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<document id="A8D27863DDD44C010DCA78DA102807D8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15035676" ID-ZooBank="3D6739C3-12F3-425D-B8B8-4D44D934FCBE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1742145999279" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Arpitha, J., Naveen, R. S. & Priti, Hebbar" docDate="2025" docId="03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5604.2.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5604 (2)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Indirana bhadrai" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="170" masterDocId="FFB92715D93AFFB7FF88FF9A990FFF80" masterDocTitle="Larval descriptions and natural history of two endemic frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from the Western Ghats, India" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="169" updateTime="1742317564702" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="C6EF822E7CFFE772B24EFDDB8138D54B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="497A43C79C2489CC32921BCB26C370AA">
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||||
<mods:title id="78481E9CA0A2166025E791FF878FD0F9">Larval descriptions and natural history of two endemic frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from the Western Ghats, India</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="51AE4D959E6806D76F45947946D30534" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="10014B5BFA9C2BF44C303A4BCFCBDD99">
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<mods:roleTerm id="74F559336E295795FAAC3E555070B28D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="95892B3066A189F136736E53B4B690C0">Arpitha, J.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="6A42ABE4D0BAECAB12CD6BB0D84AFB37">Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore 5600029, India & EDGE of Existence Programme, Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London, NW 1 4 RY, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="64A61E0CB6F0F46E47A3B99937EA261C" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="B0367EE126129816819E3427A6CE4772">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9263F00678D0AAABA67CF4B8EFC45D16">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="92351C3D82820BAE47E857C5D4EE91AA">Naveen, R. S.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="AD99FE5D10C38F7CB07350C494473C50">EDGE of Existence Programme, Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London, NW 1 4 RY, UK & Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India</mods:affiliation>
|
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E79C2E3FE29F37C70F8978F1F260514E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="39F9EA4E6E61DAFDE1FBE61B7A540507">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="F4E43AF8800ACA4F2C9DF6C039A39883">Priti, Hebbar</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="3F6A00570075D41CE03C6C311B99FD58">Department of Science and Humanities, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2A572EAD8207F2E98563F7B39C2DCCFE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B214FDC01DB23DAA92206E46F13A78FD">
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||||
<mods:title id="ED3EE2CA112BE6C2DA4AA349488CE170">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D6DB1EB4CE19A77608FB866FB3DCB025">
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<mods:date id="0AB0919F236FF2209B2F7B5071B18074">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="BB761D89D86943E871DF40A5702FF61C" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="568BADB61F57B9E8DB25AC8D1790B27E">2025-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="084076CD1A082F41CB35F92BB4ED674A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5D6966DD9C0A3BA0537A99DBEC43142D">5604</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="5C50B0C7D66817FB17758995CBF0CF7A" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F4179AB4BF93A57E1837C35676F2D3D7">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EA749FB56FA4D34B05461226B025DAE7">167</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="101CE141843F9D707E15140B6BA7720D">175</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="7A6D1CBF6E87157514FEF51599943F99">
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<mods:url id="EFFDCF1E96FD274E6B61855C31BF532D">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="A0011622D943133B9CF406E49659E01D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="62C180C3D09B5171BA5D4807F69EB74A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C760992FBBF7D904AE27376688A34817" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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||||
<mods:identifier id="C572165AB594D66310488C85CCF276DD" type="Zenodo-Dep">15035676</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7E20AF52B16B63D41580B05CF9DB418C" type="ZooBank">3D6739C3-12F3-425D-B8B8-4D44D934FCBE</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">
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<subSubSection id="C333BDF0D938FFB5FF1FFC479866FC78" box="[151,361,989,1016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD938FFB5FF1FFC479866FC78" blockId="2.[151,361,989,1016]" box="[151,361,989,1016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">
|
||||
<heading id="D0DE5917D938FFB5FF1FFC479866FC78" bold="true" box="[151,361,989,1016]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D938FFB5FF1FFC479866FC78" ID-CoL="3PMW5" box="[151,361,989,1016]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bhadrai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D938FFB5FF1FFC479866FC78" bold="true" box="[151,361,989,1016]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Indirana bhadrai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C333BDF0D938FFB5FF1FFB859C6CF9F0" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD938FFB5FF1FFB859C68FA1B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1055,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D938FFB5FF1FFB859893FBB9" bold="true" box="[151,412,1055,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">External morphology.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FE2DFB859B1DFBB9" box="[421,530,1055,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Specimen</collectorName>
|
||||
numbers: BNHS 6809–6812.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FCE3FB859AC6FBB9" box="[875,969,1055,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">External</collectorName>
|
||||
larval morphology is described based on
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D2F25F2D938FFB5FF1FFBD89831FBDC" box="[151,318,1090,1116]" count="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FED7FBD898F2FBDC" box="[351,509,1090,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Gosner Stages</collectorName>
|
||||
36–38 (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6ABDBC0D938FFB5FDDEFBD89BA6FBDC" box="[598,681,1090,1116]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric measurements of the tadpoles of I. bhadrai (n=4) of Gosner Stages 36–38 in mm." pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED938FFB5FD3FFBD89A01FBDC" box="[695,782,1090,1116]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FCA9FBD89AA8FBDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842:8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FCA9FBD89AA8FBDC" box="[801,935,1090,1116]" name="Small-sized" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Small-sized</location>
|
||||
, semiterrestrial tadpoles (TaL
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD1439ED938FFB5FB7AFBD89C9FFBDD" box="[1266,1424,1090,1117]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="1.61" metricValueMin="1.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="15.75" valueMax="16.1" valueMin="15.4">15.4–16.1mm</quantity>
|
||||
), body oval, longer than wide (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3876BED938FFB5FE7BFBFC9B19FB00" box="[499,534,1126,1152]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BL</collectionCode>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DB8F4600D938FFB5FD97FBFC9B71FB00" box="[543,638,1126,1152]" collectionCode="BW" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BW 1.9</specimenCode>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FD1EFBFC9BA2FB00" box="[662,685,1126,1152]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">In</collectorName>
|
||||
the lateral view, body depressed (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3876BED938FFB5FBC9FBFC9D61FB00" box="[1089,1134,1126,1152]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BW</collectionCode>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DB8F4600D938FFB5FBFFFBFC9DC0FB00" box="[1143,1231,1126,1152]" collectionCode="BW" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BH 1.3</specimenCode>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FB6FFBFC9C12FB00" box="[1255,1309,1126,1152]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Eyes</collectorName>
|
||||
positioned dorsally, directed dorso-laterally.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FD9DFB109B59FB24" box="[533,598,1162,1188]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Nares</collectorName>
|
||||
closer to eyes than snout (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3876BED938FFB5FC19FB139AC6FB23" box="[913,969,1161,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">NSD</collectionCode>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DB8F4600D938FFB5FC59FB139D34FB23" box="[977,1083,1161,1187]" collectionCode="END" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">END 1.7</specimenCode>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FBDAFB139C4FFB23" box="[1106,1344,1161,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Inter-Narial Distance</collectorName>
|
||||
smaller than
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FF58FB3698C9FB46" box="[208,454,1196,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Inter-Orbital Distance</collectorName>
|
||||
(1.1).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FD9CFB379B5AFB47" box="[532,597,1197,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Snout</collectorName>
|
||||
declivous in dorsal view.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FC08FB369AD4FB46" box="[896,987,1196,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Spiracle</collectorName>
|
||||
sinistral and lacking inner wall.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FADAFB369C93FB46" box="[1362,1436,1196,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Coiled</collectorName>
|
||||
gut visible from the ventral view.
|
||||
<location id="8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FD90FB4A9B4CFB6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842:8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FD90FB4A9B4CFB6A" box="[536,579,1232,1258]" name="Tail" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Tail</location>
|
||||
length twice as long as body length (TL/
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DB8F4600D938FFB5FB91FB4A9D64FB6A" box="[1049,1131,1232,1258]" collectionCode="BL" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BL 1.6</specimenCode>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FB08FB4A9DA4FB6A" box="[1152,1195,1232,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Tail</collectorName>
|
||||
thin, cylindrical, and tapering muscular structure with rudimentary dorsal and ventral fins beginning at the posterior most quarter of the tail muscle.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FE97FA8D985DFAB1" box="[287,338,1303,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Vent</collectorName>
|
||||
tube medial and short.
|
||||
<location id="8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FDD2FA8D9B84FAB1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842:8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FDD2FA8D9B84FAB1" box="[602,651,1303,1329]" name="Oral" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Oral</location>
|
||||
disc (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED938FFB5FD58FA8D9A29FAB1" box="[720,806,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) relatively small (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3876BED938FFB5FC7AFA8D9D11FAB1" box="[1010,1054,1303,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">BW</collectionCode>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DB8F4600D938FFB5FBAEFA8D9D98FAB1" box="[1062,1175,1303,1329]" collectionCode="ODW" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">ODW 2.6</specimenCode>
|
||||
), ventrally situated and not emarginated.
