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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297085" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a7e42c2f-53bf-49bb-82b4-b9cd94131fbf" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905117746" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="A16B07D3F8B819635860D14FF899AB4A" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Castoridae.842-842.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="CASTORIMORPHA A. E. Wood 1955" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="6D49360D06E3C6DB4B549347863B03E8" lastPageNumber="842" masterDocId="6D49360D06E3C6DB4B549347863B03E8" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Castoridae" masterLastPageNumber="842" masterPageNumber="842" pageNumber="842" updateTime="1716777780915" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C2892A4FC629A2765EE6ABD9830F2BDF">Order Rodentia - Family Castoridae</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="2FE8035BBE836D61C65BA24D4CC7BD61">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2945755A2707ABF94D4CC1280187F249" ID-CoL="4CW" authority="A. E. Wood 1955" authorityName="A. E. Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="CASTORIMORPHA">CASTORIMORPHA A. E. Wood 1955</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="F30750C63958BC06DE419D453FCBBF22" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="842">Families:</emphasis>
3 families with 13 genera and 102 species:
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Family
<taxonomicName id="0D0974548BDECC5B98E6C58FDFA710BA" authority="Hemprich 1820" authorityName="Hemprich" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Castoridae Hemprich 1820</taxonomicName>
(1 genus with 2 species)
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Family
<taxonomicName id="28BCD11B2EBDCEB32E1E78323415F31D" authority="Gray 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Heteromyidae Gray 1868</taxonomicName>
(6 genera with 60 species and 303 subspecies)
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<paragraph id="10681B9A1CD51C696B57248A690CD786" pageNumber="842">
Family
<taxonomicName id="04CA0A92CD3E122332665889DDD355F1" authority="Bonaparte 1845" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="842" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Geomyidae
<bibRefCitation id="FAA2EBF0D279D4A4C90D165F51AD5E89" author="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L." refId="ref35525" refString="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L. 1845. Catalogo methodico dei mammiferi Europei. L. di Giacomo Pirola, Milano, 36 pp." year="1845">Bonaparte 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(6 genera with 40 species and 351 subspecies)
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</treatment>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B097F304BBDFBEB9CA05EC5D1ECE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A16B097F304BBDFBEB9CA05EC5D1ECE2" lastPageNumber="1099" pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">
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<taxonomicName authority="(L.) Torr. &amp; A. Gray" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron vernus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vernus">Erigeron vernus (L.) Torr. &amp; A. Gray</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">
Frequent. Late
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mar–Jun">Mar-Jun</normalizedToken>
. Thornhill 112, 177, 213, 217, 766 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart 185 (NCU!), Wilbur 55318, 67091 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
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</treatment>
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<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FF5B96D9FDF2136E" authority="(Draudt, 1950)" authorityName="Saldaitis &amp; Volynkin &amp; Speidel &amp; Zahiri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,605,1014,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF5B96D9FE33136F" bold="true" box="[151,412,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Nikara cupreomicans</emphasis>
(Draudt, 1950)
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,
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C545FF84FF5B9134FE0913CB" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="description">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF5B9134FEC1134B" blockId="8.[151,753,1014,1077]" box="[151,366,1051,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FF539134FEBD134B" box="[159,274,1051,1077]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId-0="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figs 7–10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FED29134FE93134B" box="[286,316,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FE849134FECA134B" box="[328,357,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">21</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF5B9170FE0913CB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1119,1205]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FF5B9170FD851309" authority="Draudt, 1950" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,554,1119,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF5B9170FE391309" box="[151,406,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Lasiplexia cupreomicans</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FE539170FD851309" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951321" box="[415,554,1119,1143]" collectorName="Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft" country="China" location="Adunzi" municipality="Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="lectotype">Draudt, 1950</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FDFB9170FB3D1309" box="[567,1170,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FDFB9170FB3D1309" box="[567,1170,1119,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft</collectorName>
</emphasis>
, 40 (1): 102, pl. 7, fig. 8 (adult) (Type locality (hereby fixed by
<typeStatus id="F679881DC545FF84FD879151FD0713E8" box="[587,680,1150,1174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designation): [SW
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FCA69151FC0613E8" box="[874,937,1150,1174]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FC7D9151FBAE13EB" box="[945,1025,1150,1173]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C545FF84FBC69151FA3613E8" box="[1034,1433,1150,1174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FF0B91B3FEBB13CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FF0B91B3FEBB13CA" box="[199,276,1180,1204]" country="China" municipality="Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture" name="Adunzi" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Yunnan">Adunzi</location>
] “A-tun-tse”).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C545FF84FF5B91CCFB9010D7" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF5B91CCFD24123B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1250,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF5B91CCFE6B1382" bold="true" box="[151,452,1250,1277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Type material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FE0291CCFD24123B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951308" collectingDate="1936-07-20" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="H. Hone" elevation="4000" location="Mittlere Hohe" municipality="Nord" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FE0291CCFDEB1383" bold="true" box="[462,580,1251,1277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<typeStatus id="F679881DC545FF84FE0291CCFDEB1383" box="[462,580,1251,1277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(hereby designated) (
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FC8C91CCFC271383" box="[832,904,1251,1277]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
): female, “A-tun-tse (
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C545FF84FB4F91CCFB111383" box="[1155,1214,1251,1277]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Nord</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FB0B91CCFA8E1383" box="[1223,1313,1251,1277]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Yünnan</collectingRegion>
) |
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FA8E91CCFF7B125F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FA8E91CCFF7B125F" municipality="Nord" name="Mittlere Hohe" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Yunnan">Mittlere Höhe</location>
(ca.
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FEC29028FEF1125F" box="[270,350,1287,1313]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="4000.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC545FF84FEC29028FEF1125F" box="[270,350,1287,1313]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000m</elevation>
</quantity>
) |
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FEB09028FE43125F" box="[380,492,1287,1313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1936-07-20">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FEB09028FE43125F" box="[380,492,1287,1313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1936-07-20">20.7.1936</collectingDate>
</date>
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FE399028FDF7125F" box="[501,600,1287,1313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">H. Höne</collectorName>
” / pink label “
<typeStatus id="F679881DC545FF84FD339028FCC5125F" box="[767,874,1287,1313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FC4C9028FC5A125F" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1908" box="[896,1013,1287,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasiplexia</taxonomicName>
| cupreomicans |
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FB729028FB7C125F" box="[1214,1235,1287,1313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
Draudt.” / “
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FAAC9028FF74123B" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasiplexia</taxonomicName>
| cupreomicans |
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FE529004FE1C123B" box="[414,435,1323,1349]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
Draudt.” (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FDE69004FDD1123B" box="[554,638,1323,1349]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF0B9061FE0D11D3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1250,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF0B9061FD991216" bold="true" box="[199,566,1358,1384]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FDF29061FA9A12AB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951304" collectingDate="1934-07-29" collectingDateMax="1934-08-23" collectingDateMin="1934-07-29" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="H. Hone" country="China" location="North" municipality="Li-kiang" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="8" stateProvince="Yunnan">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FDF29061FD0B1216" bold="true" box="[574,676,1358,1384]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FDF29061FD0F1216" box="[574,672,1358,1384]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">CHINA</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FD609060FCA91217" box="[684,774,1359,1385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FCDE9060FC2D1217" box="[786,898,1359,1385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C545FF84FC429060FC411217" box="[910,1006,1359,1385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Li-kiang</collectingMunicipality>
[Lijiang],
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FBA59060FB051217" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FBA59060FB051217" box="[1129,1194,1359,1385]" country="China" municipality="Li-kiang" name="North" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Yunnan">North</location>
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FB7D9060FADA1217" box="[1201,1397,1359,1385]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FA4D9060FF7B12F3" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">H. Höne</collectorName>
[leg.], with the following dates:
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FD83905CFD4F12F3" box="[591,736,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-11">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FD83905CFD4F12F3" box="[591,736,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-11">11.VIII.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FD3E905CFCE012F3" box="[754,847,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
),
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FCA8905CFC5912F3" box="[868,1014,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-12">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FCA8905CFC5912F3" box="[868,1014,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-12">12.VIII.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FBC6905CFBF412F3" box="[1034,1115,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
),
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FBA3905CFAAD12F3" box="[1135,1282,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-23">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FBA3905CFAAD12F3" box="[1135,1282,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-23">23.VIII.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FADA905CFACC12F3" box="[1302,1379,1395,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
) and
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FF5B90B8FEB912CF" box="[151,278,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-07-29">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FF5B90B8FEB912CF" box="[151,278,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-07-29">29.vii.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FEE690B8FE2012CF" box="[298,399,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
), and
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FE1F90B8FDF812CF" box="[467,599,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-07">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FE1F90B8FDF812CF" box="[467,599,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1934-08-07">7.VIII.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FDA690B8FD7F12CF" box="[618,720,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
), unique numbers
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FC6C90B8FC4112CF" box="[928,1006,1431,1457]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FC3990B8FB8612CF" box="[1013,1065,1431,1457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Lep.</collectorName>
153596 and 153599 (males, dissected by
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FECA9094FE0A12AB" box="[262,421,1467,1493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Si-yao Huang</collectorName>
), gen. slide
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FDE59094FD2612AB" box="[553,649,1467,1493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Nos. AV</collectorName>
6639 and AV6640 (females) (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FB969094FB6D12AB" box="[1114,1218,1467,1493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FB149094FA8312AB" box="[1240,1324,1467,1493]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FAF39094FC2B1163" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951310" collectingDate="2006-08-07" collectionCode="AFM, ASV, JSL" collectorName="Floriani &amp; Saldaitis" country="China" elevation="1420" latitude="32.345417" location="Ping Wu" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="104.61083" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FAF39094FA3712AB" box="[1343,1432,1467,1493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
, E
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FF7D90F0FEA11287" box="[177,270,1503,1529]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FED090F0FECA1287" box="[284,357,1503,1529]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
SE from
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FE1B90F0FD921287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FE1B90F0FD921287" box="[471,573,1503,1529]" country="China" latitude="32.345417" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="104.61083" name="Ping Wu" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Sichuan">Ping Wu</location>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FD8690F0FD341287" box="[586,667,1503,1529]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1420.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC545FF84FD8690F0FD341287" box="[586,667,1503,1529]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1420.0">1420m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FD6490F1FC9A1287" box="[680,821,1502,1529]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="20.725" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="32.345417">N32°20.725</geoCoordinate>
'',
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FC8790F1FC4C1287" box="[843,995,1502,1529]" degrees="104" direction="east" minutes="36.650" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="104.61083">E104°36.650</geoCoordinate>
'',
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FC3490F0FBDB1287" box="[1016,1140,1503,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-07">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FC3490F0FBDB1287" box="[1016,1140,1503,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-07">7.viii.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FB4E90F0FB741287" box="[1154,1243,1503,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Floriani</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FACE90F0FACD1287" box="[1282,1378,1503,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Saldaitis</collectorName>
leg., gen. slide
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FEC4932CFEF21163" box="[264,349,1538,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">No. AV</collectorName>
5596 (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FDE0932CFD3B1163" box="[556,660,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FD65932CFD451163" box="[681,746,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">AFM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FD3F932CFC851163" box="[755,810,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">ASV</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FC80932CFCD31163" box="[844,892,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">JSL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FC43932CFA37113F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951322" collectingDate="2006-08-01" collectionCode="AFM, ASV" collectorName="Nos. AV &amp; Volynkin" country="China" elevation="1420" latitude="32.345417" location="Ping Wu" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="104.61083" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FC43932CFC481163" box="[911,999,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FC3E932CFBFA1163" box="[1010,1109,1539,1565]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, the same locality and collectors but
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FF399308FEDE113F" box="[245,369,1575,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-01">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FF399308FEDE113F" box="[245,369,1575,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-01">1.viii.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
, gen. slide
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FE3D9308FDFD113F" box="[497,594,1574,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Nos. AV</collectorName>
5597 (male) and AV6403 (female) (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FBBE9308FB75113F" box="[1138,1242,1575,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FB3D9308FA9F113F" box="[1265,1328,1575,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">AFM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FA9F9308FA3F113F" box="[1363,1424,1575,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">ASV</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FF5B9364FEB411F7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951305" collectingDate="2006-07-30" collectionCode="AFM" collectorName="Floriani &amp; Saldaitis" country="China" elevation="1820" latitude="31.771833" location="20 km N of Maoxian" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="103.714966" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FF5B9364FEA9111B" box="[151,262,1611,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, N
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FEE09364FE26111B" box="[300,393,1611,1637]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FE589364FD2F111B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FE589364FD2F111B" box="[404,640,1611,1637]" country="China" latitude="31.771833" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="103.714966" name="20 km N of Maoxian" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FE589364FE74111B" box="[404,475,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
N of Maoxian
</location>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FD479364FD73111B" box="[651,732,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1820.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC545FF84FD479364FD73111B" box="[651,732,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1820.0">1820m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FD2B9364FCDB111B" box="[743,884,1611,1637]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="46.310" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="31.771833">N31°46.310</geoCoordinate>
'',
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FC4B9364FBB1111B" box="[903,1054,1611,1637]" degrees="103" direction="east" minutes="42.898" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="103.714966">E103°42.898</geoCoordinate>
'',
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FBFE9364FB1A111B" box="[1074,1205,1611,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-07-30">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FBFE9364FB1A111B" box="[1074,1205,1611,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-07-30">30.vii.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FB0C9364FAB6111B" box="[1216,1305,1611,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Floriani</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FAF09364FA33111B" box="[1340,1436,1611,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Saldaitis</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FF1C9340FEBC11F7" box="[208,275,1647,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">AFM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C545FF84FEEB9340FE3111D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951307" collectingDate="2006-08-03" collectingDateMax="2006-08-05" collectingDateMin="2006-08-03" collectionCode="AFM" collectorName="Floriani &amp; Saldaitis" country="China" elevation="1480" latitude="33.7091" location="Foping" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="107.9403" municipality="North" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Shaanxi">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FEEB9340FE2311F7" box="[295,396,1647,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FE549340FE5A11F7" box="[408,501,1647,1673]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC545FF84FDCD9340FDFE11F7" box="[513,593,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1480.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC545FF84FDCD9340FDFE11F7" box="[513,593,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" unit="m" value="1480.0">1480m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C545FF84FD919340FD3111F7" box="[605,670,1647,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">North</collectingMunicipality>
from
<location id="2C1D6064C545FF84FD289340FC9911F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C545FF85FF5B96D9FDA510EB:2C1D6064C545FF84FD289340FC9911F7" box="[740,822,1647,1673]" country="China" latitude="33.7091" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="107.9403" municipality="North" name="Foping" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" stateProvince="Shaanxi">Foping</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FC8F9341FC6011F7" box="[835,975,1646,1673]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="42.546" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="33.7091">N33°42.546</geoCoordinate>
'',
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C545FF84FC289341FBD411F7" box="[996,1147,1646,1673]" degrees="107" direction="east" minutes="56.418" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" precision="1" value="107.9403">E107°56.418</geoCoordinate>
'',
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FB5C9341FA9711F7" box="[1168,1336,1646,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-03" valueMax="2006-08-05" valueMin="2006-08-03">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FB5C9341FA9711F7" box="[1168,1336,1646,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="2006-08-03" valueMax="2006-08-05" valueMin="2006-08-03">3–5. viii. 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FA889340FA3211F7" box="[1348,1437,1647,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Floriani</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C545FF84FF7893BCFEBB11D3" box="[180,276,1683,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Saldaitis</collectorName>
leg. (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FE9893BCFE3811D3" box="[340,407,1683,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">AFM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF0B9398FB9010D7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1250,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF0B9398FEA511AF" bold="true" box="[199,266,1719,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Notes</emphasis>
. (1) In the original description, Draudt (1950) mentioned several female specimens from A-tun-tse (with the date “20.
