diff --git a/data/44/FA/E3/44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.xml b/data/44/FA/E3/44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.xml index dd7bd090bbc..c489aa40084 100644 --- a/data/44/FA/E3/44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.xml +++ b/data/44/FA/E3/44FAE3E338A95567A078FE8FEB4F012C.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) + + + +On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Chan, Tin-Yam -0000-0002-8143-0007 -Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan +Chan, Tin-Yam +0000-0002-8143-0007 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan - - -Author + + +Author -Yang, Chien-Hui -0000-0002-4594-3622 -Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan +Yang, Chien-Hui +0000-0002-4594-3622 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan - - -Author + + +Author -Kumar, Appukttannair Biju -0000-0001-5477-2119 -Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India +Kumar, Appukttannair Biju +0000-0001-5477-2119 +Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India - - -Author + + +Author -Hurzaid, Amirah -0000-0002-7649-7899 -Biological Sciences Department, School of Distance Education and School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia +Hurzaid, Amirah +0000-0002-7649-7899 +Biological Sciences Department, School of Distance Education and School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia -text - - -Zoosystematics and Evolution +text + + +Zoosystematics and Evolution - -2025 - -2025-03-14 + +2025 + +2025-03-14 - -101 + +101 - -2 + +2 - -609 -625 + +609 +625 -journal article -10.3897/zse.101.145722 -370E684B-7400-4D34-AD7B-E63425B02860 +journal article +10.3897/zse.101.145722 +370E684B-7400-4D34-AD7B-E63425B02860 @@ -93,9 +93,7 @@ in Parapenaeopsis incisa Liu and Wang 1986: 214 -(nomen nudum); 1987: 525, fig. 3. ( -type -locality: Wailuo, +(nomen nudum); 1987: 525, fig. 3. (type locality: Wailuo, Guangdong , China @@ -111,7 +109,6 @@ locality: Wailuo, - Kishinouyepenaeopsis incisa @@ -122,7 +119,6 @@ locality: Wailuo, . - @@ -131,10 +127,11 @@ locality: Wailuo, Material examined. + Southern - China + • [ MBM @@ -155,7 +152,6 @@ Southern , cl 14.6 mm - • [ @@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ Southern 16.5–17.6 mm • - + [ MBM @@ -214,8 +210,8 @@ Southern ]: Hainan , -Sanya -, fish market, 90 C- 324, +Sanya, fish market +, 90 C- 324, 25 Nov. 1990 diff --git a/data/87/5D/89/875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307.xml b/data/87/5D/89/875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ac4be42ec13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/87/5D/89/875D8967AE47501CA650CDA15CC03307.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1445 @@ + + + +On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) + + + +Author + +Chan, Tin-Yam +0000-0002-8143-0007 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Yang, Chien-Hui +0000-0002-4594-3622 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Kumar, Appukttannair Biju +0000-0001-5477-2119 +Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India + + + +Author + +Hurzaid, Amirah +0000-0002-7649-7899 +Biological Sciences Department, School of Distance Education and School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia + +text + + +Zoosystematics and Evolution + + +2025 + +2025-03-14 + + +101 + + +2 + + +609 +625 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zse.101.145722 +370E684B-7400-4D34-AD7B-E63425B02860 + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + + + + + +Figs 1 a +, +2 a +, +3 a +, +4 a +, +5 a +, +6 a +, +7 a, b + + + + + + + +Penaeus cornutus + +Kishinouye 1900: 23 +, unnumbered text fig., p 1. 7 - figs 9, 9 A (type locality: Ariake, +Japan +). + + + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis cornutus + + +– + +Kubo 1949: 374 + +(? in part – Taiwanese material), figs 7 Z, 10 B, 22 I, 32 C, D, 47 N, 63 A, B, 75 F, L, 78 L, 135 C, 136 A, B. + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta + + +– + +Hayashi 1986: 67 + +, fig. 26; 1992: 105, fig. 57 a-c; + +Liu and Wang 1987: 524 + +, fig. 2; + +Liu and Zhong 1988: 208 + +, fig. 129, pl. 6: 5; + +Hsu and Chan 2023: 224 + +, figs 2, 6 b. + + + + + + +Kishinouyepenaeopsis cornuta + + +– + +Sakai and Shinomiya 2011: 499 + +, figs 3 A, B, 4 F; + +De Grave and Fransen 2011: 216 + +. + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + + +Japan + +• [ + +CBM +ZC 3280 + +]: +Tosa Bay +, +Katsura-hama Beach +, +commercial trawler +, + +10–20 m + +, + +28 Nov. 1996 + +, +3 ♂♂ +, cl +15.6–17.4 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl 19.0 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02640 + +]: +Aichi +, +Minami-Chita +, +Toyohama fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +18 m + +, + +31 Oct. 2024 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +20.7 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02641 + +]: +Aichi +, +Nishio +, +Isshiki fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +22.5 m + +, + +14 Dec. 2024 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +14.3 mm +, +3 ♀♀ +, cl +21.5–24.6 mm + +. + + + + +Taiwan + +• [ + +NTOU +M 02355 + +]: +Yilan County +, +Dasi fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +10 Mar. 1985 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl +14.5–18.