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FEDDFAA19895FAD5" box="[341,410,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Upper</collectorName>
|
||||
labium inverted ‘V’ shaped.
|
||||
<location id="8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FD5FFAA09A11FAD4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842:8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FD5FFAA09A11FAD4" box="[727,798,1338,1364]" name="Labial" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Labial</location>
|
||||
tooth row formula (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3876BED938FFB5FC70FAA19D32FAD5" box="[1016,1085,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">LTRF</collectionCode>
|
||||
) 4(1–4)/4(1–2).
|
||||
<collectorName id="26DC8BADD938FFB5FB7AFAA19C30FAD5" box="[1266,1343,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Row P</collectorName>
|
||||
1 shorter than other posterior tooth rows, with a large medial gap.
|
||||
<location id="8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FC9EFAC49A4EFAF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842:8EF6B8A0D938FFB5FC9EFAC49A4EFAF8" box="[790,833,1374,1400]" municipality="Marginal" name="Jaw" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Jaw</location>
|
||||
sheaths strongly compressed transversely, keratinised and well-serrated.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF27401D938FFB5FEEDFA1B98C5FA1B" box="[357,458,1409,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Marginal</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
papillae present only on commissures, medium-sized, submarginal papillae absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD938FFB5FF4FFA3F9C6CF9F0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1055,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D938FFB5FF4FFA3F9850FA3F" bold="true" box="[199,351,1445,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||||
In life, the dorsal colouration of the tadpoles varied from dark to pale brown. Brown to golden coloured irregular patches on the body, with two prominent, almost circular patches behind the eyes on the dorsal side. Dark brown to black coloured thin vein-like patterns on the dorsolateral side, behind the eyes. Three to four thin, dark perpendicular stripes over the hind limbs. Tail with thick orange to brown stripes, more prominent near the base than towards the posterior end. Ventral colouration ranged from uniform white to pale orange. Gut coils pale green to greenish-grey in colour. In preservation, the dorsum turns black and the ventral side is creamy white.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C333BDF0D938FFB4FF4FF9E09DF4F842" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD938FFB5FF4FF9E09B7AF878" blockId="2.[151,1437,1055,2040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D938FFB5FF4FF9E0988AF913" bold="true" box="[199,389,1657,1684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||||
Adults and tadpoles (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED938FFB5FDF0F9E09BE6F914" box="[632,745,1658,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2C,D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) were encountered on rocky mountainous slopes containing a thin film (<
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD1439ED938FFB5FEA9F907986BF937" box="[289,356,1693,1719]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) of water streaming over them, in areas locally called Attigundi and Basignamutt (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED938FFB5FA81F9079C6BF937" box="[1289,1380,1693,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We observed abundant algal growth on these slopes, and the tadpoles were seen feeding on them. Ambient temperature and relative humidity of the site in Attigundi were measured at 19°C and 98%, respectively. The water flowing over the rock formation had a temperature of 19.9°C, pH 5.12, contained 0.02 ppt of total dissolved solids and a water conductivity of 0.07 mS. Tadpoles were largely found on the open rocks than the regions on the rock with plant growth. Cement structure constructed adjacent to the rocky slopes, resembling the latter in algal abundance and water flow also had tadpoles of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D938FFB5FDB8F8E99BAEF80C" box="[560,673,1906,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bhadrai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D938FFB5FDB8F8E99BAEF80C" box="[560,673,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">I. bhadrai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED938FFB5FD38F8E89A07F80C" box="[688,776,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="169">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Newly hatched tadpoles lacked hind limbs but were seen moving actively across the rock with the help of their proportionately long muscular tail and some of them were found wriggling on the roadsides. The older tadpoles with completely developed hind limbs were also seen crawling actively but leapt and fled when disturbed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF56BEF3D939FFB4FF1FFF029C18FF30" box="[151,1303,152,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" startId="3.[151,239,152,176]" targetBox="[181,1402,193,740]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD939FFB4FF1FFF029C18FF30" blockId="3.[151,1303,152,177]" box="[151,1303,152,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D939FFB4FF1FFF029805FF30" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Morphometric measurements of the tadpoles of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D939FFB4FC99FF039A73FF30" box="[785,892,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bhadrai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D939FFB4FC99FF039A73FF30" box="[785,892,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">I. bhadrai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n=4) of Gosner Stages 36–38 in mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD939FFB4FF3DFF5B9C69FD64" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<table id="F9291CDBD9390048FF3DFF5B9C75FD64" box="[181,1402,193,740]" gridcols="7" gridrows="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFF5B9C75FF59" box="[181,1402,193,217]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFF5B9818FF59" box="[181,279,193,217]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">Character</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FF5B98E6FF59" box="[364,489,193,217]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BNHS 6809</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FDACFF5B9BAEFF59" box="[548,673,193,217]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BNHS 6810</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FD54FF5B9A57FF59" box="[732,856,193,217]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BNHS 6811</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFF5B9D1FFF59" box="[915,1040,193,217]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BNHS 6812</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FF5B9DCCFF59" box="[1097,1219,193,217]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">Mean ± SD</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFF5B9C75FF59" box="[1286,1402,193,217]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">Range</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFF739C75FE81" box="[181,1402,233,257]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFF739818FE81" box="[181,279,233,257]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FF7398E6FE81" box="[364,489,233,257]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">8.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFF739BAEFE81" box="[548,673,233,257]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">9.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FF739A57FE81" box="[732,856,233,257]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">9.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFF739D1FFE81" box="[915,1040,233,257]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">9.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FF739DCCFE81" box="[1097,1219,233,257]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">9.4 ± 0.45</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFF739C75FE81" box="[1286,1402,233,257]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">8.8–9.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFE8B9C75FEA9" box="[181,1402,273,297]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFE8B9818FEA9" box="[181,279,273,297]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">TaL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FE8B98E6FEA9" box="[364,489,273,297]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">15.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFE8B9BAEFEA9" box="[548,673,273,297]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">16.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FE8B9A57FEA9" box="[732,856,273,297]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">16.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFE8B9D1FFEA9" box="[915,1040,273,297]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">15.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FE8B9DCCFEA9" box="[1097,1219,273,297]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">15.7 ± 0.38</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFE8B9C75FEA9" box="[1286,1402,273,297]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">15.4 -–16.1</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFEA39C75FED2" box="[181,1402,313,338]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFEA39818FED2" box="[181,279,313,338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">TL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FEA398E6FED2" box="[364,489,313,338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">24.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFEA39BAEFED2" box="[548,673,313,338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">25.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FEA39A57FED2" box="[732,856,313,338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">25.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFEA39D1FFED2" box="[915,1040,313,338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">24.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FEA39DCCFED2" box="[1097,1219,313,338]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">25.1 ± 0.81</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFEA39C75FED2" box="[1286,1402,313,338]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">24.2–25.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFEFB9C75FEFA" box="[181,1402,353,378]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFEFB9818FEFA" box="[181,279,353,378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BH</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FEFB98E6FEFA" box="[364,489,353,378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFEFB9BAEFEFA" box="[548,673,353,378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FEFB9A57FEFA" box="[732,856,353,378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFEFB9D1FFEFA" box="[915,1040,353,378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FEFB9DCCFEFA" box="[1097,1219,353,378]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.4 ± 0.25</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFEFB9C75FEFA" box="[1286,1402,353,378]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">3.1–3.6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFE109C75FE22" box="[181,1402,394,418]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFE109818FE22" box="[181,279,394,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">BW</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FE1098E6FE22" box="[364,489,394,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">4.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFE109BAEFE22" box="[548,673,394,418]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">5.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FE109A57FE22" box="[732,856,394,418]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">6.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFE109D1FFE22" box="[915,1040,394,418]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">4.