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<document id="2EF8AA9ED496F048C438142527B500C5" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2000)289&lt;0001:PDOSCB&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10110968" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630265769898" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="ROZEN, JEROME G." docDate="2000" docId="A14D878FFFE2FFED82B9FC89FB81862D" docLanguage="en" docName="N3289.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3289" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282000%29289%3C0001%3APDOSCB%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:059C9B7006157ECE636E30DEF6793B3A.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="059C9B7006157ECE636E30DEF6793B3A" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Osiris pallidus Smith 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" masterDocId="5D74FFF7FFE4FFE5832AFFC2F911843D" masterDocTitle="Pupal Descriptions of Some Cleptoparasitic Bees (Apidae), with a Preliminary Generic Key to Pupae of Cleptoparasitic Bees (Apoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699683021830" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DBBBBBA3E3FB0AE305904C7BDECA8566">Pupal Descriptions of Some Cleptoparasitic Bees (Apidae), with a Preliminary Generic Key to Pupae of Cleptoparasitic Bees (Apoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CB36177360B308EA07394116BFCB845F">2000</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="61FE6512FFE2FFE382B9FC89FB8F875C" box="[403,670,842,866]" pageId="6" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="721381F5FFE2FFE382B9FC89FB8F875C" box="[403,670,842,866]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE2FFE382B9FC89FB82875C" ID-CoL="74ZRZ" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1854" box="[403,659,842,866]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE2FFE382B9FC89FB53875F" box="[403,578,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6">Osiris pallidus</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
?
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61FE6512FFE2FFE382F8FCABFB1F81BD" pageId="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE382F8FCABFB4F8743" blockId="6.[466,606,873,894]" box="[466,606,873,894]" pageId="6">
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<figureCitation id="B1DF2A1CFFE2FFE382F8FCABFB4F8743" box="[466,606,873,894]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="7.[264,312,1512,1533]" captionTargetBox="[254,1326,183,1484]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[246,1334,176,1491]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs. 7–10. Pupa of Osiris pallidus? 7. Entire body, lateral view, with tergal tubercle with spiculate apex enlarged. 8. Anterior part of body, right side, dorsal view. 9, 10. Apex of metasoma enlarged, lateral and dorsal views, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10110972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10110972/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Figures 7–10</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38207FC56FB1F81BD" blockId="6.[272,801,916,1731]" pageId="6">
In the recent past (e.g., Hurd, 1979),
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE2FFE381F3FC56FA318796" box="[729,800,916,939]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE2FFE381F3FC56FA318796" box="[729,800,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="6">Osiris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was generally placed in the exclusively parasitic Nomadinae with a large array of other genera. More recently Roig­Alsina (
<bibRefCitation id="4D754B68FFE2FFE381F1FC2EFA09803E" author="Ibid" box="[731,792,1004,1027]" pageId="6" refId="ref12465" refString="1989. Two new species and the redescription of another species of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Triepeolus with notes on their immature stages (Anthophoridae: Nomadinae). Ibid. 2956: 18 pp." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that the genus and its close relatives did not belong to the Nomadinae, and Roig­Alsina and Michener (
<bibRefCitation id="4D754B68FFE2FFE38157FB86FBA88066" author="Univ" box="[637,697,1092,1115]" pageId="6" pagination="123 - 173" refId="ref12172" refString="1993. Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55: 123 - 173." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
) subsequently placed it in the Apinae with several other parasitic tribes that had been included in the Nomadinae sensu lato. Sharply pointed tubercles on the pupal head are characteristic of the Nomadinae; their absence in
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE2FFE381F8FB15FA0880D3" box="[722,793,1239,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE2FFE381F8FB15FA0880D3" box="[722,793,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="6">Osiris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, therefore, seems to support the removal of the genus from the Nomadinae. However, there are no pupal features that align the genus with other bee taxa to the extent pupal bees are now known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61FE6512FFE2FFE38207FA44FD438610" pageId="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38207FA44FB638256" blockId="6.[272,801,916,1731]" pageId="6">
DIAGNOSIS: Among all of the cleptoparasitic
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE2FFE38260FA66F8B08186" box="[330,417,1444,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
, pupal
