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<document id="A12D7AE81781F081EEAA2FA50709AC25" ID-CLB-Dataset="302189" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="19cba049-9ae9-4ebb-902d-73c5f31ffcd7" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13651431" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725381588018" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Suetsugu, Kenji" docDate="2016" docId="EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.278.3.6.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 278 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Gastrodia kuroshimensis Suetsugu 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="270" masterDocId="1763680EAA3AFFC0FF825925306CFFD4" masterDocTitle="Gastrodia kuroshimensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new mycoheterotrophic and complete cleistogamous plant from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="272" masterPageNumber="265" pageNumber="266" updateTime="1725397291020" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="AD278B59748236993CF101F2526AD38D">Gastrodia kuroshimensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new mycoheterotrophic and complete cleistogamous plant from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CDB1E18694ECE81A15910731C105B50B">Suetsugu, Kenji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4589D13569F87C725283F60555CCAC69">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B424B96B5C41A90D2B2D3A7A3BB8D495">
<mods:date id="FE8B0D910564542C94DAF3C39B048A9B">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2ED108AACE74F6CE02A7AAD7D3E4E627" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C04EC370B9C4184E54ED9D95BCB46217">2016-10-12</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6AE727EF53AEFBF1D5D0E83F821B250C" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1B98DF9A2FC47647CB041F8C6F1A0183" type="Zenodo-Dep">13651431</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651435" ID-GBIF-Taxon="240243600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13651435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="270" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
<subSubSection id="2BE9F2EBAA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE3369F872" box="[136,773,1931,1958]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE3369F872" blockId="1.[136,773,1931,1958]" box="[136,773,1931,1958]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
<heading id="3804160CAA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE3369F872" bold="true" box="[136,773,1931,1958]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" reason="1">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE3369F872" bold="true" box="[136,773,1931,1958]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE3273F872" ID-CoL="3FDHN" authority="Suetsugu" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[136,543,1931,1958]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FF0A5EAE31C5F872" bold="true" box="[136,425,1931,1958]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">Gastrodia kuroshimensis</emphasis>
Suetsugu
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FDA95EA932EDF872" bold="true" box="[555,641,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4AB4C009AA3BFFC1FDA95EA932EDF872" box="[555,641,1932,1958]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FBC8BDE5AA3BFFC1FD125EA83291F872" box="[656,765,1933,1958]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="1.[136,229,1864,1885]" captionStartId-1="2.[136,229,1883,1904]" captionStartId-2="4.[136,229,1875,1896]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,190,1839]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,243,1857]" captionTargetBox-2="[171,1410,246,1830]" captionTargetId-0="figure-12@1.[151,1436,190,1839]" captionTargetId-1="figure-39@2.[151,1436,242,1857]" captionTargetId-2="figure-13@4.[151,1436,190,1850]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Flowering plants of Gastrodia kuroshimensis (from the type locality; Bar = 5 cm)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Gastrodia kuroshimensis (from the type locality). A–B. Flower (A, front view; B, back view). C. Flower with slit between the lateral sepals, back view). D. Flattened perianth tube. E. Lip and column. F. Lip. G. Flattened lip. H–I. Column (H, back view; I, front view). Bar = 5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Gastrodia kuroshimensis (from the holotype).A. Habit. B–D. Flower.(B, side view; C, front view; D, back view). E. Flattened perianth tube. F. Flattened lip.G–I. Column (G, lateral view; H, back view; I, front view).A. Bar = 3 cm. B–I. Bar = 5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651433" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651439" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651441" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13651433/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13651439/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13651441/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BE9F2EBAA3BFFC2FF0A5EFD3330FF0D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3BFFC1FF0A5EFD3497F839" blockId="1.[136,1453,2008,2065]" box="[136,1275,2008,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
Type:
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FF3C5EFD30BFF839" box="[190,211,2008,2029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1BE4E1F0AA3BFFC1FF565EFD314CF839" box="[212,288,2008,2029]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Ryukyu.