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FE109DCCFE22" box="[1097,1219,394,418]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">5 ± 0.72</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFE109C75FE22" box="[1286,1402,394,418]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">4.4–6.0</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFE289C75FE4A" box="[181,1402,434,458]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFE289818FE4A" box="[181,279,434,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">ODW</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FE2898E6FE4A" box="[364,489,434,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFE289BAEFE4A" box="[548,673,434,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FE289A57FE4A" box="[732,856,434,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFE289D1FFE4A" box="[915,1040,434,458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FE289DCCFE4A" box="[1097,1219,434,458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.9 ± 0.18</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFE289C75FE4A" box="[1286,1402,434,458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.7–2.1</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFE409C75FE72" box="[181,1402,474,498]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFE409818FE72" box="[181,279,474,498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">ED</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FE4098E6FE72" box="[364,489,474,498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFE409BAEFE72" box="[548,673,474,498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FE409A57FE72" box="[732,856,474,498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFE409D1FFE72" box="[915,1040,474,498]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FE409DCCFE72" box="[1097,1219,474,498]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.4 ± 0.14</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFE409C75FE72" box="[1286,1402,474,498]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3–1.6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFD989C75FD9B" box="[181,1402,514,539]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFD989818FD9B" box="[181,279,514,539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">IOD</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FD9898E6FD9B" box="[364,489,514,539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFD989BAEFD9B" box="[548,673,514,539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FD989A57FD9B" box="[732,856,514,539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFD989D1FFD9B" box="[915,1040,514,539]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FD989DCCFD9B" box="[1097,1219,514,539]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.7 ± 0.25</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFD989C75FD9B" box="[1286,1402,514,539]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.4–2.0</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFDB19C75FDC3" box="[181,1402,555,579]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFDB19818FDC3" box="[181,279,555,579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">IND</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FDB198E6FDC3" box="[364,489,555,579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFDB19BAEFDC3" box="[548,673,555,579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FDB19A57FDC3" box="[732,856,555,579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFDB19D1FFDC3" box="[915,1040,555,579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FDB19DCCFDC3" box="[1097,1219,555,579]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6 ± 0.05</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFDB19C75FDC3" box="[1286,1402,555,579]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.5–1.6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFDC99C75FDEB" box="[181,1402,595,619]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFDC99818FDEB" box="[181,279,595,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">NSD</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FDC998E6FDEB" box="[364,489,595,619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFDC99BAEFDEB" box="[548,673,595,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FDC99A57FDEB" box="[732,856,595,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFDC99D1FFDEB" box="[915,1040,595,619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FDC99DCCFDEB" box="[1097,1219,595,619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2 ± 0.12</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFDC99C75FDEB" box="[1286,1402,595,619]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.8–2.1</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFDE19C75FD13" box="[181,1402,635,659]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFDE19818FD13" box="[181,279,635,659]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">END</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FDE198E6FD13" box="[364,489,635,659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFDE19BAEFD13" box="[548,673,635,659]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FDE19A57FD13" box="[732,856,635,659]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFDE19D1FFD13" box="[915,1040,635,659]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FDE19DCCFD13" box="[1097,1219,635,659]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.5 ± 0.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFDE19C75FD13" box="[1286,1402,635,659]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.2–1.6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFD399C75FD3C" box="[181,1402,675,700]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFD399818FD3C" box="[181,279,675,700]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">ESD</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FD3998E6FD3C" box="[364,489,675,700]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFD399BAEFD3C" box="[548,673,675,700]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FD399A57FD3C" box="[732,856,675,700]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFD399D1FFD3C" box="[915,1040,675,700]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FD399DCCFD3C" box="[1097,1219,675,700]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">2.4 ± 0.42</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFD399C75FD3C" box="[1286,1402,675,700]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.8–2.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D9390048FF3DFD569C75FD64" box="[181,1402,716,740]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D9390048FF3DFD569818FD64" box="[181,279,716,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">TMH</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FEE4FD5698E6FD64" box="[364,489,716,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FDACFD569BAEFD64" box="[548,673,716,740]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FD54FD569A57FD64" box="[732,856,716,740]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FC1BFD569D1FFD64" box="[915,1040,716,740]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FBC1FD569DCCFD64" box="[1097,1219,716,740]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.2 ± 0.15</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D9390048FA8EFD569C75FD64" box="[1286,1402,716,740]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">1.0–1.3</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF56BEF3D939FFB4FF1FF9DB9C67F921" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" startId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" targetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD939FFB4FF1FF9DB9C67F921" blockId="3.[151,1436,1601,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D939FFB4FF1FF9DB9801F9D9" bold="true" box="[151,270,1601,1625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D939FFB4FE93F9DB98C4F9D9" box="[283,459,1601,1625]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bhadrai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D939FFB4FE93F9DB98C4F9D9" box="[283,459,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">Indirana bhadrai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D939FFB4FC8FF9109A63F921" box="[775,876,1673,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" genus="Indirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bhadrai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D939FFB4FC8FF9109A63F921" box="[775,876,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">I. bhadrai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD939FFB4FF4FF96E9DF4F842" blockId="3.[151,1436,1780,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">
|
||||
Egg clutches (three) were located within moist crevices along the rocky slopes, mostly hidden from plain sight (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED939FFB4FF17F88299F9F8B2" box="[159,246,1816,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetId="figure-186@3.[151,1436,840,1578]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Indirana bhadrai. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) an adult male; (D) tadpole in life; (E) aggregation of tadpoles on cement surface; (F) clutch containing about 200 eggs (Gosner Stage 18) on rocky slopes; (G) rocky habitat of I. bhadrai tadpoles with a thin film of water flowing over it." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="170">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each clutch comprised approximately 150 to
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D2F25F2D939FFB4FC84F8829A7EF8B2" box="[780,881,1816,1842]" count="200" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" type="egg">200 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||||
and was not submerged in water. One of the egg clutches had embryos with well-developed external gills. The eggs measured about
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD1439ED939FFB4FBD0F8A69D94F8D6" box="[1112,1179,1852,1878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter at Gosner Stage 17 and about
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD1439ED939FFB4FEFDF8FA98C4F8FA" box="[373,459,1888,1914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
at Gosner Stage 20. Notably, the tadpole tails were observed to be more than twice the length of the body within the eggs, making it easy to identify and distinguish them from other species sharing the same habitat. Post-hatching, the tadpoles congregated in small puddles beneath the oviposition sites.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
276
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276
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@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
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<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D93EFFB3FF1FFF0D989FFF32" ID-CoL="42RGK" box="[151,400,151,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Micrixalidae" genus="Micrixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
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<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FF1FFF0D989FFF32" bold="true" box="[151,400,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Micrixalus candidus</emphasis>
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|
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<subSubSection id="C333BDF0D93EFFB3FF1FFF459815F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FF1FFF459894FF79" bold="true" box="[151,411,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">External morphology.</emphasis>
|
||||
Specimen numbers (BNHS 6827–6830). Based on a single specimen at Stage 26, BNHS6827 (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6ABDBC0D93EFFB3FF17FE9999F7FE9D" box="[159,248,259,285]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,801,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements of M. candidus tadpoles (n=4) at Gosner Stages 26–27, in mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
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;
|
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<figureCitation id="1312F2FED93EFFB3FE8EFE99986EFE9D" box="[262,353,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetId="figure-52@5.[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Micrixalus candidus. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) adult male; (D–E) tadpole in life; (F) slow flowing stream, habitat of these tadpoles; (G) upper section of the stream with abundant rocks and gravel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tadpole has an overall eel-like appearance. Body elliptic dorsally, longer than wide (BL/BW 2.4). In the lateral view, body depressed (BW/BH 1.3). Eyes moderate in size, ED is 12.1% of BL, positioned dorsally (ED/BW 0.3). Nares oval, dorso-laterally positioned, closer to the eyes than snout. Distance between the nares larger than between eyes (IOD/IND 0.6). Snout nearly rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Spiracle tube single, free from body wall, sinistral, positioned laterally, directed posteriorly, and located closer to the snout than to the tail base. Coiled gut is feebly visible from ventral view as the skin is only semitransparent. In the dorsal view, the body gradually narrows down into tail, with subtle marginalisation. Tail twice as long as the body (TL/BL 2.14). Tail musculature robust, with well-marked myotomes. TMH remains almost intact until the final quarter of the tail length and then tapers sharply. Dorsal fin, initially shallow, originated slightly after the body-tail junction. Ventral fin originated at the body-tail junction, wider than the dorsal fin but eventually evens out to match its size. Vent tube, dextral and directed posteriorly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED93EFFB3FD8EFDF19B6FFD05" box="[518,608,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetId="figure-52@5.[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Micrixalus candidus. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) adult male; (D–E) tadpole in life; (F) slow flowing stream, habitat of these tadpoles; (G) upper section of the stream with abundant rocks and gravel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Variations among individuals (N = 4, Stage 26–27) are given in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6ABDBC0D93EFFB3FACAFDF19C97FD05" box="[1346,1432,619,645]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,801,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements of M. candidus tadpoles (n=4) at Gosner Stages 26–27, in mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