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02356 + +]: +Yilan County +, +Dasi fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +5 Aug. 1982 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +22.9 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl +28.9 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02357 + +]: +Keelung City +, +commercial trawler +, + +12 Oct. 1990 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +14.5 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02358 + +]: +Changhua County +, +Wenzi fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +5 Aug. 2021 + +, +3 ♂♂ +, cl +16.6–17.4 mm +, +39 ♀♀ +, cl 17.2–22.0 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02359 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +26 May 1974 + +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl 18.0– +18.7 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02360 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +20 Jan. 1995 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +18.2 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02485 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +2 Jul. 2002 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +13.6 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02361 + +]: +Kaohsiung City +, +Singda fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +24 Jul. 1984 + +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl 16.1–17.0 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02362 + +]: +Kaohsiung City +, +Kaohsiung port, station 4 +, + +1 Mar. 1994 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, both cl +18.1 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02363 + +]: +Kaohsiung City +, +Cijin +, + +25 Mar. 1996 + +, +4 ♂♂ +, cl +18.6–19.5 mm +, +7 ♀♀ +, cl +19.1–23.1 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02364 + +]: +Pingtung County +, +Donggang fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +28 Jul. 1985 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl +15.1–16.8 mm +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +19.2–19.3 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02419 + +]: No specific data, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +21.1–21.2 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02486 + +]: No specific data, +2 ♂♂ +, cl 19.0– +19.2 mm +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +23.1–23.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02487 + +]: No specific data, +1 ♂ +, cl +18.3 mm +, +3 ♀♀ +, cl +16.2–22.8 mm + +. + + + + +Southern +China + +• [ + +MBM +155050 + +]: +Fujian +, +Xiamen fish market +, 05 F- 16, + +3 Sep. 2005 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl +18.1–18.7 mm +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +19.4–22.3 mm + +• + +[ + +MBM +155083 + +]: +Guangdong +, +Yangjiang +, +Zhapo +, +Dajiao hill +, 54 - K 187 B, + +18 Nov. 1954 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl. +14.3–17.7 mm +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +15.7–16.8 mm + +• + +[ + +MBM +155080 + +]: +Hainan +, +Boao +, stn 3, + +8 Nov. 1990 + +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl 12.0– +16.3 mm + +• + +[ + +MBM +155074 + +]: +Hainan +, +Sanya bay +, stn 3, CJ 97 C- 164, + +3–4 m + +, + +Nov. 1997 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +18.1 mm + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Rostrum more or less horizontal, straight, extending to distal segment of antennular peduncle and often reaching tip of antennular peduncle, armed with 6–8 (avg. 7.0, n = 27) dorsal teeth (excluding epigastric tooth), tip devoid of tooth and slightly curved upwards. Postrostral carina generally having a weak median pit and with posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure, extending posteriorly to 0.72–0.92 (avg. 0.85, n = 30) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short and extending to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II with basial spines and epipods. Pereiopod III generally lacking basial spine, rarely a minute to small basial spine present only in males. Abdominal somites I and II lacking dorsal carina. Telson without lateral movable spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II strongly modified into boot-like shape, distal margin straight or more often distinctly concave medially, anterodistal part bearing tuft of dense long stiff setae extending beyond distal margin; petasma lacking distomedian projection but with distolateral projections strongly elongated and horn-like, tip of horn distinctly protruded at outer side. Female thelycum with anterior plate mostly semi-quadrate to sometimes semi-circular and 0.74–0.95 (avg. 0.85, n = 16) as long as wide, anterior margin with median part occasionally slightly protruded, surface slightly sunken and rarely with median longitudinal furrow; posterior plate with weak median ovate boss, lateral parts as large semicircular process; tuft of setae behind posterior plate long and thick. + + + +Coloration. + + +(Fig. +7 a, b +) Body generally greenish to bluish gray and densely covered with dark green dots. Antennal flagellae and abdomen slightly banded. Tip of rostrum dark brown to reddish brown. Eyes black gray. Uropods of tail fan dark green to dark red and with yellowish margins. Thoracic appendages pinkish white. Pleopods with rami reddish. Tuft of long setae behind thelycum bluish. Color photographs verified belonging to this species are provided by +Hayashi (1986 +: fig. 26) and +Hsu and Chan (2023 +: fig. 6 b). + + + + +Distribution. + + +Known with certainty from +Japan +to +Taiwan +and southern +China +, intertidal to +32 m +deep ( +Liu and Zhong 1988 +). Perhaps more widely distributed west to +India +and south to northern +Australia +(see Remarks). + + + + +Remarks. + + +For those distinguishing characters found in this study to be useful in separating the species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group (Figs +1 +– +6 +, Table +2 +), topotypic material of + +P. cornuta + +from +Japan +has the pereiopod III generally lacking a basial spine; postrostral carina with the posterior part faded and extending to a position with a distinct distance from the posterior margin of the carapace; male pleopod II with endopod boot-like and having the distal margin straight or medially concave; petasma with tip of horn distinctly protruded only at the outer side; thelycum with anterior plate generally semi-quadrate and slightly shorter than width; posterior plate bearing a weak median ovate boss and a tuft of long setae behind it. Specimens with the above characteristics from +Japan +[ + +CBM +ZC 3280 + +, + + +NTOU + +M 02641 + +], +Taiwan +[ + + +NTOU + +M 02358 + +], and southern +China +[ + +MBM + +155074] have 99.3–100 % similarity in the barcoding mtCOI gene (615 bp, Table +1 +) and can be safely considered as belonging to the same species. Of the +100 specimens +(including +27 males +) examined, only +two males +from +Japan +[ + +CBM +ZC 3280 + +] and +Taiwan +[ + + +NTOU + +M 02356 + +] have their pereiopods III bearing small basial spines (on both sides). As the median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is weak in this species, this boss is sometimes rather rudimentary in small females. + + + + + + +Distinguishing characters amongst the species of the “ + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta + +” group. Those in bold are unique characteristics for that species, while those in red are rather subtle and more difficult to perceive. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- +P. cornuta + +P. maxillipedo + +P. amicus +P. incisa