<collectingRegion id="A1376F82AA3BFFC1FEFD5EFD3248F839" box="[383,548,2008,2029]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
, Kuroshima Island, Osato
<date id="174D87A0AA3BFFC1FCA05EFD33C5F839" box="[802,937,2008,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" value="2016-04-16">16 April 2016</date>
,
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA3BFFC1FC315EFD33ABF839" box="[947,967,2008,2029]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
. Suetsugu
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FBAD5EFD343CF839" box="[1071,1104,2008,2029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="BC481FC2AA3BFFC1FBDE5EFD34DEF839" box="[1116,1202,2008,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA3BFFC1FB3A5EFD349CF839" box="[1208,1264,2008,2029]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15604" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15604" name="Kyoto University" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="Herbarium">KYO</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3BFFC2FF0A5ED93330FF0D" blockId="1.[136,1453,2008,2065]" lastBlockId="2.[189,1452,160,217]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">
Additional specimens examined:
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FE465ED931B5F7C5" box="[452,473,2044,2065]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D39BAB3DAA3BFFC1FE5B5ED9353FF7C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4928462301" box="[473,1363,2044,2065]" collectingDate="1985-04-24" collectionCode="H, KAG" country="Japan" location="Kuroshima Island" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
<collectingCountry id="1BE4E1F0AA3BFFC1FE5B5ED93249F7C5" box="[473,549,2044,2065]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Ryukyu.
<collectingRegion id="A1376F82AA3BFFC1FD045ED93347F7C5" box="[646,811,2044,2065]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="662CF7BBAA3BFFC1FCB65ED9338EF7C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1:662CF7BBAA3BFFC1FCB65ED9338EF7C5" box="[820,994,2044,2065]" country="Japan" name="Kuroshima Island" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" stateProvince="Kagoshima">Kuroshima Island</location>
,
<date id="174D87A0AA3BFFC1FC6E5ED93419F7C5" box="[1004,1141,2044,2065]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" value="1985-04-24">
<collectingDate id="07097E48AA3BFFC1FC6E5ED93419F7C5" box="[1004,1141,2044,2065]" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" value="1985-04-24">24 April 1985</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA3BFFC1FBFD5ED934FFF7C5" box="[1151,1171,2044,2065]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
. Umata
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3BFFC1FB665ED9356AF7C5" box="[1252,1286,2044,2065]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">s.n.</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA3BFFC1FA915ED93520F7C5" box="[1299,1356,2044,2065]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15116" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15116" name="Kagoshima University Museum - Herbarium" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" type="Herbarium">KAG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D39BAB3DAA3BFFC2FADF5ED93453FF61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4928462303" collectingDate="1966-03-25" collectingDateMax="1966-03-30" collectingDateMin="1966-03-25" collectionCode="S, KAG" country="Japan" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="267" location="Akusekijima Island" pageId="1" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
<collectingCountry id="1BE4E1F0AA3BFFC1FADF5ED935C5F7C5" box="[1373,1449,2044,2065]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="266">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Ryukyu.
<collectingRegion id="A1376F82AA38FFC2FE9B598531ADFF61" box="[281,449,160,181]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="662CF7BBAA38FFC2FE4F598532E2FF61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1:662CF7BBAA38FFC2FE4F598532E2FF61" box="[461,654,160,181]" country="Japan" name="Akusekijima Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" stateProvince="Kagoshima">Akusekijima Island</location>
,
<date id="174D87A0AA38FFC2FD1E59853335FF61" box="[668,857,160,181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" value="1966-03-25" valueMax="1966-03-30" valueMin="1966-03-25">
<collectingDate id="07097E48AA38FFC2FD1E59853335FF61" box="[668,857,160,181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" value="1966-03-25" valueMax="1966-03-30" valueMin="1966-03-25">25-30 March 1966</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA38FFC2FCE55985331BFF61" box="[871,887,160,181]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. Sako 6311 (
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA38FFC2FC7C5985345BFF61" box="[1022,1079,160,181]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15116" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15116" name="Kagoshima University Museum - Herbarium" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" type="Herbarium">KAG</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D39BAB3DAA38FFC2FBCE59853334FF0D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4928462302" collectionCode="H, OSA" country="Japan" county="Yakushima Island" location="May" municipality="Shiratani" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
<collectingCountry id="1BE4E1F0AA38FFC2FBCE598534F4FF61" box="[1100,1176,160,181]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Ryukyu.