. Oral disc (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED93EFFB3FE86FD15986BFD29" box="[270,356,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetId="figure-52@5.[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Micrixalus candidus. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) adult male; (D–E) tadpole in life; (F) slow flowing stream, habitat of these tadpoles; (G) upper section of the stream with abundant rocks and gravel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) horizontally oval, protruding from the antero-ventral region, mid-sized (ODW/BW 0.34). Oral margin with dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral indentations. Small, pointy marginal papillae and relatively large, blunt submarginal papillae present. Jaw sheaths keratinized with finely serrated and saw-like edge. Labial teeth absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF56BEF3D93EFFB3FF1FFCBB9DFFFCB8" box="[151,1264,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" startId="4.[151,239,801,825]" targetBox="[181,1395,841,1509]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD93EFFB3FF1FFCBB9DFFFCB8" blockId="4.[151,1264,801,825]" box="[151,1264,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FF1FFCBB9805FCB9" bold="true" box="[151,266,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
Morphometric measurements of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D93EFFB3FDE6FCB89BFEFCB9" box="[622,753,801,825]" class="Amphibia" family="Micrixalidae" genus="Micrixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FDE6FCB89BFEFCB9" box="[622,753,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">M. candidus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tadpoles (n=4) at Gosner Stages 26–27, in mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD93EFFB3FF3DFCD39C69FA65" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<table id="F9291CDBD93E0048FF3DFCD39C7CFA65" box="[181,1395,841,1509]" gridcols="7" gridrows="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFCD39C7CFCE2" box="[181,1395,841,866]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFCD39818FCE2" box="[181,279,841,866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Character</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FCD398E6FCE2" box="[364,489,841,866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BNHS 6827</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFCD39BAEFCE2" box="[548,673,841,866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BNHS 6828</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FCD39A57FCE2" box="[731,856,841,866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BNHS 6829</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFCD39D1FFCE2" box="[915,1040,841,866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BNHS 6830</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFCD39DCCFCE2" box="[1094,1219,841,866]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Mean ± SD</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FCD39C7CFCE2" box="[1294,1395,841,866]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Range</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFCEB9C7CFC09" box="[181,1395,881,905]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFCEB9818FC09" box="[181,279,881,905]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FCEB98E6FC09" box="[364,489,881,905]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">11.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFCEB9BAEFC09" box="[548,673,881,905]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">10.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FCEB9A57FC09" box="[731,856,881,905]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">10.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFCEB9D1FFC09" box="[915,1040,881,905]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">9.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFCEB9DCCFC09" box="[1094,1219,881,905]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">10.5 ± 0.62</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FCEB9C7CFC09" box="[1294,1395,881,905]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">9.8–11.1</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFC039C7CFC32" box="[181,1395,921,946]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFC039818FC32" box="[181,279,921,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TaL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FC0398E6FC32" box="[364,489,921,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">23.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFC039BAEFC32" box="[548,673,921,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">22.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FC039A57FC32" box="[731,856,921,946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">20.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFC039D1FFC32" box="[915,1040,921,946]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">20.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFC039DCCFC32" box="[1094,1219,921,946]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">21.8 ± 1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FC039C7CFC32" box="[1294,1395,921,946]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">20.2–23.7</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFC589C7CFC5A" box="[181,1395,962,986]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFC589818FC5A" box="[181,279,962,986]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TL</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FC5898E6FC5A" box="[364,489,962,986]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">34.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFC589BAEFC5A" box="[548,673,962,986]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">33.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FC589A57FC5A" box="[731,856,962,986]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">30.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFC589D1FFC5A" box="[915,1040,962,986]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">30.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFC589DCCFC5A" box="[1094,1219,962,986]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">32.3 ± 2.16</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FC589C7CFC5A" box="[1294,1395,962,986]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">30.1–34.7</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFC709C7CFB82" box="[181,1395,1002,1026]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFC709818FB82" box="[181,279,1002,1026]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BH</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FC7098E6FB82" box="[364,489,1002,1026]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFC709BAEFB82" box="[548,673,1002,1026]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FC709A57FB82" box="[731,856,1002,1026]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.04</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFC709D1FFB82" box="[915,1040,1002,1026]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFC709DCCFB82" box="[1094,1219,1002,1026]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.2 ± 0.16</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FC709C7CFB82" box="[1294,1395,1002,1026]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3–3.4</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFB889C7CFBAA" box="[181,1395,1042,1066]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFB889818FBAA" box="[181,279,1042,1066]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">BW</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FB8898E6FBAA" box="[364,489,1042,1066]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">4.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFB889BAEFBAA" box="[548,673,1042,1066]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">4.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FB889A57FBAA" box="[731,856,1042,1066]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">4.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFB889D1FFBAA" box="[915,1040,1042,1066]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFB889DCCFBAA" box="[1094,1219,1042,1066]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">4.3 ± 0.39</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FB889C7CFBAA" box="[1294,1395,1042,1066]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.7–4.6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFBA09C7CFBD3" box="[181,1395,1082,1107]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFBA09818FBD3" box="[181,279,1082,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">ODW</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FBA098E6FBD3" box="[364,489,1082,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFBA09BAEFBD3" box="[548,673,1082,1107]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FBA09A57FBD3" box="[731,856,1082,1107]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFBA09D1FFBD3" box="[915,1040,1082,1107]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFBA09DCCFBD3" box="[1094,1219,1082,1107]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.6 ± 0.13</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FBA09C7CFBD3" box="[1294,1395,1082,1107]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.5–1.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFBF99C7CFBFB" box="[181,1395,1123,1147]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFBF99818FBFB" box="[181,279,1123,1147]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">ED</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FBF998E6FBFB" box="[364,489,1123,1147]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFBF99BAEFBFB" box="[548,673,1123,1147]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FBF99A57FBFB" box="[731,856,1123,1147]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFBF99D1FFBFB" box="[915,1040,1123,1147]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFBF99DCCFBFB" box="[1094,1219,1123,1147]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.2 ± 0.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FBF99C7CFBFB" box="[1294,1395,1123,1147]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.1–1.3</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFB119C7CFB23" box="[181,1395,1163,1187]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFB119818FB23" box="[181,279,1163,1187]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">IOD</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FB1198E6FB23" box="[364,489,1163,1187]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFB119BAEFB23" box="[548,673,1163,1187]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FB119A57FB23" box="[731,856,1163,1187]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFB119D1FFB23" box="[915,1040,1163,1187]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFB119DCCFB23" box="[1094,1219,1163,1187]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.4 ± 0.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FB119C7CFB23" box="[1294,1395,1163,1187]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.3–1.5</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFB299C7CFB4B" box="[181,1395,1203,1227]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFB299818FB4B" box="[181,279,1203,1227]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">IND</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FB2998E6FB4B" box="[364,489,1203,1227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFB299BAEFB4B" box="[548,673,1203,1227]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FB299A57FB4B" box="[731,856,1203,1227]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.01</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFB299D1FFB4B" box="[915,1040,1203,1227]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFB299DCCFB4B" box="[1094,1219,1203,1227]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.1 ± 0.17</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FB299C7CFB4B" box="[1294,1395,1203,1227]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.9–2.3</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFB419C7CFB74" box="[181,1395,1243,1268]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFB419818FB74" box="[181,279,1243,1268]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">ESD</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FB4198E6FB74" box="[364,489,1243,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFB419BAEFB74" box="[548,673,1243,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FB419A57FB74" box="[731,856,1243,1268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFB419D1FFB74" box="[915,1040,1243,1268]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFB419DCCFB74" box="[1094,1219,1243,1268]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.6 ± 0.21</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FB419C7CFB74" box="[1294,1395,1243,1268]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.4–2.