Add updates up until 2024-10-02 19:20:12
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<mods:titleInfo id="9C59424C99147926FA3400CB8C5CF4A1">
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<mods:title id="161375E567ED93A9EDAB8823841B84D4">Description and natural history notes of the tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul (Anura: Odontophrynidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47C31F7226CCA5379B6ADF4D189D2F2E">Carrasco-Medina, Andres Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="209908B678BEE4F08402D5A4EE30B04E">Ernetti, Julia R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1A9AA70169A803CCAD14324602844F73">Botelho, Lucas Machado</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8DED1A27EC33E8A1F4CEE24EE1C3FDA4">Projeto Dacnis, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D3CA173677C59BEC1F47AFFADE7D36E4">Muscat, Edelcio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3CB4BADE1B873E175DBA16C69FCBB17E">Projeto Dacnis, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A7B7F86BD91538A83681D8290ABEF7E8">Toledo, L. Felipe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2EFD68246C24BA42AEE2BB06D6A5A40A">Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. & Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. & Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2922C760C7E278BB084B2DFF40E17BED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5D40229B3A323FE003D475314F26E697">
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<mods:date id="502B203DBF53F5F55496E60FB2CC9D2B">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66394724A7C7086A56927ABFD54DEA39">2024-06-27</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="481C900F41ADAD1CA99CB877A740D47E">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5474.3.6</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="BEEE33E0EAE63B0C7BC3EFFE60D65BFD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="295" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">
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<subSubSection id="89806546502DFFC1FF200F59A724D95A" box="[199,295,1577,1601]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C12536CD502DFFC1FF200F59A724D95A" blockId="0.[151,1437,965,2033]" box="[199,295,1577,1601]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">
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<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502DFFC1FF200F59A724D95A" ID-CoL="6VY7X" box="[199,295,1577,1601]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">Tadpoles</taxonomicName>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="89806546502DFFC1FEC90F5AA2D7D8B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C12536CD502DFFC1FEC90F5AA2D7D8B2" blockId="0.[151,1437,965,2033]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">
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were collected at
|
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<location id="C4456016502DFFC1FE0D0F5AA549D95A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F:C4456016502DFFC1FE0D0F5AA549D95A" box="[490,842,1577,1601]" country="Brazil" county="Universidade Estadual de Campinas" longitude="-45.553886" municipality="Museu de Diversidade Biologica" name="Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar</location>
|
||||
(Núcleo Santa Virgínia), municipality of
|
||||
<location id="C4456016502DFFC1FAE00F59A6D1D97E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F:C4456016502DFFC1FAE00F59A6D1D97E" country="Brazil" county="Universidade Estadual de Campinas" longitude="-45.553886" municipality="Museu de Diversidade Biologica" name="Natividade da Serra" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
|
||||
Natividade
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FA640F59A6D1D97E" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">da Serra</collectorName>
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</location>
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, state of
|
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<collectingRegion id="035EF82F502DFFC1FED20F3DA7A7D97E" box="[309,420,1613,1637]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="B98D765D502DFFC1FE570F3DA7F7D97E" box="[432,500,1613,1637]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, in a locality known as “Trilha do campinho” (23º52’67”S,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="A4AE500A502DFFC1FB990F3DA300D97E" box="[1150,1283,1613,1637]" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" precision="15" seconds="14" value="-45.553886">45º33’14”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
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<elevation id="4AB7D1FE502DFFC1FAF70F3DA6F9D992" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" unit="m" value="855.0">
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<quantity id="06629B28502DFFC1FAF70F3DA356D97E" box="[1296,1365,1613,1637]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" unit="m" value="855.0">855 m</quantity>
|
||||
above sea level
|
||||
</elevation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FEEA0F01A735D992" box="[269,310,1649,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">The</collectorName>
|
||||
individuals were collected on
|
||||
<date id="B524100D502DFFC1FD610F01A521D992" box="[646,802,1649,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" value="2022-03-03">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="A560E9E5502DFFC1FD610F01A521D992" box="[646,802,1649,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" value="2022-03-03">3 March 2022</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, from a small stream in a calm section with sandy bottom by active method using a
|
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<collectingMethod id="18DB4EDA502DFFC1FE4E0FE5A7F5D9B6" box="[425,502,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">dip net</collectingMethod>
|
||||
.