Rostrum extending todistal antennular segment and often reaching tip of antennular pedunclebase and middle of distal segment of antennular pedunclearound tip of second segment of antennular peduncledistal antennular segment or just overreaching antennular peduncle
Dorsal teeth (excluding epigastric tooth)6–8, avg. 7.08–10, avg. 8.97–9, avg. 7.86–8, avg. 7.0
Postrostral carina0.72–0.92, avg. 0.85 carapace length, posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure +0.91–0.97, avg. 0.96 carapace length +, +0.77–0.89, avg. 0.85 carapace length, posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure0.77–0.89, avg. 0.84 carapace length posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure
+entire length similar width, and distinct +
Pereiopod III basial spineusually absent, rarely present only in males +usually present +always absentalways absent
Male pleopod II endopodgreatly modified and boot-like, distal margin medially straight or concavegreatly modified and boot-like, distal margin medially straight or concave +normal, sword-like +greatly modified and boot-like,
+distal margin medially protruded and convex +
Petasma, tip of horn-like distolateral projectionwith distinct protuberance only at outer sidewith distinct protuberance only at outer sidedistinctly protruded at both sides and hammer-likebifurcate, no lateral protuberance
Thelycum anterior platesemi-quadrate, 0.74–0.95, avg. 0.85 as long as wide, rarely with median longitudinal furrowsemi-quadrate, 0.79–1.03, avg. 0.91 as long as wide, median longitudinal furrow absent +semicircular, 0.59–0.73, avg. 0.65 as long as wide +, + +rectangular with lateral margins concave, 0.99–1.17, avg. 1.09 as long as wide +, +
+with median longitudinal furrow +median longitudinal furrow absent
Thelycum posterior plate median partweakly elevated into a weak median ovate bosshighly elevated into a distinct median ovate bosssurface sunkensurface flattened
Tuft of hairs behind thelycumthick and long, bluish in colorthick and long, bluish in color +thin and short, colorless +thick and long, color unknown
Colorationabdomen slightly banded, last somite without special markings +abdomen distinctly banded, last somite bearing large dark posterolateral spot with anterior thick white margin +abdomen slightly banded, last somite without special markingscolor unknown
+ + + + + + +Carapace and anterior appendages, lateral view. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, female cl 22.4 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, female cl 26.8 mm ( +USM_INV 1011 +). +c. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, female cl 27.3 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02372 + +). +d. + +P. incisa +Wang & Liu + +in +Liu and Wang 1987 +, Sanya, Hainan, Southern China, females cl 17.6 mm ( +MBM +155044). Scale bars: 5 mm. + + + + + + + +Carapace, dorsal view. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, female cl 22.4 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, female cl 26.8 mm ( +USM_INV 1011 +). +c. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, female cl 27.3 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02372 + +). +d. + +P. incisa +Wang & Liu + +in +Liu and Wang 1987 +, Sanya, Hainan, Southern China, females cl 17.6 mm ( +MBM +155044). pr: postrostral carina length; cl: carapace length. Scale bars: 5 mm. + + + + + + + +Petasma, ventral view. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, male cl 18.8 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, male cl 22.5 mm ( +USM_INV 1009 +). +c. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, male cl 26.0 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02372 + +), modified from +Hsu & Chan, 2023 +. +d. + +P. incisa +Wang & Liu + +in +Liu and Wang 1987 +, Sanya, Hainan, Southern China, males cl 14.9 mm ( +MBM +155044). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +Right pleopod II endopod and basal part of exopod, dorsal view, and only thick, stiff setae shown. Magnified distal part of endopod in +a +, +b +, +d +in ventral view. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, male cl 18.8 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, male cl 22.5 mm ( +USM_INV 1009 +). +c. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, male cl 26.0 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02372 + +), modified from +Hsu & Chan, 2023 +. +d. + +P. incisa +Wang & Liu + +in +Liu and Wang 1987 +, Sanya, Hainan, Southern China, males cl 14.9 mm ( +MBM +155044). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +Thelycum, ventral view. Adjacent shading figure representing lateral cross-section along midline. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +(Kishinuoue, 1900) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, female cl 22.4 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, female cl 26.8 mm ( +USM_INV 1011 +). +c. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, female cl 27.3 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02372 + +). +d. + +P. incisa +Wang & Liu + +in +Liu and Wang 1987 +, Sanya, Hainan, Southern China, females cl 17.6 mm ( +MBM +155044). L: anterior plate length; W: anterior plate width. Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +Left pereiopod III basis and proximal part of ischium, lateral view. +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Cijin, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, female cl 22.4 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02363 + +). +b. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Strait of Malacca, Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, female cl 26.8 mm ( +USM_INV 1011 +). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +a. + +Parapenaeopsis cornuta +( +Kishinouye, 1900 +) + +, Keelung City, Taiwan, male cl 14.5 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02357 + +), from +Hsu & Chan, 2023 +(reproduced with permission from the copyright holder). +b. +Fishery catch mainly composed of + +P. cornuta +, Toyohama + +fish market, Aichi Prefecture, Japan (photographed by T. Nakano). +c. + +P. maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + +, Tuticorin fishing harbor, Tamil Nadu, India, female cl 19.0 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02626 + +). +d. + +P. amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + +, Budi fishing port, Chiayi County, Taiwan, female cl 29.5 mm ( + +NTOU +M 02417 + +), from +Hsu & Chan, 2023 +(reproduced with permission from the copyright holder). + + + +Although + +P. cornuta + +can be readily separated from the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” species group by a combination of characters (Table +2 +), it does not have a unique and conspicuous distinguishing character. Its number of rostral teeth, shape of the postrostral carina, pereiopod III lacking an basial spine and even body coloration are nearly identical with + +P. amicus + +and + +P. incisa + +(exact coloration still unknown). The petasma and boot-like endopod of the pleopod II in males, as well as the shape of the anterior plate of the thelycum and the tuft of hairs (including color of hairs) behind the thelycum, are almost the same between + +P. cornuta + +and + +P. maxillipedo + +(Figs +3 a, b +, +4 a, b +, +5 a, b +). Only the median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is relatively lower (Fig. +5 a +) than that of + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +5 b +), while the median part of the posterior plate is flattened or sunken in + +P. incisa + +(Fig. +5 d +) and + +P. amicus + +(Fig. +5 c +), respectively. Nevertheless, the characteristic shape of the thelycum is generally underdeveloped in small females of penaeids. Therefore, the posterior plate of the thelycum is very similar amongst small females of + +P. cornuta + +, + +P. maxillipedo + +, and + +P. incisa + +. + + +The lack of a unique, conspicuous character to distinguish + +P. cornuta + +from the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group renders the verification of the distribution records of this species very difficult. The original description of + +P. cornuta +( +Kishinouye 1900 +) + +also has not mentioned nor illustrated clearly the present distinguishing characters used for separating the species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group. The whereabouts of the type of + +P. cornuta + +is not known, and it is not in the National Museum of Nature and Science, +Tokyo +(personal communication from Tohru Naruse) or the University of +Tokyo +(where Kishinouye studied, personal communication from Tomoyuki Komai). Nevertheless, there is no report nor evidence that there is more than one species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group present in +Japan +(see +Hayashi 1986 +, +1992 +; +Kubo 1949 +). Thus, the Japanese specimens examined in this work can be treated as typical + +P. cornuta + +. + + +It has been considered that + +P. cornuta + +is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from +Japan +to +India +and tropical +Australia +(see +Chan 1998 +; +Holthuis 1980 +, +1984 +; +Pérez Farfante and Kensley 1997 +). Other than its records from +Taiwan +and southern +China +confirmed by the present material examined, reports of this species from other areas need verification. For example, there is the possibility that the photographs assigned to “ + +P. cornuta + +” from +Thailand +( +Chaitiamvong and Supongpan 1992 +: pl. 44) and +Australia +( +Grey et al. 1983 +: fig. 39) may actually represent + +P. amicus + +or + +P. incisa + +as some molecular analyses ( +Hurzaid et al. 2020 +; +Fakhruddin et al. 2024 +) have already suggested that + +P. incisa + +is likely at least ranging to the Strait of +Malacca +or even to +Bangladesh +(see “ Discussion ” below). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B1/92/F1/B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4.xml b/data/B1/92/F1/B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..04cada3a0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B1/92/F1/B192F18E7F505054ABCDE458AE76A8D4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,770 @@ + + + +On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) + + + +Author + +Chan, Tin-Yam +0000-0002-8143-0007 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Yang, Chien-Hui +0000-0002-4594-3622 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Kumar, Appukttannair Biju +0000-0001-5477-2119 +Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India + + + +Author + +Hurzaid, Amirah +0000-0002-7649-7899 +Biological Sciences Department, School of Distance Education and School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia + +text + + +Zoosystematics and Evolution + + +2025 + +2025-03-14 + + +101 + + +2 + + +609 +625 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zse.101.145722 +370E684B-7400-4D34-AD7B-E63425B02860 + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis amicus +V. C. +Nguyên, 1971 + + + + + +Figs 1 c +, +2 c +, +3 c +, +4 c +, +5 c +, +7 d + + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis amicus + +V. C. +Nguyên 1971: 46 +, fig. 1 (type locality: West +Tonkin +Gulf); + +Hsu and Chan 2023: 222 + +, figs 1, 6 a. + + + + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis sinica + +Liu and Wang 1986: 214 +(nomen nudum), 1987: 527, fig. 4. (type locality: Wailuo, +Guangdong +, +China +); + +Liu and Zhong 1988: 212 + +, fig. 131, pl. 3: 4, 5: 6. + + + + + + + + +Kishinouyepenaeopsis amicus + + +– + +De Grave and Fransen 2011: 215 + +. + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + + +Taiwan + +• [ + +NTOU +M 02365 + +]: +Yilan County +, +Dasi fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +17 Jul. 1984 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +26.6 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02366 + +]: +Hsinchu City +, +Nanliao fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +4 Jul. 1984 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +31.1 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02367 + +]: +Changhua County +, +Wenzi fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +5 Aug. 2021 + +, +16 ♂♂ +, cl +17.5–22.3 mm +, +18 ♀♀ +, cl 18.4–25.0 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02368 + +]: +Yunlin County +, +Mailiao +, + +Jul. 2009 + +, +12 ♂♂ +, cl +11.4–17.6 mm +, +18 ♀♀ +, cl 13.0– +22.5 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02369 + +]: +Yunlin County +, +Mailiao +, + +18 May 2010 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl 23.0– +24.3 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl +28.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02418 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +26 May 1974 + +, +3 ♂♂ +, cl +15.6–26.9 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl +30.5 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02370 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +20 Jan. 1995 + +, +4 ♂♂ +, cl +18.1–21.5 mm +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +18.4–20.1 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02371 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +5 Feb. 2000 + +, +20 ♂♂ +, cl +15.1–22.7 mm +, +20 ♀♀ +, cl +15.3–23.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 00762 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +2 Jul. 2002 + +, +8 ♂♂ +, cl +26.5–29.2 mm +, +10 ♀♀ +, cl +22.5–33.2 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02372 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +8 Feb. 2021 + +, +21 ♂♂ +, cl 22.2–26.0 mm, +21 ♀♀ +, cl +23.1–31.1 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02417 + +]: +Chiayi County +, +Budai fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +12 Dec. 2021 + +, +2 ♀♀ +, cl +26.3–29.5 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02373 + +]: +Kaohsiung City +; + +10 Mar. 1975 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +24.4 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl +29.2 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02374 + +]: +Pingtung County +, +Donggang fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +5 Mar. 2021 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl 24.5–25.0 mm, +1 ♀ +, cl +28.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02375 + +]: +Penghu County +, +Third fishing port +, +commercial trawler +, + +Jun. – Aug. 2013 + +, +3 ♀♀ +, cl +24.1–36.6 mm + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Rostrum horizontal straight with tip recurved upwards, armed with 7–9 (avg. 7.8, n = 20, excluding epigastric tooth) teeth along dorsal border except near tip, extending to around tip of second segment of antennular peduncle. Postrostral carina with posterior 1 / 4 broadened and obscure, often with weak median pit, extending posteriorly to 0.77–0.89 (avg. 0.85, n = 20) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short, extending posteriorly to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II bearing basial spines and epipods, pereiopod III lacking basial spine. Abdominal somites I and II without dorsal carina. Telson lacking movable lateral spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II normal in shape, sword-like as exopod; petasma with distolateral projections elongated and horn-like, tip of horn distinctly protruded on both sides (outer protrusion often larger) and hammer-like. Female thelycum with anterior plate shovel-like to semicircular (more often), 0.59–0.73 (avg. 0.65, n = 10) as long as wide, surface sunken with distinct median longitudinal furrow extending to posterior plate; posterior plate with median part also sunken, lateral parts as 2 large semicircular processes; tuft of setae behind posterior plate short and thin. + + + +Coloration. + + +(Fig. +7 c +) Similar to + +P. cornuta + +except tuft of short setae behind thelycum colorless. Color photograph of this species given in +Hsu and Chan (2023) +. + + + + +Distribution. + + +Known with certainty from +Vietnam +to southern +China +and +Taiwan +, intertidal to about +50 m +deep ( +Liu and Wang 1987 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +). + + + + +Remarks. + + +Although the general appearance of + +P. amicus + +is very similar to the other members of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” species group, it can be readily distinguished by the shape of genitalia. For males, + +P. amicus + +is unique in having a normal pleopod II endopod (Fig. +4 c; v +. s. greatly modified and boot-like, Figs +4 a, b, d +). In females, the tuft of setae behind the thelycum is thin and short (Fig. +5 c; v +. s. thick and long, Figs +5 a, b, d +). Efforts to locate the types of + +P. amicus + +were unsuccessful (personal communication from Tran Anh Duc). As both + +P. amicus + +, described from +Vietnam +(V. C. +Nguyên 1971 +: fig. 1 B), and + +P. sinica +Liu & Wang, 1987 + +, described from southern +China +( +Liu and Wang 1987 +: fig. 4 e; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +: fig. 131–5), have the characteristic short and thin setae behind the thelycum, they are determined to be synonyms. + + +Besides the pleopod II endopod in males and tuft of setae behind the thelycum in females, + +P. amicus + +can also be separated from the other species of the group by some subtle differences in the genitalia (Table +2 +). The tip of the horn-like petasma has both sides distinctly protruded and hammer-like in + +P. amicus + +(Fig. +3 c +), but only with the outer side protruded in + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +3 a +) and + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +3 b +) or both sides not protruded in + +P. incisa + +(Fig. +3 d +). In + +P. amicus + +, the thelycum has a median longitudinal furrow, the anterior plate is relatively short (0.59–0.73, avg. 0.65 as long as wide), and the posterior plate medially sunken (Fig. +5 c +). For the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group, the thelycum (Figs +5 a, b, d +) generally lacks a median longitudinal furrow (but is occasionally present in + +P. cornuta + +), the anterior plates are usually longer (0.74–1.17 as long as wide), and the median parts of the posterior plates are flattened (in + +P. incisa + +, Fig. +5 d +) to more or less protruding into a boss [low in + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +5 a +) and high in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +5 b +)]. However, the characteristic shape of the genitalia is generally less developed in juveniles and young specimens. These subtle differences in genitalia are hence sometimes not useful to separate small individuals of this species group. + + +It is also found that the rostrum is relatively shorter, not reaching the tip of the antennular peduncle, in + +P. amicus + +(Fig. +1 c +) and + +P. maxillipedo + +(fig. 1 b). In + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +1 a +) and + +P. incisa + +(Fig. +1 d +), the rostrum is often extending to or even overreaching the tip of the antennular peduncle. Other differences previously proposed to distinguish + +P. amicus + +from the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group [such as the number of rostral teeth, postrostral carina length, the presence of a median pit on postrostral carina, and setae on the branchiocardiac groove ( +Liu and Wang 1987 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +; V. C. +Nguyên 1971 +)] are found to be rather variable, with many overlappings. + + +Molecular analysis also indicates that + +P. amicus + +is more distant from the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group (Figs +8 +, +9 +, Table +1 +). However, the body color of + +P. amicus + +(Fig. +7 d +) is very similar to + +P. cornuta + +(Figs +7 a, b +) and very likely also with + +P. incisa + +(see +Hsu and Chan 2023 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +), rendering it difficult to determine its exact distribution from literature. At present, it can only be confirmed that + +P. amicus + +is distributed from +Vietnam +to eastern +Guangdong +in southern +China +and +Taiwan +( +Hsu and Chan 2023 +; +Liu and Wang 1987 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +). Whether + +P. amicus + +has a wider geographical distribution will need re-examination of the material reported as “ + +P. cornuta + +” in the various localities from +India +to +Australia +. For example, a recent study found that + +P. amicus + +is actually much more abundant than + +P. cornuta + +in +Taiwan +( +Hsu and Chan 2023 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BC/F0/85/BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E.xml b/data/BC/F0/85/BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6e88ee72585 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BC/F0/85/BCF08593C1DC592186153B017E54396E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,871 @@ + + + +On the commercial shrimps of the “ Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) ” species group (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) + + + +Author + +Chan, Tin-Yam +0000-0002-8143-0007 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Yang, Chien-Hui +0000-0002-4594-3622 +Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan + + + +Author + +Kumar, Appukttannair Biju +0000-0001-5477-2119 +Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India + + + +Author + +Hurzaid, Amirah +0000-0002-7649-7899 +Biological Sciences Department, School of Distance Education and School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia + +text + + +Zoosystematics and Evolution + + +2025 + +2025-03-14 + + +101 + + +2 + + +609 +625 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zse.101.145722 +370E684B-7400-4D34-AD7B-E63425B02860 + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo +Alcock, 1906 + + + + + +Figs 1 b +, +2 b +, +3 b +, +4 b +, +5 b +, +6 b +, +7 c + + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo + +Alcock 1906: 40 +, pl. VIII – fig. 24, 24 a – b (type-locality: +Bombay +and Madras, +India +and +Arakan +, +Myanmar +); + +Holthuis 1984 + +: PEN Para 8, 4 unnumbered figs; + +De Bruin et al. 1995: 32 + +, 3 unnumbered figs; + +Chan 1998: 944 + +, 3 unnumbered figs. + + + + + + + + +Parapenaeopsis +( +Kishinouyepenaeopsis +) +maxillipedo + + +– + +Psomadakis et al. 2019: 39 + +, 4 unnumbered figs. + + + + + + +Kishinouyepenaeopsis maxillipedo + + +– + +De Grave and Fransen 2011: 216 + +. + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + + +India + +• [ + +NTOU +M 02625 + +]: +Tamil Nadu +, +Tuticorin fishing harbor +, +commercial trawler +, + +18 Mar. 2017 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl 14.4–16.0 mm, +3 ♀♀ +, cl +11.4–22.3 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02626 + +]: +Tamil Nadu +, +Tuticorin fishing harbor +, +commercial trawler +, + +22 Mar. 2017 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +11.9 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl 19.0 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02627 + +]: +Tamil Nadu +, +Tuticorin fishing harbor +, +commercial trawler +, + +22 Mar. 2017 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +12.1 mm +, +1 ♀ +, cl +15.4 mm + +• + +[ + +NTOU +M 02628 + +]: +Muttom +, +Jeppiaar fishing harbor +, +commercial trawler +, + +Sep. 2018 + +, +2 ♂♂ +, cl 13.9–14.0 mm + +. + + +Malaysia + +• [ +USM_INV 1006 +]: +Strait of Malacca +, +Pantai Remis +, +Perak +, + +10 Aug. 2023 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +18.6 mm + +• + +[ +USM_INV 1009 +]: +Strait of Malacca +, +Pantai Remis +, +Perak +, + +10 Aug. 2023 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +22.5 mm + +• + +[ +USM_INV 1010 +]: +Strait of Malacca +, +Pantai Remis +, +Perak +, + +10 Aug. 2023 + +, +1 ♂ +, cl +18.9 mm + +• + +[ +USM_INV 1011 +]: +Strait of Malacca +, +Pantai Remis +, +Perak +, + +10 Aug. 2023 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +26.8 mm + +• + +[ +USM_INV 1012 +]: +Strait of Malacca +, +Pantai Remis +, +Perak +, + +10 Aug. 2023 + +, +1 ♀ +, cl +25.7 mm + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Rostrum generally straight and horizontal, reaching between base and middle of distal antennular peduncle segment, bearing 8–10 (avg. 8.9, n = 15) dorsal teeth (excluding epigastric tooth), tip without tooth, and slightly curved upwards. Postrostral carina distinct and similar width along entire length but often with a weak median pit, almost reaching posterior margin of carapace and being 0.91–0.97 (avg. 0.96, n = 16) of carapace length. Longitudinal suture short and extending to about level of epigastric tooth. Pereiopods I and II bearing basial spines and epipods. Pereiopod III generally armed with distinct basial spine. Abdominal somites I and II without dorsal carina. Telson without movable lateral spinules. Males with endopod of pleopod II strongly modified into boot-like shape, distal margin straight or slightly concave medially, median part of distal margin concealed by tuft of dense long stiff setae arose from anterodistal part of endopod; petasma horn-like with distolateral projections strongly elongated, tip of horn bearing distinct protuberance only at outer side. Female thelycum, anterior plate generally semi-quadrate or sometimes semi-circular, 0.79–1.03 (avg. 0.91, n = 7) as long as wide, surface slightly sunken and lacking median longitudinal furrow; posterior plate with distinct and often high median ovate boss, lateral parts semicircular; tuft of setae behind posterior plate long and thick. + + + +Coloration. + + +(Fig. +7 b +) Body greenish yellow and covered with dense yellowish to dark green dots. Eyes black gray. Antennal flagellae pinkish to yellowish and alternated with dark bands. Rostrum with tip reddish to dark reddish brown, bases of rostral teeth sometimes black and continuous as thick black line. Thoracic appendages whitish to pinkish white and greenish yellow. Abdomen with dense dark green dots arranged as distinct transverse bands, last somite (or somite VI) bearing a large black or brown posterolateral spot anteriorly accompanied with thick white margin. Uropods of tailfan reddish to dark red and with yellowish green margins or distal parts yellowish green. Pleopods pale white to pale yellow or reddish, outer parts of peduncles sometimes whitish. Tuft of long setae behind thelycum bluish. Color photograph belonging to this species given in +Chaitiamvong and Supongpan (1992 +: pl. 43). + + + + +Distribution. + + +Known with certainties from +India +to +Thailand +and Strait of +Malacca +, shallow water less than +30 m +deep ( +Chan 1998 +). Perhaps more widely distributed eastwards to the +Philippines +and northern +Australia +(see Remarks). + + + + +Remarks. + + +The relationships between + +P. maxillipedo + +and + +P. cornuta + +are extremely confusing in literature. + +Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo + +was suspected to belong to the same species as + +P. cornuta + +in the original description ( +Alcock 1906 +), and some authors also suspected or considered these two names to be synonyms (e. g., +Dall 1957 +; +Dall and Rothlisberg 1990 +; +De Man 1911 +; +Hall 1961 +). Other workers, however, considered that + +P. maxillipedo + +is a distinct species or subspecies (e. g., +Chaitiamvong and Supongpan 1992 +; +Chan 1998 +; +Chanda 2016 b +; +Holthuis 1980 +, +1984 +; +Kubo 1949 +; +Liu and Wang 1987 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +; +Motoh and Buri 1984 +; +Muthu 1968 +; +Racek and Dall 1965 +; +Racek and Yaldwyn 1971 +) and proposed many characters to separate it from + +P. cornuta + +. Careful comparisons and molecular analyses of materials assigned to + +P. maxillipedo + +and + +P. cornuta + +in this work reveal that there are large nucleotide divergences (13.5–16.0 %, Table +1 +) between these two species and they can be separated by the following characters. + + +As commented on by many workers ( +Chan 1998 +; +Chanda 2016 b +; +Dall 1957 +; +De Man 1911 +; +Hall 1961 +; +Holthuis 1984 +; +Kubo 1949 +; +Liu and Wang 1987 +; +Liu and Zhong 1988 +; +Motoh and Buri 1984 +; +Muthu 1968 +; +Racek and Dall 1965 +; +Racek and Yaldwyn 1971 +), the pereiopod III generally bears a distinct basial spine in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +6 b +) but lacks a basial spine in + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +6 a +). Nevertheless, as pointed out by +Kubo (1949) +as well as +Racek and Dall (1965) +, there are variations in this character. Of the +16 specimens +(including +nine males +and +seven females +) of + +P. maxillipedo + +examined in this work, a male [ + + +NTOU + +M 02625 + +] and a female [ + + +NTOU + +M 02627 + +] from +India +lack a basial spine at the pereiopod III on both sides. Another female [ + + +NTOU + +M 02625 + +], also from +India +, only has a small basial spine at the pereiopod III. On the other hand, only two (both males) of the +100 specimens +(including +27 males +) examined in + +P. cornuta + +have small ischial spines present on the pereiopods III. The rostrum is generally shorter (maximum extending to the middle of the distal antennular segment) but armed with more teeth (8–10, avg. 8.9) in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +1 b +). The rostrum of + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +1 a +) is relatively longer (maximum reaching tip of antennular peduncle) and bears fewer teeth (6–8, avg. 7.0). The postrostral carina is distinct along the entire length and almost reaches the posterior margin of the carapace (postrostral carina / cl: 0.91–0.97, avg. 0.96) in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Figs +1 b +, +2 b +), but it is faded and broadened at posterior 1 / 4 and terminates with a distinct distance from the posterior carapace (postrostral carina / cl: 0.72–0.92, avg. 0.85) in + +P. cornuta + +(Figs +1 a +, +2 a +). The median boss at the posterior plate of the thelycum is strongly elevated in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +5 b +) but weak in + +P. cornuta + +(Fig. +5 a +). However, as the development of the thelycum is related to size, the median bosses in some juveniles of + +P. maxillipedo + +are sometimes low and rather similar to that of + +P. cornuta + +. The most distinct difference between + +P. maxillipedo + +and + +P. cornuta + +is body coloration. Some of the Indian specimens and all Malaysian specimens of + +P. maxillipedo + +examined in this study are accompanied by color photographs showing the same color pattern. The abdomen is distinctly banded and bears a large dark spot with an anterior thick white margin on the lateral surfaces of the last somite in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +7 c +). In + +P. cornuta + +, the bandings on the abdomen are obscure, and there is no large spot on the last abdominal somite (Figs +7 a, b +; see also +Hayashi 1986 +; +Hsu and Chan 2023 +). + + +Although + +P. cornuta + +has been reported from +India +( +Chanda 2016 b +; +Muthu 1968 +), the original description of + +P. maxillipedo + +described from +India +and +Myanmar +clearly mentioned that this species has more rostral teeth (8–10 excluding epigastric tooth), a postrostral carina as “ … continued right up to the posterior border of the carapace, is sharp and particularly prominent …., ” the pereiopod III bearing a big basial spine, and the middle of the posterior plate of the thelycum with “ … a globous tubercle … ” ( +Alcock 1906 +). The present Indian specimens with characteristics described in the previous paragraph fit well with the original description of + +P. maxillipedo + +and can be considered as typical of this species. As the basial spine is occasionally absent or small at the pereiopod III in + +P. maxillipedo + +, the records of + +P. cornuta + +from +India +based only on males ( +Chanda 2016 b +; +Muthu 1968 +) become doubtful. Even those Indian records of + +P. cornuta + +represent a species different from + +P. maxillipedo + +; there are possibilities that they may be + +P. amicus + +or + +P. incisa + +because these two species also lack a basial spine at the pereiopod III, and the latter species has recently been suggested to occur off +Bangladesh +( +Fakhruddin et al. 2024 +). + + +Actually, most of the characters used in separating + +P. maxillipedo + +from + +P. cornuta + +can also be applied to distinguish it from + +P. amicus + +or + +P. incisa + +(Table +2 +). + +Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo + +is unique in the “ + +P. cornuta + +” species group as it has the postrostral carina distinct along the entire length (Fig. +2 b +) and likely also in its coloration (Fig. +7 c +, + +P. incisa + +still without information on coloration but probably similar to + +P. cornuta + +and + +P. amicus + +). Moreover, + +P. maxillipedo + +differs from the other species of the “ + +P. cornuta + +” group by generally having more rostral teeth (Fig. +1 b +), longer postrostral carina (Figs +1 b +, +2 b +), bearing a large basial spine at the pereiopod III (Fig. +6 b +), and posterior plate of thelycum having a high median boss (Fig. +5 b +). Nevertheless, the petasma and endopod of pleopod II in males are almost identical between + +P. maxillipedo + +and + +P. cornuta + +(Figs +3 a, b +, +4 a, b +). The thelycum of these two species is also rather similar, but with the median boss at the posterior plate more developed and the anterior plate somewhat more elongated (0.79–1.03, avg. 0.91 as long as wide) in + +P. maxillipedo + +(Fig. +5 b +; vs. 0.74–0.95, avg. 0.85 as long as wide in + +P. cornuta + +, Fig. +5 a +). + + +Although + +P. maxillipedo + +has been reported from +India +to the +Philippines +and tropical +Australia +(see +Chan 1998 +; +Holthuis 1980 +, +1984 +; +Pérez Farfante and Kensley 1997 +), the present study is only able to verify its distribution in +India +, +Thailand +, and +Malaysia +. Materials of this species from +India +and +Malaysia +are here examined. The color photograph of + +P. maxillipedo + +from +Thailand +given by +Chaitiamvong and Supongpan (1992 +: pl. 43) shows the characteristic large back spot on the last abdominal somite of this species. The drawings of + +P. maxillipedo + +in the FAO species identification guides for the Western Indian Ocean ( +Holthuis 1984 +), +Sri Lanka +( +De Bruin et al. 1995 +), +Myanmar +( +Psomadakis et al. 2019 +), Western Central Pacific ( +Chan 1998 +) also showed clearly the characteristic large dark spot with an anterior thick white margin on the last abdominal somite. On the other hand, the Philippine material reported as “ + +P. maxillipedo + +” by +Motoh and Buri (1984) +was described as the basial spine at the pereiopod III sometimes small in females and the bands on the abdomen wider, but the characteristic large dark spot at the last abdominal somite was absent in their illustrated line-drawing ( +Motoh and Buri 1984 +: fig. 71). The Australian material reported as “ + +P. cornuta maxillipedo + +” by +Racek and Dall (1965) +was also described as having the basial spine at the pereiopod III much reduced, like in some females from New +Guinea +(see also +Racek and Yaldwyn 1971 +). Re-examination of the +Philippines +, New +Guinea +, and Australian material will be necessary to understand the exact eastern geographical range of + +P. maxillipedo + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file