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFA9E9C7CFA9C" box="[181,1395,1284,1308]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFA9E9818FA9C" box="[181,279,1284,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TMH</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FA9E98E6FA9C" box="[364,489,1284,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFA9E9BAEFA9C" box="[548,673,1284,1308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.00</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FA9E9A57FA9C" box="[731,856,1284,1308]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.99</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFA9E9D1FFA9C" box="[915,1040,1284,1308]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFA9E9DCCFA9C" box="[1094,1219,1284,1308]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.2 ± 0.39</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FA9E9C7CFA9C" box="[1294,1395,1284,1308]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3–3.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFAB69C7CFAC4" box="[181,1395,1324,1348]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFAB69818FAC4" box="[181,279,1324,1348]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TMW</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FAB698E6FAC4" box="[364,489,1324,1348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFAB69BAEFAC4" box="[548,673,1324,1348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FAB69A57FAC4" box="[731,856,1324,1348]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFAB69D1FFAC4" box="[915,1040,1324,1348]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFAB69DCCFAC4" box="[1094,1219,1324,1348]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.8 ± 0.26</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FAB69C7CFAC4" box="[1294,1395,1324,1348]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.5–3.1</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFACE9C7CFAEC" box="[181,1395,1364,1388]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFACE9818FAEC" box="[181,279,1364,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">MTH</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FACE98E6FAEC" box="[364,489,1364,1388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFACE9BAEFAEC" box="[548,673,1364,1388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FACE9A57FAEC" box="[731,856,1364,1388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFACE9D1FFAEC" box="[915,1040,1364,1388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFACE9DCCFAEC" box="[1094,1219,1364,1388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.2 ± 0.05</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FACE9C7CFAEC" box="[1294,1395,1364,1388]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">5.2–5.3</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFAE69C7CFA15" box="[181,1395,1404,1429]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFAE69818FA15" box="[181,279,1404,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">TMHM</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FAE698E6FA15" box="[364,489,1404,1429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFAE69BAEFA15" box="[548,673,1404,1429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FAE69A57FA15" box="[731,856,1404,1429]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFAE69D1FFA15" box="[915,1040,1404,1429]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFAE69DCCFA15" box="[1094,1219,1404,1429]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">3.1 ± 0.5</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FAE69C7CFA15" box="[1294,1395,1404,1429]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">2.7–3.8</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFA3F9C7CFA3D" box="[181,1395,1445,1469]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFA3F9818FA3D" box="[181,279,1445,1469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">DF</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FA3F98E6FA3D" box="[364,489,1445,1469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">0.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFA3F9BAEFA3D" box="[548,673,1445,1469]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FA3F9A57FA3D" box="[731,856,1445,1469]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFA3F9D1FFA3D" box="[915,1040,1445,1469]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFA3F9DCCFA3D" box="[1094,1219,1445,1469]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.1 ± 0.24</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FA3F9C7CFA3D" box="[1294,1395,1445,1469]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">0.7–1.2</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3519EC39D93E0048FF3DFA579C7CFA65" box="[181,1395,1485,1509]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<th id="76C88545D93E0048FF3DFA579818FA65" box="[181,279,1485,1509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">VF</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FEE4FA5798E6FA65" box="[364,489,1485,1509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">0.7</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FDACFA579BAEFA65" box="[548,673,1485,1509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FD53FA579A57FA65" box="[731,856,1485,1509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FC1BFA579D1FFA65" box="[915,1040,1485,1509]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.0</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FBCEFA579DCCFA65" box="[1094,1219,1485,1509]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">1.1 ± 0.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C88545D93E0048FA86FA579C7CFA65" box="[1294,1395,1485,1509]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">0.7–1.4</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD93EFFB3FF4FF9A19815F965" blockId="4.[151,1437,1595,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FF4FF9A19850F9D5" bold="true" box="[199,351,1595,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||||
In life, tadpoles are lustrous, light to dark purple, body has a darker hue than the tail. Lateral and dorsal sides are almost evenly coloured and are devoid of any pigmented patterns (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED93EFFB3FBE2F9C59DE7F9F9" box="[1130,1256,1631,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetId="figure-52@5.[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Micrixalus candidus. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) adult male; (D–E) tadpole in life; (F) slow flowing stream, habitat of these tadpoles; (G) upper section of the stream with abundant rocks and gravel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Figs. 3D,E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Pupil is black. Ventrally tadpoles are very light purple and the skin is partially opaque. In preservation, colouration fades slightly yet closely resembles its appearance in its live state. The colour on the ventral side becomes paler and more translucent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C333BDF0D93EFFB2FF4FF9759C10FF55" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B96EE7BD93EFFB2FF4FF9759C10FF55" blockId="4.[151,1437,1595,2017]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FF4FF975988BF889" bold="true" box="[199,388,1775,1801]" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||||
Tadpoles of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D93EFFB3FD99F96A9B95F889" box="[529,666,1775,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Micrixalidae" genus="Micrixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93EFFB3FD99F96A9B95F889" box="[529,666,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">M. candidus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were observed in a small, slow-flowing stream within a coffee estate, during February and March (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1312F2FED93EFFB3FE57F8899B55F8AD" box="[479,602,1811,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetId="figure-52@5.[151,1436,237,936]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Micrixalus candidus. (A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views of a preserved tadpole, scale bar = 1 cm; (B) detail of the oral disc; (C) adult male; (D–E) tadpole in life; (F) slow flowing stream, habitat of these tadpoles; (G) upper section of the stream with abundant rocks and gravel." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="171">Figs. 3F,G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ambient temperature and relative humidity of the site were measured at 26.5°C and 59.7%, respectively. The stream water had a temperature of 20.3°C, pH 5.77, contained 0.03 ppt of total dissolved solids and a water conductivity of 0.05 mS. Overall depth of the stream ranged between 3 and
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD1439ED93EFFB3FABCF8C19C63F8F5" box="[1332,1388,1883,1909]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||||
and the stream was bounded by ample vegetation mostly composed of ferns. The stream bed was mostly covered in gravel and small rocks, and the tadpoles were found buried beneath rocks or sand closer to the stream banks. The stream was well-shaded with a canopy of about 80% cover. Most tadpoles in advanced stages of development were observed to be solitary, while those in early stages were found in small groups, typically consisting of two or three individuals. Adult and larval forms of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2995F8D93FFFB2FDCCFF219A4AFF55" authorityName="Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Mahony, Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Zachariah, Giri & Bossuyt" authorityYear="2011" box="[580,837,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95D3269D93FFFB2FDCCFF219A4AFF55" box="[580,837,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="172">Nyctibatrachus shiradi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were found in sympatry with this species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
107
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107
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||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D7D9F3A0FDF98DE4" ID-CoL="LR5L" authority="Macquart, 1838" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,564,463,490]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D7D9F3A0FDF98DE4" bold="true" box="[151,564,463,490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D7D9F3A0FEAB8DE4" bold="true" box="[151,358,463,490]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">Bibio canadensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD8FFE2D623F3BFFDF98DE4" author="Macquart, J." box="[365,564,464,490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" pagination="5 - 207" refId="ref5898" refString="Macquart, J. (1838) n. k. In: Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Vol. 1. Pt. 2. Roret, Paris, pp. 5-207, 14 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51482" type="book chapter" year="1838">Macquart, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F4A46518FFD8FFE2D7D9F076FA9A8F5C" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFD8FFE2D7D9F076FA9A8F5C" blockId="1.[151,1437,536,850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D7D9F076FE618E3D" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,428,536,563]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D7D9F076FEFB8E3C" box="[151,310,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Macquart
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was treated as a “questionable” junior synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D343F076FAE88E3C" authority="Wiedeman" authorityName="Wiedeman" box="[1037,1317,536,562]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthopus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D343F076FB6E8E3C" box="[1037,1187,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. xanthopus</emphasis>
|
||||
Wiedeman
