 0.30 ± +0.06 s +. The average dominant frequency of the call is 2149.8 ± 137.36 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table +4 +. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +The distribution polygon of + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +is +7921 km +2 +. Habitat destruction for agriculture and cattle is rising within its distribution range ( +Ministerio del Ambiente 2013 +). However, they also inhabit undisturbed and protected areas like Parque Nacional Llanganates. Its tolerance to disturbed forests is unknown. Given its distribution range being less than +20000 km +2 +and by having less than 10 known localities, we propose that + +H. albopunctulatus + +remains assigned to the Red List category Vulnerable (B 1 abiii). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/97/05/E9/9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.xml b/data/97/05/E9/9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..27761a19113 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/97/05/E9/9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,927 @@ + + + +Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus + + + +Author + +Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea +0000-0002-0092-9915 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & 3 Diversity, Santo Domingo Oe 5 - 71 y Cuba, Quito, Ecuador & Institute of Biology, Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany + + + +Author + +Streicher, Jeffrey W. +0000-0002-3738-4162 +Herpetology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom + + + +Author + +Venegas, Pablo J. +0000-0002-6501-4492 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA & Instituto Peruano de Herpetología (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima, Peru + + + +Author + +Ron, Santiago R. +0000-0001-6300-9350 +Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2025 + +2025-03-13 + + +1231 + + +233 +292 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926 +DAE3FB4E-155F-4529-856D-12732CB58D1D + + + + + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 5 +, +7 +, +9 +, +11 +, +18 +, +19 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Elbakyan stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente de Elbakyan + + + + +Type material. + + + + +Holotype + +. • + +QCAZ +53808 + +(Figs +18 +, +19 +), field no. SC 39260, +adult male +from +Ecuador +, +Provincia Morona Santiago +, +Comunidad Shaime +, +near Mirador de la Virgen +( + +2.975540 ° S +, +77.80346 ° W + +), + +622 m +above sea level + +, collected by +SRR +, +A. Merino +, +F. Ayala +, +T. Camacho +, and +M. Cohen +on + +23 July 2012 + +. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at Sketchfab platform ( +https://skfb.ly/oSXSH +) + +. + + +Paratypes + +. • All collected in +Ecuador +, +Provincia Morona Santiago +. Same locality and collection data as the holotype, + +QCAZ +53807 + +, +53831 +adult males + +. + +Surroundings of Río Shaime +( + +2.9409 ° S +, +77.8012 ° W + +), + +511 m + +, + +QCAZ +72665 + +–66 +adult males +, collected on + +6 June 2018 + + +; • + +Tiwintza-Shaime road +( + +2.9750 ° S +, +77.7957 ° W + +), + +211 m + +, + +QCAZ +72667 + +, collected on + +8 June 2018 + + +; • + +Mirador de la Virgen +, +Tiwintza-Shaime road +( + +2.9756 ° S +, +77.8015 ° W + +), + +529 m + +, + +QCAZ +72668 + +adult male +, collected on + +8 June 2018 + + +; • + +Peñas-Shaime road +( + +2.9663 ° S +, +77.8468 ° W + +), + +363 m + +, + +QCAZ +72669 + +, collected on + +9 June 2018 + + +; • + +Peñas-Shaime road +, + +2.8 km +E + +Río Yaupi +( + +2.9663 ° S +, +77.8468 ° W + +), + +363 m + +, + +QCAZ +73709 + +adult male +. +F. Ayala +, +D. Núñez +, +K. Nusirquia +and +A. Carvajal +collected all specimens from 2018 + +. + + + + + + +Variation of preserved specimens of + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +Dorsal and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +72666 + +, 73669, 72668 ( +adult males +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +53808 + +(holotype, +adult male +), + +QCAZ +72665 + +, 73709 ( +adult males +). See Suppl. material +1 +: table S 1 for locality information. All specimens are shown at the same scale. + + + + + + + +Variation in life of + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +Dorsolateral and ventral views. From left to right, first and second rows: + +QCAZ +53808 + +(holotype, +adult male +), + +QCAZ +53807 + +, 53831 ( +adult males +); third and fourth rows: + +QCAZ +72667 + +, 72665 ( +adult males +); fifth and sixth rows: + +QCAZ +73709 + +, 72669 ( +adult males +). + + + + + +Definition. + + +In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The Definition and Diagnosis are based on + +eight +adult males + +, females are unknown. + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) male mean +SVL +36.3 mm +(range 34.5–37.6; +n += 9; Suppl. material +1 +: table S 5, Fig. +7 +); (2) white supralabial stripe absent; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous; supratympanic fold inconspicuous and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and cloacal folds present; white tarsal fold present, inconspicuous to conspicuous; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surface plain cream with inconspicuous or absent white spots and minute or thick black spots or flecks in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green, brownish green or greyish green with or without white flecks and with minute or thick black spots or flecks; axillar and inguinal regions silver or brownish; venter and posterior surfaces of tights yellow; other ventral surfaces silver or brownish; pericloacal spots ill-defined, unpigmented; webbing yellow orange; iris pearl to clam shell with pinkish drown or leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consists of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.056 ± +0.001 s +and a dominant frequency of 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz and fundamental frequency of 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz. The call can be repeated in a series of 4–13 calls. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +in the Amazon basin are + +Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus + +, + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +, + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola +. +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +differs by the absence of a white supralabial stripe (present in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, + +H. phyllognathus + +and + +H. torrenticola + +), an absent supratympanic fold (present in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (conspicuous in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, + +H. phyllognathus + +, and + +H. torrenticola + +), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (inconspicuous in hands and feet in + +H. albopunctulatus + +, Fig. +11 +), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +), absent pericloacal spots (present in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and + +H. phyllognathus + +), absent calcar tubercle (present in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +and + +H. phyllognathus + +), and a clam shell or pearl iris (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in + +H. albopunctulatus + +and a bronze iris in + +H. torrenticola + +, Fig. +12 +). + + +The advertisement call of + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +has a rise time of 0.57 ± +0.05 s +(longer in + +H. albopunctulatus + +with 2.28 ± +0.80 s +and in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.16 ± +0.017 s +), a dominant frequency of 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +). + +Hyloscirtus torrenticola + +also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz. + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +has a call duration of 0.06 ± +0.001 s +(longer in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +with 0.11 ± +0.015 s +) and an intercall duration of 0.12 ± +0.007 s +(shorter in + +H. torrenticola + +with 0.07 ± 0.007 and longer in + +H. albopunctulatus + +with 0.30 ± +0.06 s +and in + +H. dispersus + +sp. nov. +of 0.33 ± +0.044 s +) (Table +4 +, Fig. +9 +; +Melin 1941 +; +Duellman and Altig 1978 +; +Rivera-Correa 2016 +). + + +Moreover, + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +inhabits elevations between 214 and +622 m +, while + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +lives higher between 882 and +1183 m +, in colder and dryer environments (Figs +5 +and +10 +). The available evidence indicates that + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +is larger than + +H. maycu + +sp. nov. +(Fig. +7 +). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +. + + + +Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs +18 +, +19 +). Measurements (in mm): +SVL +36.1; foot length 14.3, head length 10.5, head width 11.7, eye diameter 3.4, tympanum diameter 1.6, tibia length 16.9, femur length 16.7, internarial distance 3.0, inter-orbital distance 5.5. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; internarial region nearly flat; top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum inconspicuous, with upper and posterior margins barely covered by a curved and thin inconspicuous supratympanic fold reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, very distinct, extending ~ 1 / 2 the length of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, in transverse row posterior to level of choanae, which is round, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing 4 teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present. + + +Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 ++ +— 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; thenar and palmar tubercles absent; small prepollex, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs moderately robust; toes bearing rounded discs; relative length of toes I <II <III <V <IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 1 +3 / 4 +II 1 – — 2 – III 1 ++ +— 1 – IV 1 – — 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles round and single; supernumerary tubercles not distinctive; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth and ventral surfaces granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, rounded tubercles below; cloacal fold thick. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in preservative + + + +(Fig. +18 +). Dorsal surfaces of the dorsum, flanks and limbs cream covered with minute black spots, more abundant in the head. Very few white spots barely visible dispersed on the posterior dorsum and dorsal surfaces of the hindlimbs. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs plain cream. Mental gland cream with small black spots. White supralabial stripe absent. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing cream. + + + + + +Color of +holotype +in life + + + +(Fig. +19 +). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks dark brownish green with minute black spots, more abundant on the anterior part of the head and limbs, as if those areas were dark brown. Few barely visible white flecks spread on the hindlimbs. Venter and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow, other ventral surfaces whitish. Throat greenish white. Tympanum pale green. Mental gland calico. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing yellow. Iris pearl with pinkish-brown reticulations. + + + + +Variation. + + +Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Figs +18 +, +19 +. In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with scattered white spots through the body and limbs and minute and thick black pots scattered across the body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73669 + +) or barely visible black spots or marks (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72666 + +), without white spots and brownish black flecks dispersed in the body and limbs, more accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72668 + +) or spots covering the entire body and limbs (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72665 + +) to paler cream without white spots and few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73709 + +). Ventral surfaces vary from darker cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72666 + +) to paler cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73709 + +). Mental gland varies from cream (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73669 + +) to whitish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72665 + +). White supralabial stripe varies from inconspicuous (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72665 + +) to absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73709 + +). + + +In life (Fig. +19 +), dorsum varies from pale olive green, olive green, brownish green, darker brownish green to greyish green with barely visible white spots scattered throughout the body and few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +53831 + +) or without black marks or spots (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +53807 + +), to absent white or black spots ( + + +QCAZ + +72665 + +, 72667, 72669 and 73709). Ventral surfaces, besides venter and posterior thighs, vary from silver (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +53807 + +) to whitish (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73709 + +). Iris varies from clam shell with thin reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +73709 + +) to pearl with thicker reticulations (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72667 + +). White supralabial stripe varies from present (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72665 + +) to absent (e. g., + + +QCAZ + +72667 + +). + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +is known from seven localities, nearby the type locality, Comunidad Shaime, Provincia +Morona Santiago +, +Ecuador +, at elevations between +214–622 m +(Fig. +5 +). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest and Eastern Lower Montane Forest ( +Ron et al. 2022 +). This species lives in hillside forest, with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance. The habitat is dominated by palms ( + +Iriartea deltoidea + +) and trees up to +20–30 m +high (collectors’ observations). They are nocturnal and have been found on ravines with shrub vegetation on the edge of torrent rivers and streams. + +Hyloscirtus elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +calls from under rocks in streams with little water and cracks. There are no records of individuals perching on riparian vegetation. + + + + +Advertisement call. + + +We analyzed ten calls from two individuals. Both calls ( + + +QCAZ + +53807 + +–08) from Comunidad Shaime, Provincia +Morona Santiago +, recorded on +23 July 2012 +by SRR and T. Camacho, water temperature 20–21 ° C. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated in series of 4–13 calls (Fig. +9 C +). Average call duration is 0.06 ± +0.05 s +with an average inter-call interval of 0.12 ± +0.007 s +. The average dominant frequency is 2321.29 ± 127.86. Other call parameters are listed in Table +4 +. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +The distribution polygon of + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +is +11 km +2 +. There is evidence of deforestation due to logging and it is not known to occur in protected areas. There might be undiscovered populations because the region where it occurs has not been thoroughly sampled. However, in response to its distribution range being less than +20000 km +2 +and having fewer than ten known localities, we propose assigning + +H. elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +to the Red List category Vulnerable (VUB 1 abiii). + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific name + +elbakyanae + +sp. nov. +is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Alexandra Elbakyan. She is a computer programmer and creator of Sci-Hub, a website which provides free access to scientific articles. Sci-Hub allows scientists worldwide to access articles that, otherwise, are behind paywalls and unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries. Our research has greatly benefited from access to relevant literature using Sci-Hub through the years. + + + + \ No newline at end of file