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FEE593F4FEE4118B" box="[297,331,1755,1781]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">VI</collectionCode>
.[19]36”) and
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C545FF84FE2493F4FDDD118B" box="[488,626,1755,1781]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
from Li-kiang (with the dates “8 und 13.VIII.[19]34”), which are
<typeStatus id="F679881DC545FF84FAA093F4FF791067" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
. In
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FF3393D0FEE21067" box="[255,333,1791,1817]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
collection, no specimens with such label data were found. However, we found a female labeled as ‘Holotype’ from A-tun-tse collected at
<date id="5D7C107FC545FF84FD83920CFD781043" box="[591,727,1827,1853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1936-07-20">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C545FF84FD83920CFD781043" box="[591,727,1827,1853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" value="1936-07-20">20.VII.1936</collectingDate>
</date>
which let us to assume that Draudt made a typo in the citation of the date (June instead of July). In order to stabilize the nomenclature, we hereby designate this specimen as
<typeStatus id="F679881DC545FF84FABE9268FF4E10FB" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. (2) The type and topotype specimens housed in
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC545FF84FCCA9244FCFB10FB" box="[774,852,1899,1925]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
are faded and lack the shiny bluish suffusion which is present in the fresh specimens collected by the senior author of the present paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C545FF85FF0B929DFB2A1423" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF85FF0B929DFB2A1423" blockId="8.[151,1437,1250,2033]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF0B929DFE9510B2" bold="true" box="[199,314,1970,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. The species is reminiscent of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FD5F929CFCB810B2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[659,791,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FD5F929CFCB810B2" box="[659,791,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but can be distinguished by the absence of a wide brown area along the anal forewing margin which is present in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FCD092F8FC0D108E" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[796,930,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FCD092F8FC0D108E" box="[796,930,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, the terminal area of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF85FAFE92F8FF5B17CE" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF85FAFE92F8FF5B17CE" italics="true" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is brownish grey (brown in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FDE295B8FD1D17CE" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[558,690,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FDE295B8FD1D17CE" box="[558,690,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the orbicular stigma is nearly circular (whereas it is narrowly elliptical in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FED29594FE0C17AA" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[286,419,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FED29594FE0C17AA" box="[286,419,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The male genital capsule of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FD3B9594FC1B17AA" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[759,948,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FD3B9594FC1B17AA" box="[759,948,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FB559594FAB117AA" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1177,1310,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FB559594FAB117AA" box="[1177,1310,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subapically slightly dilated uncus (it is strongly dilated in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FD3695F0FCD01786" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[762,895,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FD3695F0FCD01786" box="[762,895,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the somewhat narrower juxta (in proportion to the tegumen-vinculum complex width) and the presence of a harpe which is absent in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FBA1942CFB5C1662" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1133,1267,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FBA1942CFB5C1662" box="[1133,1267,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The aedeagus of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FF7A9408FEDC163E" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[182,371,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FF7A9408FEDC163E" box="[182,371,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is ca. 2 times narrower than in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FD199408FCF5163E" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[725,858,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FD199408FCF5163E" box="[725,858,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has the narrower and somewhat shorter carinal process. The vesica of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FE599464FDFD161A" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[405,594,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FE599464FDFD161A" box="[405,594,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much narrower (in proportion to the aedeagus width) than that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FA819464FF7A16F6" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FA819464FF7A16F6" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacks a ventral diverticulum (present in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FD6F9440FC8616F6" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[675,809,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FD6F9440FC8616F6" box="[675,809,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and bears a row of tiny denticles subbasally and a row of various-sized spine-like cornuti distally and medio-laterally whereas
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FC7B94BCFB9416D2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[951,1083,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FC7B94BCFB9416D2" box="[951,1083,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a dorsal cluster of short but robust spinules subbasally and lacks cornuti distally. Additionally, the vesica ejaculatorius of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FB0E9498FA2E16AE" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[1218,1409,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FB0E9498FA2E16AE" box="[1218,1409,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is narrower than in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FE9A94F4FE74168A" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[342,475,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FE9A94F4FE74168A" box="[342,475,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in proportion to the vesica width). The vesica structure of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FBBE94F4FA81168A" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[1138,1326,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FBBE94F4FA81168A" box="[1138,1326,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FECB94D0FE3C1567" box="[263,403,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FECB94D0FE3C1567" box="[263,403,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the detailed comparison is provided in the diagnosis of the latter species. Compared to
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FA4F94D0FF541542" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FA4F94D0FF541542" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the vesica of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FE57970CFDF81542" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[411,599,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FE57970CFDF81542" box="[411,599,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks an elongate ventral diverticulum but bears an elongate row-like cluster of spine-like cornuti medially (
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FDD99768FD36151E" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[533,665,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FDD99768FD36151E" box="[533,665,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is a short cluster subbasally). The female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FAF89768FF5B15FA" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FAF89768FF5B15FA" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ clearly from those of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FDFD9744FD1A15FA" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[561,693,619,644]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FDFD9744FD1A15FA" box="[561,693,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the somewhat wider and less elongate papillae anales (they are narrow and more heavily sclerotised in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FD9A97A0FD7415D6" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[598,731,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FD9A97A0FD7415D6" box="[598,731,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the markedly (ca. 2 times) longer corpus bursae which is narrowed posteriorly and medially and drop-like dilated anteriorly (whereas it is sack-like in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FB54979CFAB415B2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1176,1307,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FB54979CFAB415B2" box="[1176,1307,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Additionally, in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FF2097F8FE06158E" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[236,425,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FF2097F8FE06158E" box="[236,425,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the posterior section of the corpus bursae has a broad globular postero-lateral protrusion (absent in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FEC197D4FE3D146A" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[269,402,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FEC197D4FE3D146A" box="[269,402,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the sclerotised plate is markedly shorter and narrower than in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FB5D97D4FB5A146A" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1169,1269,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FB5D97D4FB5A146A" box="[1169,1269,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The appendix bursae of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FECB9630FE6A1446" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[263,453,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FECB9630FE6A1446" box="[263,453,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is short, with thick gelatinous walls and positioned sub-postero-ventrally, whereas that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC544FF85FF7A966CFE951422" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[182,314,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FF7A966CFE951422" box="[182,314,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broader, membranous and is positioned postero-laterally on the left side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C544FF85FF0B9649FB68107B" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="description">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC544FF85FF0B9649FB68107B" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FF0B9649FEFE14FE" bold="true" box="[199,337,870,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FEAD9648FD7D14FF" bold="true" box="[353,722,870,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">External morphology of adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC544FF85FD2E9648FCF714FF" box="[738,856,871,897]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId-0="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figs 7–10</figureCitation>
). Antennae of both sexes filiform. Head and thorax dark brown, with suffusion of shiny bluish scales. Forewing length
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC544FF85FC6896A5FC5A14DB" box="[932,1013,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
in males and
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC544FF85FB5696A5FAB914DB" box="[1178,1302,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="15.0">15–16 mm</quantity>
in females. Sexual dimorphism limited: female has somewhat wider forewing than male. Forewing ground colour dark brown. Antemedial line double, dark brown, narrow, sinuous. Postmedial line dark brown, slightly curved. Cell dark brown between the spots. Orbicular stigma circular, encircled with shiny bluish scales. Reniform stigma moderately broad, encircled with shiny bluish scales. Subcostal area dark brown with five various sized spots with intense shiny bluish suffusion. Postmedial area with intense amber suffusion. Subterminal area brownish grey with intense shiny bluish suffusion. Cilia brown. Hindwing brown, discal spot small, circular, dark brown, indistinct. Abdomen brown.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FAAC914CFF5113DE" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC544FF85FEC391A8FECB13DF" box="[271,356,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). Uncus elongate, narrow, laterally flattened, dorso-ventrally curved, somewhat dilated subapically, apically pointed with tiny claw-like tip. Tuba analis moderately broad, with heavily sclerotised and rugose scaphium. Tegumen moderately wide, shorter than valva. Juxta shield-like, with wide rounded apical depression and tiny round basal incision. Vinculum ca. 1.5 times shorter than tegumen, with thin but well-sclerotised arms, Vshaped with pointed tip. Pleurite present, as a curved and apically rounded, plate-like extension of vinculum. Valva elongate and narrow (length to width ratio 5:1), with nearly parallel margins. Costal margin convex subbasally. Corona present, consisting of robust setae. Sacculus short (ca. 1/4 of valva length) and narrow (ca. half of basal section of valva width). Clavus narrowly triangular with rounded tip. Harpe short (its length to valva width ration 1:3.8), narrowly triangular and apically pointed. Aedeagus elongate, slightly downcurved medially, with short (ca. 1/5 of aedeagus length) and apically rounded distal carinal process ventrally. Vesica sack-like, approximately equal in length with aedeagus, projecting dorsad, bearing lateral row of tiny denticles subbasally, and row of various sized spine-like cornuti extending from medial section to the base of vesica ejaculatorius and terminating by a robust thorn-like cornutus apically.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FE2D9318FD06112E" bold="true" box="[481,681,1590,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC544FF85FD769318FCBF112F" box="[698,784,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Papillae anales trapezoid with rounded corners, setose. Apophyses thin, rod-like, equal in length. Ostium bursae with membranous margins. Ductus bursae as long as apophyses, narrowly tubular, membranous. Corpus bursae extremely long, narrowed posteriorly and medially and drop-like dilated anteriorly, with globular and membranous lateral protrusion posteriorly on the right side. Posterior sclerotised plate of corpus bursae elongate and narrow. Appendix bursae broadly conical with wide and rounded apex and thick gelatinous walls, positioned sub-posteriorly on the ventral side of corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C544FF85FF0B9221FDA510EB" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC544FF85FF0B9221FDA510EB" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC544FF85FF0B9221FDB71056" bold="true" box="[199,536,1806,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Distribution and bionomics.</emphasis>
The species is known from
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC544FF85FC909220FC1A1057" box="[860,949,1807,1833]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC544FF85FC0E9220FBB31057" box="[962,1052,1807,1833]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
and south-western
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC544FF85FB379220FAFA1057" box="[1275,1365,1807,1833]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
Provinces of
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC544FF85FF39921CFE931033" box="[245,316,1843,1869]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">China</collectingCountry>
. In
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC544FF85FEAE921CFE101033" box="[354,447,1843,1869]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
, the species was collected at early August at the altitude of approximately 1400 meters in the scarce mountain mixed forest dominated by various deciduous trees, bamboo and bushes and located in between small agriculture fields (
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC544FF85FE659254FE5210EB" box="[425,509,1914,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[227,1359,1133,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-37@15.[227,1359,1106,1955]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 25. China, Sichuan, 30 km SE from Ping Wu. Habitat of N. cupreomicans (photo by A. Saldaitis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305961/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF5B95B8FECC17CC" bold="true" box="[151,355,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Nikara plusiodes</emphasis>
(de