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD8FFE2D218F077FF2B8E59" author="Hardy, D. E." pageId="1" pageNumber="146" pagination="367 - 547" refId="ref5516" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1945) Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae, including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 30, 367-547." type="journal article" year="1945">Hardy (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="63058831FFD8FFE2D66FF053FE4E8E58" box="[289,387,572,598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
male of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D6ABF052FD3D8E58" authority="(MNHN)" baseAuthorityName="MNHN" box="[485,752,572,598]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D6ABF052FD4D8E58" box="[485,640,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(MNHN)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was studied by SF in 1998; it was in poor condition as it was missing the antennae and all but one fore and one mid leg. The terminalia were also damaged; epandrium destroyed, but gonostyli intact. Other discernable characters included: remaining legs orange, fore tibial spur slightly less than half the length of the spine, r-m subequal to base of Rs, thoracic pile yellow, posterior wing veins concolorous with the membrane. Based on the long slender gonostylus and posterior wing veins concolorous with the membrane
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D2CAF0A2FEDE8F04" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D2CAF0A2FEDE8F04" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
should be considered a junior synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D5B1F09EFBDE8F04" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[767,1043,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D5B1F09EFC428F04" box="[767,911,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. brunnipes</emphasis>
|
||||
(Fabricius)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
rather than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D3D2F09EFAE28F04" box="[1180,1327,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthopus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D3D2F09EFAE28F04" box="[1180,1327,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. xanthopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Since
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD8FFE2D2CAF09EFECA8F20" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD8FFE2D2CAF09EFECA8F20" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="146">B. brunnipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the older name, this change does not impact current usage. Photos of the type can be found in the MNHN database (https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/ed/item/ed6999?listIndex=1&listCount=3477).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
361
data/34/17/87/34178785FFDFFFEBD7D9F42DFADC8B0B.xml
Normal file
361
data/34/17/87/34178785FFDFFFEBD7D9F42DFADC8B0B.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
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|
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<subSubSection id="F4A46518FFDFFFE5D7D9F42DFE728A52" box="[151,447,1602,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BC013693FFDFFFE5D7D9F42DFE728A52" blockId="6.[151,447,1602,1665]" box="[151,447,1602,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">
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<heading id="E74981FFFFDFFFE5D7D9F42DFE728A52" bold="true" box="[151,447,1602,1629]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" reason="1">
|
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<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D7D9F42DFE728A52" bold="true" box="[151,447,1602,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">
|
||||
Fall-flying
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D66FF42DFEAF8A53" ID-CoL="9CJF7" box="[289,354,1602,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D66FF42DFEAF8A53" bold="true" box="[289,354,1602,1629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Bibio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F4A46518FFDFFFEBD7D9F409FADC8B0B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFDFFFE5D7D9F409FEED8A8F" blockId="6.[151,447,1602,1665]" box="[151,288,1638,1665]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="24852A16FFDFFFE5D7D1F409FED58A8F" box="[159,280,1638,1665]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="5.[151,198,1876,1900]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,198,1424,1448]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,198,1670,1694]" captionTargetBox-0="[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1363,181,1400]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1385,417,1647]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@5.[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@6.[223,1363,181,1400]" captionTargetId-2="figure-140@7.[203,1385,417,1647]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIG. 4. Bibio autumnalis Fitzgerald, holotype male, habitus and inset of backlit wing (to better illustrate lightly pigmented posterior veins). Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm (wing inset not to scale). FIG. 5. Bibio flukei Hardy, male (Summit Co., Colorado), habitus. Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 6–8. Bibio longipes Loew, syntype male. 6. Habitus, lateral (insert showing labels affixed to pin). 7. Wing. 8. Head. Scale indicated by bar in each photo. Photos courtesy of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; © President and Fellows of Harvard College (https://mcz.harvard.edu/permissions-copyright); no changes made to photos other than cropping." captionText-2="FIG. 9–12. Bibio longipes Loew, syntype female. 9. Habitus, lateral (insert showing labels affixed to pin). 10. Head and mesonotum, dorsal. 11. Wing. 12. Head. Scale indicated by bar in each photo. Photos courtesy of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; © President and Fellows of Harvard College (https://mcz.harvard.edu/permissions-copyright); no changes made to photos other than cropping." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035648" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035650" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035654" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/15035648/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/15035650/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/15035654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Figs. 4–12</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFDFFFE5D7D9F4C1FAD28BCB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1710,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">
|
||||
Several species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D629F4C1FE698AC6" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1762" box="[359,420,1710,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D629F4C1FE698AC6" box="[359,420,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Bibio</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have late summer to late fall emergence times and thus have been previously referred to as the “fall-flying species group” (e.g.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDFFFE5D563F4BDFD228AE3" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[557,751,1746,1773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" pagination="225 - 287" refId="ref5156" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. (1997 a) A Revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America, 123 (4), 225-287." type="journal article" year="1997">Fitzgerald 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). While the phylogenetic relationships between these species is unclear and they may not represent a monophyletic group, they are all morphologically quite similar and have sometimes proved difficult to distinguish from each other. From the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D4EAF575FBCE8B3A" box="[932,1027,1818,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nearctic" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nearctic</taxonomicName>
|
||||
region,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDFFFE5D32CF575FAFE8B3B" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[1122,1331,1818,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" pagination="225 - 287" refId="ref5156" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. (1997 a) A Revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America, 123 (4), 225-287." type="journal article" year="1997">Fitzgerald (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D7D9F551FE1A8B56" authority="Fitzgerald" authorityName="Fitzgerald" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,471,1854,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D7D9F551FE948B56" box="[151,345,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Bibio autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||||
Fitzgerald
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D6AAF551FD1E8B57" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[484,723,1854,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D6AAF551FD448B56" box="[484,649,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Bibio longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
Loew
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D45CF551FBF68B56" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[786,1083,1854,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D45CF551FC088B56" box="[786,965,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">Bibio slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
Cockerell
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in this group, though
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDFFFE5D273F550FF108B72" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flukei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDFFFE5D273F550FA518B56" box="[1341,1436,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="151">B. flukei</emphasis>
|
||||
Hardy
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may also belong here. When taking into account the influence of range on phenology there may be other lateseason species that could be added, however, the four species under consideration here all have males with the hind basitarsus strongly swollen, hind femur slender until about the middle and then widening towards apex.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFDEFFE4D789F2F8FE2C8D87" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">
|
||||
Of these four species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D6FBF2F8FDDC8CBF" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1937" box="[437,529,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flukei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D6FBF2F8FDDC8CBF" box="[437,529,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. flukei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the most distinct, differing by the deeply cleft epandrium of the male terminalia (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDEFFE4D7D1F2D4FE9E8CDB" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[159,339,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" pagination="50 - 54" refId="ref5120" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. (1996) Notes on Nearctic Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (1), 50-54." type="journal article" year="1996">Fitzgerald 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the form of the hind tibia which is slender on the basal 1/2 and rapidly dilated on the apical 1/2 (Fig. 5).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D664F2B0FE478CF7" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1937" box="[298,394,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flukei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D664F2B0FE478CF7" box="[298,394,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. flukei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D52AF2B0FCCC8CF7" authorityName="Fitzgerald" authorityYear="1996" box="[612,769,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D52AF2B0FCCC8CF7" box="[612,769,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as they share rather distinctive leg coloration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="24852A16FFDEFFE4D26EF2B0FABD8CF7" box="[1312,1392,222,249]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,198,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Bibio autumnalis Fitzgerald, holotype male, habitus and inset of backlit wing (to better illustrate lightly pigmented posterior veins). Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm (wing inset not to scale). FIG. 5. Bibio flukei Hardy, male (Summit Co., Colorado), habitus. Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035648/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