<collectingRegion id="A1376F82AA38FFC2FA82598535C5FF61" box="[1280,1449,160,181]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="8A2DD9ECAA38FFC2FF3F59E13107FF0D" box="[189,363,196,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Yakushima Island</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="83283B1AAA38FFC2FEF759E131A2FF0D" box="[373,462,196,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Shiratani</collectingMunicipality>
, 11
<location id="662CF7BBAA38FFC2FE7759E1324EFF0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB5A1076AA3BFFC5FF0A5EAE3141FAC1:662CF7BBAA38FFC2FE7759E1324EFF0D" box="[501,546,196,217]" country="Japan" county="Yakushima Island" municipality="Shiratani" name="May" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" stateProvince="Kagoshima">May</location>
, 2016,
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA38FFC2FDE559E13217FF0D" box="[615,635,196,217]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
. Yamashita
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FD6C59E1337CFF0D" box="[750,784,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">s.n.</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="05E239A5AA38FFC2FC9E59E1333DFF0D" box="[796,849,196,217]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15577" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15577" name="Osaka Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" type="Herbarium">OSA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="378CF1E8AA38FFC2FF0A5E7E3129F86C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13651439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13651439/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" startId="2.[136,229,1883,1904]" targetBox="[151,1436,243,1857]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA38FFC2FF0A5E7E3129F86C" blockId="2.[136,1452,1883,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FF0A5E7E3093F8A4" bold="true" box="[136,255,1883,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA38FFC2FE875E7E3199F8A4" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[261,501,1883,1904]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FE875E7E3199F8A4" box="[261,501,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Gastrodia kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from the type locality). A–B. Flower (A, front view; B, back view). C. Flower with slit between the lateral sepals, back view). D. Flattened perianth tube. E. Lip and column. F. Lip. G. Flattened lip. H–I. Column (H, back view; I, front view). Bar = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="2BE9F2EBAA38FFC3FF0A5ECD3407FD01" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA38FFC2FF0A5ECD352DF7F1" blockId="2.[136,1453,2024,2085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FF0A5ECD309AF7D5" bold="true" box="[136,246,2024,2049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Diagnosis</emphasis>
:—
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA38FFC2FE9B5ECD324EF7D5" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[281,546,2024,2049]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FE9B5ECD324EF7D5" box="[281,546,2024,2049]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">Gastrodia kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its close relative
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA38FFC2FCD95ECD30D6F7F1" authority="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo (2012: 271)" authorityName="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo" authorityPageNumber="271" authorityYear="2012" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fontinalis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA38FFC2FCD95ECD33B3F7D5" box="[859,991,2024,2049]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="267">G. fontinalis</emphasis>
T.C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C.M. Kuo (2012: 271)
</taxonomicName>
in that it has the cleistogamous flowers, the smaller perianth tube and the anther cap joined with the column.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF3F59853407FD01" blockId="3.[136,1453,160,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
Terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic herb. Roots few, slender, often germinating from the junction between rhizome and inflorescence after flowering season. Rhizome tuberous, fusiform or cylindrical,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FB8E59E13401FF09" box="[1036,1133,196,221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="cm" value="7.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="3.0">3–11 cm</quantity>
long,
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in diameter, yellowish brown, covered with numerous scales and root-hair-like unicellular hairs. Inflorescence erect, pale brown,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FF0A58293085FEF1" box="[136,233,268,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="8.0">8–17 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FEB2582931CDFEF1" box="[304,417,268,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–5 mm</quantity>
in diameter, 3–4 nodes, with tubular, membranous sheaths. Bracts ovate, up to
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long,
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wide. Pedicel and ovary up to
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FD8B5815323BFE9D" box="[521,599,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long. Flowers 1–4, tubular, slightly upwards, resupinate,
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long, ca.
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in diameter. Sepals and petals united forming a five-lobed perianth tube. Perianth tube enclosed or hardly opening. Sepals subsimilar,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FED9585D31B8FE45" box="[347,468,376,401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.0">11–13 mm</quantity>
long, connate ca. 2/3 their length with petals, lateral ones connate ca. 3/5 their length with each other, outer surface dark greenish brown, densely verruculose, inner surfaces pale greenish brown, smooth; margins entire; free portion of dorsal sepal, ovate-triangular, retuse, ca.
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long,
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wide; free portions of lateral sepals spreading, obtuse at apex. Free portions of petals ovate or ellipse, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FC5158C13443FE29" box="[979,1071,484,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FBF458C134DAFE29" box="[1142,1206,484,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide. Lip joined with perianth tube, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FEC55B2D31FFFDF5" box="[327,403,520,545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long, hypochile reddish brown with two white degenerated smooth calli; epichile reddish brown, ovate-ellipse, base contracted, disc 2–4 ridged with a longitudinal keel extending toward apex, margin slightly undulate. Column straight, semi-cylindrical, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FDAB5B75320BFDBD" box="[553,615,592,617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FD295B753375FDBD" box="[683,793,592,617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, white tinged with grayish brown at base; lateral wings (stelidia) brown, narrow, the edges parallel to column, base incurved, apex acute; rostellum degenerated; stigma located slightly above middle.Anther cap joined with column, hemispheric, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FC165BBD33BEFD65" box="[916,978,664,689]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter, pollinia 2. Capsule cylindrical, ca.
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long, pedicel elongating to ca.
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long in fruit. Seeds fusiform, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FC6F5B993440FD01" box="[1005,1068,700,725]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BE9F2EBAA39FFC5FF3F5BC53141FAC1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="270" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF3F5BC531D4FC95" blockId="3.[136,1453,160,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FF3F5BC53135FD2D" bold="true" box="[189,345,736,761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Distribution:</emphasis>
—To date, the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FD2F5BC5331CFD2D" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[685,880,736,761]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FD2F5BC5331CFD2D" box="[685,880,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was discovered to cross three islands (Kuroshima Island, Akusekijima Island and Yakushima Island). Flowering was observed from mid April to mid May, and fruiting from mid May to late May.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF3F5A69356FFC21" blockId="3.[136,1453,160,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FF3F5A6931EEFCB1" bold="true" box="[189,386,844,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Taxonomic notes</emphasis>
:—
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FE245A693208FCB1" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[422,612,844,869]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FE245A693208FCB1" box="[422,612,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G.kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FD6B5A69343DFCB1" authority="T. P. Lin (1987: 129)" authorityName="T. P. Lin" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1987" box="[745,1105,844,869]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fontinalis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FD6B5A69331EFCB1" box="[745,882,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G.fontinalis</emphasis>
T.P.
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA39FFC3FC245A69343DFCB1" author="Lin, T. P." box="[934,1105,844,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refId="ref3676" refString="Lin, T. P. (1987) Native Orchids of Taiwan 3. Southern Materials Center, Taipei, Taiwan. 300 pp." type="book" year="1987">Lin (1987: 129)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
due to the longer inflorescences and the keeled lip. However,
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FE6F5A5532D8FC5D" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[493,692,880,905]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FE6F5A5532D8FC5D" box="[493,692,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the floral condition (cleistogamous vs. chasmogamous), small perianth tube size (
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FDE05AB132B6FC79" box="[610,730,916,941]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.0">11–13 mm</quantity>
long vs.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FCBC5AB133DBFC79" box="[830,951,916,941]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="17.0">17–21 mm</quantity>
long), the lip morphology (epichile with 2–4 ridged vs. epichile with 6–8 ridged), the rostellum condition (degenerated vs. ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FBAC5A9D34EAFC05" box="[1070,1158,952,977]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
long), the stigma positon (slightly above middle vs. base) and the anther cap morphology (joined with column vs. independent).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF3F5D2532D9FB25" blockId="3.[136,1453,160,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
Its outline floral morphology,such as the dark greenish-brown colored, densely verruculose,complete cleistogamous flower, is also similar to
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FE235D013454FBE9" authority="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo (2012: 271)" authorityName="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo" authorityPageNumber="271" authorityYear="2012" box="[417,1080,1060,1085]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clausa">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FE235D013260FBE9" box="[417,524,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. clausa</emphasis>
T.C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C.M. Kuo (2012: 271)
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FB395D013511FBE9" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[1211,1405,1060,1085]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FB395D013511FBE9" box="[1211,1405,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the larger stature during flowering (
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FC855D6D3307FBB5" box="[775,875,1096,1121]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="8.0">8–17 cm</quantity>
vs.
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), the lip morphology (well-developed, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FF2D5D493175FB51" box="[175,281,1132,1157]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
long vs. peloric, less than
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long), the column morphology (semi-cylindrical, ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FB555D493574FB51" box="[1239,1304,1132,1157]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long without any ventral appendage vs. ca. clavate, less than
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA39FFC3FD295DB53281FB7D" box="[683,749,1168,1193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long with a prominent ventral appendage) and the anther cap morphology (joined with column vs. independent). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters between
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FA125D91314BFB25" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FA125D91314BFB25" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its related species, see
<tableCitation id="2E7194DBAA39FFC3FDD95DFD32C3FB25" box="[603,687,1240,1265]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,220,1314,1335]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological comparison of Gastrodia kuroshimensis and its related species." pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="378CF1E8AA39FFC3FF0A5C07347AFAE3" box="[136,1046,1314,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" startId="3.[136,220,1314,1335]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF0A5C07347AFAE3" blockId="3.[136,1046,1314,1335]" box="[136,1046,1314,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FF0A5C073099FAE3" bold="true" box="[136,245,1314,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphological comparison of
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FDAC5C073345FAE3" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[558,809,1314,1335]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FDAC5C073345FAE3" box="[558,809,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Gastrodia kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its related species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF225C683555F83F" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<table id="11F353C0AA39003FFF225C6835E0F83F" box="[160,1420,1357,2027]" gridcols="5" gridrows="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225C6835E0FAB6" box="[160,1420,1357,1378]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225C683134FAB6" box="[160,344,1357,1378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Character</th>
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5C6832E2FAB6" box="[413,654,1357,1378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FE1F5C683220FAB6" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[413,588,1357,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FE1F5C683220FAB6" box="[413,588,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485C683306FAB6" box="[714,874,1357,1378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FD485C683324FAB6" authorityName="T. P. Lin" authorityYear="1987" box="[714,840,1357,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fontinalis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FD485C683324FAB6" box="[714,840,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. fontinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425C6834E7FAB6" box="[960,1163,1357,1378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FC425C68344DFAB6" authorityName="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo" authorityYear="2012" box="[960,1057,1357,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clausa">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FC425C68344DFAB6" box="[960,1057,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. clausa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5C6835E0FAB6" box="[1209,1420,1357,1378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA39FFC3FB3B5C683558FAB6" authority="Plant" authorityName="Plant" box="[1209,1332,1357,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FB3B5C683558FAB6" box="[1209,1332,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">G. uraiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225C5935E0FA45" box="[160,1420,1404,1425]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225C593134FA45" box="[160,344,1404,1425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Plant height</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5C5932E2FA45" box="[413,654,1404,1425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">8–17 cm</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485C593306FA45" box="[714,874,1404,1425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">7–22 cm</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425C5934E7FA45" box="[960,1163,1404,1425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">2–4 cm</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5C5935E0FA45" box="[1209,1420,1404,1425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">1–6 cm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225C8E35E0FA14" box="[160,1420,1451,1472]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225C8E3134FA14" box="[160,344,1451,1472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Floral condition</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5C8E32E2FA14" box="[413,654,1451,1472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">cleistogamous</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485C8E3306FA14" box="[714,874,1451,1472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">chasmogamous</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425C8E34E7FA14" box="[960,1163,1451,1472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">cleistogamous</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5C8E35E0FA14" box="[1209,1420,1451,1472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">chasmogamous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225CFF35E0FA3B" box="[160,1420,1498,1519]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225CFF3134FA3B" box="[160,344,1498,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Perianth tube size</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5CFF32E2FA3B" box="[413,654,1498,1519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">11–13 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485CFF3306FA3B" box="[714,874,1498,1519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">15–21 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425CFF34E7FA3B" box="[960,1163,1498,1519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">9–13 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5CFF35E0FA3B" box="[1209,1420,1498,1519]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">11–13 mm long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225F2C35E0F996" box="[160,1420,1545,1602]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225F2C3134F996" box="[160,344,1545,1602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Position of rostellum</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5F2C32E2F996" box="[413,654,1545,1602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">absent</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485F2C3306F996" box="[714,874,1545,1602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">just below the anther cap</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425F2C34E7F996" box="[960,1163,1545,1602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">absent</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5F2C35E0F996" box="[1209,1420,1545,1602]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">just below the anther cap</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225F7935E0F9A5" box="[160,1420,1628,1649]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225F793134F9A5" box="[160,344,1628,1649]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Position of stigma</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5F7932E2F9A5" box="[413,654,1628,1649]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">slightly above middle</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485F793306F9A5" box="[714,874,1628,1649]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">base</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425F7934E7F9A5" box="[960,1163,1628,1649]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">near middle</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5F7935E0F9A5" box="[1209,1420,1628,1649]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">base</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225FAE35E0F974" box="[160,1420,1675,1696]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225FAE3134F974" box="[160,344,1675,1696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Anther cap</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5FAE32E2F974" box="[413,654,1675,1696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">joined with column</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485FAE3306F974" box="[714,874,1675,1696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">independent</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425FAE34E7F974" box="[960,1163,1675,1696]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">independent</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5FAE35E0F974" box="[1209,1420,1675,1696]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">independent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225F9F35E0F927" box="[160,1420,1722,1779]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225F9F3134F927" box="[160,344,1722,1779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Lip size</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5F9F32E2F927" box="[413,654,1722,1779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">8–10 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485F9F3306F927" box="[714,874,1722,1779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">8–10 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425F9F34E7F927" box="[960,1163,1722,1779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">peloric, less than 5 mm long</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5F9F35E0F927" box="[1209,1420,1722,1779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">6–7 mm long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225E2935E0F891" box="[160,1420,1804,1861]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225E293134F891" box="[160,344,1804,1861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Lip connection</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5E2932E2F891" box="[413,654,1804,1861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">joined with the perianth tube</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485E293306F891" box="[714,874,1804,1861]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">adnate to the column foot</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425E2934E7F891" box="[960,1163,1804,1861]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">joined with perianth tube</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5E2935E0F891" box="[1209,1420,1804,1861]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">adnate to the column foot</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225E7A35E0F84C" box="[160,1420,1887,1944]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225E7A3134F84C" box="[160,344,1887,1944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Number of ridges on the lip</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5E7A32E2F84C" box="[413,654,1887,1944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">2–4</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485E7A3306F84C" box="[714,874,1887,1944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">6–8</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425E7A34E7F84C" box="[960,1163,1887,1944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">none</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5E7A35E0F84C" box="[1209,1420,1887,1944]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DDC3A322AA39003FFF225E9735E0F83F" box="[160,1420,1970,2027]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<th id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFF225E973134F83F" box="[160,344,1970,2027]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">Hypochile</th>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFE1F5E9732E2F83F" box="[413,654,1970,2027]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">with two white degenerated calli</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFD485E973306F83F" box="[714,874,1970,2027]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">with two red globose calli</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFC425E9734E7F83F" box="[960,1163,1970,2027]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">without any appendages</td>
<td id="9E12CA5EAA39003FFB3B5E9735E0F83F" box="[1209,1420,1970,2027]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">with two orange globose calli</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA39FFC3FF0A5EDA3535F7C0" blockId="3.[136,1369,2047,2068]" box="[136,1369,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">
<tableNote id="9E15A0EEAA39FFC3FF0A5EDA3535F7C0" box="[136,1369,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" targetBox="[160,1420,1357,2027]" targetPageId="3">
Data of related species from
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA39FFC3FE295EDA3276F7C0" author="Lin, T. P." box="[427,538,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" refId="ref3676" refString="Lin, T. P. (1987) Native Orchids of Taiwan 3. Southern Materials Center, Taipei, Taiwan. 300 pp." type="book" year="1987">Lin (1987)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA39FFC3FDA65EDA32A4F7C0" author="Hsu, T. C. &amp; Kuo, C. M." box="[548,712,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref3326" refString="Hsu, T. C. &amp; Kuo, C. M. (2010) Supplements to the orchid flora of Taiwan (IV): Four additions to the genus Gastrodia. Taiwania 55: 243 - 248." type="journal article" year="2010">
Hsu
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FDD05EDA32EAF7C0" box="[594,646,2047,2068]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">et al.</emphasis>
(2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 2012),
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA39FFC3FC985EDA33A9F7C0" author="Suetsugu, K." box="[794,965,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" pagination="193 - 196" refId="ref4243" refString="Suetsugu, K. (2015 a) First record of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia uraiensis (Orchidaceae) from Yakushima Island, Japan. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 66: 193 - 196." type="journal article" year="2015">Suetsugu (2015a</bibRefCitation>
, 2016a, c),
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA39FFC3FBB85EDA357EF7C0" author="Suetsugu, K. &amp; Nakama, M. &amp; Watanabe, H. &amp; Watanabe, T. &amp; Yamamoto, T. &amp; Yokota, M." box="[1082,1298,2047,2068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="268" pagination="123 - 126" refId="ref4581" refString="Suetsugu, K., Nakama, M., Watanabe, H., Watanabe, T., Yamamoto, T. &amp; Yokota, M. (2013) First record of the mycoheterotrophic plant Gastrodia clausa (Orchidaceae) from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 64: 123 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013">
Suetsugu
<emphasis id="51877D72AA39FFC3FB1E5EDA34A3F7C0" box="[1180,1231,2047,2068]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="268">et al.</emphasis>
(2013
</bibRefCitation>
, 2014)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="378CF1E8AA3EFFC4FF0A5E763549F858" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13651441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13651441/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" startId="4.[136,229,1875,1896]" targetBox="[171,1410,246,1830]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3EFFC4FF0A5E763549F858" blockId="4.[136,1451,1875,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3EFFC4FF0A5E763090F8BC" bold="true" box="[136,252,1875,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3EFFC4FE835E763182F8BC" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[257,494,1875,1896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3EFFC4FE835E763182F8BC" box="[257,494,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">Gastrodia kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from the holotype).A. Habit. B–D. Flower. (B, side view; C, front view; D, back view). E. Flattened perianth tube. F. Flattened lip.G–I. Column (G, lateral view; H, back view; I, front view). A. Bar = 3 cm. B–I. Bar = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3EFFC5FF3F5E993530FF09" blockId="4.[136,1452,1980,2077]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1452,160,1301]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="270" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">
In addition, the dissected flower of
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3EFFC4FDC15E99336FF801" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[579,771,1980,2005]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3EFFC4FDC15E99336FF801" box="[579,771,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3EFFC4FC5F5E9930D3F82D" authority="T. C. Hsu &amp; C. M. Kuo (2010: 244)" authorityName="T. C. Hsu &amp; C. M. Kuo" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="2010" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uraiensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3EFFC4FC5F5E993409F801" box="[989,1125,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">G. uraiensis</emphasis>
T.C. Hsu &amp; C.M. Kuo (2010: 244)
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3EFFC4FEB95EC53197F82D" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[315,507,2016,2041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3EFFC4FEB95EC53197F82D" box="[315,507,2016,2041]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="269">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the larger stature during flowering (
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA3EFFC4FB165EC53499F82D" box="[1172,1269,2016,2041]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="8.0">8–17 cm</quantity>
vs.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA3EFFC4FAA35EC5351BF82D" box="[1313,1399,2016,2041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="269" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 cm</quantity>
), the floral condition (cleistogamous vs. chasmogamous), the lip morphology (hypochile with two white degenerated smooth calli vs. hypochile with 2 orange globose calli), the rostellum condition (degenerated vs. ca.
<quantity id="A40B0C85AA3FFFC5FB1A5985348BFF6D" box="[1176,1255,160,185]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
long), the stigma positon (slightly above middle vs. base) and the anther cap morphology (joined with column vs. independent).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3FFFC5FF3F59CD32E3FD91" blockId="5.[136,1452,160,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FF3F59CD31D3FED5" bold="true" box="[189,447,232,257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Reproductive biology</emphasis>
:—Although a slit was occasionally observed between the lateral sepals, most of the
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FA1259CD314BFEF1" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FA1259CD314BFEF1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers studied remained completely closed throughout the entire flowering period (
<figureCitation id="FBC8BDE5AA3FFFC5FB6A58293542FEF1" box="[1256,1326,268,293]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1883,1904]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,243,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-39@2.[151,1436,242,1857]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gastrodia kuroshimensis (from the type locality). A–B. Flower (A, front view; B, back view). C. Flower with slit between the lateral sepals, back view). D. Flattened perianth tube. E. Lip and column. F. Lip. G. Flattened lip. H–I. Column (H, back view; I, front view). Bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13651439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13651439/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Although cleistogamous plants usually adopt a mixed pollination strategy, also bearing chasmogamous flowers for open pollination (reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FE23587132DDFEB9" author="Culley, T. M. &amp; Klooster, M. R." box="[417,689,340,365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref3124" refString="Culley, T. M. &amp; Klooster, M. R. (2007) The cleistogamous breeding system: a review of its frequency, evolution, and ecology in angiosperms. The Botanical Review 73: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2007">Culley &amp; Klooster 2007</bibRefCitation>
), the completely cleistogamous nature of
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FB025871352DFEB9" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[1152,1345,340,365]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FB025871352DFEB9" box="[1152,1345,340,365]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicates that it is an obligate self-pollinating species. Although complete cleistogamy is extremely rare, it is relatively common in the genus
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FE9858B931E7FE61" box="[282,395,412,437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FE9858B931E7FE61" box="[282,395,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Gastrodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having been observed in at least three species:
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FC3258B93471FE61" authorityName="T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung &amp; C. M. Kuo" authorityYear="2012" box="[944,1053,412,437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clausa">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FC3258B93471FE61" box="[944,1053,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. clausa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FBAE58B930D7FE0D" authority="Suetsugu (2013: 375)" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityPageNumber="375" authorityYear="2013" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="takeshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FBAE58B93487FE61" box="[1068,1259,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. takeshimensis</emphasis>
Suetsugu (2013: 375)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FF7358E532CCFE0D" authority="Suetsugu (2014: 270)" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityPageNumber="270" authorityYear="2014" box="[241,672,448,473]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexistyloides">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FF7358E531C9FE0D" box="[241,421,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. flexistyloides</emphasis>
Suetsugu (2014: 270)
</taxonomicName>
. Careful dissection of the
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FC4158E534E8FE0D" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[963,1156,448,473]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FC4158E534E8FE0D" box="[963,1156,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers at different stages revealed that their pollinia fragment into massulae before the flowers matured. The flowers were also found to have degenerated rostellums, which allowed the massulae to drop directly onto the surface of the stigma, confirming the obligate self-pollinating nature of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3FFFC5FF3F5B7533C1FCB1" blockId="5.[136,1452,160,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">
Although orchids have evolved many mechanisms to reduce or prevent incidents of self-pollination and enhance outcrossing, reports of autonomous self-pollination are still fairly common, and according to the review of Catling (1990), occurs in all orchid subfamilies. The most comprehensive estimate, based on the reports of peer-reviewed articles, indicates that self-pollination occurs in approximately 400 species of orchids, which corresponds to 31% of all species for which pollination systems are known (
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FD645BC5330BFD2D" author="Peter, C. I." box="[742,871,736,761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" refId="ref3974" refString="Peter, C. I. (2009) Pollinators, floral deception and evolutionary processes in Eulophia (Orchidaceae) and its allies. PhD Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal." type="book" year="2009">Peter 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The most common mechanism of self-pollination in orchids, occurring in approximately half of the self-pollinating species studied to date, results from a reduction in the size of the rostellum that allows contact between the pollinia and the stigma (Catling 1990). This is the same mechanism observed in the newly discovered species
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FD665A6933C9FCB1" authorityName="Suetsugu" authorityYear="2016" box="[740,933,844,869]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kuroshimensis">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FD665A6933C9FCB1" box="[740,933,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">G. kuroshimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634CA160AA3FFFC5FF3F5A553141FAC1" blockId="5.[136,1452,160,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">
It has been suggested that autonomous self-pollination represents an evolutionary response to ensure reproductive success when there is a lack of pollinators, and the frequency of pollination is regularly quite low (
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FB4F5AB13538FC79" author="Baker, H. G." box="[1229,1364,916,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="347 - 348" refId="ref2864" refString="Baker, H. G. (1955) Self-compatibility and establishment after '' long distance' ' dispersal. Evolution 9: 347 - 348." type="journal article" year="1955">Baker 1955</bibRefCitation>
). Given that mycoheterotrophic plants commonly inhabit forest floors, where they are shaded by dense woodland or scrub, it is likely that they frequently experience such conditions. These environments have extremely low levels of light intensity in the dim to dark range, which have been linked to the development of mycoheterotrophy as an adaptation to survive these conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FE475D0132A7FBE9" author="Bidartondo, M. I. &amp; Burghardt, B. &amp; Gebauer, G. &amp; Bruns, T. D. &amp; Read, D. J." box="[453,715,1060,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" refId="ref2890" refString="http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2405656 Bidartondo, M. I., Burghardt, B., Gebauer, G., Bruns, T. D., &amp; Read, D. J. (2004) Changing partners in the dark: isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271: 1799 - 1806." type="book" year="2004">
Bidartondo
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FDCF5D0132EAFBE9" box="[589,646,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
). However, such low-light environments are not suited to species of insects commonly associated with pollination, which could limit plant reproduction (
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FBE15D6D3491FBB5" author="Herrera, C. M." box="[1123,1277,1096,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="218 - 228" refId="ref3240" refString="Herrera, C. M. (1995) Floral biology, microclimate, and pollination by ectothermic bees in an early-blooming herb. Ecology 76: 218 - 228. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1940644" type="journal article" year="1995">Herrera 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FA8A5D6D3528FBB5" author="Herrera, C. M." box="[1288,1348,1096,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="601 - 611" refId="ref3283" refString="Herrera, C. M. (1997) Thermal biology and foraging responses of insect pollinators to the forest floor irradiance mosaic. Oikos 78: 601 - 611. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3545623" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, most of the mycoheterotrophic species investigated to date (especially nectarless species) seem to have abandoned insect pollinators in favor of self-pollination (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FD3A5DB53300FB7D" author="Suetsugu, K." box="[696,876,1168,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="375 - 378" refId="ref4107" refString="Suetsugu, K. (2013 a) Gastrodia takeshimensis (Orchidaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Japan. Annales Botanici Fennici 50: 375 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5735 / 085.050.0613" type="journal article" year="2013">Suetsugu 2013a</bibRefCitation>
, b, Suetsugu 2014,
<bibRefCitation id="0762DC91AA3FFFC5FBCA5DB5356DFB7D" author="Suetsugu, K." box="[1096,1281,1168,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" pagination="115 - 125" refId="ref4278" refString="Suetsugu, K. (2015 b) Autonomous self-pollination and insect visitors in partially and fully mycoheterotrophic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae). Journal of Plant Research 128: 115 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10265 - 014 - 0669 - 4" type="journal article" year="2015">Suetsugu 2015b</bibRefCitation>
). The complete cleistogamy observed in the mycoheterotrophic genus
<taxonomicName id="A4F3DAE3AA3FFFC5FC8F5D913312FB19" box="[781,894,1204,1229]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Gastrodia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="270" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51877D72AA3FFFC5FC8F5D913312FB19" box="[781,894,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="270">Gastrodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can therefore be considered a mechanism that provides reproductive assurance to compensate for pollinator limitation due to their lack of nectar and pollinatorhostile habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>