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC546FF87FE5595B8FDEA17CF" author="Joannis, J. de" box="[409,581,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="419 - 421" refId="ref10215" refString="Joannis, J. de (1914) Description d'une nouvelle espece de Noctuelle du Yun-nan appartenant au genre Nikara [Lep.]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1914, 419 - 421. [in French] https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1914.25639" type="journal article" year="1914">Joannis, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
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, comb. rev.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C546FF87FF5B9594FE0B17AB" box="[151,420,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="description">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF5B9594FE0B17AB" blockId="11.[151,732,151,213]" box="[151,420,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FF539594FEB017AB" box="[159,287,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs 11–14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FEE79594FEE617AB" box="[299,329,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FE999594FE3317AB" box="[341,412,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">22, 23</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C546FF87FF5B942FFC44160A" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF5B942FFDA41648" blockId="11.[151,1436,255,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF5B942FFE561666" ID-CoL="6RZMY" authority="de Joannis, 1914" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,505,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF5B942FFEEA1666" box="[151,325,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Nikara plusiodes</emphasis>
de
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC546FF87FEA6942FFE561666" author="Joannis, J. de" box="[362,505,256,280]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="419 - 421" refId="ref10215" refString="Joannis, J. de (1914) Description d'une nouvelle espece de Noctuelle du Yun-nan appartenant au genre Nikara [Lep.]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1914, 419 - 421. [in French] https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1914.25639" type="journal article" year="1914">Joannis, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FDC8942FFC401669" box="[516,1007,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FDC8942FFC2F1666" box="[516,896,256,280]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bulletin de la Société Entomologique</collectorName>
de
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FC6A942FFC401669" box="[934,1007,256,279]" name="France" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FC3A95D0FB861669" bold="true" box="[1014,1065,255,279]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">1914</emphasis>
: 183, fig. 67 (
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FB70942FFB5F1666" box="[1212,1264,256,280]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Type</typeStatus>
locality: [
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FA9B942FFA371666" box="[1367,1432,256,280]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC546FF87FF0B9430FEB81648" box="[199,279,287,310]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="C01C4E33C546FF87FEED9431FEE01648" box="[289,335,286,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Dali</collectingCounty>
] “
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C546FF87FEA99431FE6F1648" box="[357,448,286,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yun-nan</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FE059431FE591648" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FE059431FE591648" box="[457,502,286,310]" country="France" county="Dali" municipality="Yun-nan" name="Tali" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Yunnan">Tali</location>
”).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF5B9412FC44160A" blockId="11.[151,1436,255,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
=
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF609412FD28162B" authority="Bang-Haas, 1927" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[172,647,317,341]" class="Insecta" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus" subGenus="Plusia">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF609412FE84162B" box="[172,299,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Chrysoptera</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FEF69412FED4162B" box="[314,379,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Plusia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE459411FE62162B" box="[393,461,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">aureus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC546FF87FE189412FD28162B" author="Bang-Haas, O." box="[468,647,317,341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9809" refString="Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, Dresden, 128 pp., pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1927">Bang-Haas, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FD5D9411FB63162B" box="[657,1228,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FB1F9412FB4F162B" bold="true" box="[1235,1248,317,341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">1</emphasis>
: 91, pl. 10, fig. 42 (
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FF029473FEAD160A" box="[206,258,348,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Type</typeStatus>
locality: [
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FEA49473FE06160A" box="[360,425,348,372]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC546FF87FE7E9473FDAD160D" box="[434,514,348,371]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C546FF87FDC79473FDCE160D" box="[523,609,348,371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yanmen</collectingMunicipality>
] “
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FDBA9473FD1A160A" box="[630,693,348,372]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">China</collectingCountry>
occ. mer.:
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FCE99473FCDB160A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FCE99473FCDB160A" box="[805,884,348,372]" country="China" municipality="Yanmen" name="Tsekou" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Yunnan">Tsekou</location>
”),
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FC429473FC44160A" bold="true" box="[910,1003,348,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C546FF87FF5B948DFE561436" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF5B948DFB4615C6" blockId="11.[151,1437,417,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF5B948DFE1916C5" bold="true" box="[151,438,417,444]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Type material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FE0F948DFACE157A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951313" collectionCode="MNHN, MfN" collectorName="L. &amp; J. de Joannis" country="China" county="Haas" location="Paris" municipality="Horae" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="T 10" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="syntype">
Photographs of the
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FD56948DFD5916C2" bold="true" box="[666,758,418,444]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FD56948DFD5916C2" box="[666,758,418,444]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FCD5948DFC7916C2" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[793,982,418,444]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FCD5948DFC7916C2" box="[793,982,418,444]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Nikara plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FC28948DFB9916C2" box="[996,1078,418,444]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
): male, “Tali | Yun-nan” | Nicara | plusioides | type
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FEAD94E9FED6169E" box="[353,377,454,480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
. de Joan.” | red label “
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FDBE94E9FD62169E" box="[626,717,454,480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
” | “
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FD3994E9FCEB169E" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[757,836,454,480]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nikara</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FC9494E9FBAB169E" authority="Joan." authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[856,1028,454,480]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">plusiodes Joan.</taxonomicName>
| Bull. Soc. ent. | Fr., 1914, p. 419” | “1920–1932 | coll.
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FEA294C5FD96157A" box="[366,569,490,516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">L. &amp; J. de Joannis</collectorName>
| Muséum Paris” | QR-code label “
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FC0F94C5FBB1157A" box="[963,1054,490,516]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">MNHN</collectionCode>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FBE594C5FBCE157A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FBE594C5FBCE157A" box="[1065,1121,490,516]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Paris" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Paris</location>
| EL29378” (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FB3594C5FAFA157A" box="[1273,1365,490,516]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">MNHN</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FAAB94C5FB4615C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951306" collectionCode="MNHN, MfN" collectorName="Bang-I. Hass" country="China" county="Haas" location="Paris" municipality="Horae" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="T 10" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FAAB94C5FF4D1556" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FAAB94C5FF4D1556" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FEC49721FDE81556" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[264,583,526,552]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" subGenus="Plusia">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FEC49721FE3B1556" box="[264,404,526,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Chrysoptera</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE689721FE431556" box="[420,492,526,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Plusia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE309720FDE81556" box="[508,583,527,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(hereby designated) (
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FCF79721FC3D1556" box="[827,914,526,552]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs 12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FC529721FC111556" box="[926,958,526,552]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">22</figureCitation>
): female, “
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FBFB9721FB251556" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FBFB9721FB251556" box="[1079,1162,526,552]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Tsekou" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Tsekou</location>
|
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FB529721FA9F1556" box="[1182,1328,526,552]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Th. Monbeig</collectorName>
| 1909.” | “
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF68971DFE201532" box="[164,399,562,588]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Plusia">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF68971DFE9F1532" box="[164,304,562,588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Chrysoptera</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FEF3971DFE281532" box="[319,391,562,588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Plusia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
|
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FE6D971CFE431532" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[417,492,563,588]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE6D971CFE431532" box="[417,492,563,588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
O. B.-
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FDFE971DFDDF1532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FDFE971DFDDF1532" box="[562,624,562,588]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Haas" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Haas</location>
” | pink label “
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FCC6971DFCE91532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FCC6971DFCE91532" box="[778,838,562,588]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Type" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Type</location>
” | “ex coll. 1/1 |
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FC37971DFBD51532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FC37971DFBD51532" box="[1019,1146,562,588]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Bang-Haas" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Bang-Haas</location>
” | “Horae Macrolep. | Vol. I. abgebildet | t.
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FE819779FE2E150E" box="[333,385,598,624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="generic">10 f.</specimenCount>
42 | beschrieb. p. 91” | red label “Prp. Nr.: 12223 NKM f |
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FBD69779FB20150E" box="[1050,1167,598,624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
|
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FB6F9779FA20150E" authorityName="Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[1187,1423,598,624]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FB6F9779FA20150E" box="[1187,1423,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Chrysonicara aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
| (
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC546FF87FF539755FECB15EA" author="Bang-Haas, O." box="[159,356,634,660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9809" refString="Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, Dresden, 128 pp., pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1927">Bang-Haas, 1927</bibRefCitation>
) |
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FE4C9755FE6915EA" box="[384,454,634,660]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">China</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FE1D9755FDA615EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FE1D9755FDA615EA" box="[465,521,634,660]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Type" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Type</location>
/
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FDD29755FDC115EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FDD29755FDC115EA" box="[542,622,634,660]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Tsekou" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Tsekou</location>
|
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FD4E9755FC8015EA" authorityName="Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[642,815,634,660]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus" subGenus="Plusia">
(
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FD409755FD7B15EA" box="[652,724,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Plusia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FD289754FC8015EA" box="[740,815,635,660]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
O. B.-
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FCBB9755FC1B15EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FCBB9755FC1B15EA" box="[887,948,634,660]" country="China" county="Haas" municipality="Horae" name="Haas" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Haas</location>
/
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C546FF87FC069755FBA115EA" box="[970,1038,634,660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Horae</collectingMunicipality>
| Macrolep. Vol. I Abgebildet
<specimenCode id="79649EC4C546FF87FAAD9755FA3715EA" box="[1377,1432,634,660]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">T 10</specimenCode>
. 42 | Beschrieb. p. 91/ex coll. Bang- |
<collectingCounty id="C01C4E33C546FF87FDFA97B1FDDE15C6" box="[566,625,670,696]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Haas</collectingCounty>
, 1/1, Manbeig Th. 1900/ | Prp. Behounek, 2017” (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FB6C97B1FB7215C6" box="[1184,1245,670,696]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jp8y-i5nv" name="Museum für Naturkunde" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">MfN</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF0B97EEFE561436" blockId="11.[151,1437,417,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF0B97EEFE5415A5" bold="true" box="[199,507,705,731]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Other material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FDC097EEFC80147E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951319" collectingDate="1934-07-31" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="H. Hone &amp; Kononenko" country="China" elevation="2000" location="Prov. Nord-Yuennan" municipality="Li-kiang" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yunnan">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FDC097EEFDC615A5" bold="true" box="[524,617,705,731]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC546FF87FDC097EEFDC615A5" box="[524,617,705,731]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">CHINA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FDB097EDFD6215A2" box="[636,717,706,732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, [
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC546FF87FD2E97EDFC9215A2" box="[738,829,706,732]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, Lijiang]
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C546FF87FC7D97EDFBBB15A2" box="[945,1044,706,732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Li-kiang</collectingMunicipality>
, ca.
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC546FF87FB8197EDFB3115A2" box="[1101,1182,706,732]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="2000.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC546FF87FB8197EDFB3115A2" box="[1101,1182,706,732]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FB6097EDFA3715A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FB6097EDFA3715A2" box="[1196,1432,706,732]" country="China" municipality="Li-kiang" name="Prov. Nord-Yuennan" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Yunnan">Prov. Nord-Yuennan</location>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC546FF87FF5B97C9FE8C147E" box="[151,291,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1934-07-31">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C546FF87FF5B97C9FE8C147E" box="[151,291,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1934-07-31">31.VII.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FEFC97C9FE3C147E" box="[304,403,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">H. Höne</collectorName>
, gen. prep. by
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FDF397C9FD6D147E" box="[575,706,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Kononenko</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FD1F97C9FC88147E" box="[723,807,742,768]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FCF097C9FA2E147E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951303" box="[828,1409,742,769]" collectingDate="1934-04-05" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="H. Hone" country="China" location="Yuennaniu" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FCF097C9FC0D147E" box="[828,930,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FC6297C9FB86147E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FC6297C9FB86147E" box="[942,1065,742,768]" country="China" name="Yuennaniu" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yuennaniu</location>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC546FF87FBFA97C9FB09147F" box="[1078,1190,742,769]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1934-04-05">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C546FF87FBFA97C9FB09147F" box="[1078,1190,742,769]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="1934-04-05">5.IV.1934</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FB7F97C9FABA147E" box="[1203,1301,742,768]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">H. Höne</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FAE997C9FAD6147E" box="[1317,1401,742,768]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FA4297C9FC6A145B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951318" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="China" location="Tali" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="NHMUK 014165092" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Yunnan">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FA4297C9FF49145A" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC546FF87FF3C9625FEE6145A" box="[240,329,778,804]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FE989625FE2D145A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FE989625FE2D145A" box="[340,386,778,804]" country="China" name="Tali" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Yunnan">Tali</location>
, 1913-412, 3, unique number
<specimenCode id="79649EC4C546FF87FD1F9625FC6A145B" box="[723,965,778,805]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">NHMUK 014165092</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C546FF87FC1C9625FEC11436" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951315" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Volynkin" country="China" location="No." pageId="11" pageNumber="212" specimenCode="NHMUK010316230" specimenCount="1">
gen. prep.
<location id="2C1D6064C546FF87FB8A9625FBDF145A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C546FF80FF5B95B8FACC168B:2C1D6064C546FF87FB8A9625FBDF145A" box="[1094,1136,778,804]" country="China" name="No." pageId="11" pageNumber="212">No.</location>
<specimenCode id="79649EC4C546FF87FBBB9625FAF1145A" box="[1143,1374,778,804]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">NHMUK010316230</specimenCode>
(prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C546FF87FF339601FEC81436" box="[255,359,814,840]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Volynkin</collectorName>
)
</materialsCitation>
(
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC546FF87FEB19601FE411436" box="[381,494,814,840]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C546FF87FF0B967DFD9A14A6" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF0B967DFD9A14A6" blockId="11.[151,1437,417,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF0B967DFE861412" bold="true" box="[199,297,850,876]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Remark</emphasis>
. In the original description of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FDB5967DFB3E1412" authority=", Bang-Haas (1927)" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[633,1169,850,876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" subGenus="Plusia">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FDB5967DFCAA1412" box="[633,773,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Chrysoptera</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FCD9967DFCF21412" box="[789,861,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Plusia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FCA0967CFC181412" box="[876,951,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">aureus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC546FF87FC08967DFB3E1412" author="Bang-Haas, O." box="[964,1169,850,876]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9809" refString="Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, Dresden, 128 pp., pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1927">Bang-Haas (1927)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
cited
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FB18967DFA861412" box="[1236,1321,850,876]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
which are
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FF5B9659FF5214EE" box="[151,253,886,912]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
. However, in the MfN collection, we found only
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FCD09659FC3814EE" box="[796,919,886,912]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FC519659FC5B14EE" box="[925,1012,886,912]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimen which indicates that the sex was incorrectly determined by the author for at least
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C546FF87FD1096B5FCD814CA" box="[732,887,922,948]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
. In order to stabilize the nomenclature, we hereby designate this specimen as
<typeStatus id="F679881DC546FF87FE0A9691FD9F14A6" box="[454,560,958,984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C546FF80FF0B96CEFC7916AF" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF87FF0B96CEFA3612D2" blockId="11.[151,1437,417,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF0B96CEFE951485" bold="true" box="[199,314,993,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. The species can be easily distinguished from the congeners by its ‘Plusiinae-like’ external appearance characterised by the elongate forewing apex, the nearly straight postmedial line, and the subterminal and terminal forewing areas ochreous with a slight golden sheen. Additionally, the basal and medial forewing areas of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF5B9160FE8C1316" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,291,1102,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF5B9160FE8C1316" box="[151,291,1102,1128]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are monotonous brown with a thin dark brown antemedial line strongly angled in the cell, whereas it is indistinct in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FEF3915CFE6B13F2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[319,452,1139,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FEF3915CFE6B13F2" box="[319,452,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FE30915CFD1613F2" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[508,697,1139,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE30915CFD1613F2" box="[508,697,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are indistinct, whereas they are encircled with shiny bluish scales in the congeners. The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FBC391B8FB3413CE" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[1039,1179,1174,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FBC391B8FB3413CE" box="[1039,1179,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF7B9194FE9313AA" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[183,316,1211,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF7B9194FE9313AA" box="[183,316,1211,1236]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the absence of a harpe, but differs clearly in the subapically less dilated uncus, and the less elongate valva with a convex costal margin (whereas it is nearly straight in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FC2E91F0FBC91386" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[994,1126,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FC2E91F0FBC91386" box="[994,1126,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The vesica structure of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FA4F91F0FEAE1262" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FA4F91F0FEAE1262" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reminiscent of that of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FDD6902CFD781262" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[538,727,1283,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FDD6902CFD781262" box="[538,727,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the main chamber of the vesica of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FB59902CFA8F1262" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[1173,1312,1282,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FB59902CFA8F1262" box="[1173,1312,1282,1308]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broader, the subbasal row is shorter and consisting of conspicuously longer spines, and the cornuti of the medio-distal row are conspicuously more robust. The female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FCD99064FC0D121A" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[789,930,1354,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FCD99064FC0D121A" box="[789,930,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FADA9064FA32121A" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1302,1437,1355,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FADA9064FA32121A" box="[1302,1437,1355,1380]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC546FF87FF099040FE2E12F6" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1950" box="[197,385,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lasiplexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF099040FE2E12F6" box="[197,385,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the corpus bursae having two lateral protrusions, and the appendix bursae positioned lateroanteriorly and having a sclerotised rugose area basally which is extending into adjacent areas of the corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC546FF80FF0B909AFC7916AF" blockId="11.[151,1437,417,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FF0B909AFED812B1" bold="true" box="[199,375,1461,1487]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Re-description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FE4B9099FD5512AE" bold="true" box="[391,762,1461,1488]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">External morphology of adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FCC79099FC2112AE" box="[779,910,1462,1488]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs 11–14</figureCitation>
). Antenna filiform in both sexes. Body brown with ochreous suffusion. Forewing length
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC546FF87FDBE90F5FD6D128A" box="[626,706,1498,1524]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
in males and
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC546FF87FC9290F5FC78128A" box="[862,983,1498,1524]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="18.0">18–19 mm</quantity>
in females. Forewing broadly triangular with rounded apex and somewhat convex outer margin. Forewing ground colour brown in antemedial and medial areas and pale ochreous with intense golden suffusion postmedially. Antemedial line dark brown, thin, sinuous and medially curved, diffuse. Medial line thin and indistinct, dark brown, protruding outwards and strongly angled medially. Postmedial line alomst straight, oblique, terminating at costa near apex, dark brown inwardly and ochreous with golden suffusion outwardly. Subterminal line indistinct, sunuous, represented by brown suffusion in postmedial area medially. Terminal line thin, continuous, dark brown with golden suffusion. Forewing cilia brown. Hindwing pale ochreous with brown suffusion. Hindwing pale ochreous with admixture of brown scales.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC546FF87FB4F93F9FA821191" bold="true" box="[1155,1325,1749,1776]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC546FF87FAF093F9FA20118E" box="[1340,1423,1750,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). Uncus elongate and slender, laterally flattened, downcurved subbasally, somewhat dilated distally, apically tapered with tiny claw-like tip. Tuba analis with heavily sclerotised and rugose scaphium. Tegumen shorter than valva, with arms fused in posterior half. Juxta shield-like with wide rounded apical depression. Vinculum ca. 1.5 times shorter than tegumen, with thin but well-sclerotised arms, V-shaped with pointed tip. Valva elongate and narrow (length to width ratio 4.1:1), with nearly parallel margins distally and convex dorsal margin sub-proximally. Corona present, consisting of robust setae. Sacculus short (ca. 1/4 of valva length) and narrow (ca. half of basal section of valva width). Clavus narrowly triangular with rounded tip, somewhat curved medially. Phallus elongate, slightly downcurved medially and somewhat dilated distally, with broad (ca. 2/3 of its length) base of ductus ejaculatorius. Vesica sack-like, approximately equal in length with aedeagus, projecting dorsad, bearing basal transverse row of short but robust spines, and lateral elongate lengthwise cluster consisting of 14 short but robust spine-like cornuti proximally, several much larger thorn-like cornuti distally and terminating by the largest cornutus apically.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC541FF80FB1A942CFA321662" bold="true" box="[1238,1437,258,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC541FF80FF539408FE8F163F" box="[159,288,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figs 22, 23</figureCitation>
). Papilla analis trapezoid and weakly setose. Apophyses elongate and thin, more or less equal in length, apophysis anterioris thicker than apophysis posterioris. Ductus bursae tubular, narrow, membranous. Corpus bursae with two postero-lateral semiglobular protrusions (with ca. twice larger anterior one), and semi-elliptical anterior end protruding anteriorly. Appendix bursae semi-globular, positioned anterio-laterally on left side, with sclerotised rugose area basally which protruding into adjacent areas of corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C541FF80FF0B94F5FACC168B" box="[199,1379,474,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC541FF80FF0B94F5FACC168B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,501]" box="[199,1379,474,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC541FF80FF0B94F5FEF6168A" bold="true" box="[199,345,474,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Distribution</emphasis>
. The species is known from
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC541FF80FD5794F4FCF4168B" box="[667,859,475,501]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC541FF80FC4C94F4FC6C168B" box="[896,963,475,501]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC541FF80FC1D94F4FB3D168B" author="Bang-Haas, O." box="[977,1170,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9809" refString="Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, Dresden, 128 pp., pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1927">Bang-Haas 1927</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC541FF80FB7394F4FAF9168B" author="Joannis, J. de" box="[1215,1366,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="419 - 421" refId="ref10215" refString="Joannis, J. de (1914) Description d'une nouvelle espece de Noctuelle du Yun-nan appartenant au genre Nikara [Lep.]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1914, 419 - 421. [in French] https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1914.25639" type="journal article" year="1914">Joannis 1914</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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420
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<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54AFF8BFF5B9681FDAE14B6" ID-CoL="73ZMZ" authority="Moore, 1882" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,513,942,969]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
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<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF5B9681FEF214B7" bold="true" box="[151,349,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Nikara castanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54AFF8BFEA99680FDAE14B6" author="Moore, F." box="[357,513,942,969]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="297D36BFC54AFF8BFF5B96FCFE1C1493" blockId="7.[151,513,942,1005]" box="[151,435,978,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54AFF8BFF5396FCFEAB1493" box="[159,260,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
,
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,
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)
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<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF5B9138FE911351" box="[151,318,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Nikara castanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54AFF8BFE889137FE651351" author="Moore, F." box="[324,458,1047,1071]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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from the collection of the late
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: 126, pl. 4, fig. 24 (
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locality: [NE
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:
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, [north of
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,
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFB689152FA9913E8" box="[1188,1334,1148,1175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Moore Coll.</collectorName>
94-106,
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFF5B918EFEAE13C5" box="[151,257,1185,1211]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
unique number: 014165090, gen. slide
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFD18918EFCAE13C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFD18918EFCAE13C5" box="[724,769,1185,1211]" country="India" name="No." pageId="7" pageNumber="208">No.</location>
:
<specimenCode id="79649EC4C54AFF8BFCC3918FFC5813C4" box="[783,1015,1184,1210]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK010316228</specimenCode>
(prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFB52918FFAA913C4" box="[1182,1286,1184,1210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFAEC918FFA3E13C4" box="[1312,1425,1184,1210]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFF5B91EBFC0D13A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951301" box="[151,930,1220,1247]" collectingDate="1909-09" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="F. Moller." country="India" location="Sikhim" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Sikkim">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFF5B91EBFF5213A0" box="[151,253,1220,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, [
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFEDD91EBFEC713A0" box="[273,360,1220,1246]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
]
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFEBB91EBFE6413A0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFEBB91EBFE6413A0" box="[375,459,1220,1246]" country="India" name="Sikhim" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Sikkim">Sikhim</location>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFE1491EBFD9713A0" box="[472,568,1220,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1909-09">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFE1491EBFD9713A0" box="[472,568,1220,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1909-09">IX.1909</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFD8991EAFD1B13A0" box="[581,692,1220,1247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">F. Moller.</collectorName>
1910-140,
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFCF491EAFC0D13A1" box="[824,930,1221,1247]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFC6791EBFCBB127C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951316" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Volynkin" country="India" location="No." pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCode="NHMUK010316229" specimenCount="1">
unique number: 014165091, gen. slide
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFAA791EAFA3713A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFAA791EAFA3713A1" box="[1387,1432,1221,1247]" country="India" name="No." pageId="7" pageNumber="208">No.</location>
:
<specimenCode id="79649EC4C54AFF8BFF5B91C7FED0127C" box="[151,383,1256,1282]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK010316229</specimenCode>
(prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFDD091C7FD2B127C" box="[540,644,1256,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFD5791C7FCA3127C" box="[667,780,1256,1282]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFCD391C7FCF81259" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951311" collectingDate="1999-08-15" collectionCode="T" country="Thailand" elevation="2100" location="Mt. Doi Phahompok" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Chiang Mai">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFCD391C7FC19127C" bold="true" box="[799,950,1256,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFCD391C7FC19127C" box="[799,950,1256,1282]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFC0991C7FB85127C" box="[965,1066,1256,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFBFA91C7FA98127C" box="[1078,1335,1256,1282]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Changwat Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFA8F91C6FE8F1258" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFA8F91C6FE8F1258" country="Thailand" name="Mt. Doi Phahompok" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Chiang Mai">Mt. Doi Phahompok</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="38CF2F9DC54AFF8BFEE09023FDA41259" box="[300,523,1292,1319]" location="Fang" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFEE09023FEDB1258" box="[300,372,1292,1318]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="km" value="17.0">17 km</quantity>
NW of Fang
</locationDeviation>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFDDB9023FDC71258" box="[535,616,1292,1318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="2100.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC54AFF8BFDDB9023FDC71258" box="[535,616,1292,1318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFDB89023FCA71259" box="[628,776,1292,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1999-08-15">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFDB89023FCA71259" box="[628,776,1292,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1999-08-15">15.VIII.1999</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFC899022FCF81259" box="[837,855,1293,1319]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">T</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFCAF9023FE621234" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951302" collectionCode="WSO" collectorName="L. Mikus &amp; Volynkin" country="Thailand" location="Csovari" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1">
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFCAF9023FC151258" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFCAF9023FC151258" box="[867,954,1292,1318]" country="Thailand" name="Csovari" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Csővári</location>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFC2C9022FBE61258" box="[992,1097,1292,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">L. Mikus</collectorName>
, gen. slide No.: AV6401 (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFECD901FFEC61234" box="[257,361,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFE4D901FFE6A1234" box="[385,453,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">WSO</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFE16901FFE701210" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951309" collectingDate="1999-09-10" collectingDateMax="1999-09-11" collectingDateMin="1999-09-10" collectionCode="MHB" collectorName="A. Szabo &amp; Zita" country="Thailand" elevation="2100" location="Mt. Doi Phahompok" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Chiang Mai">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFE16901FFD861234" box="[474,553,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFDFA901FFD101234" box="[566,703,1328,1354]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFD07901EFC191234" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFD07901EFC191234" box="[715,950,1328,1355]" country="Thailand" name="Mt. Doi Phahompok" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Chiang Mai">Mt. Doi Phahompok</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="38CF2F9DC54AFF8BFC0E901FFB2B1235" box="[962,1156,1328,1355]" location="Fang" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFC0E901FFBA51234" box="[962,1034,1328,1354]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
NW Fang
</locationDeviation>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFB5C901FFB4E1234" box="[1168,1249,1328,1354]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="2100.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC54AFF8BFB5C901FFB4E1234" box="[1168,1249,1328,1354]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFB21901FFA381234" box="[1261,1431,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1999-09-10" valueMax="1999-09-11" valueMin="1999-09-10">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFB21901FFA381234" box="[1261,1431,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1999-09-10" valueMax="1999-09-11" valueMin="1999-09-10">10–11.IX.1999</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFF0B907BFE811210" box="[199,302,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">A. Szabo</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFE99907BFE2D1210" box="[341,386,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Zita</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFE5E907BFE781210" box="[402,471,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">MHB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFE20907BFCC112EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951317" collectingDate="1998-01" collectingDateMax="1998-03-31" collectingDateMin="1998-01" collectionCode="HNHM" collectorName="Frontier" country="Vietnam" county="Prov." elevation="1920" location="Sa Pa" municipality="Mts" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Lao Cai">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFE20907BFDDC1210" bold="true" box="[492,627,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFE20907BFDDC1210" box="[492,627,1364,1390]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">VIETNAM</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFD4F907BFD5C1210" box="[643,755,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCounty id="C01C4E33C54AFF8BFCCC907AFC951211" box="[768,826,1365,1391]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Prov.</collectingCounty>
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFC8E907AFC301210" box="[834,927,1364,1391]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Lao Cai</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFC67907BFC531210" box="[939,1020,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1920.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC54AFF8BFC67907BFC531210" box="[939,1020,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1920.0">1920m</elevation>
</quantity>
, Fan-si-pan
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C54AFF8BFB44907AFB191211" box="[1160,1206,1365,1391]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Mts</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFB0F907BFAA91211" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFB0F907BFAA91211" box="[1219,1286,1364,1391]" country="Vietnam" county="Prov." municipality="Mts" name="Sa Pa" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Lao Cai">Sa Pa</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="38CF2F9DC54AFF8BFADE907BFF6E12EC" location="Cat Cat" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFADE907BFAE31210" box="[1298,1356,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
W Cat Cat
</locationDeviation>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFF1C9057FE6B12EC" box="[208,452,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1998-01" valueMax="1998-03-31" valueMin="1998-01-00">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFF1C9057FE6B12EC" box="[208,452,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1998-01" valueMax="1998-03-31" valueMin="1998-01-00">January–March 1998</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFDCB9057FDCE12EC" box="[519,609,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Frontier</collectorName>
organization (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFCC69057FCC912EC" box="[778,870,1400,1426]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">HNHM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFCB19057FE0A12A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951314" collectingDate="2006-08-03" collectingDateMax="2006-08-05" collectingDateMin="2006-08-03" collectionCode="ASV, AFM" collectorName="Floriani &amp; Saldaitis" country="China" elevation="1480" latitude="33.7091" location="Foping" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="107.9403" municipality="North" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Shaanxi">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFCB19057FC7512EC" bold="true" box="[893,986,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFCB19057FC7512EC" box="[893,986,1400,1426]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">CHINA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFC219057FB9012EC" box="[1005,1087,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="male">3 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFB829057FB0412EC" box="[1102,1195,1400,1426]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFB769057FAA512EC" box="[1210,1290,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1480.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC54AFF8BFB769057FAA512EC" box="[1210,1290,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1480.0">1480m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C919ACC5C54AFF8BFAD69057FAF412EC" box="[1306,1371,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">North</collectingMunicipality>
from
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFF5B90B3FF4612C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFF5B90B3FF4612C8" box="[151,233,1436,1462]" country="China" latitude="33.7091" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="107.9403" municipality="North" name="Foping" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Shaanxi">Foping</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C54AFF8BFF3890B2FED012C6" box="[244,383,1437,1464]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="42.546" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" precision="1" value="33.7091">N33°42.546</geoCoordinate>
″,
<geoCoordinate id="4CF65078C54AFF8BFE5B90B2FD8312C6" box="[407,556,1437,1464]" degrees="107" direction="east" minutes="56.418" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" precision="1" value="107.9403">E107°56.418</geoCoordinate>
″,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFD8F90B3FD7412C9" box="[579,731,1436,1463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="2006-08-03" valueMax="2006-08-05" valueMin="2006-08-03">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFD8F90B3FD7412C9" box="[579,731,1436,1463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="2006-08-03" valueMax="2006-08-05" valueMin="2006-08-03">3–5.viii.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFD2B90B3FCEF12C8" box="[743,832,1436,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Floriani</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFCAF90B3FC6C12C8" box="[867,963,1436,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Saldaitis</collectorName>
leg., gen. slide
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFBB890B2FB0E12C9" box="[1140,1185,1437,1463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">No.</collectorName>
: AV5595 (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFF5B90EFFF5012A4" box="[151,255,1472,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFEDB90EFFEFF12A4" box="[279,336,1472,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">ASV</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFE9790EFFE3212A4" box="[347,413,1472,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">AFM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="99AA3CE2C54AFF8BFE7E90EFFD691280" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3962951320" collectingDate="2000-08-25" collectingDateMax="2000-09-15" collectingDateMin="2000-08-25" collectionCode="HSV" collectorName="No. &amp; Volynkin" country="China" elevation="1500" location="Chong Guanmian Shan" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="3FC4FD36C54AFF8BFE7E90EFFDB812A4" box="[434,535,1472,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<location id="2C1D6064C54AFF8BFDE890EFFC9F12A4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16B87A9C54AFF84FF5B9681FC5614DB:2C1D6064C54AFF8BFDE890EFFC9F12A4" box="[548,816,1472,1498]" country="China" name="Chong Guanmian Shan" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Chong Guanmian Shan</location>
,
<date id="5D7C107FC54AFF8BFCF090EFFBA212A5" box="[828,1037,1472,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="2000-08-25" valueMax="2000-09-15" valueMin="2000-08-25">
<collectingDate id="4D38E997C54AFF8BFCF090EFFBA212A5" box="[828,1037,1472,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="2000-08-25" valueMax="2000-09-15" valueMin="2000-08-25">25.viii–15.ix.2000</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFBD690EFFBC512A5" box="[1050,1130,1472,1499]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1500.0">
<elevation id="A2EFD18CC54AFF8BFBD690EFFBC512A5" box="[1050,1130,1472,1499]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500m</elevation>
</quantity>
, [local] collector leg., gen. slide
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFF1F90CAFEAF1281" box="[211,256,1509,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">No.</collectorName>
: AV6435 (prepared by
<collectorName id="84375369C54AFF8BFDCE90CBFDC51280" box="[514,618,1508,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Volynkin</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="4FD3AE7AC54AFF8BFD4D90CBFD101280" box="[641,703,1508,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">HSV</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54AFF8BFF0B9327FED411F1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54AFF8BFF0B9327FED411F1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1148,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF0B9327FE9B115C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1544,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Remarks</emphasis>