–5); both the hind femur and hind tibia basally yellow and distally darkened. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D308F36CFB2F8D13" authorityName="Fitzgerald" authorityYear="1996" box="[1094,1250,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D308F36CFB2F8D13" box="[1094,1250,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is differentiated by the shallowly cleft epandrium, hind tibia evenly expanded apically (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="24852A16FFDEFFE4D4FBF348FC378D4F" box="[949,1018,295,321]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,198,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[339,1249,181,1853]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Bibio autumnalis Fitzgerald, holotype male, habitus and inset of backlit wing (to better illustrate lightly pigmented posterior veins). Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm (wing inset not to scale). FIG. 5. Bibio flukei Hardy, male (Summit Co., Colorado), habitus. Scale bar = ca. 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035648/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and smaller size (wing
|
||||
<quantity id="7B469B76FFDEFFE4D25AF348FA808D4F" box="[1300,1357,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
|
||||
versus
|
||||
<quantity id="7B469B76FFDEFFE4D7D9F325FEC58D6B" box="[151,264,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" unit="mm" value="6.25" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="6.0">6–6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D664F324FE4B8D6B" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1937" box="[298,390,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flukei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D664F324FE4B8D6B" box="[298,390,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. flukei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). At present, both these species seem to have fairly limited distributions in the southern Rocky Mountains (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDEFFE4D653F300FE198D87" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[285,468,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" pagination="50 - 54" refId="ref5120" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. (1996) Notes on Nearctic Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (1), 50-54." type="journal article" year="1996">Fitzgerald 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="E8C1661BFFDEFFE4D7D9F4E9FD938B04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15035654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" startId="7.[151,198,1670,1694]" targetBox="[203,1385,417,1647]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFDEFFE4D7D9F4E9FD938B04" blockId="7.[151,1437,1670,1802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D7D9F4E9FEC38A90" bold="true" box="[151,270,1670,1694]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">FIG. 9–12.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D656F4E9FE398A90" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[280,500,1670,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D656F4E9FE628A90" box="[280,431,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Bibio longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
Loew
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, syntype female. 9. Habitus, lateral (insert showing labels affixed to pin). 10. Head and mesonotum, dorsal. 11. Wing. 12. Head. Scale indicated by bar in each photo. Photos courtesy of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; © President and Fellows of Harvard College (https://mcz.harvard.edu/permissions-copyright); no changes made to photos other than cropping.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFDEFFEBD789F532FC368DA3" blockId="7.[151,1436,1885,2019]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">
|
||||
Males of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D67EF531FE768B79" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[304,443,1885,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D67EF531FE768B79" box="[304,443,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D6BEF531FDA08B79" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[496,621,1885,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D6BEF531FDA08B79" box="[496,621,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were both described from the eastern
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D35BF532FBB98B79" box="[1045,1140,1885,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nearctic" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nearctic</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7E7AF871FFDEFFE4D3CFF532FAC28B79" box="[1153,1295,1885,1911]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C4A97603FFDEFFE4D257F532FAA08B79" box="[1305,1389,1885,1911]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7E7AF871FFDEFFE4D7D9F5EEFED28B95" box="[151,287,1921,1947]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, D.C.,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C4A97603FFDEFFE4D620F5EEFE698B95" box="[366,420,1921,1947]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
respectively) with black legs though
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDEFFE4D402F5EEFC298B92" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[844,996,1921,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" pagination="367 - 547" refId="ref5516" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1945) Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae, including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 30, 367-547." type="journal article" year="1945">Hardy (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted that the hind tibia in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D250F5EDFA518B95" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[1310,1436,1921,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D250F5EDFA518B95" box="[1310,1436,1921,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may sometimes be “rutilous.”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDEFFE4D6BEF5CAFD448BCE" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[496,649,1957,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" pagination="367 - 547" refId="ref5516" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1945) Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae, including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 30, 367-547." type="journal article" year="1945">Hardy (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
distinguished males of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D4D6F5C9FBD58BB1" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[920,1048,1957,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D4D6F5C9FBD58BB1" box="[920,1048,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFDEFFE4D311F5C9FB218BB1" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1119,1260,1957,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFDEFFE4D311F5C9FB218BB1" box="[1119,1260,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="152">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by color of the pile of the mesonotum and legs and this system was followed by later authors (e.g.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFDEFFE4D363F5A6FB238BED" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[1069,1262,1993,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="152" pagination="225 - 287" refId="ref5156" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. (1997 a) A Revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America, 123 (4), 225-287." type="journal article" year="1997">Fitzgerald 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, pile color has been shown to be a notoriously unreliable character in distinguishing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD34CF2F8FB588CBF" box="[1026,1173,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD34CF2F8FBF28CBF" box="[1026,1087,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">Bibio</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD3ECF2F8FF1D8CDB" author="Fitzgerald, S. J. & Skartveit, J." pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="103 - 119" refId="ref5391" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. & Skartveit, J. (1997) Holarctic distributions in the genus Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 28, 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631297X00213" type="journal article" year="1997">Fitzgerald & Skartveit 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and series of specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD542F2D4FD478CDB" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[524,650,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD542F2D4FD478CDB" box="[524,650,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD5E1F2D4FCF68CDB" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[687,827,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD5E1F2D4FCF68CDB" box="[687,827,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may include specimens with pile that is black, yellow, or intermixed. Similarly,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD6FBF2B0FD808CF7" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[437,589,222,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="367 - 547" refId="ref5516" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1945) Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae, including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 30, 367-547." type="journal article" year="1945">Hardy (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that females of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD41EF2B0FC1D8CF7" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[848,976,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD41EF2B0FC1D8CF7" box="[848,976,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD346F2B0FB5B8CF7" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1032,1174,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD346F2B0FB5B8CF7" box="[1032,1174,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could be distinguished by the color of the mesonotum; orange in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD529F36CFD298D13" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[615,740,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD529F36CFD298D13" box="[615,740,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and black in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD436F36CFBCE8D13" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[888,1027,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD436F36CFBCE8D13" box="[888,1027,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, some series of specimens have been collected with female mesonotal color ranging from orange to orange with black markings and other series collected with mesonotal color ranging from orange with black markings to black, so the reliability of this character is also in question. Due to these observations these two species are now indistinguishable based on the characters outlined in the literature and it is not clear if they are even distinct.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFD1FFEBD789F3D8FD018E33" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
Both sexes of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD62DF3D8FE2D8DDF" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[355,480,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD62DF3D8FE2D8DDF" box="[355,480,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD55AF3D8FD528DDF" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[532,671,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD55AF3D8FD528DDF" box="[532,671,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
might be distinguished by general habitus, as “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD3E4F3D8FAF98DDF" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1194,1332,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD3E4F3D8FAF98DDF" box="[1194,1332,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” appears to have a smaller head and thorax relative to the antennae and wings, compared to “
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD31CF3B4FB148DFB" box="[1106,1241,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD31CF3B4FB198DFB" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[1106,1236,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">B. longipes</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
” These observed differences warrant further study in order to evaluate their consistency and usefulness. Examples of the differences in habitus based on internet images are as follows:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFD1FFEBD789F004FC5B8FE3" blockId="8.[151,1436,619,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