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE2FFE382D0FA66FB508186" box="[506,577,1444,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE2FFE382D0FA66FB508186" box="[506,577,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="6">Osiris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be recognized by the densely spiculated apical patch on each of the larger tergal tubercles (figs. 7, 9, 10). The erect, acutely pointed, paired mesoscutellar tubercles (figs. 7, 8) and the absence of mesoscutal tubercles are also helpful in distinguishing these pupae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38207F9B3FD438610" blockId="6.[272,801,916,1731]" lastBlockId="6.[848,1377,182,1731]" pageId="6">HEAD: Integument apparently nonspiculate, without either setae or sharply pointed tubercles, but with low, sometimes almost undetectable row of rounded verrucae above level of antennal sockets along inner orbit and another, even fainter series on vertex above and behind upper orbit. Apex of clypeus without rounded, downward­projecting swelling on each side of labrum as in Ammobatini; labrum about as long as wide, its apex a simple curve in frontal view; pupal ocelli strongly defined; each lateral ocellus with small, rounded tubercle immediately mesad; distal flagellomeres expanded on out­ er (lower) side. Mandibles strongly swollen posteriorly near apex.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61FE6512FFE2FFE38047FDF6FD618256" pageId="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38047FDF6FD4E8136" blockId="6.[848,1377,182,1731]" pageId="6">
MESOSOMA: Integument finely, inconspicuously spiculate in some areas; setae absent. Lateral angles of pronotum strongly produced, well elevated above lateral lobes, bearing low verrucae; posterior lobes of pronotum strongly produced. Mesepisternum without tubercles; mesoscutum without distinct paired tubercles but with paramedian row of verrucae on each side, anterior ones of which are larger than posterior ones; axillae unmodified, not elevated; mesoscutellum with pair of elevated, acutely pointed, paramedian tubercles; metanotum not produced. Tegula slightly produced, without tubercle(s), but apparently with low, poorly defined verrucae; wings with low, tuberclelike swelling about
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE2FFE3872BFBCAFD04801D" bold="true" box="[1025,1045,1032,1056]" pageId="6">⅓</emphasis>
way to apex. Coxae without tubercles; trochanters with apicoventral, angled expansion; femora somewhat expanded basoventrally; tibiae apically expanded into outer, angled, tuberclelike swelling, extreme apex of which often becomes pigmented; hind tibia also with basal verrucae on outer surface, without sharply pointed tubercles; tarsi without tubercles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38047FAD3FD618256" blockId="6.[848,1377,182,1731]" pageId="6">METASOMA: Integument finely, inconspicuously spiculate in some areas except apices of most tergal tubercles each with dense, conspicuously spiculate patch; setae absent. T1 with only one or two small subapical tubercles; T2–4 (female) with subapical row of rounded tubercles; T5 with tubercles small, indistinct; T6 without tubercles. Sterna without apical tubercles. Apex of metasoma produced into broadly rounded projection as seen from above (fig. 10), not as terminal spine. Spiracles evident.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61FE6512FFE2FFED8047F9B3FB81862D" lastPageId="8" pageId="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE2FFE38047F9B3FC7082FE" blockId="6.[848,1377,182,1731]" pageId="6">
<materialsCitation id="998C3CC4FFE2FFE38047F9B3FC4C82FE" collectorName="E. Camillo &amp; C. A. Garofalo" country="Brazil" location="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
MATERIAL STUDIED:
<specimenCount id="3FE2FD10FFE2FFE3874CF9B3FDC082B5" box="[1126,1233,1649,1672]" pageId="6" type="female">4 female</specimenCount>
pupae, Fazenda Santa Carlota,
<collectingRegion id="EB20F87BFFE2FFE3877BF94CFDDD8298" box="[1105,1228,1678,1701]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="51F37609FFE2FFE387F1F94CFC328298" box="[1243,1315,1678,1701]" name="Brazil" pageId="6">Brasil</collectingCountry>
, preserved V­25­89 (
<collectorName id="8411534FFFE2FFE3873CF96EFD8982FE" box="[1046,1176,1708,1731]" pageId="6">E. Camillo</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="8411534FFFE2FFE38789F96EFC4482FE" box="[1187,1365,1708,1731]" pageId="6">C. A. Garófalo</collectorName>
)
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.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7D9B6611FFE3FFE28222FA2AFB90820F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10110972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10110972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10110972/files/figure.png" pageId="7" startId="7.[264,312,1512,1533]" targetBox="[254,1326,183,1484]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE3FFE28222FA2AFB90820F" blockId="7.[238,1342,1512,1693]" pageId="7">
Figs. 7–10. Pupa of
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE282D9FA2AFB8C81C0" box="[499,669,1512,1533]" italics="true" pageId="7">
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE3FFE282D9FA2AFB8281C0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1854" box="[499,659,1512,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Osiris pallidus</taxonomicName>
?
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE2818FFA2AFBA981C0" bold="true" box="[677,696,1512,1533]" pageId="7">7.</emphasis>
Entire body, lateral view, with tergal tubercle with spiculate apex enlarged.
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE282BCF9C0F8B8822A" bold="true" box="[406,425,1538,1559]" pageId="7">8.</emphasis>
Anterior part of body, right side, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE28093F9C0FAE9822A" bold="true" box="[953,1016,1538,1559]" pageId="7">9, 10.</emphasis>
Apex of metasoma enlarged, lateral and dorsal views, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE3FFE28222F9FAFAFD8255" blockId="7.[238,1342,1512,1693]" pageId="7">
Figs. 11–13. Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE3FFE2812CF9FAFA278270" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[518,822,1592,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mesoplia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes" subGenus="Mesoplia">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE2812CF9FAFA278270" box="[518,822,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="7">Mesoplia (Mesoplia) rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE2806DF9FAFA798270" bold="true" box="[839,872,1592,1613]" pageId="7">11.</emphasis>
Entire body, lateral view.
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE287BAF9FAFDA18270" bold="true" box="[1168,1200,1592,1613]" pageId="7">12.</emphasis>
Labrum and mandibles, frontal view, enlarged.
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE28148F990FB92825A" bold="true" box="[610,643,1618,1639]" pageId="7">13.</emphasis>
Right side of body, frontal view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE3FFE28222F9AFFAED82BF" blockId="7.[238,1342,1512,1693]" box="[264,1020,1645,1667]" pageId="7">
Fig. 14. Pupal thorax of
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFE3FFE2810EF9ACFA1A82BE" authority="" box="[548,779,1646,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Mesoplia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumelissa">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFE3FFE2810EF9ACFA1A82BE" box="[548,779,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="7">Mesoplia (Eumelissa)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species?, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFE3FFE28222F94AFD0B82A0" blockId="7.[238,1342,1512,1693]" box="[264,1050,1672,1693]" pageId="7">Scales (= 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 7, 8 and to 11, 13, and 14, respectively.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295B3699FFECFFED823AFF74FB81862D" blockId="8.[272,801,182,528]" pageId="8">
The determination of this species as
<taxonomicName id="EEE44D1AFFECFFED81F3FF75F87F84D6" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Osiris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="1B90EA8BFFECFFED81F3FF75F87F84D6" italics="true" pageId="8">Osiris pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on body size, shape of pygidial plate and hind basitarus, and most aspects of color pattern of a developing pharate female that was nearing eclosion. However, integumental texture was difficult to evaluate, and the metasoma became quite dark apically, a feature not recorded by Shanks (
<bibRefCitation id="4D754B68FFECFFED8250FE63F8A68585" author="Anthophoridae" box="[378,439,417,440]" pageId="8" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref12976" refString="1986. A revision of the neotropical bee genus Osiris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Ibid. 44: 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
) or found on females in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Hence the specific identity of these specimens is questionable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="A14DBFDB68FD84E3C6A70BE46C91C38D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10922868" ID-GBIF-Taxon="224778018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10922868" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A14DBFDB68FD84E3C6A70BE46C91C38D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A14DBFDB68FD84E3C6A70BE46C91C38D">
<subSubSection id="1DDED9CF288538DF2B69B8BE3758CBD8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EA3CBC4359B49C49087996BC0E463E2D">
<taxonomicName id="1F5C7851DF780565DD01151A0881BC5A" ID-CoL="3HBKX" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">
<emphasis id="1077ABC8AC4FB129670ADD13EDEE64D0" italics="true">Gratiola neglecta</emphasis>
Torr.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="756D9D5BAE352B82AC2D7D364B319DF8" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="E53D1E2D65CD16B1E49985CCB79F6C96">
Art ISFS: 192900 Checklist: 1021910
<taxonomicName id="081F75D857B35413571E4405481A0125" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plantaginaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="89255965C117DDB7993778FDC81D093E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gratiola</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3754D0D83AFD558C523840EE787F1B6D" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">Gratiola neglecta Torr.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6ABFA3B41D06C1B9524DE00C1A744F9">
<heading id="198ECC56E919C60320CC419B7D365A97">Zusammenfassung</heading>
KEINE ANGABE
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B7656755D8DF4BD5A34FE37396E2E0A">
<heading id="3DF77DF139CB6C52A166C2F31ECF3412">
<normalizedToken id="5967E5611C6A1D0CB536A187EEB27745" originalValue="Ökologie">Oekologie</normalizedToken>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4ABB7C9860427D513692264EE7E3EDB3">
<heading id="086F33E452095D270062B9803C7C6858">Lebensraum Lebensraum</heading>
nach
<bibRefCitation id="108F702EC0A9D21CF528D7DA2A805CD3" author="Delarze, R. &amp; Gonseth, Y. &amp; Eggenberger, S. &amp; Vust, M." location="Bad Hersfeld, Germany" publisher="Ott Verlag" refString="Delarze, R., Gonseth, Y., Eggenberger, S., Vust, M. 2015. Lebensräume der Schweiz: Oekologie – Gefährdung – Kennarten (3rd edition). Ott Verlag, Bad Hersfeld, Germany, 456 pp." title="Lebensräume der Schweiz: Oekologie – Gefährdung – Kennarten (3rd edition)" year="2015">Delarze &amp; al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D22128F04FF4E78A17C47042B702BAEB">
<table id="EC980C1E8795847141211B3781C3D8B6" class="table" inLine="true">
<tr id="C0109F763260255E88B2F00C25AD4197">
<td id="917A19E144629E2481ED73442089DD49">
<tbody id="15EC9AC728571450C545788B4AC675AF">KEINE ANGABE</tbody>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="90C578830768C8A3D747DA247E501B36" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D0649A6C5848130164D296CF29BB48DC">
<normalizedToken id="3D8F360CC5222990F79A3E6F3336F24C" originalValue="Ökologische">Oekologische</normalizedToken>
Zeigerwerte nach
<bibRefCitation id="E1CFD27541F1E90ABA6B9500BD1DD78E" author="Landolt, E. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Erhardt, A. &amp; Hegg, O. &amp; Klötzli, F. &amp; Lämmler, W. &amp; Nobis, M. &amp; Rudmann-Maurer, K. &amp; Theurillat, J.P. &amp; Urmi, E. &amp; Vust, M. &amp; Wohlgemuth, T." publicationUrl="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A9966" refString="Landolt, E., Bäumler, B., Erhardt, A., Hegg, O., Klötzli, F., Lämmler, W., Nobis, M., Rudmann-Maurer, K., Theurillat, J.P., Urmi, E., Vust, M., Wohlgemuth, T. 2010. Flora indicativa. Ökologische Zeigerwerte und biologische Kennzeichen zur Flora der Schweiz und der Alpen (2nd ed.). https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A9966" title="Flora indicativa. Ökologische Zeigerwerte und biologische Kennzeichen zur Flora der Schweiz und der Alpen" year="2010">Landolt &amp; al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C16427EAFF26D96FA0DDFAA1141D9339">
<table id="25934D32BEBB17984A6476C24D2ED93D" class="table" inLine="true">
<tbody id="7C6EA74CF419A16944FB3BB7DFF04597">
<tr id="43583B6B0170BF91E7D4174BD81CEB8C">
<th id="09E95668D76DED1FDABC8C020F158F51" colspan="2">
<emphasis id="FAF5F8063659AA59832C3E333CE11528" bold="true">Bodenfaktoren</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="81D413C5D21C1D98FC34F72A95F93A59" colspan="2">
<emphasis id="922D8420A4BC4222F2B9BFEF19C71D96" bold="true">Klimafaktoren</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="D0ED806ACD32AA39BBB07C6DABC575B4" colspan="2">
<emphasis id="5D2480A372C786D83E45FF0B8F8896BF" bold="true">Salztoleranz</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3FEBBE0A474ABCDED831C409E6348ED6">
<td id="9A9FEA3F6CD34C9A36A263105A1CB55B">Feuchtezahl F</td>
<td id="83004A22B5E335F93A654CE23B930058" style="text-align:left;width:100px">--</td>
<td id="1D0B1CEB711450C962519A1DF0295531">Lichtzahl L</td>
<td id="EA9E1B0933A845D0E31E8758BBE0D2FD" style="text-align:left;width:60px">--</td>
<td id="793CE3CC60ACF2AF8818BA3C9A11C622">Salzzeichen</td>
<td id="8E7D63F47C8907CAB45E924B120B8E0C" style="text-align:left;width:60px">--</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B3FE9A94B71C9CB460AC9767B1A93F15">
<td id="8BEAA4F278C9CCCFBDD38F641E623402">Reaktionszahl R</td>
<td id="A760A555291E2B2A3857E3397B9513A8" style="text-align:left">--</td>
<td id="B056EBD9D7E701C1F5E6C37F3B190892">Temperaturzahl T</td>
<td id="98C6C3CBEBE5DDB0899FEB654B4509C4" style="text-align:left">--</td>
</tr>
<tr id="292E6B247C6EDF038848F853FC001CFC">
<td id="B8C6051585BAA022D9FE0BCBE2956BF9">
<normalizedToken id="11EFCBCDB9A34E182301D44F7A4FDFB9" originalValue="Nährstoffzahl">Naehrstoffzahl</normalizedToken>
N
</td>
<td id="85B860E54906B823618F29563E18B5B3" style="text-align:left">--</td>
<td id="F983DF14A425B255EB081DA57DA72C79">
<normalizedToken id="4A1E3B24DAB4243646C7CA7F3EFCF647" originalValue="Kontinentalitätszahl">Kontinentalitaetszahl</normalizedToken>
K
</td>
<td id="B7E6953CF66081A5015D1D9013259976" style="text-align:left">--</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FC15706650739727731A28AE39C47CB" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2D065E3C49F1DA67C1A398C763ABFF1C">
<heading id="A09BFE9B57C14CC4662FA477FFB3F6CA">Nomenklatur</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1ED5965A6E6835823461227DA3D7701">
<treatmentCitation id="20FBE103F33F3B49AFDE906EFABF0C23">
<heading id="EE7F63CAD6C274C43ABDF2A6A52E37C6">
<normalizedToken id="C530F8FDA9E70294E61D4C95EB8D4F37" originalValue="Gültiger">Gueltiger</normalizedToken>
Name (
<bibRefCitation id="D1039FAEC1125403846CDCD7DA3C7972" author="Juillerat, P. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Bornand, C. &amp; Gygax, A. &amp; Jutzi, M. &amp; Möhl, A. &amp; Nyffeler, R. &amp; Sager, L. &amp; Santiago, H. &amp; Eggenberg, S." publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" publisher="Info Flora" refString="Juillerat, P., Bäumler, B., Bornand, C., Gygax, A., Jutzi, M., Möhl, A., Nyffeler, R., Sager, L., Santiago, H., and Eggenberg, S. (2017). Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera. Info Flora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" title="Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera" year="2017">Checklist 2017</bibRefCitation>
)
</heading>
:
<taxonomicName id="7A887FC537FAB12735344030AEA98794" ID-CoL="3HBKX" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">
<emphasis id="FB9AFEC9C23FB8B07397410E0FA3AEEC" italics="true">Gratiola neglecta</emphasis>
Torr.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D54DF5F231C904B8561D78F31C8D1386" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="FE26F69248D02CE19D65FDEDBEB5E963">Volksname</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="90D6BF439ABF4EEF8EFBC55235D0C66F" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="3E34939570DFF73BA2AE24648211BC3E">
Deutscher Name: -- Nom
<normalizedToken id="BD59A309DBC2F21C06223EA79D5ED773" originalValue="français">francais</normalizedToken>
: -- Nome italiano: --
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C90A95F353D0F60024C2F92F6A3CF61D" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="49B4C2377597931D368BE972CD20F7B5">
<normalizedToken id="238D1D0998C0BB0AF4593D717B2D428E" originalValue="Übereinstimmung">Uebereinstimmung</normalizedToken>
mit anderen Referenzwerken
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0B4BA163ACE7FB0F4B4CA2EA7AC7BD0">
<table id="D74F8BC379025E43E04944CEDFAB185B" class="table table-condensed" inLine="true">
<tbody id="1C1923721F138858A17C29E511991E2B">
<tr id="89CF63E422872231EECEFDB5F4D3071B">
<th id="A664733CBCE75AD414075F74C36E371A" width="80px">Relation</th>
<th id="B70ABD39B91F979AAA4CE0DA7EBCE12B">Nom</th>
<th id="245F8199F2B2AA2C03A7B282C54687DA">Referenzwerke</th>
<th id="684D3DCE77A72D396A9AFCEF974C7EE8" width="90px">No</th>
</tr>
<tr id="BF773C6D3847B14DFAC72D304505F55D">
<td id="69CE4A538DC0DD431BDB7172B83FCFEA" class="taxon-relation">=</td>
<td id="7559D3C2B981C4A58392FC28009B71D3">
<taxonomicName id="B516A30F24C6ABFA4151E72C7ABE8492" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">Gratiola neglecta Torr.</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="934B674DE2CA342EE5F4C2AFD93259C3">
<treatmentCitation id="33E5239C84C905A50894F4F16AF67EC0">
<bibRefCitation id="5531626F25390C9E418DD7F55AAAD57B">Index synonymique 1996</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</td>
<td id="1D13657731860360EAC635BDD4B632B5">192900</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C7925AA62E3CCE8A5FE04D94C357F5F8">
<td id="D8672B1374AAEBCE338BC83177BC2780" class="taxon-relation">=</td>
<td id="493E09CB7A5A464119767A6A16CFEC73">
<taxonomicName id="FE7EE0829FE6BC408DC121390D80B46D" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Gratiola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">Gratiola neglecta Torr.</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="6E474B27AFC40997D117C0B53D2295E9">
<treatmentCitation id="E9BC9F94A214880F9D292AAB10CCFFC1">
<bibRefCitation id="C6F763E0C6165E3127AF2FF799BE659A">SISF/ISFS 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</td>
<td id="7A0EEC2DE1F6807FE4FE9B514B908422">192900</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C9B83C6328C4E1A4218604DF405BCFC9">
<tableNote id="FF18DB35ACC8D62BD00BD59972231E83">
= Taxon stimmt mit akzeptiertem Taxon
<normalizedToken id="DF9F6A2392D7032A9B8ED090970D15ED" originalValue="überein">ueberein</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1F038A7B55BF03EB949769ABB1F8FE7" author="Juillerat, P. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Bornand, C. &amp; Gygax, A. &amp; Jutzi, M. &amp; Möhl, A. &amp; Nyffeler, R. &amp; Sager, L. &amp; Santiago, H. &amp; Eggenberg, S." publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" publisher="Info Flora" refString="Juillerat, P., Bäumler, B., Bornand, C., Gygax, A., Jutzi, M., Möhl, A., Nyffeler, R., Sager, L., Santiago, H., and Eggenberg, S. (2017). Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera. Info Flora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" title="Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera" year="2017">Checklist 2017</bibRefCitation>
) &lt;Taxon ist im akzeptierten Taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="1EE4AE6680A92613E0154B61D1BB9A29" author="Juillerat, P. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Bornand, C. &amp; Gygax, A. &amp; Jutzi, M. &amp; Möhl, A. &amp; Nyffeler, R. &amp; Sager, L. &amp; Santiago, H. &amp; Eggenberg, S." publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" publisher="Info Flora" refString="Juillerat, P., Bäumler, B., Bornand, C., Gygax, A., Jutzi, M., Möhl, A., Nyffeler, R., Sager, L., Santiago, H., and Eggenberg, S. (2017). Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera. Info Flora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" title="Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera" year="2017">Checklist 2017</bibRefCitation>
) enthalten&gt; Taxon
<normalizedToken id="AFFB870784CA552CF3CDA108E4639019" originalValue="enthält">enthaelt</normalizedToken>
(neben anderen) auch das akzeptierte Taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="3913E1584A6CFC38C729AAB31C875038" author="Juillerat, P. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Bornand, C. &amp; Gygax, A. &amp; Jutzi, M. &amp; Möhl, A. &amp; Nyffeler, R. &amp; Sager, L. &amp; Santiago, H. &amp; Eggenberg, S." publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" publisher="Info Flora" refString="Juillerat, P., Bäumler, B., Bornand, C., Gygax, A., Jutzi, M., Möhl, A., Nyffeler, R., Sager, L., Santiago, H., and Eggenberg, S. (2017). Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera. Info Flora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10680266" title="Checklist 2017 der Gefässpflanzenflora der Schweiz / de la flore vasculaire de la Suisse / della flora vascolare della Svizzera" year="2017">Checklist 2017</bibRefCitation>
)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93825E2978FF8342F236CB880D00FD37" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="5F17EB7DF93835FE4D760123A9AC5B81">
<heading id="06E954F73D7C675A662CB389C81D7002">Status Indigenat</heading>
: -
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6985B26A1DC75B293564FA073AEE410">
<emphasis id="C39298793849B15F397EB3BBA8FDCC8F" bold="true">
<heading id="D1BD2AD679C5E1A3E3D64DB64C0AE963">
Liste der
<normalizedToken id="32BA6E7664B05ADD8AB0CC7866799C98" originalValue="gefährdeten">gefaehrdeten</normalizedToken>
Pflanzen IUCN
</heading>
(nach
<bibRefCitation id="E05DA428A7F1C5496EFF77AF2A193235" author="Walter, K.S. &amp; Gillett, H.J." location="Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44833" publisher="IUCN" refString="Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (editors). 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44833" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants" year="1997">Walter &amp; Gillett 1997</bibRefCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Nein
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

264
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName LSID="A14DF0C6-BEA4-5944-B007-9C5BA41801A5" authority="(Gruenberg, 1910)" authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">
Shimbania wichgrafi (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grünberg">Gruenberg</normalizedToken>
, 1910)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="133">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. a. Shimbania wanjakinuthiaae sp. nov., holotype, male, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, ca. 5 km north of Hluhluwe, probably collected on Hluhluwe Farm; b. S. durbanica (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov., male, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; c. S. durbanica (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov., female, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; d. S. krooni sp. nov., holotype, male, Republic of South Africa, Province Eastern Cape, Port St. Johns; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), comb. nov., &quot; Type &quot;, male, Republic of South Africa, Province Gauteng, Pretoria or Johannesburg; f. S. nigeriaensis sp. nov., holotype, female, Nigeria, locality unknown, probably collected at the coast as &quot; 1 m &quot; on the label might represent the altitude." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845633" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Figs 3e</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Wing venation: a. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; b. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), &quot; Type &quot;, male (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845636" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 6b</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female postabdominal structures and male genitalia in a not pressed condition: a. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female; b. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female; c. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; d. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., paratype, male, with aedeagus below; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), &quot; Type &quot;, male, with aedeagus below (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845637" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 7e</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Hollandella" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hollandella wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Hollandella wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grünberg">Gruenberg</normalizedToken>
, 1910: Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Heft III, 2. Mai 1910, 289-291: &quot;Transvaal, Pretoria oder [or] Johannesburg, 1 ♂.&quot; Original combination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Lepidarbela" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidarbela wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Lepidarbela wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
: von Dalla Torre &amp; Strand, 1923, In: Strand, E. (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Vol. 4, Pars 28, 1. Mai 1923, page 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Lebedodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lebedodes wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Lebedodes wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Gaede, M" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biosystems" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Gaede, M, 1929. 21. Family: Metarbelidae. In: Seitz A (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Volume 14: The African Bombyces and Sphinges, Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 501-513 [+ plate 78]." title="21. Family: Metarbelidae. In: Seitz A (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Volume 14: The African Bombyces and Sphinges, Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 501 - 513 [+ plate 78]." year="1929">Gaede 1929</bibRefCitation>
, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. 14, page 502 + plate 78.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="F. Wichgraf, I. Lehmann" country="Republic of South Africa" location="Gauteng" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gauteng" typeStatus="Type">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
, male, [
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
], [Province
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Gauteng">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
], &quot;Pretoria oder [or] Johannesburg&quot;, no date, &quot;
<collectorName>F. Wichgraf</collectorName>
S.G.&quot; [leg.] genitalia slide number 23/032009
<collectorName>I. Lehmann</collectorName>
(ZMHU)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Re-description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Head</emphasis>
: ventrally brownish-olive (without any chestnut colour), the rest is deep olive-buff, short scales with cream tips, glossy; eyes dark olive-brown without spots and surrounded by long hair-like scales of brownish-olive with a glint; a pair of rudimentary pits is present on lower fronto-clypeus, a pair of projections absent; pits behind labial palpi are narrow slits; antenna short, 0.37 length of forewing, bipectinate, branches long, 4.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width of shaft, not scaled, all branches are widely separated at base, 2.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width of branch; shaft covered with ivory-yellow scales dorsally; labial palpi long, slightly longer than half of eye-diameter, brownish-olive, at tip olive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Thorax</emphasis>
: Patagia deep olive-buff, forming a collar ring, scales with light grey tips; tegulae with long hair-like scales of dark chestnut with a light lilac glint. Metathorax with a crest of deep olive-buff scales mixed with scales of ivory-yellow and cream. Hind legs deep olive-buff with fine hair-like scales with light grey tips, on lower part of tarsus dark chestnut dorsally; with two pairs of tibial spurs of unequal width and length, upper pair broad,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
1.3 mm and 1.0 mm long, lower pair narrow,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
1.2 mm and 0.9 mm long. Forewing length 19.0 mm and wingspan is 42.5 mm. Forewing upperside largely light yellowish-olive on outer half of wing, mainly olive buff on inner half, with a light golden glint towards termen, costal margin distinctly coloured with light yellowish-olive and few dark olive striae; below first half of 1A+2A is a dark chestnut patch; forewing with very narrow and dark olive lines from costa to dorsum, radial veins distinctly marked with dark olive, CuA2 narrowly dark olive; above the end of CuA2 is a small patch of dark olive extending through the end of discal cell and towards costal margin; a dark olive
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Y”">&quot;Y&quot;</normalizedToken>
-shaped subterminal patch, broadly oval, from R3 to near end of CuA1 and hence, with a short stalk; termen without lunules; cilia short, 1.0 mm, olive-buff with a glint. Underside of forewing is olive-buff with a golden glint. Hindwing upperside is pale olive-buff with a light golden glint; cilia as in forewing; underside as in forewing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Pale olive-buff with hair-like scales of ivory-yellow and cream with a light golden glint; abdominal tuft with hair-like scales of olive-buff, short, 1/5 length of abdomen. Genitalia with very long and narrow uncus, 90% of length of whole gnathos, narrow graben-like surface ventrally is present as well as a thickening in front of the uncus tip ventrally. Gnathos has gnathos arms that are large, one arm 40% the size of valva; upper part of the gnathos arm is a long band that is as long as 40% of basal width of valva, the lower part of the gnathal arm does not touch the other arm, it is of broad triangular shape with a pronounced thorn-like structure at tip and one short thorn-like structure behind it at middle, the base of the lower gnathal arm is 70% of the basal width of valva; the gnathal arms are connected ventrally by a narrow sclerotized band that is as broad as 25% of the transtilla and is widely bifurcated at the middle. The Gnathos arms end above the dorsal edge of the transtilla. The valva is elongated, broadly rectangular with a dorsal edge of 1.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the length of uncus, ventral edge of valva not strongly bent inwards at half of ventral edge, with a tip that is broadly rectangular; sacculus not pronounced, narrow, weakly sclerotized, short, 30% of length of ventral edge of valva; juxta well developed, with two ear-shaped lobes and a short narrowly V-shaped emargination, tips of lobes rounded. Phallus large, as broad as 35% of basal width of valva and 20% longer than costal width of valva, bent upwards at tip distally, vesica without cornuti.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small species if compared to species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring north of the Limpopo River. The genitalia of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unique character combination, namely a long and narrow uncus with a thickening ventrally (in lateral view) and a broadly elongated rectangular valva with a broadly rectangular end. In contrast, the end of valva is broadly rounded in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. durbanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durbanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. durbanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The latter species has valvae with a dorsal edge of 2.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the length of uncus, but in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is only 1.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the length of uncus. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. durbanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durbanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. durbanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated by its very broad tegumen, representing the broadest among all species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presented herein (it is broader than the length of the upper band-like structure of the gnathos, viewed ventrally).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from areas in or around Pretoria (altitude 1.226-1.526 m), or Johannesburg (altitude 1.418-1.719 m), located
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
40 km south of Pretoria and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
540 km west from the coastline of the Indian Ocean. The habitats in both areas belong largely to the &quot;Central Bushveld&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Rutherford, MC" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="Strelitzia" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="438 - 539" refId="B90" refString="Rutherford, MC, Mucina, L, Loetter, MC, Bredenkamp, GJ, Smit, JHL, Scott-Shaw, CR, Hoare, DB, Goodman, PS, Bezuidenhout, H, Scott, L, Ellis, F, Powrie, LW, Siebert, F, Mostert, TH, Henning, BJ, Venter, CA, Camp, KGT, Siebert, SJ, Matthews, WS, Burrows, JE, Dobson, L, van Rooyen, N, Schmidt, E, Winter, PJD, du Preez, PJ, Ward, RA, Williamson, S, Hurter, PJH, 2006. Savanna Biome. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 438 - 539" title="Savanna Biome." volume="19" volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria." year="2006">Rutherford et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
(Savanna Biome) and &quot;Mesic Highveld Grassland&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Mucina, L" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="348 - 436" refId="B78" refString="Mucina, L, Hoare, DB, Loetter, MC, du Preez, PJ, Rutherford, MC, Scott-Shaw, CR, Bredenkamp, GJ, Powrie, LW, Scott, L, Camp, KGT, Cilliers, SS, Bezuidenhout, H, Mostert, TH, Siebert, SJ, Winter, PJD, Burrows, JE, Dobson, L, Ward, RA, Stalmans, M, Oliver, EGH (Ted), Siebert, F, Schmidt, E, Kobisi, K, Kose, L, 2006a. Grassland Biome. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 348 - 436" title="Grassland Biome." volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland." year="2006 a">Mucina et al. (2006a)</bibRefCitation>
(Grassland Biome) including scattered small patches of &quot;Northern Afrotemperate Forest&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Mucina, L" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="Strelitzia" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="484 - 614" refId="B77" refString="Mucina, L, Geldenhuys, CJ, 2006. Afrotemperate, Subtropical and Azonal Forests. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 484 - 614" title="Afrotemperate, Subtropical and Azonal Forests." volume="19" volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria." year="2006">Mucina and Geldenhuys (2006)</bibRefCitation>
on mountain kloofs and small ridges. In contrast to all other habitats of species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehmann &amp; Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these areas experience a frequent occurrence of frost. Generally, woody shrub and tree species increase with a higher surface rock cover and/or might increase due frequent cattle grazing. If trees are present, only small species occur in the two former biomes,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia caffra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="caffra">Acacia caffra</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Willd. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. nilotica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilotica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">A. nilotica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Willd. (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. tortilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">A. tortilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forssk.) Hayne (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Protea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Protea caffra" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caffra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Protea caffra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Meisn. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Proteaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oliniaceae" genus="Vangueria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vangueria infausta" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infausta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Vangueria infausta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Burch. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), while the forests comprise tall trees,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">e.g. Olinia emarginata</emphasis>
Burtt Davy (
<taxonomicName family="Oliniaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="family">Oliniaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" genus="Podocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus latifolius" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="latifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Podocarpus latifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R. Br. (
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rothmannia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rothmannia capensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Rothmannia capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thunb. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.P.Thunberg" authorityYear="1776" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
). Many of such habitats that existed before the year 1910 are no longer present or are highly dissected today due to the two large cities. It is likely that the collecting site does no longer exist and that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is potentially threatened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
Based on its distribution,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be classified as a submontane and montane species that occurs at the borderline of the &quot;Zambezian regional centre of endemism&quot; and the &quot;Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone&quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="Unesco, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B104" refString="White, F, 1983. The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX. Unesco, Paris" title="The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco / AETFAT / UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX." year="1983">White (1983)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>