. According to the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54AFF8BFD309327FC21115C" author="Moore, F." box="[764,910,1544,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore 1882</bibRefCitation>
), the
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54AFF8BFC1C9326FBAF115D" box="[976,1024,1545,1571]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">type</typeStatus>
female should be stored in the collection of O. Staudinger which is currently housed in MfN. Unfortunately, we could not locate the
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54AFF8BFB3F9302FA8C1139" box="[1267,1315,1581,1607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">type</typeStatus>
specimen, probably it is lost. However, the topotype male specimen deposited in NHMUK was examined by the second author of the present paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54AFF84FF0B93B7FE04158F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54AFF8BFF0B93B7FB051184" blockId="7.[151,1437,1148,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF0B93B7FE9511CC" bold="true" box="[199,314,1688,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. The species can easily be distinguished from the congeners by the amber brown area along the anal forewing margin fused with the amber brown postmedial and subterminal areas. The differences between
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54AFF8BFAFB9392FF101184" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFAFB9392FF101184" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54AFF8BFF3A93CEFE1C1184" authorityName="Saldaitis &amp; Volynkin &amp; Speidel &amp; Zahiri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[246,435,1761,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF3A93CEFE1C1184" box="[246,435,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are discussed in details below in the diagnoses of the latter species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54AFF84FF0B922BFE04158F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1148,2039]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,150,933]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF0B922BFED81060" bold="true" box="[199,375,1796,1822]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Re-description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFE4A922BFD561060" bold="true" box="[390,761,1796,1822]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">External morphology of adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54AFF8BFCC5922BFCDF1060" box="[777,880,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
). Head and thorax dark brown, with suffusion of shiny bluish scales. Male antenna filiform. Forewing length is
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFCAB9207FC4D103D" box="[871,994,1832,1859]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 mm</quantity>
in males and
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in females. Subbasal and medial areas of forewing dark brown with suffusion of shiny bluish scales medially and along the costa but amber brown with slight suffusion of shiny bluish scales along the anal margin. Orbicular stigma narrowly elliptical, encircled with shiny bluish scales. Reniform stigma nearly circular, encircled with shiny bluish scales. Postmedial line smoothly curved medially. Postmedial area amber brown. Subterminal area pale amber brown with intense suffusion of shiny bluish scales. Cilia pale brown. Hindwing greyish brown, slightly paler at base. Discal spot reniform, indistinct. Abdomen brown.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FD4695B8FC9817CE" bold="true" box="[650,823,150,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FC8595B8FC7F17CF" box="[841,976,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figs 15, 16</figureCitation>
). Uncus elongate, slender, laterally flattened, dorso-ventrally curved, dilated subapically, apically pointed with tiny claw-like tip. Tuba analis with heavily sclerotised and rugose scaphium. Tegumen shorter than valva. Juxta shield-like, with rounded apical depression and tiny round basal incision. Vinculum ca. 1.5 times shorter than tegumen, with thin but well-sclerotised arms, Vshaped with pointed tip. Pleurite present, as a curved and apically rounded, plate-like extension of vinculum. Valva elongate and narrow (length to width ratio ca. 5.5:1), with nearly parallel margins. Costal margin slightly convex subbasally. Corona present. Sacculus short (ca. 0.2 of valva length) and narrow (ca. half of basal section of valva width). Clavus finger-like with rounded tip. Aedeagus elongate, nearly straight, with short (ca. 0.2 of valva length) and apically rounded distal carinal process ventrally. Vesica with long (longer than main chamber), sack-like ventral diverticulum having two short lobes apically. Subbasal cluster of cornuti band-like, consisting of numerous tiny short cornuti.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FEF694D0FDAD1566" bold="true" box="[314,514,510,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FDDF94D0FD331567" box="[531,668,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figs 19, 20</figureCitation>
). Papillae analis sclerotised, posteriorly tapered with rounded tips, weakly setose. Apophyses rod-like, thin. Apophysis anterioris ca. 1.25 times longer than posterioris one, dilated apically. Ostium bursae with membranous margin. Ductus bursae short (ca. 0.75 of apophysis anterioris length), membranous, tubular. Corpus bursae strongly elongate (ca. 6.5 times longer than ductus bursae), narrow (length to medial section width ratio ca. 1:3.3), membranous, with elliptical rugose sclerotised plate postero-laterally at right side. Appendix bursae short (ca. 1/10 of corpus bursae length), broadly conical with rounded apex, positioned postero-laterally at left side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C545FF84FF0B97D5FC5614DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC545FF84FF0B97D5FC5614DB" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FF0B97D5FDBA146A" bold="true" box="[199,533,762,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Distribution and bionomics</emphasis>
. The species is known from eastern Himalaya (north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FB2597D4FA88146B" box="[1257,1319,763,789]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">India</collectingCountry>
), northern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FF5B9630FF541447" box="[151,251,799,825]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FEC69630FDAF1447" box="[266,512,799,825]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Chiang Mai Province</collectingRegion>
), northern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FDB59630FD771447" box="[633,728,799,825]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FD2B9630FC011447" box="[743,942,799,825]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Lào Cai Province</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC545FF84FC099630FBFB1447" author="Moore, F." box="[965,1108,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore 1882</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC545FF84FBAC9630FAA21447" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[1120,1293,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refId="ref10102" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1910) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Vol. 9. Catalogue of the Noctuidae in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 552 pp." type="book" year="1910">Hampson 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC545FF84FAD69630FECE1423" author="Kononenko, V. S. &amp; Pinratana, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="209" refId="ref10591" refString="Kononenko, V. S. &amp; Pinratana, A. (2013) Moths of Thailand. Vol. 3. Part 2. Noctuoidea. An illustrated catalogue of Erebidae, Nolidae, Euteliidae and Noctuidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) in Thailand. Brothers of St. Gabriel in Thailand, Bangkok, 625 pp." type="book" year="2013">Kononenko &amp; Pinratana 2013</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC545FF84FE40966CFDD61422" authorityName="Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[396,633,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC545FF84FE40966CFDD61422" box="[396,633,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Chrysonicara aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FD0D966CFCAB1423" box="[705,772,835,861]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC545FF84FCD8966CFCDE1423" box="[788,881,835,861]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
) (new country record). In
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC545FF84FB50966CFB4D1423" box="[1180,1250,835,861]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">China</collectingCountry>
, the species was collected at light in the beginning of August at altitudes around 1500 meters in a small river valley surrounded by hills overgrown with a forest of various deciduous trees and bushes (
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC545FF84FC5496A4FC4214DB" box="[920,1005,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1058,1082]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1034]" captionTargetId="figure-18@15.[225,1362,181,1034]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 24. China, Shaanxi, North from Foping. Habitat of N. castanea (photo by A. Saldaitis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="3CE5F98D5A5EDD0FFA2E232A41DC9057">A review of the genus Nikara Moore and its transfer to the Stiriinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF5B97A1FE4815D6" bold="true" box="[151,487,654,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF2297A1FE4815D6" ID-CoL="92GPR" authority="Moore, 1882" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[238,487,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF2297A1FEEC15D7" bold="true" box="[238,323,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFE8697A0FE4815D6" author="Moore, F." box="[330,487,654,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8AFF5B97FCFA331595" box="[151,1436,723,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF5B97FCFA331595" blockId="6.[151,1437,723,840]" box="[151,1436,723,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF5B97FCFEC61595" ID-CoL="92GPR" authority="Moore, 1882" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,361,723,747]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF5B97FCFF721595" box="[151,221,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFF2897FBFEC61595" author="Moore, F." box="[228,361,723,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFEB897FBFAF91595" box="[372,1366,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W.S. Atkinson</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFA9097FCFAC61595" bold="true" box="[1372,1385,723,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">2</emphasis>
: 126
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8AFF0B97DDFC9D1474" box="[199,818,754,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF0B97DDFC9D1474" blockId="6.[151,1437,723,840]" box="[199,818,754,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
(
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54BFF8AFF1C97DDFEAD1474" box="[208,258,754,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE9397DDFD3E1474" ID-CoL="73ZMZ" authority="Moore, 1882" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[351,657,754,778]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE9397DDFDAA1474" box="[351,517,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara castanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFDC097DDFD3E1474" author="Moore, F." box="[524,657,754,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="89 - 198" refId="ref10835" refString="Moore, F. (1882) s. n. In: Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. Part 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 89 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1882">Moore, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8AFF5B963EFBD51456" box="[151,1146,784,809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF5B963EFBD51456" blockId="6.[151,1437,723,840]" box="[151,1146,784,809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
=
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF62963FFE281456" ID-CoL="925FK" authority="Draudt" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1937" box="[174,391,784,808]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF62963FFE961456" box="[174,313,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chrysonicara</emphasis>
Draudt
</taxonomicName>
in Seitz, 1937,
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFDE1963EFB9F1456" box="[557,1072,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde. Supplementum</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFBF5963FFBE91456" bold="true" box="[1081,1094,784,808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">3</emphasis>
: 262
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8AFB4E963EFD9B1439" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFB4E963EFD9B1439" blockId="6.[151,1437,723,840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
(
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54BFF8AFB47963EFB121457" box="[1163,1213,785,809]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFAD2963FFE6A1439" authority="Bang-Haas, 1927" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFAD2963FFEA41439" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chrysoptera aureus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFEDE961FFE6A1439" author="Bang-Haas, O." box="[274,453,815,840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref9809" refString="Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas, Dresden, 128 pp., pls. 1 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1927">Bang-Haas, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE1B9600FD9B1439" bold="true" box="[471,564,815,839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8AFF5B965AFDAC135E" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF5B965AFDAC135E" blockId="6.[151,1437,885,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF5B965AFEAB14F1" bold="true" box="[151,260,885,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Remarks</emphasis>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE47965AFD8A14F1" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1937" box="[395,549,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE47965AFD8A14F1" box="[395,549,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chrysonicara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected for the species
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFC979659FC0914F1" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[859,934,886,911]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFC979659FC0914F1" box="[859,934,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whereas the species
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFB43965AFB5614F1" authorityName="de Joannis" authorityYear="1914" box="[1167,1273,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB43965AFB5614F1" box="[1167,1273,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described under the genus
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE8196B6FE3414CD" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[333,411,921,947]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE8196B6FE3414CD" box="[333,411,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Examination of the
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54BFF8AFD4E96B5FD1D14CA" box="[642,690,922,948]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
specimens of the two species displayed their conspecificity to each other therefore we hereby synonymize
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD829691FD3614A9" authorityName=", Bang-Haas" authorityYear="1927" box="[590,665,958,983]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Chrysoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD829691FD3614A9" box="[590,665,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">aureus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD169692FC1414A6" authority="Moreover" authorityName="Moreover" box="[730,955,957,984]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD169692FCEB14A9" box="[730,836,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">plusiodes</emphasis>
Moreover
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFC0B9691FBFD14A9" box="[967,1106,957,984]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFC0B9691FBFD14A9" box="[967,1106,957,984]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">C. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is obviously congeneric with the
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54BFF8AFF0D96CDFF5E1482" box="[193,241,994,1020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE2996CEFD9C1485" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[485,563,993,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE2996CEFD9C1485" box="[485,563,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sharing all the key generic characters listed below. Thus, we hereby synonymize
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF19912AFEC01361" authorityName="Draudt" authorityYear="1937" box="[213,367,1029,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysonicara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF19912AFEC01361" box="[213,367,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chrysonicara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE62912AFE531361" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[430,508,1029,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE62912AFE531361" box="[430,508,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54BFF8BFF0B9106FDDE15D7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF0B9106FEB8123E" blockId="6.[151,1437,885,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF0B9106FE95133D" bold="true" box="[199,314,1065,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. The members of the genus vary in their wing colouration and patterns but are readilydistinct from most of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF369162FEF61319" box="[250,345,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stiriinae">Stiriinae</taxonomicName>
distributed in North America.
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD0D9162FC2C1319" box="[705,899,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD0D9162FC2C1319" box="[705,899,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reminiscent of the North American
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFA849162FE9213F5" authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Plagiomimicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFA849162FF5B13F5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Plagiomimicus</emphasis>
Grote
</taxonomicName>
whereas
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE65915DFD8013F5" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[425,559,1138,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE65915DFD8013F5" box="[425,559,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFDAB915DFC8A13F5" authorityName="Saldaitis &amp; Volynkin &amp; Speidel &amp; Zahiri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[615,805,1138,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFDAB915DFC8A13F5" box="[615,805,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are only vaguely similar to the West Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFA9F915EFF5313D1" authority="Stephens" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFA9F915EFA3313F5" box="[1363,1436,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Stilbia</emphasis>
Stephens
</taxonomicName>
(illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFE6391BAFD0713D1" author="Ronkay, L. &amp; Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M." box="[431,680,1173,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" refId="ref11196" refString="Ronkay, L., Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M. (2001) Hadeninae II. Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 5. Entomological Press, Soro, 352 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Ronkay
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFDDC91B9FDE413D1" box="[528,587,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">et al.</emphasis>
(2001))
</bibRefCitation>
in their forewing shape and pattern, and more reminiscent of the distantly related
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE9E9196FD0813AD" authority="Ochsenheimer. All" authorityName="Ochsenheimer. All" box="[338,679,1209,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Amphipyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE9E9196FE6113AD" box="[338,462,1209,1235]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Amphipyra</emphasis>
Ochsenheimer. All
</taxonomicName>
three species have a shiny suffusion on their bodies and forewings, the feature also occurring among many North American members of the subfamily. Species of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFB0491F2FAB91389" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1224,1302,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB0491F2FAB91389" box="[1224,1302,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a frontal process typical of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE7E902EFD071262" authority="(Poole 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Poole" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[434,680,1281,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stiriinae">
Stiriinae (
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFDD3902EFD301262" author="Poole, R. W." box="[543,671,1281,1308]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref11044" refString="Poole, R. W. (1995) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). In: Dominick, R. B., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W. &amp; Munroe, E. G. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 26. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, pp. 1 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1995">Poole 1995</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
but lack a terminal claw on the foretibia typical of the North American genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8AFF0B9065FA9D1025" blockId="6.[151,1437,885,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
In the male genitalia, species of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFDFE9066FD2F121D" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[562,640,1353,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFDFE9066FD2F121D" box="[562,640,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the synapomorphy of the subfamily recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFAC89066FA38121A" author="Poole, R. W." box="[1284,1431,1353,1380]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref11044" refString="Poole, R. W. (1995) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). In: Dominick, R. B., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W. &amp; Munroe, E. G. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 26. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, pp. 1 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1995">Poole (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, namely the shape and spination of the vesica which is generally ovate and somewhat elongate having a basal row of short, stubby cornuti and a more distal, diffuse patch of elongate and thin cornuti. The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFA8290BEFA3312D5" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1358,1436,1425,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFA8290BEFA3312D5" box="[1358,1436,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have simplified valvae structure also typical of species in the North American stiriine genera (illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFA90909AFF43128A" author="Poole, R. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref11044" refString="Poole, R. W. (1995) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). In: Dominick, R. B., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W. &amp; Munroe, E. G. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 26. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, pp. 1 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1995">Poole (1995))</bibRefCitation>
but differing in the presence of a scaphium and a well-developed corona of long robust setae, whereas the latter are weak or absent in the North American species and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFCFB90D2FC2F1169" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[823,896,1533,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFCFB90D2FC2F1169" box="[823,896,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Stilbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFBE590D2FAB21169" author="Ronkay, L. &amp; Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M." box="[1065,1309,1533,1559]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" refId="ref11196" refString="Ronkay, L., Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M. (2001) Hadeninae II. Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 5. Entomological Press, Soro, 352 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Ronkay
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB4B90D1FB101169" box="[1159,1215,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">et al.</emphasis>
(2001))
</bibRefCitation>
. The claspers of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFF11930DFECD1145" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[221,354,1570,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF11930DFECD1145" box="[221,354,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE54930DFD8D1145" box="[408,546,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE54930DFD8D1145" box="[408,546,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack a harpe (similar to members of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFC72930EFB111142" authority="Hampson" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1908" box="[958,1214,1569,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chalcopasta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFC72930EFBE31145" box="[958,1100,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Chalcopasta</emphasis>
Hampson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFB38930EFF541121" authority="H. Edwards" authorityName="H. Edwards" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xanthothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB38930EFAD51145" box="[1268,1402,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Xanthothrix</emphasis>
H. Edwards
</taxonomicName>
) whereas a short harpe is present in
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD449369FCEB1121" authorityName="Saldaitis &amp; Volynkin &amp; Speidel &amp; Zahiri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[648,836,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD449369FCEB1121" box="[648,836,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but positioned in the basal third of the valva, whereas valvae of other
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFE849346FE0811FD" box="[328,423,1641,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stiriinae">Stiriinae</taxonomicName>
bear a harpe in the middle or in the distal third. Additionally, the valvae of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFB329346FAE311FD" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[1278,1356,1641,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB329346FAE311FD" box="[1278,1356,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a well-developed, elongate clavus which is very short in most of the North American stiriines but quite elongate in certain species of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFEAB939EFE1F11B5" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[359,432,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFEAB939EFE1F11B5" box="[359,432,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Stilbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD1F939EFC8E11B5" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1882" box="[723,801,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD1F939EFC8E11B5" box="[723,801,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Nikara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterised by the elongate corpus bursae having a sclerotised plate or rugose area similar to most of the North American members of the subfamily. The female of the
<typeStatus id="F679881DC54BFF8AFF0E93D5FF5D106A" box="[194,242,1786,1812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus has elongate and heavily sclerotized papillae anales which are also common among the North American species (illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFDB49232FCBC1046" author="Poole, R. W." box="[632,787,1821,1848]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref11044" refString="Poole, R. W. (1995) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). In: Dominick, R. B., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W. &amp; Munroe, E. G. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 26. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, pp. 1 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1995">Poole (1995))</bibRefCitation>
while
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFC939231FBB41049" authorityName="Saldaitis &amp; Volynkin &amp; Speidel &amp; Zahiri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[863,1051,1822,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cupreomicans">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFC939231FBB41049" box="[863,1051,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. cupreomicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFB9E9231FB731049" box="[1106,1244,1821,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Nikara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plusiodes">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB9E9231FB731049" box="[1106,1244,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">N. plusiodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have shorter and weakly sclerotized papillae anales similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54BFF8AFD22926EFC201025" box="[750,911,1857,1883]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFD22926EFC981025" box="[750,823,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Stilbia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54BFF8AFBF5926EFA811025" author="Ronkay, L. &amp; Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M." box="[1081,1326,1857,1883]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" refId="ref11196" refString="Ronkay, L., Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M. (2001) Hadeninae II. Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 5. Entomological Press, Soro, 352 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Ronkay
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFB5B926DFB7F1025" box="[1175,1232,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">et al.</emphasis>
(2001))
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54BFF8BFF0B924AFDDE15D7" blockId="6.[151,1437,885,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF0B924AFED81001" bold="true" box="[199,375,1893,1919]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Re-description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFE4B924AFD531001" bold="true" box="[391,764,1893,1919]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">External morphology of adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54BFF8AFCC1924AFC2C1001" box="[781,899,1893,1919]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId-0="10.[151,264,1932,1956]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,264,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1383,194,1902]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1426,528,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@10.[190,1397,181,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure-170@12.[156,1432,525,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–8. Nikara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 and 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 in MHB (photo by B. Tóth); 4 in HNHM (photo by B. Tóth); 5 in ASV; 6 in HSV (photo by H. Seibald); 7 and 8 in ZFMK." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–14. Nikara aureus: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9 in ASV; 10 in AFM; 11 in MNHN (©MNHN, photo by unknown photographer); 12 in MfN; 13 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko); 14 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305949" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305951" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7305949/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7305951/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Figs 1–14</figureCitation>
). Medium-sized moths, forewing length
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54BFF8AFA9A924AFF6C10DA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 mm</quantity>
in males and
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54BFF8AFEA692A6FE4910DA" box="[362,486,1929,1956]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="15.0">15–19 mm</quantity>
in females. Antennae of both sexes filiform. Forewing wide. Ground colour from brown, with golden shine or suffusion of shiny bluish scales. Pattern elements in subbasal and medial areas indistinct.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54BFF8AFF3692FEFE081095" bold="true" box="[250,423,2001,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54BFF8AFE7492FEFD931092" box="[440,572,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[168,1413,203,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[162,1425,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Nikara spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 15 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 16 and 17 in ASV 18 in ZFMK (photo by V.S. Kononenko)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305955/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Figs 15–18</figureCitation>
). Uncus elongate, narrow, laterally flattened, dorso-ventrally curved, somewhat dilated subapically, apically pointed with tiny claw-like tip. Tuba analis with heavily sclerotised and rugose scaphium. Tegumen without peniculus. Juxta shield-like, with wide rounded apical depression and tiny round basal incision. Vinculum more or less equal in length to tegumen, with pointed tip. Pleurite present, as a curved and apically rounded, plate-like extension of vinculum. Valva elongate and narrow (length to width ratio from 3.8:1 to 5:1). Corona present, consisting of a row of strong setae. Sacculus short (ca. 1/4 of valva length) and narrow (ca. half of valva base width). Clavus finger-like. Harpe absent or present as short (ca. 1/4 of valva width), narrowly triangular process near the ventral margin of valva. Aedeagus elongate, with short (ca. 0.1–0.2 of aedeagus length) and rounded coecum and short (ca. 1/6 of aedeagus length) and apically rounded distal carinal process. Vesica sack-like, may have large (longer than the main chamber) ventral diverticulum, bearing clusters of numerous spine-like or thorn-like cornuti of various sizes.
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFDD494F4FD73168A" bold="true" box="[536,732,474,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54AFF8BFD2594F4FCC4168B" box="[745,875,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1924,1948]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,187,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-19@14.[151,1435,181,1900]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Nikara spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 19 and 23 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 20 in HSV; 21 in AFM; 22 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305957/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Figs 19–23</figureCitation>
). Papillae anales trapezoidal with rounded corners, setose. Apophyses thin, rod-like, more or less equal in length; apophysis posterioris with posterior sclerotised plate protruding to ovipositor. Ostium bursae with membranous margins. Ductus bursae tubular, membranous. Corpus bursae sack-like or elongate, with membranous walls, bearing sclerotised plate posteriorly or sclerotised area medially. Appendix bursae broadly conical with wide and round apex and thick gelatinous walls, positioned in different parts of corpus bursae in different species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D86534C54AFF8BFF0B979DFBAE1423" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="297D36BFC54AFF8BFF0B979DFBAE1423" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFF0B979DFDBD15B2" bold="true" box="[199,530,690,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Distribution and bionomics</emphasis>
. The genus is known from eastern Himalaya (northeastern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFB0C979CFB5115B3" box="[1216,1278,691,717]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">India</collectingCountry>
), northern Indochina (northern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFEA197F8FE7E158F" box="[365,465,727,753]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and northern
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFDB497F8FD76158F" box="[632,729,727,753]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) and south-western and central
<collectingCountry id="51D5762FC54AFF8BFB9C97F8FB3C158F" box="[1104,1171,727,753]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFB6A97F8FAAF158F" box="[1190,1280,727,753]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFAC397F8FAC6158F" box="[1295,1385,727,753]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="EB06F85DC54AFF8BFF5B97D4FF5E146B" box="[151,241,763,789]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
Provinces). The preimaginal stages are unknown. Species of the genus occur at medium altitudes ranging from
<quantity id="EE3A9B5AC54AFF8BFF199630FEDE1447" box="[213,369,799,825]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="1750.0" valueMax="2100.0" valueMin="1400.0">1400–2100 m</quantity>
and inhabit mesophilous biotopes (
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54AFF8BFCCC9630FCF81447" box="[768,855,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1058,1082]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1034]" captionTargetId="figure-18@15.[225,1362,181,1034]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 24. China, Shaanxi, North from Foping. Habitat of N. castanea (photo by A. Saldaitis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305959/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Figs 24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1F92A3AC54AFF8BFCA89631FC2E1447" box="[868,897,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[227,1359,1133,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-37@15.[227,1359,1106,1955]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 25. China, Sichuan, 30 km SE from Ping Wu. Habitat of N. cupreomicans (photo by A. Saldaitis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7305961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7305961/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">25</figureCitation>
) whereas most of North American
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54AFF8BFAC19630FAC31447" box="[1293,1388,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stiriinae">Stiriinae</taxonomicName>
and the West Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="EEC24D3CC54AFF8BFE4C966CFE661423" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[384,457,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFE4C966CFE661423" box="[384,457,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Stilbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are xerophilous (
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54AFF8BFD40966CFCBF1423" author="Poole, R. W." box="[652,784,834,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref11044" refString="Poole, R. W. (1995) Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). In: Dominick, R. B., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W. &amp; Munroe, E. G. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 26. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, pp. 1 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1995">Poole 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4D534B4EC54AFF8BFCD7966CFC5B1423" author="Ronkay, L. &amp; Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M." box="[795,1012,835,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" refId="ref11196" refString="Ronkay, L., Yela, J. L. &amp; Hreblay, M. (2001) Hadeninae II. Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 5. Entomological Press, Soro, 352 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Ronkay
<emphasis id="1BB6EAADC54AFF8BFCB5966CFC1D1423" box="[889,946,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title>Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects - descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Cumming, Royce T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Montreal Insectarium, 4581 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H 1 X 2 B 2 &amp; Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA &amp; Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Bank, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bresseel, Joachim</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Taxonomy and Phylogeny and JEMU, rue Vautier 29, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Constant, Je ́ ro ̂ me</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Taxonomy and Phylogeny and JEMU, rue Vautier 29, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tirant, Stephane Le</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Montreal Insectarium, 4581 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H 1 X 2 B 2</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dong, Zhiwei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sonet, Gontran</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O. D. Taxonomy and Phylogeny and JEMU, rue Vautier 29, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bradler, Sven</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9307-1032</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Go ̈ ttingen, Untere Karspu ̈ le 2, 37073, Go ̈ ttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-02-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1018</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>179</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1018-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7E9360A5A359437A91C004C74B1FE9D6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">84B0D9BEE71D5171B80C3F4CBFDC7366</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="177429202" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16BAF5141C05232A40975226EEEBA20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A16BAF5141C05232A40975226EEEBA20" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="A16BAF51-41C0-5232-A409-75226EEEBA20" authority="(Seow-Choen, 2017)" authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi" status="comb. nov.">Cryptophyllium chrisangi (Seow-Choen, 2017)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Known eggs for the Cryptophyllium gen. nov. set in couplets of lateral and then dorsal views. All images except for K and L were taken by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland), K and L images taken by the first author, Q and R images taken by Rene ́ Limoges (IMQC) A, B Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. C, D Cryptophyllium tibetense comb. nov. E, F Cryptophyllium bollensi gen. et sp. nov. G, H Cryptophyllium oyae comb. nov. I, J Cryptophyllium icarus gen. et sp. nov. K, L Cryptophyllium liyananae gen. et sp. nov. M, N Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. O, P Cryptophyllium celebicum comb. nov. Q, R Cryptophyllium limogesi gen. et sp. nov. Scale bars 2.0 mm long." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510472" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 8M</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Known eggs for the Cryptophyllium gen. nov. set in couplets of lateral and then dorsal views. All images except for K and L were taken by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland), K and L images taken by the first author, Q and R images taken by Rene ́ Limoges (IMQC) A, B Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. C, D Cryptophyllium tibetense comb. nov. E, F Cryptophyllium bollensi gen. et sp. nov. G, H Cryptophyllium oyae comb. nov. I, J Cryptophyllium icarus gen. et sp. nov. K, L Cryptophyllium liyananae gen. et sp. nov. M, N Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. O, P Cryptophyllium celebicum comb. nov. Q, R Cryptophyllium limogesi gen. et sp. nov. Scale bars 2.0 mm long." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510472" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 8N</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Freshly hatched nymphs known for the Cryptophyllium gen. nov., all except for C bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) A Cryptophyllium celebicum comb. nov. B Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. C Cryptophyllium khmer gen. et sp. nov. bred and photographed by Tim Bollens (Belgium) D Cryptophyllium tibetense comb. nov. E Cryptophyllium oyae comb. nov. F Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. G Cryptophyllium phami gen. et sp. nov. H Cryptophyllium bollensi gen. et sp. nov. I Cryptophyllium icarus gen. et sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510473" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 9B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Live Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. A female bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) B male genitalia, ventral view, bred by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) C male observed and photographed by Mathieu MJP Van Goethem (South Africa) on Weh Island off the north shore of Sumatra D female observed and photographed in Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, by Tatsatorn Dharithai (Thailand) in August 2020." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510488" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 24</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Wood-Mason's 1875 plate XVII with the beautifully illustrated ' Phyllium westwoodii ' female syntype from South Andaman. Note the morphological similarity to Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. and given the wide range of Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. outside of the type locality of Singapore, this record may represent a range expansion. Public domain work downloaded from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 114410 page / 227 / mode / 1 up)" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510489" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 25</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Tentative female Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia which represents a range expansion for this species, photographs by Jerome Constant (RBINS) A habitus, dorsal B details of the anterior of the head, dorsal C habitus, ventral D front leg details, dorsal E details of the head and thorax, dorsal F details of the head and thorax, lateral G genitalia details, dorsal H genitalia details, ventral I data label." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510490" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(7 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, 10 eggs): 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: &quot;Singapore, ex breeding&quot; (RBINS); 1 ♂: &quot;Singapore (Pulau Ubin), Collected at light, by Francis Seow-Choen, January 5th, 2018 (0-75 m elv)&quot; (Coll RC 18-279); 1 ♂: &quot;Thailand: Satun Province, Tarutao Island&quot; (UCR); 1 ♀: &quot;Sarawak: Kuching, 12.12, J.M. Bryan., B.M.1931-150.&quot; (NHMUK); 1 ♀: &quot;P.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium siccifolium" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siccifolium">Phyllium siccifolium</taxonomicName>
, 4.93 Tapah, Dr. Yeh&quot; (LKCNHM); 10 eggs:
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Singapore”">&quot;Singapore&quot;</normalizedToken>
(Coll RC 18-332-18-341); 1 ♀: &quot;Presented by Dr. Brooke, St.
<normalizedToken originalValue="John’s">John's</normalizedToken>
I. 26.4.09, Coll Freie Universitat Berlin Sammlung Exotische Insekten, DEI Hemimetabola #100117&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Photographic records</emphasis>
: 2 ♀♀: Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, August 2020 (photographed by Tatsatorn Dharithai, Thailand);
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1 ♂: Indonesia, Pulau Weh Island off the coast of Sumatra (photographed by Mathieu MJP Van Goethem, South Africa).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species is one which was brought into the breeding community (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Live Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. A female bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) B male genitalia, ventral view, bred by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) C male observed and photographed by Mathieu MJP Van Goethem (South Africa) on Weh Island off the north shore of Sumatra D female observed and photographed in Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, by Tatsatorn Dharithai (Thailand) in August 2020." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510488" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24A</figureCitation>
) and has therefore allowed thorough observation of the adults, nymph, and egg morphology. Molecularly,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. is sister species to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. with these two species biogeographically separated by the Isthmus of Kra. The Isthmus of Kra is a notable line of biogeography for several organisms (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.014" author="Li, F" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="545 - 555" refId="B43" refString="Li, F, Li, S, 2018. Paleocene-Eocene and Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes as &quot;species pumps&quot; in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Althepus spiders. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 545 - 555, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.014" title="Paleocene-Eocene and Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes as &quot; species pumps &quot; in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Althepus spiders." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.014" volume="127" year="2018">Li and Li 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00121.x" author="Parnell, J" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B49" refString="Parnell, J, 2013. The biogeography of the Isthmus of Kra region: a review. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00121.x" title="The biogeography of the Isthmus of Kra region: a review." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00121.x" volume="31" year="2013">Parnell 2013</bibRefCitation>
) which separates the Ranong and Chumphon Provinces of Thailand (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map for the 24 Cryptophyllium gen. nov. species presently known (with solid lines from their name pointing to the type locality) as well as additional Cryptophyllium gen. nov. species which we could not herein describe / differentiate (indicated by dashed lines). Note that the line for Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. is pointing to the neotype locality and the type locality for Cryptophyllium athanysus comb. nov. is simply &quot; Ceylon &quot; therefore the line is pointing to the present-day localities we are aware of. Inset is of southern Vietnam showing the distributions of three additional species which could not fit within the main map. The colors in this map are noted to the left of the names within the phylogenetic tree in Fig. 4. Newly herein described species have names noted in bold. Note that with Cryptophyllium khmer sp. nov. not easily distinguishable from Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. from photos alone, only the locations for these two species where they were genetically sampled are solid colored, all observational images without genetic sampling have bicolored circles and could represent either of these species. Additionally, one symbol is split three ways for Cryptophyllium gen. nov. specimens from the Thai offshore islands of Ko Phangan and Ko Samui which could not be differentiated from C. chrisangi comb. nov., C. westwoodii comb. nov., and C. khmer sp. nov. from images alone. See Suppl. material 4 for a full list of the specimens / observations utilized to make the distribution map with deposition data for specimens and links to observational records&gt;." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510466" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). This isthmus appears to be significant for the
<taxonomicName authority="(Phyllium)" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium (Phyllium)" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Phyllium">Phyllium (Phyllium)</taxonomicName>
as no species are presently known north of this line, but insignificant for the
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium)" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pulchriphyllium">Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium)</taxonomicName>
as this group is found on both sides of this line.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
With our herein designation of a neotype for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. we can help to clear up possible significant confusion which surrounds this species. When Wood-Mason described this species in 1875 he did so with a male and female pair of syntypes from two different localities. The female was from &quot;South Andaman&quot; and the male was from &quot;near Pahpoon, ca. 150 miles north of Moulmein, in the Salween country&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Wood-Mason, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="215 - 220" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" refId="B62" refString="Wood-Mason, J, 1875. On new or little-known species of Phasmidae, with a brief preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the family. Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal 44: 215 - 220, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" title="On new or little-known species of Phasmidae, with a brief preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the family." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" volume="44" year="1875">Wood-Mason 1875</bibRefCitation>
). It is almost certain biogeographically that these syntypes represent two different phylliid species, not a singular
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. as he intended. Morphologically,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wood-Mason’s">Wood-Mason's</normalizedToken>
description and wonderful illustration of the female syntype interestingly appears very similar morphologically to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. with the correct femoral and abdominal shapes, and alae length (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Wood-Mason's 1875 plate XVII with the beautifully illustrated ' Phyllium westwoodii ' female syntype from South Andaman. Note the morphological similarity to Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. and given the wide range of Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. outside of the type locality of Singapore, this record may represent a range expansion. Public domain work downloaded from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 114410 page / 227 / mode / 1 up)" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510489" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25</figureCitation>
). With our designation of a neotype
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. from a male from the mainland, this leaves the Andaman female somewhat mysterious as few records&gt; of phylliids have been noted from the Andaman Islands, all of which are
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) bioculatum" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bioculatum" subGenus="Pulchriphyllium">Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium) bioculatum</taxonomicName>
-like species, none representing a
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. species. Hopefully one day a fresh specimen of this
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. species from the Andamans can be located and molecularly compared with congenerics to identify if it is an additional
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. range expansion or an undescribed species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510489" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 25.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Wood-Mason, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="215 - 220" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" refId="B62" refString="Wood-Mason, J, 1875. On new or little-known species of Phasmidae, with a brief preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the family. Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal 44: 215 - 220, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" title="On new or little-known species of Phasmidae, with a brief preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the family." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37192152" volume="44" year="1875">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wood-Mason’s">Wood-Mason's</normalizedToken>
1875
</bibRefCitation>
plate XVII with the beautifully illustrated '
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wood-Mason" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium westwoodii" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' female syntype from South Andaman. Note the morphological similarity to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. and given the wide range of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. outside of the type locality of Singapore, this record may represent a range expansion. Public domain work downloaded from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114410#page/227/mode/1up)
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differentiation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differentiation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Females can be differentiated by the following combination of features: spade-shaped abdomen (as segment VII lacks lobes), mesopleura which are distinctly narrower on the anterior half, and alae which are only ca.
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long as the tegmina. Morphologically, this species is similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. due to the femoral and mesopleura shape, but can be differentiated by the shorter alae (only half of the tegmina length) as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. has alae which are nearly the same length as the tegmina (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="F68" captionText="Figure 68. Live adult Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) from stock collected in Tha Pla Duk subdistrict, Mae Tha district, Lamphun, Thailand, collected in May / June 2014 by Suttah Ek-Amnuay (Thailand) A female habitus B male habitus C female details of the thorax, dorsal D lateral view female with tegmina lifted to show long alae E female genitalia details, ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure68" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510532" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">68D</figureCitation>
). Additionally,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium athanysus" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athanysus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium athanysus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. is morphologically similar due to the femoral, mesopleura, and abdominal shape, but can immediately be differentiated by the metatibial exterior lobes which are lacking in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Males are morphologically very similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. and we have yet to find a reliable morphological feature to differentiate these two species. Both are morphologically variable and can even have a wide range of sizes which does not allow for confident differentiation when molecular markers and locality are unknown. One of the more consistent features however is the abdominal shape as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Wood-Mason" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium westwoodii" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium westwoodii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. tends to have a slightly more spade-shaped abdomen with segments V-IX converging, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. having a slightly more ovoid abdomen with segments V-VI parallel or subparallel, but we have seen morphological intermediates which do not allow this as a diagnostic feature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The type locality for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. is mainland Singapore and it has additionally been recorded from St.
<normalizedToken originalValue="John’s">John's</normalizedToken>
Island from a record in the SDEI collections. Additionally, we have observed specimens and photographs from several areas, including several from Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Live Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. A female bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) B male genitalia, ventral view, bred by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) C male observed and photographed by Mathieu MJP Van Goethem (South Africa) on Weh Island off the north shore of Sumatra D female observed and photographed in Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, by Tatsatorn Dharithai (Thailand) in August 2020." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510488" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24D</figureCitation>
) and Satun Province, Tarutao Island (UCR coll.); one tentative old record of a large female from Malaysia, Sarawak, Kuching, from the NHMUK collection (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Tentative female Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia which represents a range expansion for this species, photographs by Jerome Constant (RBINS) A habitus, dorsal B details of the anterior of the head, dorsal C habitus, ventral D front leg details, dorsal E details of the head and thorax, dorsal F details of the head and thorax, lateral G genitalia details, dorsal H genitalia details, ventral I data label." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510490" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">26</figureCitation>
); an adult female from Tapah, Malaysia (LKCNHM); and a record from Indonesia, Pulau Weh Island off the coast of Sumatra (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Live Cryptophyllium chrisangi comb. nov. A female bred and photographed by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) B male genitalia, ventral view, bred by Bruno Kneubu ̈ hler (Switzerland) C male observed and photographed by Mathieu MJP Van Goethem (South Africa) on Weh Island off the north shore of Sumatra D female observed and photographed in Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, by Tatsatorn Dharithai (Thailand) in August 2020." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510488" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24C</figureCitation>
). Hopefully molecular samples from these far-reaching areas can one day be obtained to confirm the identification as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. but for now morphologically this is what these records&gt; appear to represent.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510490" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 26.</emphasis>
Tentative female
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming &amp; Bank &amp; Bresseel &amp; Constant &amp; Tirant &amp; Dong &amp; Sonet &amp; Bradler" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Seow-Choen" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Cryptophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptophyllium chrisangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrisangi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cryptophyllium chrisangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia which represents a range expansion for this species, photographs by
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jérôme">Jerome</normalizedToken>
Constant (RBINS)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
details of the anterior of the head, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
habitus, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
front leg details, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
details of the head and thorax, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
details of the head and thorax, lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
genitalia details, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
genitalia details, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
data label.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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Nees, 1814
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