1) “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD7BAF004FEB98E8B" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[244,372,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD7BAF004FEB98E8B" box="[244,372,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” habitus, with female eyes seemingly smaller relative to body, and thorax thicker relative to wing width in both sexes: male and female: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/332106876?size=large female: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/332292704?size=large male: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/25335804?size=large male: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/158301375?size=large 2) “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD7BCF12CFEB38F53" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[242,382,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD7BCF12CFEB38F53" box="[242,382,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” habitus, with female eyes larger relative to body, and thorax narrower relative to wing width in both sexes (wings fold a bit differently as a result at rest): female: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/171093034?size=large male: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/55689548?size=large female: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/96569118?size=large
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFD1FFEBD7D9F674FDCC8993" blockId="8.[151,1437,1051,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD7D9F674FED8883B" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,277,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD7D9F674FED8883B" box="[151,277,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(synonymized with the European
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD5DAF674FC87883B" ID-CoL="LR96" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1871" box="[660,842,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD5DAF674FCC9883B" box="[660,772,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. lepidus</emphasis>
|
||||
Loew
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD43DF674FBFE883B" author="Skartveit, J." box="[883,1075,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref6193" refString="Skartveit, J. (2006) Synonymy notes in Bibionidae (Diptera). Dipterists Digest, 13, 23-25." type="journal article" year="2006">Skartveit (2006))</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also occurs in Europe alongside the extremely similar
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD6CBF650FDB68857" ID-CoL="5WJNL" authority="Meigen. In" authorityName="Meigen. In" box="[389,635,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD6CBF650FE338857" box="[389,510,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. clavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
Meigen. In
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
continental Europe,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD413F650FC148857" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[861,985,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD413F650FC148857" box="[861,985,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD345F650FB4E8857" ID-CoL="5WJNL" box="[1035,1155,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD345F650FB4E8857" box="[1035,1155,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. clavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
seem to intergrade (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD210F650FF1F8873" author="Duda, O." pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref5079" refString="Duda, O. (1930) Bibionidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. pp. 1-75, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1930">Duda 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD791F60CFE4B8873" author="Skartveit, J." box="[223,390,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref6193" refString="Skartveit, J. (2006) Synonymy notes in Bibionidae (Diptera). Dipterists Digest, 13, 23-25." type="journal article" year="2006">Skartveit 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) though
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD6A2F60CFD698873" author="Skartveit, J." box="[492,676,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref6193" refString="Skartveit, J. (2006) Synonymy notes in Bibionidae (Diptera). Dipterists Digest, 13, 23-25." type="journal article" year="2006">Skartveit (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
notes they appear to be “distinct in the western- and northernmost parts of Europe and should be treated as separate species;” initial phylogenetic work suggested they are sisterspecies (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD7B8F6C4FDE388CB" author="Skartveit, J. & Willassen, E." box="[246,558,1195,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" refId="ref6376" refString="Skartveit, J. & Willassen, E. (1996) Phylogenetic relationships in Bibioninae (Diptera, Bibionidae). In: Skartveit, J., Studies on the systematics and life histories of Bibioninae (Diptera, Bibionidae). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen. [unknwon pagaination]" type="book" year="1996">Skartveit & Willassen 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). European and North American populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD30DF6C4FB0C88CB" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[1091,1217,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD30DF6C4FB0C88CB" box="[1091,1217,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
show some curious differences.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD66AF6A0FE6988E7" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[292,420,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD66AF6A0FE6988E7" box="[292,420,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
females were described with an orange mesonotum and reddish legs (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="24852A16FFD1FFEBD39FF6A0FA8088E7" box="[1233,1357,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,198,1670,1694]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,417,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-140@7.[203,1385,417,1647]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 9–12. Bibio longipes Loew, syntype female. 9. Habitus, lateral (insert showing labels affixed to pin). 10. Head and mesonotum, dorsal. 11. Wing. 12. Head. Scale indicated by bar in each photo. Photos courtesy of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; © President and Fellows of Harvard College (https://mcz.harvard.edu/permissions-copyright); no changes made to photos other than cropping." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15035654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15035654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">Figs. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||||
) while European females of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD6C8F69CFDC88903" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[390,517,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD6C8F69CFDC88903" box="[390,517,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have a consistently black mesonotum and dark (brown to black) legs (J. Skartveit pers. comm. with SF,
|
||||
<date id="C8001053FFD1FFEBD6D7F778FDDD893F" box="[409,528,1303,1329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" value="2024-05">May 2024</date>
|
||||
) or reddish legs (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD591F778FBC9893F" author="Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P." box="[735,1028,1302,1329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5438" refString="Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P. (1985) Bibionid and Scatopsid Flies, Diptera: Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 9 (7), 1-74." type="journal article" year="1985">Freeman and Lane, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C4A97603FFD1FFEBD35DF778FBB8893F" box="[1043,1141,1303,1329]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">England</collectingCountry>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D82F4B62FFD1FFEBD3C5F778FAF1893F" author="Skartveit, J." box="[1163,1340,1303,1329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref6193" refString="Skartveit, J. (2006) Synonymy notes in Bibionidae (Diptera). Dipterists Digest, 13, 23-25." type="journal article" year="2006">Skartveit (2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
& pers. comm.) noted that the synonymy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD573F754FD73895B" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[573,702,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD573F754FD73895B" box="[573,702,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD5B7F754FCA1895B" ID-CoL="LR96" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1871" box="[761,876,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD5B7F754FCA1895B" box="[761,876,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. lepidus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was based on the study of a male
|
||||
<typeStatus id="63058831FFD1FFEBD24DF754FA97895B" box="[1283,1370,1339,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD2CAF754FF3B8977" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD2CAF754FF3B8977" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
so no female specimens had been considered; this is not atypical as most of the taxonomic species concepts in the genus are based on males.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC013693FFD1FFEBD789F7C8FADC8B0B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1051,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">
|
||||
At this time, it is unclear how to distinguish
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD58EF7C8FCF289CF" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[704,831,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD58EF7C8FCF289CF" box="[704,831,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD4CBF7C8FBDC89CF" ID-CoL="5WJPX" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[901,1041,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD4CBF7C8FBDC89CF" box="[901,1041,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD32FF7C8FB0D89CF" box="[1121,1216,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Nearctic" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nearctic</taxonomicName>
|
||||
region consistently and a detailed comparison of both the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="63058831FFD1FFEBD513F7A4FD5589EB" box="[605,664,1483,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
as well as a comparison to Palearctic species is probably needed. Additionally, a series of specimens from Marys Peak
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7E7AF871FFD1FFEBD445F780FC928A07" box="[779,863,1519,1545]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(SFC) show a mix of characters that also brings into question the validity of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD690F47CFDB68A23" ID-CoL="LR4T" authorityName="Fitzgerald" authorityYear="1996" box="[478,635,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD690F47CFDB68A23" box="[478,635,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a distinct species; males with legs ranging from entirely brown, to brown with hind femur pale basally, to legs with both hind femur and tibia pale basally (as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD3D0F458FAF78A5F" ID-CoL="LR4T" authorityName="Fitzgerald" authorityYear="1996" box="[1182,1338,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD3D0F458FAF78A5F" box="[1182,1338,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. autumnalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; Fig. 5), mesonotal pile black (as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD69CF434FD928A7B" ID-CoL="5WJPX" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1909" box="[466,607,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD69CF434FD928A7B" box="[466,607,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. slossonae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and female with mesonotum ranging from orange (as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7BBE4D10FFD1FFEBD3BBF434FAB88A7B" ID-CoL="LR9D" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" box="[1269,1397,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8ECAEA81FFD1FFEBD3BBF434FAB88A7B" box="[1269,1397,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">B. longipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) to orange with dark fascia. The male terminalia of these species is extremely similar and no distinguishing features have yet been identified. While an integrative taxonomic revision of the Holarctic fall-flying species is beyond the scope of the current study, it is the hope of the authors that raising these issues and providing some initial data, such as photos of some of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="63058831FFD1FFEBD6E1F484FE128B0B" box="[431,479,1771,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="153">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimens, may provide a starting point and a stimulus for further work.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue