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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297059" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb605a32-1722-403b-9e46-bac664e1a8e5" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905143547" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="D6667BE51F524D063711B66C81A7DBCB" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Cricetidae.955-1189.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Nyctomys sumichrasti Saussure 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="05F3D1847A4743C70A50558FE6B48509" lastPageNumber="1187" masterDocId="05F3D1847A4743C70A50558FE6B48509" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="1189" masterPageNumber="955" pageNumber="1187" updateTime="1716773916032" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="D1315F8A301648D1850793C1E9314104" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="DF21EBC0E999667F3DD5A1BB471D7CAB">
<mods:title id="5C7E97238EC16E6F2054471AFA469BE9">Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="4BDF48FAC0CFE167BB3D1CF6584A1B52" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1B5792D9C8622EA8A210D7F7E243BD2C">
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<mods:namePart id="FFB22C582A8D59720350BDCC22991F67">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="A613BA87CE664AD962163A033FE8140C">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="723DBD3320DB02C4F97EF94985C9E435">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D3AE6274CD05F372668CCC891E01550E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="69E078FED5FB5763AECF12D06C4B841A">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="7D5A15147A6A38108C15A6ACDD3C8458">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="B47E59B66C608084BD1F8C600F5A6279">
<mods:placeTerm id="92B8632C503750485A9424351B4FCF3C">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="D33824B24DCB102E4AADD135C8A930A7">
<mods:title id="061018CD813D7E7DBBB089099C3988E9">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="DB833775F9F03A72E83392ADC383CB2F">
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<mods:classification id="CA9EE851BF609188D07B5548BB2B1114">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D0526D653510946E58821630EBC363A1" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1F4A5C03B495FFA998277C6CC334DE6A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316535</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="D6667BE51F524D063711B66C81A7DBCB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11325858" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231522732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11325858" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6667BE51F524D063711B66C81A7DBCB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6667BE51F524D063711B66C81A7DBCB" lastPageNumber="1187" pageNumber="1187" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000982">
<subSubSection id="4E9B3BA19498AB49909967D335A3584F" pageNumber="1187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C10839D31E93AE2269FE9BBC05CC16E2" pageNumber="1187">
<taxonomicName id="109F890E5BBA4683DB8DE43B827CEAF5" ID-CoL="485W5" authority="Saussure 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
<emphasis id="BEF76DFAA4286DD705ACCCC44B800C64" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys sumichrasti</emphasis>
Saussure 1860
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3EADA8EF42CFF663034AF4843E0AB44" pageNumber="1187" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9B1F38F468F8AA310EB1A93967E88D0D" pageNumber="1187">
<treatmentCitation id="EE065A7E72FC98956C9053774BB790DD" author="Saussure" authority="Saussure 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" journal="Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="107" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti" title="Nyctomys sumichrasti" volume="12" year="1860">
<taxonomicName id="5B42389698B1F0E0ABFE6447FC07AD8A" ID-CoL="485W5" authority="Saussure 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
<emphasis id="8D87A60184CD2369CCF6A9F0CE735706" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys sumichrasti</emphasis>
Saussure 1860
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="DD9052CF2220D9CE8C82DBE924BAEDB6" author="Saussure" journal="Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2" pageNumber="1187" pagination="107" title="Nyctomys sumichrasti" volume="12" year="1860">Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2, 12: 107</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2ED31F63A78BD33CFD40A215D073D05" pageNumber="1187" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="664D1234BA36C25E4039B8AD387EFFD6" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="9475A2BD046E7994E83E0431FD20C118" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D729ADACB1BA7877DF14373583A45CC1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867286350" country="Mexico" pageNumber="1187" stateProvince="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave">
<collectingCountry id="30626B3BD891809424C0C485950DA1D1" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="0FC4365148A2C64B29BCCFBCB6E62C8D" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
, Uvéro,
<quantity id="E4A3263AE084C7F12B20E75400CFC214" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
NW Santiago Tuxtla (as restricted by Alvarez, 1963:583).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16BF53B1EBD75D1A224A2C3A3B2018D6" pageNumber="1187" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="08B0EBD3FFA9603BF53D24237449720D" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="A7B7DD8A919471ECD9F85FAEFC45D0F0" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="3255A67FBA3E49153B7B1A0F4D5A5D92" language="eng" pageNumber="1187">Sumichrast's Vesper Rat</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14C040B53425A3902D9079F861F31139" pageNumber="1187" type="synonym_list">
<paragraph id="F3A348F3ACAD31E33AB0AD9984C7F686" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="A52698A43D784EBC1492AD514F1A420E" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2C359EE3C99E4F993F0DE943577141FA" authority="Laurie 1953" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1953" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colimensis">
<emphasis id="C1D07D0C1993B240441DF4BF60CE100C" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys colimensis</emphasis>
Laurie 1953
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="2C8F249EE34362486A24B756DA978C67" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="costaricensis">
<emphasis id="333D761F572BAE0749E854576AF50B19" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys costaricensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D374F11DC4042DAE499FEC0620D680BA" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="98D8BEDE15E9C5A005C4E7A6F8030645" authority="(True 1894)" baseAuthorityName="True" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decolorus">
<emphasis id="0EBD28B153187D2786B2DCA7CA1F5DC2" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys decolorus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA3564613750F561A73C1E90D18D55C2" author="True, F. W." refId="ref359983" refString="True, F. W. 1894. Notes on mammals of Baltistan and the Vale of Kashmir, presented to the National Museum by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 17 (976): 1 - 16." year="1894">True 1894</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="74B2BA1C32B56EC739538CF9FB8D5DC7" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florencei">
<emphasis id="ABF11F56EFB55808F13CA6591B8859F4" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys florencei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="617CA1EA425A91F577CB21EE577B522A" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E8B11D485E99F5174739C295A217CD05" authority="Bangs 1902" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitellinus">
<emphasis id="3B93557719172B9BCACA3B0A2C31D7F9" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys nitellinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="73CE56B676702D2EC801449FBBE6D3EE" author="Bangs, O." refId="ref19700" refString="Bangs, O. 1902. Chiriqui Mammalia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 39: 17 - 51." year="1902">Bangs 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="17BA3CE1FD71DD3069C291BF4F2D916C" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidulus">
<emphasis id="D87CE9521739D2ABAE232055302AA4DD" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys pallidulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="389E32E587D94A421B02C1ABC1C0E8E9" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="517B6940B238FD942D81E1CC6976A548" authority="(Tomes 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
<emphasis id="2BF299F7EEFD7E3BA2137A0F92F37D16" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys salvini</emphasis>
(Tomes 1862)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="E7C81E824B782253DA0F95AEC5527E98" authority="Goldman 1916" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venustulus">
<emphasis id="FE37F63353183A02187AF8BAF2115087" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">Nyctomys venustulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="45D1CCCEEBF49190BB5CA147D16BF576" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122664" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1916. Notes on the genera Isothrix Wagner and Phyllomys Lund. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 29: 125 - 128." year="1916">Goldman 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="066BE2FCBDFAC542E06D4270D0B39A12" pageNumber="1187" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4C5E6175E5E4B9EF02D7892F12B6CCDB" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="843C5B79E29C464BBDA8995444A03063" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Distribution:</emphasis>
Lowland and lower montane forests from S
<collectingRegion id="C01983049237931B6ECC4D2D9FB62C83" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
and S
<collectingRegion id="7CCB3BD4993979BD9E8C5B640345C998" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="9817AC880F1B1E155EB4241E06297F6B" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, south to C
<collectingCountry id="479F1F0AB03F3F8D55121316D1F48B42" name="Panama">Panama</collectingCountry>
, excluding the Yucatán Peninsula.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC66539FCD10DDC765597A72E39A6B2D" pageNumber="1187" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="35285E16E070BE83D9F6CABB99BDFCEB" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="889178D0D83997DD11750EC4DBF27E08" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="070A17B19898A7B537CFD753EA7A0387">IUCN</collectionCode>
– Lower Risk (lc).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DB690DAF3F06B06F5B7F829FA1B1333" pageNumber="1187" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3B0C9624BB6123D07100ACE7488AFCB6" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AB8B3A0D5880353967BAC866280D8AC0" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1187">Discussion:</emphasis>
Nongoegraphic variation of Nicaraguan sample evaluated by
<bibRefCitation id="8028C1EBD7ABA667BD1FC56A4E628A83" author="Genoways, H. H. &amp; J. K. Jones, Jr." refId="ref117332" refString="Genoways, H. H., and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1972 b. Variation and ecology in a local population of the vesper mouse (Nyctomys sumichrasti). Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 3: 22 pp." year="1972">
Genoways and Jones (1972
<emphasis id="D2CC58651E56BA698ACE2690580708EE" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
; specimens from Michoacán documented by Sánchez-Hernández et al. (1999). Standard and banded karyotypes described by
<bibRefCitation id="CFFAA59720D731E5997786D421750BAC" author="Lee, M. R. &amp; F. B. Elder" refId="ref208944" refString="Lee, M. R., and F. B. Elder. 1977. Karyotypes of eight species of Mexican rodents (Muridae). Journal of Mammalogy, 58: 479 - 487." year="1977">Lee and Elder (1977)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="87BDA0B27780F32A287F8E5618AB7F37" author="Haiduk, M. W. &amp; C. Sanchez-Hernandez &amp; R. J. Baker" refId="ref137064" refString="Haiduk, M. W., C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and R. J. Baker. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships of Nyctomys and Xenomys to other cricetine genera based on data from G-banded chromosomes. Southwestern Naturalist, 33: 397 - 403." year="1988">Haiduk et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively. No current revisionary standard available. Based on examination of
<collectionCode id="FF602002E9B320078AC7648BC4D17E20" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
series, populations can be sorted according to concordant variation in carotid circulatory pattern and molar-root number: those to the north and west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (
<taxonomicName id="7C041D8643FDC08BCE13F3CBB9E946E5" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
<emphasis id="FC5595CD9E9F3A1361F9886C2C6064C2" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">sumichrasti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C93CC00355529C2C7AD508B6681EC8A6" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidulus">
<emphasis id="2ABD71AC81ED2F89A9CFC915F74C6BC8" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">pallidulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) possess a complete pattern and three-rooted M2; whereas, those farther south and east of the Isthmus (
<taxonomicName id="E814FF0B2156787F0D12B8B4A9DFB186" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="costaricensis">
<emphasis id="6B73E5053080E9EA2562A90F352A7F9A" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">costaricensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="450F1F9EF667BD7B9B4D9A13915717E5" baseAuthorityName="True" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decolorus">
<emphasis id="BC2BAAFF3C2D272A4FBB2D49CEFF870E" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">decolorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A8C09AAB81D671D94D708118DCF1C53B" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="florencei">
<emphasis id="3F647AE465FD0DECED9B2E521649B532" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">florencei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DD124DD8ED6D210699506AF88C338A2F" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitellinus">
<emphasis id="1572CEDD0C5ACE735C35FB8FF33777E3" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">nitellinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="71A12E5FB8D08DFF9CC72DDA9D6914D7" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venustulus">
<emphasis id="8FFD4DC5C8FB40139DCDE5751C7E812B" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">venustulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) exhibit a derived carotid condition and four-rooted M2. The existence of a geographic pattern should be confirmed with larger series, especially samples from Chiapas and
<collectingCountry id="558B4D01F473CA025F5CAAE195716BE1" name="Guatemala">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="634625966E2D9BEB489F260D67A14382" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
<emphasis id="9DF691BF07E345E6917C1920164E67B1" italics="true" pageNumber="1187">salvini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and its taxonomic significance explored with other data sources.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="BCE201BD947A51183B7AB4FA517BA84A" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112233" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8293938" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1693254390043" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Chen, Gang, Zhao, Weihong, Li, Yang, Zhou, Di, Ding, Jing, Lin, Bin, Li, Wei, Yang, Yanqiu, Liu, Jingyu, Hou, Yue &amp; Li, Ning" docDate="2020" docId="D66687DBFFE50F7CCA66B727717BFCB8" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.171.112233.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry (112233) 171" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112233" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F36D69FC8B198FBE91029DF9C24697D3.5:Phytochemistry.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F36D69FC8B198FBE91029DF9C24697D3" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Vernicia fordii Airy Shaw" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="2A5FFFA3FFE30F74CA02B00E7041FFA4" masterDocTitle="Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1693417731936" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9E28120EC7CBE923BC91265FE507B3AF">Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C1838D7A4EA20972F6432D8CDF321170">Chen, Gang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BE94967D165A3C3A7515DE89BFFF9405">∗∗ &amp; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China &amp; ∗ &amp; ∗∗ &amp; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D4B151B0CD986943B8859625492BE2B4">Zhao, Weihong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC94E07F776AA1A94B6736F5277DA7D5">Li, Yang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="19CBF4FAF6C1F09289A80995375F9E60">Zhou, Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="63BC07C6C8D22EDE3578904039F2DA52">Ding, Jing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A66EC5AFC7EFD50F563CFE5E7C979A8A">Li, Wei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E46A7B4F6636EDBDC31A3D4DA00C09EA">Yang, Yanqiu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30D82437CC92BA74B4D94A75DA1B953B">Liu, Jingyu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F58F221A7B43C57D7BF3CB164741497">Hou, Yue</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D307D37F7406B82B4DFA61A74E6BA18">Li, Ning</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9BDD6EA2BA8EC5E0FC12FC626F484A71">2020</mods:date>
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2.2. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of isolated components from
<taxonomicName id="99CF4D4EFFE50F72C8B1B72772BCF898" ID-CoL="5B48K" ID-ENA="73154" authority="(Hemsl.) Airy Shaw" authorityName="Airy Shaw" baseAuthorityName="Hemsl." box="[691,765,1833,1852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Vernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordii">V. fordii</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE50F72CA87B76F7406F96B" blockId="6.[100,770,1889,1992]" lastBlockId="6.[818,1487,1675,1743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The extracts and identified components (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE50F72C817B76F7204F8D0" bold="true" box="[533,581,1889,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1–23</emphasis>
) were evaluated
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE50F72C8F3B76F70CDF834" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">in vitro</emphasis>
for their anti-neuroinflammatory activities in LPS-induced BV2 cells and the results are displayed in
<tableCitation id="134D0376FFE50F72CBD1B797725DF808" box="[467,540,1945,1964]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="6.[818,868,1197,1214]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 5 Effects of extracts and compounds isolated from Vernicia fordill on NO production in LPS-activated BV2 microglia cells." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0AB06645FFE50F72C930B4A374F5FB55" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="0AB06645FFE50F72C930B4A374F5FB55">Table 5</tableCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="C6F42A48FFE50F72C853B79772C8F808" box="[593,649,1945,1964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[100,130,1123,1140]" captionTargetBox="[231,1352,154,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-500@7.[225,1362,152,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Effects of the extracts and bioactive compounds 3–5, 9–12, 15–17, 18, 21 and 23 on LPS-induced NO production in microglial cells. (A) Inhibitory effects of the extracts. (B) Inhibitory effects of the identified compounds 3–5, 9–12, 15–17, 18, 21 and 23. (BV-2 cells were treated with tested samples in the presence of LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. NO production was tested by Griess reaction. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3). # P &lt;0.05 compared with the control group, *P &lt;0.05 compared with LPS group. YTK: 70% ethanol crude extract; YTK-1: petroleum ether extract; YTK-2: ethyl acetate extract; YTK-3: n-butanol extract; Mino: minocycline using as positive control)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293954/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
. In order to avoid a false positive result, cell toxicities of the tested samples YTK: 70% ethanol crude extract; YTK-1: petroleum ether extract; YTK-2: ethyl acetate extract; YTK-3:
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE50F72C9FEB6AA7447F911" bold="true" box="[1020,1030,1700,1717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
-butanol extract; Mino: minocycline;
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE50F72CF44B6AE750CF90F" bold="true" box="[1350,1357,1696,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<superScript id="A9BA9B85FFE50F72CF44B6AE750CF90F" attach="right" box="[1350,1357,1696,1707]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</superScript>
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the concentration for the extracts was μg/mL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE50F72C930B6FA75C8F837" blockId="6.[818,1487,1780,1966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(supporting information
<tableCitation id="134D0376FFE50F72CE1DB6FA7432F8A3" box="[1055,1139,1780,1799]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[100,150,161,178]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 The 1H-NMR (600 Hz) and13C-NMR (150 Hz) data of compounds 1 and 2 (DMSO‑d6)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0AB06645FFE00F77CA66B0AF7087FF41" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="0AB06645FFE00F77CA66B0AF7087FF41">Table S1</tableCitation>
) were assayed via MTT methods in normal BV2 cells. The 70% ethanol extract of the seed testa of
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<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE50F72CF87B71E758EF887" bold="true" box="[1413,1487,1808,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V. fordii</emphasis>
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significantly inhibited the production of NO in LPS-activated BV2 cells with an IC
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value of 7.03 μg/mL. Further assays indicated that the ethyl acetate extract (69.38%) with an IC
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value of 10.70 μg/mL from the crude extract might be the bioactive fraction of the herbal.
</paragraph>
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Subsequently, components identified from the EtOAc extract were evaluated for their anti-neuroinflammatory activities. As a result, 13 lignans showed more potent inhibitory effects with IC
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values from 1.28 to 18.47 μM than the positive control (minocycline, IC
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= 37.04 μM). The effective ingredients were structurally characterized as dineolignans (compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CBF4B5797243FA2E" bold="true" box="[502,514,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</emphasis>
,
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,
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), sesquineolignans (compounds
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,
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,
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), monolignans (compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C840B59D721AFA02" bold="true" box="[578,603,1427,1446]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</emphasis>
,
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,
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,
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), and phenylpropanoids (compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CB91B5A171EDFA66" bold="true" box="[403,428,1455,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18</emphasis>
,
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,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CBE1B5A171BDFA66" bold="true" box="[483,508,1455,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">23</emphasis>
). Additionally, compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CA66B5C5703CFA7A" bold="true" box="[100,125,1483,1502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</emphasis>
,
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,
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,
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elicited moderate anti-neuroinflammatory activities with IC
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values ranging from 38.82 to 75.87 μM.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CA66B46D70DCFBD0" bold="true" box="[100,157,1123,1140]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
Effects of the extracts and bioactive compounds
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,
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,
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,
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,
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and
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on LPS-induced NO production in microglial cells. (A) Inhibitory effects of the extracts. (B) Inhibitory effects of the identified compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C87AB47272D9FB29" bold="true" box="[632,664,1148,1165]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3–5</emphasis>
,
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,
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,
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,
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and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C978B47273D1FB29" bold="true" box="[890,912,1148,1165]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">23</emphasis>
. (BV-2 cells were treated with tested samples in the presence of LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. NO production was tested by Griess reaction. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3).
<superScript id="A9BA9B85FFE40F73CE44B49F7410FB38" attach="right" box="[1094,1105,1169,1180]" fontSize="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">#</superScript>
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CE53B498741DFB03" bold="true" box="[1105,1116,1174,1191]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 compared with the control group, *
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CA6CB4A17038FB64" bold="true" box="[110,121,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 compared with LPS group. YTK: 70% ethanol crude extract; YTK-1: petroleum ether extract; YTK-2: ethyl acetate extract; YTK-3:
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CF06B4A1754FFB64" bold="true" box="[1284,1294,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
-butanol extract; Mino: minocycline using as positive control).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73CA87B60D7291F9CD" blockId="7.[100,770,1287,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
On the basis of the above-mentioned results, brief structure and activity relationships could be concluded as follows: firstly, the presence of 1, 4-bendioxanes enhanced the inhibitory effect against NO production, such as compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CB95B65871E2F9CD" bold="true" box="[407,419,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CBC7B658719FF9CD" bold="true" box="[453,478,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CBE9B6587245F9CD" bold="true" box="[491,516,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C824B658727EF9CD" bold="true" box="[550,575,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C874B65872CEF9CD" bold="true" box="[630,655,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C8B3B658728BF9CD" bold="true" box="[689,714,1622,1641]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73CA87B67C70ABF951" blockId="7.[100,770,1287,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Second, compound
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CB43B67C711BF921" bold="true" box="[321,346,1650,1669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</emphasis>
substituted by a hydroxyl group at C-9′ exhibited moderate inhibitory activity while compound
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C865B68072C1F905" bold="true" box="[615,640,1678,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">14</emphasis>
with a methoxyl group at C-9′ displayed a significant inhibitory effect (
<tableCitation id="134D0376FFE40F73C8A9B6A472B5F919" box="[683,756,1706,1725]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="6.[818,868,1197,1214]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 5 Effects of extracts and compounds isolated from Vernicia fordill on NO production in LPS-activated BV2 microglia cells." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0AB06645FFE50F72C930B4A374F5FB55" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="0AB06645FFE50F72C930B4A374F5FB55">Table 5</tableCitation>
), indicating that the 9′-OMe enhanced the inhibitory activity of isoamericanol A.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73CA87B6F070C2F8C1" blockId="7.[100,770,1287,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In addition, for phenylpropanoids, such as compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C88CB6F0728AF8B5" bold="true" box="[654,715,1790,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18–22</emphasis>
, both the reduction of C-3 hydroxyl or methoxylation of C-4 hydroxyl can increase inhibitory activities, such as compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C846B738721CF8ED" bold="true" box="[580,605,1846,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C883B73872DBF8ED" bold="true" box="[641,666,1846,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C8CFB73872A7F8ED" bold="true" box="[717,742,1846,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CA66B75C703CF8C1" bold="true" box="[100,125,1874,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73C930B5067461FA93" blockId="7.[818,1487,1287,1307]" lastBlockId="7.[818,1056,1315,1335]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C930B5067461FA93" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="053881A1FFE40F73C930B506758EFABF" bold="true" box="[818,1487,1287,1307]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">2.3. Effects of compounds 9, 10, 16 and 18 on LPS-induced overexpression</heading>
<heading id="053881A1FFE40F73C930B52A7461FA93" box="[818,1056,1315,1335]" fontSize="8" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="8">of inflammatory mediators</heading>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73C951B5557567F9B2" blockId="7.[818,1487,1371,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Taking the inhibitory effects and amounts of the identified compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C97FB57973ECFA2E" bold="true" box="[893,941,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1–23</emphasis>
, four principle bioactive components (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CF1DB579756AFA2E" bold="true" box="[1311,1323,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CF3BB5797513FA2E" bold="true" box="[1337,1362,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CF5CB5797536FA2E" bold="true" box="[1374,1399,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CFACB5797586FA2E" bold="true" box="[1454,1479,1399,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18</emphasis>
) were further investigated for the action mechanisms. Their effects on LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 overexpression in microglial cells were tested via the qRT-PCR method. The result revealed that compounds
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C979B5E973C6FA5E" bold="true" box="[891,903,1511,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C991B5E973EDFA5E" bold="true" box="[915,940,1511,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C9B5B5E97391FA5E" bold="true" box="[951,976,1511,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CE01B5E9745DFA5E" bold="true" box="[1027,1052,1511,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18</emphasis>
significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL- 1β and IL-6 production at 10 μM as shown in
<figureCitation id="C6F42A48FFE40F73CEE8B60D7567F9B2" box="[1258,1318,1539,1558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[100,130,442,459]" captionTargetBox="[116,1474,158,416]" captionTargetId="figure-1052@8.[112,1476,152,420]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 9. Effects of the bioactive components (9, 10, 16, and 18) on LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 overexpression in microglial cells. BV-2 microglial cells were pretreated with tested compounds (10 μM) for 2 h and then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated 4 h after LPS treatment and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by qRT-PCR. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4). #P &lt;0.001 compared with the untreated cells (control group); *P &lt;0.05 compared with the cells treated with LPS alone (LPS group)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293956/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73C930B6447381F9F9" blockId="7.[818,960,1610,1629]" box="[818,960,1610,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="053881A1FFE40F73C930B6447381F9F9" bold="true" box="[818,960,1610,1629]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C930B6447381F9F9" bold="true" box="[818,960,1610,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3. Conclusion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F73C951B68C73A4F8FC" blockId="7.[818,1488,1665,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chronic neuroinflammation induced by over-activated microglia is considered to be a critical cause of the neurodegenerative disease. However, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and estrogen, the most commonly used clinical drugs for neuroinflammation, can trigger severe side effects for patients with long-term medication. Therefore, effective natural neuroinflammatory inhibitors with low side effects can throw light on the development of therapy for neurodegenerative disease.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFE40F7CC951B76F72F1FD08" blockId="7.[818,1488,1665,1992]" lastBlockId="8.[100,770,582,796]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In this paper, a series of previous undescribed bioactive components (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73C938B773731CF834" bold="true" box="[826,861,1917,1936]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1–8</emphasis>
), along with 15 known ones, from
<taxonomicName id="99CF4D4EFFE40F73CEB1B77374BFF834" box="[1203,1278,1917,1936]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Vernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordii">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CEB1B77374BFF834" bold="true" box="[1203,1278,1917,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">V. fordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported in this paper. The lignans from
<taxonomicName id="99CF4D4EFFE40F73CE15B7977420F808" box="[1047,1121,1945,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Vernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordii">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFE40F73CE15B7977420F808" bold="true" box="[1047,1121,1945,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">V. fordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were mainly composed of
<specimenCount id="48C9FD44FFE40F73CF5EB79775F6F808" box="[1372,1463,1945,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of substructures, benzodioxane and bistetrahydrofuran. The dineolignans (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCA6EB24870CEFDFD" bold="true" box="[108,143,582,601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3–5</emphasis>
) were composed of two 1, 4-benzodioxane units and one bistetrahydrofuran moiety; the sesquineolignans
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CC80AB26C7255FDD1" bold="true" box="[520,532,610,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CC844B26C721EFDD1" bold="true" box="[582,607,610,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">10</emphasis>
were formed via one 1, 4-benzodioxane fragment and one bistetrahydrofuran unit; and compound
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCACDB29770A9FD08" bold="true" box="[207,232,665,684]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16</emphasis>
was comprised of two 1, 4-benzodioxane units.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0AB06645FFEB0F7CCA66B1B47358FDBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8293956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293956/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[100,130,442,459]" targetBox="[116,1474,158,416]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFEB0F7CCA66B1B47358FDBC" blockId="8.[100,1487,442,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCA66B1B470DCFE6F" bold="true" box="[100,157,442,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
Effects of the bioactive components (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCBDCB1B471A8FE6F" bold="true" box="[478,489,442,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCBF7B1B4724AFE6F" bold="true" box="[501,523,442,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">10</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CC814B1B4726DFE6F" bold="true" box="[534,556,442,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CC85FB1B47232FE6F" bold="true" box="[605,627,442,459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">18</emphasis>
) on LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 overexpression in microglial cells. BV-2 microglial cells were pretreated with tested compounds (10 μM) for 2 h and then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated 4 h after LPS treatment and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by qRT-PCR. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4).
<superScript id="A9BA9B85FFEB0F7CC9F6B1E773BEFE50" attach="right" box="[1012,1023,489,500]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">#</superScript>
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CC9FCB1E37448FE5A" bold="true" box="[1022,1033,493,510]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001 compared with the untreated cells (control group); *
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCAB0B20970FCFDBC" bold="true" box="[178,189,519,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 compared with the cells treated with LPS alone (LPS group).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5E7036CDFFEB0F7CCA87B2BB717BFCB8" blockId="8.[100,770,582,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCAB3B2BB70B2FD6C" bold="true" box="[177,243,693,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">in vitro</emphasis>
assay showed that most of these isolated components (
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCA6EB2DF70CEFD40" bold="true" box="[108,143,721,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3–5</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCAA3B2DF7090FD40" bold="true" box="[161,209,721,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9–18</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCB12B2DF710CFD40" bold="true" box="[272,333,721,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">20–23</emphasis>
) from
<taxonomicName id="99CF4D4EFFEB0F7CCB9AB2DF71A6FD40" box="[408,487,721,740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Vernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordii">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCB9AB2DF71A6FD40" bold="true" box="[408,487,721,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">V. fordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had anti-neuroinflammatory activities, suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="99CF4D4EFFEB0F7CCB55B2E371E0FCA4" box="[343,417,749,768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Vernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fordii">
<emphasis id="6CBBEADFFFEB0F7CCB55B2E371E0FCA4" bold="true" box="[343,417,749,768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">V. fordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a great potential in the treatment of neuroinflammation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>