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||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FE180FE5A44ED9B6" box="[511,589,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Twelve</collectorName>
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||||
tadpoles were analyzed and staged following
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502DFFC1FBDC0FE5A2DAD9B6" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[1083,1241,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref3136" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A Simplified Table for Staging Anuran Embryos and Larvae with Notes on Identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FB030FE5A302D9B6" box="[1252,1281,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">St.</collectorName>
|
||||
35 (n = 3),
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FA980FE5A39ED9B6" box="[1407,1437,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">St.</collectorName>
|
||||
37 (n = 1),
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FEF70FC9A72ED9CA" box="[272,301,1721,1745]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">St.</collectorName>
|
||||
39 (n = 3), and
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FE3C0FC9A7FBD9CA" box="[475,504,1721,1745]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">St.</collectorName>
|
||||
41 (n = 5).
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FD900FCAA510D9CA" box="[631,787,1722,1745]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Measurements</collectorName>
|
||||
were registered using a stereoscopic microscope (
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FACA0FC9A382D9CA" box="[1325,1409,1721,1745]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Leica S</collectorName>
|
||||
9).
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||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FF700FADA6F4D9EE" box="[151,247,1757,1781]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Tadpoles</collectorName>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FEF10FADA730D9EE" box="[278,307,1757,1781]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">St.</collectorName>
|
||||
35–39 (n = 7) were analyzed to characterize the oral structures of the species.
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FB8E0FADA2EDD9EE" box="[1129,1262,1757,1781]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Photographs</collectorName>
|
||||
were taken with a ZEISS
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FF1F0E71A77CD802" box="[248,383,1793,1817]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Discovery V</collectorName>
|
||||
20 stereoscope with an
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FD9F0E71A4E3D802" box="[632,736,1793,1817]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">AxioCam</collectorName>
|
||||
MRc5 camera.
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FC6D0E71A222D802" box="[906,1057,1793,1817]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Nomenclature</collectorName>
|
||||
and measurements follows
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502DFFC1FAAC0E72A713D826" author="Haas, A. & Das, I." pageId="0" pageNumber="292" pagination="29 - 46" refId="ref3167" refString="Haas, A. & Das, I. (2011) Describing east Malaysian tadpole diversity: Status and recommendations for standards and procedures associated with larval amphibian description and documentation. Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 57, 29 - 46." type="journal article" year="2011">Haas & Das (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FEFD0E55A783D826" box="[282,384,1829,1853]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Sampling</collectorName>
|
||||
permit were provided by the
|
||||
<location id="C4456016502DFFC1FD5D0E55A328D826" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:493387DB502DFFC2FF200F59A6DEDE7F:C4456016502DFFC1FD5D0E55A328D826" box="[698,1323,1829,1853]" country="Brazil" county="Universidade Estadual de Campinas" longitude="-45.553886" municipality="Museu de Diversidade Biologica" name="Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade</location>
|
||||
(ICMBio) (SISBio #27745-26) and the
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FE2D0E39A485D87A" box="[458,646,1865,1889]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Instituto Florestal</collectorName>
|
||||
do
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="035EF82F502DFFC1FD490E39A58BD87A" box="[686,904,1865,1889]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Estado de São Paulo</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(IF #004767/2020-42).
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FB6F0E39A2EBD87A" box="[1160,1256,1865,1889]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Tadpoles</collectorName>
|
||||
were euthanized using 5% xylocaine, preserved in 10% formalin, and deposited in the
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="2141ACB7502DFFC1FC6C0E1EA2EDD89E" box="[907,1262,1901,1925]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Museu de Diversidade Biológica</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
(MDBio) at the
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="28444E41502DFFC1FF700EE1A418D8B2" box="[151,539,1937,1961]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectorName id="6C6F531B502DFFC1FDC10EE1A490D8B2" box="[550,659,1937,1961]" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Campinas</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="035EF82F502DFFC1FD790EE1A50FD8B2" box="[670,780,1937,1961]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B98D765D502DFFC1FCF00EE1A55BD8B2" box="[791,856,1937,1961]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(ZUEC-AMP 25335 – tadpole lot).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="89806546502DFFC0FF200EC5A2ABDD20" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="293" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="C12536CD502DFFC0FF200EC5A58EDE78" blockId="0.[151,1437,965,2033]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,151,571]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="293" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502DFFC1FF200EC5A46FD8D6" bold="true" box="[199,620,1973,1997]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" reason="1">External morphology (Stages 35–41).</emphasis>
|
||||
Body elliptical in dorsal view and depressed in lateral view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="59A12A48502DFFC1FB1D0EC5A34CD8D6" box="[1274,1359,1973,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-244@1.[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul. (A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="292">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Body length about 42% (39–61%) of total length (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="8C180376502DFFC1FD800EA9A4B4D8EA" box="[615,695,2009,2033]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,245,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological measurements (mm) of 12 tadpoles of Proceratophrys belzebul: total length (TL), body length (BL), maximum body width (BW), body height (BH), tail length (TAL), maximum tail height (MTH), tail muscle width at the same level (TMW), tail muscle height at body-tail junction (TMH), upper fin height (UFH), lower fin height (LFH), eye diameter (ED), interorbital distance (IOD), internarial distance (IND), distance from center of naris to center of eye (NE), nostril-snout distance (NSD), eye-snout distance (ES). Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/95E56645502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B" pageId="0" pageNumber="292" tableDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13821665" tableUuid="95E56645502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Snout rounded both in dorsal and lateral view, with nostrils elliptical and positioned dorsally (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="59A12A48502CFFC0FE7909E7A409DFAB" box="[414,522,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-244@1.[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul. (A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Fig. 1B,C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Eyes located dorsolaterally (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="59A12A48502CFFC0FCAA09E7A5C1DFAB" box="[845,962,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-244@1.[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul. (A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Spiracle free, sinistral, and tubular-shaped, with posterodorsal orientation and with internal wall longer than the external (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="59A12A48502CFFC0FC0D09CBA23CDFCF" box="[1002,1087,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-244@1.[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul. (A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Vent tube medial and attached to the ventral fin. The dorsal and ventral fins originate slightly anterior to the body-tail junction, with the dorsal fin being slightly higher than the ventral one. The tail musculature does not extend all the way to the end of the fin. Oral disc ventral, emarginate, and bordered by a single row of alternate, conical marginal papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="59A12A48502CFFC0FB630857A2D5DE5B" box="[1156,1238,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-244@1.[201,1386,595,1938]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Proceratophrys belzebul. (A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Labial tooth row formula (LTRF) 2/3(1), with A2> A1 and P1> P2> P
|
||||
<quantity id="06629B28502CFFC0FD39083CA506DE78" box="[734,773,331,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||||
all tadpoles.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502CFFC0FF200800A2ABDD20" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">In life the tadpole shows a reddish-brown body adorned with copper-colored spots extending from the dorsal to the lateral regions. Towards the lower lateral area, the body becomes increasingly transparent, allowing observation of the digestive tract. Eyes feature a light brown iris, marked by darker brown spots; closer to the pupil, the iris takes on a coppery hue, while the pupil remains distinctly black. Both the tail and fins exhibit a predominantly transparent appearance, adorned with sporadic brown markings. In formalin, the walls of the body and tail are transparent, revealing small brown melanophores that can be observed in the dorsal region and dispersed across the tail.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="95E56645502CFFC0FF700EDAA324D8FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12567798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12567798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12567798/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" startId="1.[151,255,1962,1986]" targetBox="[201,1386,595,1938]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502CFFC0FF700EDAA324D8FD" blockId="1.[151,1436,1962,2022]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502CFFC0FF700EDAA71BD8D9" bold="true" box="[151,280,1962,1986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Tadpole of
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502CFFC0FE730EDAA4A2D8D9" box="[404,673,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502CFFC0FE730EDAA49FD8D9" box="[404,668,1962,1986]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">Proceratophrys belzebul</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(A) lateral view of tadpole in life and (B) dorsal view of body; (C) detail of the rostral region showing the nostrils (arrow); (D) detail of the spiracle (arrow); (E) detail of the oral disc.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="95E56645502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13821665" ID-Table-UUID="95E56645502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13821665" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/95E56645502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" startId="2.[152,245,151,175]" targetBox="[163,1421,376,1126]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502FFFC3FF7F09E7A373DE5B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF7F09E7A70DDFB4" bold="true" box="[152,270,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Morphological measurements (mm) of 12 tadpoles of
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FCA909E7A25FDFB4" box="[846,1116,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FCA909E7A254DFB4" box="[846,1111,151,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">Proceratophrys belzebul</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
total length (TL), body length (BL), maximum body width (BW), body height (BH), tail length (TAL), maximum tail height (MTH), tail muscle width at the same level (TMW), tail muscle height at body-tail junction (TMH), upper fin height (UFH), lower fin height (LFH), eye diameter (ED), interorbital distance (IOD), internarial distance (IND), distance from center of naris to center of eye (NE), nostril-snout distance (NSD), eye-snout distance (ES). Values presented as mean ± standard deviation (range).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502FFFC3FF440808A378DB7D" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<table id="B39AC46D502F003EFF440808A38EDB7D" box="[163,1421,376,1126]" gridcols="5" gridrows="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440808A38EDE8A" box="[163,1421,376,401]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440808A70FDE8A" box="[163,268,376,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF440808A70FDE95" bold="true" box="[163,268,376,398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Character</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400808A488DE8A" box="[423,651,376,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE2E080BA46BDE8A" bold="true" box="[457,616,379,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Stage 35 (n = 3)</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0808A56ADE8A" box="[714,873,376,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FD2D080BA56ADE8A" bold="true" box="[714,873,379,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Stage 37 (n = 1)</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0808A28FDE8A" box="[937,1164,376,401]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC2C080BA269DE8A" bold="true" box="[971,1130,379,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Stage 39 (n = 3)</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0808A38EDE8A" box="[1194,1421,376,401]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FB2B080BA369DE8A" bold="true" box="[1228,1386,379,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Stage 41 (n = 5)</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF4408D6A38EDEA5" box="[163,1421,422,446]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF4408D6A70FDEA5" box="[163,268,422,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">TL</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE4008D6A488DEA5" box="[423,651,422,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">28.8 ± 1.44 (26.8–29.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D08D6A56ADEA5" box="[714,873,422,446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">34.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E08D6A28FDEA5" box="[937,1164,422,446]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">31.2 ± 0.61 (30.8–32)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D08D6A38EDEA5" box="[1194,1421,422,446]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">30.7 ± 5.58 (20.3–34.3)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF4408A3A38EDEF7" box="[163,1421,467,492]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF4408A3A70FDEF7" box="[163,268,467,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">BL</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE4008A3A488DEF7" box="[423,651,467,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">12.9 ± 0.75 (12.1–13.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D08A3A56ADEF7" box="[714,873,467,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">14.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E08A3A28FDEF7" box="[937,1164,467,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">13.4 ± 0.42 (12.8–13.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D08A3A38EDEF7" box="[1194,1421,467,492]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">12.7 ± 1.11 (10.6–13.5)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440B70A38EDD02" box="[163,1421,512,537]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440B70A70FDD02" box="[163,268,512,537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">BW</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400B70A488DD02" box="[423,651,512,537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">9.5 ± 0.44 (8.8–9.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0B70A56ADD02" box="[714,873,512,537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">9.1</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0B70A28FDD02" box="[937,1164,512,537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">9.9 ± 0.61 (9.1–10.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0B70A38EDD02" box="[1194,1421,512,537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">10.6 ± 1.07 (8.6–10.9)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440B5EA38EDD5D" box="[163,1421,558,582]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440B5EA70FDD5D" box="[163,268,558,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">BH</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400B5EA488DD5D" box="[423,651,558,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">5.6 ± 0.36 (5.1–5.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0B5EA56ADD5D" box="[714,873,558,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">5.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0B5EA28FDD5D" box="[937,1164,558,582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">5.8 ± 0.17 (5.8–6.1)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0B5EA38EDD5D" box="[1194,1421,558,582]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">5.9 ± 0.66 (4.6–6)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440B2BA38EDD6F" box="[163,1421,603,628]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440B2BA70FDD6F" box="[163,268,603,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">TAL</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400B2BA488DD6F" box="[423,651,603,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">16.2 ± 0.50 (15.7–16.7)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0B2BA56ADD6F" box="[714,873,603,628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">20.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0B2BA28FDD6F" box="[937,1164,603,628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">18.4 ± 0.55 (17.8–18.9)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0B2BA38EDD6F" box="[1194,1421,603,628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">18.4 ± 4.95 (8.9–21.9)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440BF8A38EDDBA" box="[163,1421,648,673]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440BF8A70FDDBA" box="[163,268,648,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">MTH</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400BF8A488DDBA" box="[423,651,648,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">6.5 ± 0.4 (6–6.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0BF8A56ADDBA" box="[714,873,648,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">6.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0BF8A28FDDBA" box="[937,1164,648,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">6.8 ± 0.49 (6–6.9)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0BF8A38EDDBA" box="[1194,1421,648,673]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">6.9 ± 0.59 (5.6–7)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440BC6A38EDDD5" box="[163,1421,694,718]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440BC6A70FDDD5" box="[163,268,694,718]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">TMW</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400BC6A488DDD5" box="[423,651,694,718]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.1 ± 0.15 (3- 3.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0BC6A56ADDD5" box="[714,873,694,718]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0BC6A28FDDD5" box="[937,1164,694,718]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.3 ± 0.40 (2.8–3.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0BC6A38EDDD5" box="[1194,1421,694,718]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.1 ± 0.17 (2.9–3.3)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440B93A38EDDE7" box="[163,1421,739,764]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440B93A70FDDE7" box="[163,268,739,764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">TMH</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400B93A488DDE7" box="[423,651,739,764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.3 ± 0.23 (2.9–3.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0B93A56ADDE7" box="[714,873,739,764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.3</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0B93A28FDDE7" box="[937,1164,739,764]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.5 ± 0.26 (3.4–3.9)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0B93A38EDDE7" box="[1194,1421,739,764]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.6 ± 0.34 (3.1–4)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440A60A38EDC32" box="[163,1421,784,809]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440A60A70FDC32" box="[163,268,784,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">UFH</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400A60A488DC32" box="[423,651,784,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.4 ± 0.42 (1.8–2.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0A60A56ADC32" box="[714,873,784,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0A60A28FDC32" box="[937,1164,784,809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.3 ± 0.29 (2.3–2.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0A60A38EDC32" box="[1194,1421,784,809]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.1 ± 0.36 (1.6–2.6)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440A4EA38EDC4D" box="[163,1421,830,854]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440A4EA70FDC4D" box="[163,268,830,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">LFH</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400A4EA488DC4D" box="[423,651,830,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.8 ± 0.17 (1.5–1.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0A4EA56ADC4D" box="[714,873,830,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.6</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0A4EA28FDC4D" box="[937,1164,830,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2 ± 0.46 (1.4–2.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0A4EA38EDC4D" box="[1194,1421,830,854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.8 ± 0.18 (1.4–1.8)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440A1BA38EDC9F" box="[163,1421,875,900]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440A1BA70FDC9F" box="[163,268,875,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">ED</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400A1BA488DC9F" box="[423,651,875,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.5 ± 0.20 (1.3–1.7)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0A1BA56ADC9F" box="[714,873,875,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0A1BA28FDC9F" box="[937,1164,875,900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.8 ± 0.12 (1.6–1.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0A1BA38EDC9F" box="[1194,1421,875,900]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.6 ± 0.11 (1.6–1.8)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440AE8A38EDCAB" box="[163,1421,920,944]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440AE8A70FDCAB" box="[163,268,920,944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">IOD</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400AE8A488DCAB" box="[423,651,920,944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.9 ± 0.32 (3.4–4)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0AE8A56ADCAB" box="[714,873,920,944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3.8</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0AE8A28FDCAB" box="[937,1164,920,944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">4.3 ± 0.10 (4.2–4.4)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0AE8A38EDCAB" box="[1194,1421,920,944]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">4.3 ± 0.11 (4.1–4.4)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440AB6A38EDCC5" box="[163,1421,966,990]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440AB6A70FDCC5" box="[163,268,966,990]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">IND</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400AB6A488DCC5" box="[423,651,966,990]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.1 ± 0 (2.1–2.1)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0AB6A56ADCC5" box="[714,873,966,990]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.2</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0AB6A28FDCC5" box="[937,1164,966,990]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.1 ± 0.15 (1.9–2.2)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0AB6A38EDCC5" box="[1194,1421,966,990]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2 ± 0.23 (1.6–2.2)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440A83A38EDB17" box="[163,1421,1011,1036]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440A83A70FDB17" box="[163,268,1011,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">NE</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400A83A488DB17" box="[423,651,1011,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.8 ± 0.06 (1.7–1.8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0A83A56ADB17" box="[714,873,1011,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0A83A28FDB17" box="[937,1164,1011,1036]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.1 ± 0.06 (2–2.1)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0A83A38EDB17" box="[1194,1421,1011,1036]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.1 ± 0.05 (2-2.1)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440D50A38EDB22" box="[163,1421,1056,1081]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440D50A70FDB22" box="[163,268,1056,1081]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">NSD</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400D50A488DB22" box="[423,651,1056,1081]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.5 ± 0.26 (1.1–1.6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0D50A56ADB22" box="[714,873,1056,1081]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.4</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0D50A28FDB22" box="[937,1164,1056,1081]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.3 ± 0 (1.3–1.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0D50A38EDB22" box="[1194,1421,1056,1081]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">1.4 ± 0.13 (1.1–1.4)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7FAA348F502F003EFF440D3DA38EDB7D" box="[163,1421,1101,1126]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<th id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFF440D3DA70FDB7D" box="[163,268,1101,1126]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">ES</th>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFE400D3DA488DB7D" box="[423,651,1101,1126]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">3 ± 0.35 (2.6–3.3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFD2D0D3DA56ADB7D" box="[714,873,1101,1126]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.9</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFC4E0D3DA28FDB7D" box="[937,1164,1101,1126]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.9 ± 0.10 (2.8–3)</td>
|
||||
<td id="3C7B5DF3502F003EFB4D0D3DA38EDB7D" box="[1194,1421,1101,1126]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">2.9 ± 0.18 (2.6–3.1)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="89806546502FFFC3FF200DCCA50BDAEF" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502FFFC3FF200DCCA23CDA5B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1212,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF200DCCA783DBCF" bold="true" box="[199,384,1212,1236]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" reason="1">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||||
The tadpoles of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FDA50DCDA4BADBCF" box="[578,697,1212,1236]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FDA50DCDA4BADBCF" box="[578,697,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. belzebul</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were observed in an area characterized by dense forest with little sunlight, in a small rocky stream surrounding flooded areas. They were found in lentic portions of the stream with a fine sandy bottom and decomposing leaves, occupying the same habitat as tadpoles of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FC1E0C74A276DA00" box="[1017,1141,1284,1308]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylodidae" genus="Hylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC1E0C74A253DA07" box="[1017,1104,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Hylodes</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Adults inhabit the leaf litter of forest, obligate in primary and secondary rainforest within the Atlantic Forest biome.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502FFFC3FF200C3CA50BDAEF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1212,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
In general, tadpoles of the species in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FD770C3DA54ADA7F" baseAuthorityName="Peixoto & Cruz" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[656,841,1356,1380]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FD770C3DA4A3DA7F" box="[656,672,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FD570C3CA54ADA7F" box="[688,841,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group are typically found in slow-moving sections of streams, where they can be observed near the sandy substrate (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FCC80C00A5EADA93" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Hepp, F. S. F. S. & Carvalho-e-Silva, A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P." box="[815,1001,1392,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="388 - 396" refId="ref2821" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Hepp, F. S. F. S., Carvalho-e-Silva, A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2013 a) Breeding biology and advertisement call of the horned leaf-frog, Proceratophrys appendiculata (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). Zoologia, 30, 388 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702013000400004" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC8F0C01A59EDA93" box="[872,925,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). These tadpoles are classified as benthic and exhibit cryptic behavior by blending in with the sand, as observed for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FC2A0CE5A240DAB7" box="[973,1091,1428,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC2A0CE5A240DAB7" box="[973,1091,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. belzebul</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tadpoles. This would minimize predation risk, as the tadpoles are challenging to distinguish when nestled in the sandy environment (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB2D0CC8A394DACB" author="Peixoto, O. L. & Izecksohn, E. & Cruz, C. A. G." box="[1226,1431,1464,1488]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="553 - 555" refId="ref3583" refString="Peixoto, O. L., Izecksohn, E. & Cruz, C. A. G. (1981) Notas sobre o girino de Proceratophrys laticeps Izecksohn and Peixoto (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 41, 553 - 555." type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||||
Peixoto
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FAC30CC9A35ADACB" box="[1316,1369,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1981
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FF700CACA76EDAEF" author="Fatorelli, P. & Costa, N. P. & Laia, R. C. & Almeida-Santos, M. & Sluys, M. V. & Rocha, F. D." box="[151,365,1500,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="57 - 62" refId="ref2985" refString="Fatorelli, P., Costa, N. P., Laia, R. C., Almeida-Santos, M., Sluys, M. V. & Rocha, F. D. (2010) Description, microhabitat and temporal distribution of the tadpole of Proceratophrys tupinamba Prado and Pombal, 2008. Zootaxa, 2684, 57 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2684.1.6" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Fatorelli
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF1F0CADA724DAEF" box="[248,295,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FE9F0CACA446DAEF" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[376,581,1500,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE370CADA405DAEF" box="[464,518,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FDA80CACA4FEDAEF" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P." box="[591,765,1500,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="181 - 194" refId="ref2759" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2014) The tadpole of Proceratophrys izecksohni (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). Zoologia, 31, 181 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000200010" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FD600CADA4BFDAEF" box="[647,700,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="89806546502FFFC3FF200F70A478D8F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502FFFC3FF200F70A478D8F7" blockId="2.[151,1437,1212,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
|
||||
Tadpoles of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FE900F71A42ED903" baseAuthorityName="Peixoto & Cruz" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[375,557,1536,1560]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE900F71A42ED903" box="[375,557,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species complex exhibit a conserved body shape, as well as other species of the genus (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FEF70F54A7E1D927" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[272,482,1572,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE8E0F55A7A3D927" box="[361,416,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). A striking difference observed in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FCB90F55A5D0D927" box="[862,979,1572,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FCB90F55A5D0D927" box="[862,979,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. belzebul</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with the tadpoles already described in the group is the presence of a spiracle with a free internal wall in the outermost region, which is larger than the external wall. This spiracle characteristic had only previously been reported in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FCAD0F1DA5F6D99F" box="[842,1013,1644,1668]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FCAD0F1DA5F6D99F" box="[842,1013,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tadpoles (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB850F1CA331D99F" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[1122,1330,1644,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FB5B0F1DA2F1D99F" box="[1212,1266,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The oral papillae remain consistent with those of other genera, comprising a single row of conical papillae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB210FE0A39BD9B3" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[1222,1432,1680,1704]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FAC60FE1A35BD9B3" box="[1313,1368,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FF700FC4A748D9D7" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P." box="[151,331,1716,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="181 - 194" refId="ref2759" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2014) The tadpole of Proceratophrys izecksohni (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). Zoologia, 31, 181 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000200010" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF360FC5A70AD9D7" box="[209,265,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The tooth rows in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FDCD0FC5A4A1D9D7" box="[554,674,1716,1740]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FDCD0FC5A439D9D7" box="[554,570,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FDAE0FC4A4A1D9D7" box="[585,674,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">belzebul</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
individuals were difficult to observe as they did not show the typical keratinization normally observed in other tadpoles of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FCA40FA8A5EAD9EB" authorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" authorityYear="1920" box="[835,1001,1752,1776]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FCA40FA8A5EAD9EB" box="[835,1001,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Proceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FC100FA8A2B4D9EB" author="Vieira, W. L. D. & Vieira, K. D. & Santana, G. G." box="[1015,1207,1752,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="17 - 24" refId="ref3939" refString="Vieira, W. L. D., Vieira, K. D. & Santana, G. G. (2007) Description of the tadpoles of Proceratophrys cristiceps (Anura: Cycloramphidae, Odontophrynini). Zootaxa, 1397, 17 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zotaxa. 1397.1.2" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||||
Vieira
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FBA60FA9A274D9EB" box="[1089,1143,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2007
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB260FA8A39BD9EB" author="Fatorelli, P. & Costa, N. P. & Laia, R. C. & Almeida-Santos, M. & Sluys, M. V. & Rocha, F. D." box="[1217,1432,1752,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="57 - 62" refId="ref2985" refString="Fatorelli, P., Costa, N. P., Laia, R. C., Almeida-Santos, M., Sluys, M. V. & Rocha, F. D. (2010) Description, microhabitat and temporal distribution of the tadpole of Proceratophrys tupinamba Prado and Pombal, 2008. Zootaxa, 2684, 57 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2684.1.6" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Fatorelli
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FAC40FA9A351D9EB" box="[1315,1362,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FF700F8CA76BD80F" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[151,360,1788,1812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF160F8DA722D80F" box="[241,289,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FE930F8CA426D80F" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P." box="[372,549,1788,1812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="181 - 194" refId="ref2759" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2014) The tadpole of Proceratophrys izecksohni (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). Zoologia, 31, 181 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000200010" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE4B0F8DA7DFD80F" box="[428,476,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Nevertheless, we confirm a LTRF 2/3(1), suggested as a putative synapomorphy for the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FF040E51A796D823" baseAuthorityName="Peixoto & Cruz" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[227,405,1824,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FF040E51A796D823" box="[227,405,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade also integrated by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FD7B0E51A527D823" box="[668,804,1824,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="izecksohni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FD7B0E51A527D823" box="[668,804,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. izecksohni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FCD60E51A5BFD823" box="[817,956,1824,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tupinamba">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FCD60E51A5BFD823" box="[817,956,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. tupinamba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FC110E51A369D823" authority="(Dias et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Dias" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1014,1386,1824,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC110E51A2ABD823" box="[1014,1192,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">P. appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB520E50A361D823" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P." box="[1205,1378,1824,1848]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="181 - 194" refId="ref2759" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Carvalho-e-Silva A. M. P. T. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S. P. (2014) The tadpole of Proceratophrys izecksohni (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). Zoologia, 31, 181 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702014000200010" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FB090E51A320D823" box="[1262,1315,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The observed absence of keratinization in the oral region is likely caused by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502FFFC3FC7B0E34A333D847" authority="(Bd)" baseAuthorityName="Bd" box="[924,1328,1860,1884]" class="Rhizophydiomycetes" genus="Batrachochytrium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rhizophydiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chytridiomycota" rank="species" species="dendrobatidis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FC7B0E34A2FBD847" box="[924,1272,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Bd)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
infection, which is well known to infect keratinized structures such as the jaw sheaths and tooth rows in tadpoles (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FB380E18A6D3D8BF" author="Knapp, R. A. & Morgan, J. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="188 - 197" refId="ref3263" refString="Knapp, R. A. & Morgan, J. A. (2006) Tadpole mouthpart depigmentation as an accurate indicator of chytridiomycosis, an emerging disease of amphibians. Copeia, 2006, 188 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 6 [188: TMDAAA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Knapp & Morgan 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FF3B0EFCA7C3D8BF" author="Carvalho, T. & Becker, C. G. & Toledo, L. F." box="[220,448,1932,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="20162254" refId="ref2620" refString="Carvalho, T., Becker, C. G. & Toledo, L. F. (2017) Historical amphibian declines and extinctions in Brazil linked to chytridiomycosis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 284 (1848), 20162254. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.2254" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Carvalho
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FEA10EFDA774D8BF" box="[326,375,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Furthermore, the pathogen is widely distributed in this region of the Serra do Mar, in the Atlantic Forest biome, and there are records of tadpoles and adults of different species of anurans infected by the pathogen (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FF790EA4A791D8F7" author="Lambertini, C. & Becker, C. G. & Belasen, A. & Valencia-Aguilar, A. & Nunes-de-Almeida, C. H. L. & Betancourt-Roman, C. M. & Rodriguez, D. & Da Silva Leite, D. & Oliveira, I. S. & Gasparini, J. L. & Ruggeri, J. & Mott, T. & Jenkinson, T. S. & James, T. Y. & Zamudio, K. R. & Toledo, L. F." box="[158,402,2004,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="100995" refId="ref3391" refString="Lambertini, C., Becker, C. G., M. Belasen, A., Valencia-Aguilar, A., Nunes-de-Almeida, C. H. L., Betancourt-Roman, C. M., Rodriguez, D., Da Silva Leite, D., Oliveira, I. S., Gasparini, J. L., Ruggeri, J., Mott, T., Jenkinson, T. S., James, T. Y., Zamudio, K. R. & Toledo, L. F. (2021) Biotic and abiotic determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections in amphibians of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Fungal Ecology, 49, 100995. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funeco. 2020.100995" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Lambertini
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FEFA0EA5A74FD8F7" box="[285,332,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502FFFC3FE7A0EA4A46CD8F7" author="Ruggeri, J. & Martins, A. & Domingos, A. & Santos, I. & Viroomal, I. & Toledo, L." box="[413,623,2004,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="171 - 176" refId="ref3795" refString="Ruggeri, J., Martins, A., Domingos, A., Santos, I., Viroomal, I. & Toledo, L. (2020) Seasonal prevalence of the amphibian chytrid in a tropical pond-dwelling tadpole species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 142, 171 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / dao 03539" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Ruggeri
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502FFFC3FE1E0EA5A42BD8F7" box="[505,552,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="89806546502EFFC2FF2009E7A6DEDE7F" pageId="3" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C12536CD502EFFC2FF2009E7A6DEDE7F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="295">
|
||||
Understanding the morphology and natural history of tadpoles is essential for conserving the diversity of anurans, and significant advancements have been made in recent decades (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502EFFC2FCFE09CCA5E6DFCF" author="Provete, D. B. & Melo, L. O. & Garey, M. V. & Gomes, F. B. R. & Martins, I. A. & Rossa-Feres, D. C." box="[793,997,187,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="295" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref3701" refString="Provete, D. B., Melo, L. O., Garey, M. V., Gomes, F. B. R., Martins, I. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2013) Larvae of Proceratophrys melanopogon (amphibia: anura), with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons with P. cururu and P. moratoi. Herpetologica, 69, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00075" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Provete
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502EFFC2FC9609CCA59CDFC8" box="[881,927,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="295">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The true diversity of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="069A4D4E502EFFC2FB1109CBA39FDFC8" authorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" authorityYear="1920" box="[1270,1436,187,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Odontophrynidae" genus="Proceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502EFFC2FB1109CBA39FDFC8" box="[1270,1436,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="295">Proceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
genus is still being revealed, and the use of integrative taxonomic approaches can shed light on understanding the evolutionary history and diversification in the group (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A50B4B3C502EFFC2FD370873A58FDE00" author="Dias, P. H. S. & Amaro, R. C. & Carvalho-e-Silva, A. M. P. T. & Rodrigues, M. T." box="[720,908,259,283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="295" pagination="277 - 304" refId="ref2903" refString="Dias, P. H. S., Amaro, R. C., Carvalho-e-Silva, A. M. P. T. & Rodrigues, M. T. (2013 b) Two new species of Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura; Odontophrynidae) from the Atlantic Forest, with taxonomic remarks on the genus. Zootaxa, 3682, 277 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3682.2.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Dias
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3EEEADF502EFFC2FCEE0874A53BDE00" box="[777,824,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="295">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore, data from natural history, advertising calls and larval morphology are valuable lines of investigation that can help understand the species diversity within this group.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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