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<document id="E0455257A71162728C326C9BD6875ED7" ID-CLB-Dataset="301949" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5496.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df8ef8cd-14b9-40a2-9b48-58d0f2f55127" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13346625" ID-ZooBank="D690291D-7BD2-43D1-95E8-81B3F82D988A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1724132869255" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Takano, Hitoshi" docDate="2024" docId="592E8799FFD4FFC3FF4CF8A8BD865616" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5496.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5496 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5496.2.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ornipholidotos ghesquierei Libert 2005" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="223" masterDocId="A517FFE1FFDDFFC9FFDBFF9AB952540F" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of three new species of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo with additional notes on little-known species" masterLastPageNumber="230" masterPageNumber="214" pageNumber="223" updateTime="1725270950383" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BDE1EC2CE452A729C94B840E2D74E721">Descriptions of three new species of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo with additional notes on little-known species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AFE39332845BC8095881D24435165E0">Takano, Hitoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D9436978F6AC667970898E5895FAB888">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="57F42DBE77EB65880B9A067A20AF6031">5496</mods:number>
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<treatment id="592E8799FFD4FFC3FF4CF8A8BD865616" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13626941" ID-GBIF-Taxon="240023433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13626941" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:592E8799FFD4FFC3FF4CF8A8BD865616" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/592E8799FFD4FFC3FF4CF8A8BD865616" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">
<subSubSection id="999D6504FFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8BBD05343" box="[151,642,1842,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8BBD05343" blockId="9.[151,642,1842,1869]" box="[151,642,1842,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">
<heading id="8A7081E3FFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8BBD05343" bold="true" box="[151,642,1842,1869]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8BBD05343" authority="Libert, 2005" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,642,1842,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8BBD05343" bold="true" box="[151,642,1842,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD4FFC0FF4CF8A8B8B35342" bold="true" box="[151,481,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">Ornipholidotos ghesquierei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD4FFC0FE32F8A8BBD05343" author="Libert, M." box="[489,642,1842,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="999D6504FFD4FFC3FF4CF8E1BD865616" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD4FFC3FF4CF8E1BD865616" blockId="9.[151,1437,1914,2013]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">
The single female specimen upon which the description of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD4FFC0FCF5F8E1BDA1539A" authority="Libert, 2005" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[814,1267,1914,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD4FFC0FCF5F8E1BD30539A" box="[814,1122,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">Ornipholidotos ghesquierei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD4FFC0FBB2F8E1BDA1539A" author="Libert, M." box="[1129,1267,1914,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was based had initially been incorrectly paired with males of several other congeners but it was eventually placed in the
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD4FFC0FAEAF805BCCE53B6" baseAuthorityName="Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1329,1436,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylpha">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD4FFC0FAEAF805BCCE53B6" box="[1329,1436,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="223">O. sylpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sub-group based on distinct characters of the female genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD4FFC0FCB6F859BAA853D2" author="Libert, M." box="[877,1018,1986,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="223" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert 2005</bibRefCitation>
). A single male with a very reduced black apical zone of the forewing similar to that of the female
<typeStatus id="0E3C882DFFD7FFC3FCA2FF0DBA8954BE" box="[889,987,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected in the vicinity of Mbeli camp and it is believed this specimen represents the unknown male of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FC65FF21BD3154DA" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[958,1123,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FC65FF21BD3154DA" box="[958,1123,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ghesquierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FBA8FF21BD9B54DA" box="[1139,1225,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1413,1437]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,564,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1436,561,1390]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Ornipholidotos species. Adult ♂♂ (28–30), upperside (above) and underside (below); genitalia (31–33) in lateral view (left), posterior view (right) and phallus (below). 28. O. nbeti Libert, Cameroon, Nkoteng Forest (ANHRTUK 00363670). 29. O. ducarmei Libert, DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00260723).30. O. ghesquierei Libert, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00260590). 31. O. nbeti. 32. O. ducarmei. 33. O. ghesquierei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346639/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
). The male genital capsule conforms to other members of the
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FDA0FF45BBB554F6" baseAuthorityName="Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[635,743,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylpha">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FDA0FF45BBB554F6" box="[635,743,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. sylpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sub-group sharing the bifurcate valve connected basally by a membrane, and the large tegumen with two elongate and apically rounded trapezoidal lobes of the uncus (
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FAE0FE99BCDD5512" box="[1339,1423,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1413,1437]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,564,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1436,561,1390]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Ornipholidotos species. Adult ♂♂ (28–30), upperside (above) and underside (below); genitalia (31–33) in lateral view (left), posterior view (right) and phallus (below). 28. O. nbeti Libert, Cameroon, Nkoteng Forest (ANHRTUK 00363670). 29. O. ducarmei Libert, DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00260723).30. O. ghesquierei Libert, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00260590). 31. O. nbeti. 32. O. ducarmei. 33. O. ghesquierei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346639/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). The genitalia are closest to the phenotypically similar
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FD22FEBDBD4A554E" authority="Libert, 2005" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[761,1048,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ducarmei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FD22FEBDBAD4554E" box="[761,902,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ducarmei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FC56FEBDBD4A554E" author="Libert, M." box="[909,1048,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FBFCFEBDBDF8554E" box="[1063,1194,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1413,1437]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,564,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1436,561,1390]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Ornipholidotos species. Adult ♂♂ (28–30), upperside (above) and underside (below); genitalia (31–33) in lateral view (left), posterior view (right) and phallus (below). 28. O. nbeti Libert, Cameroon, Nkoteng Forest (ANHRTUK 00363670). 29. O. ducarmei Libert, DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00260723).30. O. ghesquierei Libert, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00260590). 31. O. nbeti. 32. O. ducarmei. 33. O. ghesquierei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346639/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Figs 29, 32</figureCitation>
), the narrower valves separating it clearly from the potentially sympatric
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FD02FED1BA94556A" authority="Libert, 2005" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[729,966,330,357]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nbeti">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FD02FED1BA66556A" box="[729,820,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. nbeti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FCE0FED1BA94556A" author="Libert, M." box="[827,966,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FC0EFED1BD0A556A" box="[981,1112,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1413,1437]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,564,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-212@10.[151,1436,561,1390]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Ornipholidotos species. Adult ♂♂ (28–30), upperside (above) and underside (below); genitalia (31–33) in lateral view (left), posterior view (right) and phallus (below). 28. O. nbeti Libert, Cameroon, Nkoteng Forest (ANHRTUK 00363670). 29. O. ducarmei Libert, DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00260723).30. O. ghesquierei Libert, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00260590). 31. O. nbeti. 32. O. ducarmei. 33. O. ghesquierei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346639/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Figs 28, 31</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FB57FED1BC62556A" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[1164,1328,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FB57FED1BC62556A" box="[1164,1328,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ghesquierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lobes of the uncus are more robust, the valves are more symmetrical, the apex of the left pseudovalve is gently curved dorsad, and the asymmetric right pseudovalve is narrower, straighter and longer. The PWD between
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FAD4FE09BCCE55A2" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[1295,1436,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ducarmei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FAD4FE09BCCE55A2" box="[1295,1436,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ducarmei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=1) and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FECBFE2DB8E455DE" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[272,438,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FECBFE2DB8E455DE" box="[272,438,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ghesquierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=1) barcodes were negligible (0.5%) but since the divergences between these and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FA5AFE2DB99D55FA" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nbeti">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FA5AFE2DB99D55FA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. nbeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown, and the single male specimen of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FD10FE41BA3C55FA" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[715,878,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FD10FE41BA3C55FA" box="[715,878,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ghesquierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displays phenotypic as well as genital differences,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FF4CFE65B8715616" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,291,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ducarmei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FF4CFE65B8715616" box="[151,291,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ducarmei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FE81FE65B8AC5616" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[346,510,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghesquierei">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FE81FE65B8AC5616" box="[346,510,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">O. ghesquierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are maintained as valid until further material becomes available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="CA575FC1FD367690C56318BE7E395A26">Descriptions of three new species of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo with additional notes on little-known species</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="999D6504FFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1BA2C527A" box="[151,894,1627,1654]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1BA2C527A" blockId="10.[151,894,1627,1654]" box="[151,894,1627,1654]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">
<heading id="8A7081E3FFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1BA2C527A" bold="true" box="[151,894,1627,1654]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1BA2C527A" authority="(Bethune-Baker, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,894,1627,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori" subGenus="Pilodeudorix">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1BA2C527A" bold="true" box="[151,894,1627,1654]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FF4CF9C1B8615279" bold="true" box="[151,307,1627,1654]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Pilodeudorix</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FE9EF9C1B8B35279" bold="true" box="[325,481,1627,1654]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Pilodeudorix</emphasis>
) cf.
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FDC3F9C1BB0C527A" bold="true" box="[536,606,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">catori</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FDB6F9C1BA24527A" author="Bethune-Baker, G. T." box="[621,886,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" pagination="324 - 334" refId="ref9479" refString="Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1903) On new species of Lycaenidae from West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 12 (69), 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678860" type="journal article" year="1903">Bethune-Baker, 1903</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="999D6504FFD7FFC2FF4CF939BA2A55FA" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD7FFC2FF4CF939BA2A55FA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1699,2014]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">
<specimenCount id="C781FD06FFD7FFC3FF4CF939B87F52B2" box="[151,301,1699,1725]" count="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" type="female">Three female</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FEEEF939BB0952B1" authority="Druce, 1891" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1891" box="[309,603,1699,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FEEEF939B89552B2" box="[309,455,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Pilodeudorix</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FE14F93EBB0952B1" author="Druce, H. H." box="[463,603,1700,1726]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" pagination="364 - 367" refId="ref9916" refString="Druce, H. H. (1891) Descriptions of some new genera and species of West-African Lycaenidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 7 (40), 364 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460623" type="journal article" year="1891">Druce, 1891</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
specimens with all-brown uppersides (
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FBCCF939BD3852B1" box="[1047,1130,1699,1726]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–37" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,528,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-212@11.[151,1436,525,1164]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34–37. Pilodeudorix (Pilodeudorix) species. Adult ♀♀, upperside (above) and underside (below). 34. P. catori (Bethune-Baker), Ivory Coast, Mont Sângbé NP (ANHRTUK 00289930).35. P. cf. catori, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00289890). 36. P. anetia (Hulstaert) Gabon, Monts de Cristal (ANHRTUK 00189583). 37. Id., DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00321794)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346641/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
) pertaining to the
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FAE6F93EBCCE52B2" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1341,1436,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FAE6F93EBCCE52B2" box="[1341,1436,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. catori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FF3CF95DB82E52EE" author="Libert, M." box="[231,380,1735,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" refId="ref10804" refString="Libert, M. (2004 b) Revision des Deudorix africains (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Lambillionea, Tervuren, 200 pp." type="book" year="2004">Libert 2004b</bibRefCitation>
) were caught at PNNN, one at Mbeli camp and two attracted to light traps at Ndoki Formation (
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FF44F971B9A45309" box="[159,246,1771,1798]" captionStart="FIGURES 38–40" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1214,1238]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,181,1190]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 38–40.Parc National de Nouabalé-Ndoki, Republic of Congo.38.Mbeli camp, typelocality of Falcuna nouabaleensis sp. nov. and Anthene sangha sp. nov. 39. Ndoki formation, type locality of Neurellipes smithi sp. nov. 40. F. nouabaleensis sp. nov., paratype ♂, taken in natura at Mondika camp. (All photographs V. Dérozier)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346643/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Based on the similar underside colouration to the male
<typeStatus id="0E3C882DFFD7FFC3FC56F971BAA0530A" box="[909,1010,1771,1797]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, it was presumed that these were the unknown females of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FE51F88ABBF05325" authority="Libert, 2004" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2004" box="[394,674,1807,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamidou">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FE51F88ABB5B5326" box="[394,521,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. hamidou</emphasis>
Libert, 2004
</taxonomicName>
, which at the time of description had not been identified with any certainty;
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FEDCF8A9B8F85342" author="Libert, M." box="[263,426,1843,1869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" refId="ref10804" refString="Libert, M. (2004 b) Revision des Deudorix africains (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Lambillionea, Tervuren, 200 pp." type="book" year="2004">Libert (2004b)</bibRefCitation>
had postulated that it was probably close to
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FC48F8AEBDA55341" authority="(Bethune-Baker, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[915,1271,1843,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FC48F8AEBAA35342" box="[915,1009,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. catori</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FC25F8A9BDBC5341" author="Bethune-Baker, G. T." box="[1022,1262,1843,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" pagination="324 - 334" refId="ref9479" refString="Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1903) On new species of Lycaenidae from West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 12 (69), 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678860" type="journal article" year="1903">Bethune-Baker, 1903</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
based on three all-brown females he had studied from
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD7FFC3FD89F8C2BB98537D" box="[594,714,1880,1906]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
. Surprisingly, the results of barcoding analyses revealed that the PNNN insects diverged from both
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FDF9F8E6BBD0539A" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[546,642,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FDF9F8E6BBD0539A" box="[546,642,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. catori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD7FFC3FD49F8E1BBB65399" box="[658,740,1915,1942]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–37" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,528,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-212@11.[151,1436,525,1164]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34–37. Pilodeudorix (Pilodeudorix) species. Adult ♀♀, upperside (above) and underside (below). 34. P. catori (Bethune-Baker), Ivory Coast, Mont Sângbé NP (ANHRTUK 00289930).35. P. cf. catori, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00289890). 36. P. anetia (Hulstaert) Gabon, Monts de Cristal (ANHRTUK 00189583). 37. Id., DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00321794)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346641/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC3FCFEF8E6BAF6539A" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2004" box="[805,932,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamidou">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FCFEF8E6BAF6539A" box="[805,932,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. hamidou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a publicly available sequence ALYML432- 13) with PWDs of 4.0% suggesting that it is either an unknown brown form of another species in this group or an undescribed species.
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD7FFC3FE77F859BB0153D2" author="Libert, M." box="[428,595,1987,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" refId="ref10804" refString="Libert, M. (2004 b) Revision des Deudorix africains (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Lambillionea, Tervuren, 200 pp." type="book" year="2004">Libert (2004b)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that females of another member of the species-group,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD7FFC2FAE2F85EB80A54BE" authority="(Hulstaert, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Hulstaert" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="225" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anetia">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD7FFC3FAE2F85EBCCE53D2" box="[1337,1436,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="224">P. anetia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FF44FF0DB80354BE" author="Hulstaert, P. G." box="[159,337,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="112 - 122" refId="ref10468" refString="Hulstaert, P. G. (1924) Lycaenidae nouveaux des collections du Musee du Congo Belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine, 12 (1), 112 - 122." type="journal article" year="1924">Hulstaert, 1924</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, were probably dimorphic in northeast
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FCD6FF0DBA1554BE" box="[781,839,151,177]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">DRC</collectingCountry>
having studied all-brown and all-blue forms from the same locality. With its wide distribution spanning Central Africa, the PNNN insects could represent a form of this taxon but sadly, the figured female specimens of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FD64FF45BA7254F7" baseAuthorityName="Hulstaert" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[703,800,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anetia">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FD64FF45BA7254F7" box="[703,800,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. anetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FCBEFF45BACD54F6" box="[869,927,223,249]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">DRC</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FC0DFF45BD7354F6" box="[982,1057,223,249]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD6FFC2FBF4FF45BDE254F6" box="[1071,1200,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–37" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,528,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-212@11.[151,1436,525,1164]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 34–37. Pilodeudorix (Pilodeudorix) species. Adult ♀♀, upperside (above) and underside (below). 34. P. catori (Bethune-Baker), Ivory Coast, Mont Sângbé NP (ANHRTUK 00289930).35. P. cf. catori, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00289890). 36. P. anetia (Hulstaert) Gabon, Monts de Cristal (ANHRTUK 00189583). 37. Id., DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00321794)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346641/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Figs 36–37</figureCitation>
) were not sequenced and thus any firm conclusions, especially in the absence of male specimens, cannot be drawn. It is however worth noting that the appearance of the females from PNNN are constant yet distinct from
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FBB2FEBDBD98554F" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1129,1226,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FBB2FEBDBD98554F" box="[1129,1226,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. catori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FADEFEBDBC3B554F" baseAuthorityName="Hulstaert" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1285,1385,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anetia">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FADEFEBDBC3B554F" box="[1285,1385,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. anetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the upperside is noticeably greyer especially on the hindwing, there are densely packed dark brown scales along the hindwing veins giving it definition, and the lobe and tornal region of the hindwing is a contrasting orangey-brown. The underside is most similar in appearance to the female of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FCE3FE09BACA55A3" baseAuthorityName="Hulstaert" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[824,920,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anetia">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FCE3FE09BACA55A3" box="[824,920,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. anetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FC00FE09BD4555A2" box="[987,1047,403,429]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">DRC</collectingCountry>
, but with a warmer orangey-brown tone towards the outer margin of the forewing. Further investigations of members of this group are required and it is figured here as an insect of interest to look out for in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="85F86607FFD6FFC2FF4CFB39BC27510C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346641" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13346641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346641/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" startId="11.[151,264,1187,1211]" targetBox="[152,1433,528,1156]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD6FFC2FF4CFB39BC27510C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1187,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FF4CFB39B80A50B4" bold="true" box="[151,344,1187,1211]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">FIGURES 34–37.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FEBAFB39BBD150B4" box="[353,643,1187,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pilodeudorix">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FEBAFB39B8B750B4" box="[353,485,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Pilodeudorix</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FE2CFB39BB2950B4" box="[503,635,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Pilodeudorix</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
species. Adult ♀♀, upperside (above) and underside (below).
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FAC1FB39BC6850B4" bold="true" box="[1306,1338,1187,1211]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">34.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FA9FFB3EB81650D0" authority="(Bethune-Baker)" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FA9FFB3EBCCF50B4" box="[1348,1437,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. catori</emphasis>
(Bethune-Baker)
</taxonomicName>
, Ivory Coast, Mont Sângbé NP (ANHRTUK 00289930).
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FCA2FB5DBACB50D0" bold="true" box="[889,921,1223,1247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">35.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FC46FB52BD5D50D0" baseAuthorityName="Bethune-Baker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[925,1039,1223,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catori">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FC46FB52BAE250D0" box="[925,944,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FC09FB52BD5D50D0" box="[978,1039,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">catori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ROC, PNNN (ANHRTUK 00289890).
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FF4CFB71B9E5510C" bold="true" box="[151,183,1259,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FF66FB76B8D8510C" authority="(Hulstaert)" baseAuthorityName="Hulstaert" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[189,394,1259,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pilodeudorix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anetia">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FF66FB76B847510C" box="[189,277,1260,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">P. anetia</emphasis>
(Hulstaert)
</taxonomicName>
Gabon, Monts de Cristal (ANHRTUK 00189583).
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FC48FB71BAE1510C" bold="true" box="[915,947,1259,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">37.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FC62FB71BA9C510C" box="[953,974,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Id</emphasis>
., DRC, Biakato (ANHRTUK 00321794).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="999D6504FFD6FFC4FF4CFACFBA00554E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD6FFC2FF4CFACFBAE15160" blockId="11.[151,947,1365,1391]" box="[151,947,1365,1391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FF4CFACFBAE15160" bold="true" box="[151,947,1365,1391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Distribution patterns of butterflies in the Sangha River Interval</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD6FFC2FF4CFA04BA74534C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1437,2040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">
PNNN is located between two main tributaries of the
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FD2EFA07BA1251B8" box="[757,832,1437,1463]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Congo</collectingCountry>
River, the Ubangi to the east and Sangha to the west, and at its heart is the watershed region for the Nouabalé River which flows into the former and the Ndoki River into the latter. The park also falls within a region known as the Sangha River Interval (SRI), a 400 km-wide area that saw recurrent phases of forest disturbance in the Quaternary (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FC98F993BD70522B" author="Bostoen, K. &amp; Clist, B. &amp; Doumenge, C. &amp; Grollemund, R. &amp; Hombert, J. - M. &amp; Muluwa, J. K. &amp; Maley, J." box="[835,1058,1545,1572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="354 - 384" refId="ref9675" refString="Bostoen, K., Clist, B., Doumenge, C., Grollemund, R., Hombert, J. - M., Muluwa, J. K. &amp; Maley, J. (2015) Middle to late Holocene paleoclimate change and the early Bantu expansion in the rain forests of western Central Africa. Current Anthropology, 56 (3), 354 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 681436" type="journal article" year="2015">
Bostoen
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FC7CF990BA8A522C" box="[935,984,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). During the late Holocene, major perturbation at the forest core led to fragmentation and a rapid expansion of pioneer-type vegetation that resulted in the formation of forest and fluvial refuges (
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD6FFC2FDA2F9CBBB9E5264" box="[633,716,1617,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1012,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,988]" captionTargetId="figure-112@13.[151,1435,345,988]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 41. A map of rainforest refugia in Central Africa ca. 2500–2000 cal. yr BP (adapted from Maley et al. 2017). The present-day extent of the rainforest is outlined in pale green, the forest refuges in dark green, fluvial refuges in dark blue and the Sangha River Interval (SRI) between the dotted lines. The national parks (1: Nouabalé-Ndoki, 2: Odzala-Kokoua) are indicated in yellow, and the known distribution of Oxylides bella Aurivillius is overlayed in red dots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346645" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346645/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). The presence of savanna species deep within the humid forests suggests that the SRI may have acted as a corridor for woodland/savanna species linking the Sudanian savannas of the north to the Bateke Plateau in the south (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FD5DF903BA0052BC" author="Maley, J. &amp; Doumenge, C. &amp; Giresse, P. &amp; Mahe, G. &amp; Philippon, N. &amp; Hubau, W. &amp; Lokonda, M. O. &amp; Tshibamba, J. M. &amp; Chepstow-Lusty, A." box="[646,850,1689,1716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref11060" refString="Maley, J., Doumenge, C., Giresse, P., Mahe, G., Philippon, N., Hubau, W., Lokonda, M. O., Tshibamba, J. M. &amp; Chepstow-Lusty, A. (2017) Late Holocene forest contraction and fragmentation in central Africa. Quaternary Research, 89 (1), 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / qua. 2017.97" type="journal article" year="2017">
Maley
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FD0DF900BA5552BC" box="[726,775,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). This peculiarity provides one potential explanation for the initial divergence and modern-day distribution of forest-dwelling sibling taxa in this region of which there are numerous examples. Furthermore, in the case of taxa found in sympatry such as
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FBE5F978BDF052F4" box="[1086,1186,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Neurellipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ngoko">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FBE5F978BDF052F4" box="[1086,1186,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">N. ngoko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FB03F978BC6E52F4" authorityName="Takano" authorityYear="2024" box="[1240,1340,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Neurellipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FB03F978BC6E52F4" box="[1240,1340,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">N. smithi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FA98F97BBCCE52F4" bold="true" box="[1347,1436,1761,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F8C057E6FFD6FFC2FA98F97BBCCE52F4" box="[1347,1436,1761,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(or parapatry), the most parsimonious inference is that they too speciated in allopatry and the current sympatry is the result of secondary contact (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FDEFF8B3BA49534C" author="McBride, C. S. &amp; van Velzen, R. &amp; Larsen, T. B." box="[564,795,1833,1860]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="3639 - 3651" refId="ref11188" refString="McBride, C. S., van Velzen, R. &amp; Larsen, T. B. (2009) Allopatric origin of cryptic butterfly species that were discovered feeding on distinct host plants in sympatry. Molecular Ecology, 18, 3639 - 3651. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2009.04309. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
McBride
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FD44F8B0BB82534C" box="[671,720,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D138368FFFD6FFC4FF1CF8D4BA00554E" blockId="11.[151,1437,1437,2040]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">
However, despite the present-day continuous expanse of the equatorial rainforests in Central Africa, the SRI seems to be the eastern-most (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FDEFF8EBBD595384" authority="(Grose-Smith, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[564,1035,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Neurellipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahota">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FDEFF8EBBA415384" box="[564,787,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Neurellipes mahota</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FCFEF8EBBD515384" author="Grose-Smith, H." box="[805,1027,1905,1931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="62 - 66" refId="ref10048" refString="Grose-Smith, H. (1887) Descriptions of nine new species of African butterflies. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 19 (109), 62 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938709460199" type="journal article" year="1887">Grose-Smith, 1887</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FB92F8EBBD805384" author="Libert, M." box="[1097,1234,1905,1931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" refId="ref10860" refString="Libert, M. (2010) Revision des Anthene africains (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 420 pp." type="book" year="2010">Libert 2010</bibRefCitation>
) or western-most (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD6FFC2FF0DF80FB82253A0" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1920" box="[214,368,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Triclema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutzi">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD6FFC2FF0DF80FB82253A0" box="[214,368,1941,1967]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Triclema lutzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FEACF80FBB4B53A0" author="Holland, W. J." box="[375,537,1941,1967]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" pagination="109 - 369" refId="ref10394" refString="Holland, W. J. (1920) Lepidoptera of the Congo, being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 43 (6), 109 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11468" type="journal article" year="1920">
<collectingCountry id="A990761FFFD6FFC2FEACF80FB88653A0" box="[375,468,1941,1967]" name="Netherlands" pageId="11" pageNumber="225">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1920
</bibRefCitation>
, the PNNN specimens being a new country record for this species and a westerly extension to the localities listed in
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD6FFC2FDFAF823BBF553DC" author="Libert, M." box="[545,679,1977,2003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="225" refId="ref10860" refString="Libert, M. (2010) Revision des Anthene africains (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 420 pp." type="book" year="2010">Libert 2010</bibRefCitation>
) extent of many species’ distribution which may suggest that other factors have and are circumscribing the distribution of these species. At a finer scale, the direct comparison of the species assemblages of two localities situated within the SRI, PNOK and PNNN, is of particular interest. Although the majority of species are found at both sites, there are numerous examples of species recorded at PNOK, both on
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FF60FA23B82F51DC" author="Dowsett, R. J." box="[187,381,1465,1491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="77 - 101" refId="ref9882" refString="Dowsett, R. J. (1997) Preliminary survey of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Parc National d'Odzala, Congo. Tauraco Research Report, 6, 77 - 101." type="journal article" year="1997">Dowsett’s (1997)</bibRefCitation>
list and from samples collected on a short trip to the park by Violette Dérozier (ANHRT) but absent from PNNN. Species such as
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FD9FFA46BAA251F8" authority="Libert, 2005" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2005" box="[580,1008,1500,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Ornipholidotos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dowsetti">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FD9FFA46BA0451F9" box="[580,854,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">Ornipholidotos dowsetti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FCBBFA46BAA251F8" author="Libert, M." box="[864,1008,1500,1527]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" refId="ref10829" refString="Libert, M. (2005) Revision des Ornipholidotos et Torbenia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya and Lambillionea, Tervuren, 174 pp." type="book" year="2005">Libert, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FC25FA47B99D5214" authority="Bethune-Baker, 1915" authorityName="Bethune-Baker" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Hewitsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bitjeana">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FC25FA47BDB151F9" box="[1022,1251,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">Hewitsonia bitjeana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FB36FA46B99D5214" author="Bethune-Baker, G. T." pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="186 - 203" refId="ref9625" refString="Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1915) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 16 (93), 186 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693705" type="journal article" year="1915">Bethune-Baker, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FED3F99ABBD65214" authority="Aurivillius, [1899]" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1899" box="[264,644,1536,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Oxylides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bella">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FED3F99AB8F85215" box="[264,426,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">Oxylides bella</emphasis>
Aurivillius, [1899]
</taxonomicName>
are present at the former but (so far) not observed from the latter and conversely, vice versa for the three new species described above. Despite long series of two species of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FAE1F9BEBCCE5231" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1338,1436,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Oxylides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FAE1F9BEBCCE5231" box="[1338,1436,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">Oxylides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being sampled at PNNN,
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FE61F9D3BB47526D" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1899" box="[442,533,1608,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Oxylides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bella">
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FE61F9D3BB47526D" box="[442,533,1608,1635]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">O. bella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was never collected and based on the distribution of this (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FB72F9D2BC6F526C" author="Libert, M." box="[1193,1341,1608,1635]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="143 - 158" refId="ref10774" refString="Libert, M. (2004 a) Revision du genre Oxylides Hubner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Lambillionea, 104 (2), 143 - 158." type="journal article" year="2004">Libert 2004a</bibRefCitation>
) as well as the presence-absence of the other aforementioned species, it may be possible to speculate that the biogeographic barrier is much narrower than the SRI and that the Sangha River itself has acted as a barrier to gene flow (
<figureCitation id="49BC2A0AFFD1FFC5FAE7F90ABCDD52A4" box="[1340,1423,1680,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1012,1036]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,988]" captionTargetId="figure-112@13.[151,1435,345,988]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 41. A map of rainforest refugia in Central Africa ca. 2500–2000 cal. yr BP (adapted from Maley et al. 2017). The present-day extent of the rainforest is outlined in pale green, the forest refuges in dark green, fluvial refuges in dark blue and the Sangha River Interval (SRI) between the dotted lines. The national parks (1: Nouabalé-Ndoki, 2: Odzala-Kokoua) are indicated in yellow, and the known distribution of Oxylides bella Aurivillius is overlayed in red dots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346645" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346645/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). These observations may be a sampling artefact: this is after all a region that has in general been poorly-collected (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FF44F943B8E852FC" author="Larsen, T. B. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E." box="[159,442,1752,1779]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="53 - 58" refId="ref10641" refString="Larsen, T. B. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2011) Triskelionia, a new African genus of the Celaenorrhinini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and the promotion of T. compacta to species-status. Zootaxa, 2931 (1), 53 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2931.1.4" type="journal article" year="2011">Larsen &amp; Congdon 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and basing such reasoning on the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD1FFC5FC2BF942BD2052FD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1008,1138,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
, a group which in the past has attracted less attention (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FE0EF967BB375318" author="Larsen, T. B." box="[469,613,1789,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" refId="ref10612" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xxii + 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
) and can be difficult to collect, is perhaps misconceived. Moreover, the dataset is based on a relatively short sampling period—93 fieldwork days with three individuals sampling for 5–6 hours a day—and it is by no means complete; although sampling took place throughout the different seasons, it does not account for annual fluctuations in species abundance. There are however numerous examples of even relatively narrow tropical rivers acting as suture zones or barriers to gene flow for animals that have the capacity to cross such bodies of water (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FDF1F82ABA4153C5" author="Hawkins, B. A. &amp; Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. &amp; Jaramillo, C. A. &amp; Soeller, S. A." box="[554,787,1968,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="770 - 780" refId="ref10150" refString="Hawkins, B. A., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Jaramillo, C. A. &amp; Soeller, S. A. (2006) Post-Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds. Journal of Biogeography, 33 (5), 770 - 780. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01452. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Hawkins
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FD4DF82BBB8253C5" box="[662,720,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FCC5F82ABA8D53C4" author="Allen, K. E. &amp; Greenbaum, E. &amp; Hime, P. M. &amp; Tapondjou, W. P. &amp; Sterkhova, V. V. &amp; Kusamba, C. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Penner, J. &amp; Peterson, A. T. &amp; Brown, R. M." box="[798,991,1968,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="6133 - 6152" refId="ref9158" refString="Allen, K. E., Greenbaum, E., Hime, P. M., Tapondjou, W. P., Sterkhova, V. V., Kusamba, C., Rodel, M. - O., Penner, J., Peterson, A. T. &amp; Brown, R. M. (2021) Rivers, not refugia, drove diversification in arboreal, sub-Saharan African snakes. Ecology &amp; Evolution, 11, 6133 - 6152. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.7429" type="book chapter" year="2021">
Allen
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FCBFF82BBACC53C5" box="[868,926,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
) and unlike larger Nymphalids that are known to disperse across rivers (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD1FFC5FD97F84FBA7353E0" author="Rosser, N. &amp; Shirai, L. T. &amp; Dasmahapatra, K. K. &amp; Mallet, J. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L." box="[588,801,2004,2031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="226" pagination="177 - 187" refId="ref11322" refString="Rosser, N., Shirai, L. T., Dasmahapatra, K. K., Mallet, J. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. (2021) The Amazon River is a suture zone for a polyphyletic group of co-mimetic heliconiine butterflies. Ecography, 44, 177 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ecog. 05282" type="journal article" year="2021">
Rosser
<emphasis id="E3F3EA9DFFD1FFC5FD79F84FBB8E53E1" box="[674,732,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
), some small forest-understory butterflies show species differentiation across them (
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD0FFC4FE08FF0DBB9354BE" author="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J." box="[467,705,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" pagination="1489 - 1497" refId="ref10093" refString="Hall, J. P. W. &amp; Harvey, D. J. (2002) The phylogeography of Amazonia revisited: new evidence from riodinid butterflies. Evolution, 56, 1489 - 1497. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 01460. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Hall &amp; Harvey 2002</bibRefCitation>
). With specific reference to this region of Central Africa, there is a growing body of work where similar distributional patterns have been observed in other groups of
<taxonomicName id="16874D0CFFD0FFC4FACEFF21BCCE54DA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1301,1436,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD0FFC4FF0CFF45B8BF54F6" author="Laszlo, G. M. &amp; Volynkin, A. V." box="[215,493,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" pagination="103 - 126" refId="ref10706" refString="Laszlo, G. M. &amp; Volynkin, A. V. (2023) Review of the genus Neomardara Hering, 1926 with descriptions of two new species and updated information on the distribution of the genus (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 68, 103 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.37828 / em. 2023.68.11" type="journal article" year="2023">László &amp; Volynkin 2023</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD0FFC4FE23FF45BBC254F6" author="Taberer, T. R." box="[504,656,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" pagination="639 - 644" refId="ref11566" refString="Taberer, T. R. (2024) A new species of Delorhachis Karsch, 1896 from Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo. Journal of Natural History, 58 (17 - 20), 639 - 644. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2024.2354483" type="journal article" year="2024">Taberer 2024</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD0FFC4FD41FF45BAC954F6" author="Takano, H. &amp; Laszlo, G. M." box="[666,923,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" refId="ref11687" refString="Takano, H. &amp; Laszlo, G. M. (2024) Descriptions of new Hypotrabala Holland, 1893" type="book" year="2024">Takano &amp; László 2024</bibRefCitation>
) as well as Orthoptera (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="B5164B7EFFD0FFC4FB06FF45BC3754F6" author="Massa, B." box="[1245,1381,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="227" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref11145" refString="Massa, B. (2023) Biodiversity hotspot in the Sangha Trinational Protected Area revealed through Orthoptera Tettigoniidae. Zootaxa, 5331 (1), 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5331.1.1" type="journal article" year="2023">Massa 2023</bibRefCitation>
) and although conjecture, all the while noting the caveats as outlined above, the SRI and potentially the Sangha River may be acting as a barrier for these forest-dwelling Lycaenids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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506
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<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E463C10FF704C47B43FD111" ID-CoL="XDMK" authority="A.C.S. Pereira &amp; Giul." authorityName="A. C. S. Pereira &amp; Giul." authorityYear="2016" box="[136,631,1620,1647]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E463C10FF704C47B727D111" bold="true" box="[136,367,1620,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
A.C.S. Pereira &amp; Giul.
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,
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(
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;
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;–
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).
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<emphasis id="E381234B8E463C10FF704CB3B6F2D1CB" bold="true" box="[136,186,1696,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Type</emphasis>
:—
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.
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: Campo Formoso, Serra do Curral Frio, road from Delfino (Municipality Umburanas) to Boa Vista, ca.
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after Lajes dos Negros,
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,
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(
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HUEFS!,
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ALCB!, BM!,CEPEC!, F!, K!, NY!,
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!, SPF!).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E463C10FF704D3DB72AD03B" box="[136,354,1838,1863]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E463C10FF704D3DB72AD03B" box="[136,354,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other species of this genus in
<collectingRegion id="133131BB8E463C10FCCC4D23B526D03B" box="[820,878,1840,1861]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, by the cushion habit with the aerial stem covered by the persistent leaves. It is similar to
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E463C10FE074D41B43ED015" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[511,630,1874,1899]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E463C10FE074D41B43ED015" box="[511,630,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to a lanate indumentum of white trichomes on leaves and scapes, and to the shape of the capitulum, but differs by the
<typeStatus id="0E4E41FB8E463C10FD534D65B493D0F1" box="[683,731,1910,1935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
of trichomes, size of flowers, petal indumentum and involucral bracts in relation to size of the flowers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E463C15FF704DF1B40AD53B" blockId="1.[136,1452,2018,2079]" lastBlockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">
Perennial herbs 15–30–(35) cm tall, caespitose. Stem 1.5–3×
<quantity id="160D52BC8E463C10FCC54DF1B5F7D085" box="[829,959,2018,2043]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" unit="cm" value="1.4" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.5 cm</quantity>
, rhizome erect or slightly oblique, sparsely pilose or glabrous, basal part buried in sand, covered by the persistent and revolute leaves, roots appearing at the stem base, with narrow white spongy cortex and light brown medulla, aerial parts with young leaves.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FB254FFFB363D17B" box="[1245,1323,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Leaves</emphasis>
8–11×
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FA8F4FFFB692D157" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8– 1.1mm</quantity>
, spirally arranged in a rosette, erect when young, becoming deflexed, persistent, linear, narrower towards the base, coriaceous, apex obtuse, adaxial surface of limb plane, glaucous (bluish “in vivo”), densely lanate, covered with white, adpressed malpighiaceous trichomes with two long tapered arms and a short basal cell, scattered from the apex to the base, the 1/3 lower region of the limb also with associated filamentous trichomes, ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FB504C6FB2BFD1EB" box="[1192,1271,1660,1685]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
long, senescent leaves becoming glabrescent; abaxial surface of limb with thickened veins, covered by lanate indumentum, with white filamentous trichomes, with ovoid basal cell and 1–2 terminal long cells, also with adpressed malpighiaceous trichomes, which are persistent on the senescent leaves; margins ciliate, with the apical 2/3 with malpighiaceous, adpressed cilia, and the basal 1/3 with filamentous, patent cilia, ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FC834D1FB582D05B" box="[891,970,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
long; sheath
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FB984D1FB29AD05B" box="[1120,1234,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
wide, persistent on the stem, expanded, with membranous margins, ciliate, filamentous trichomes ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FBF04D23B21FD037" box="[1032,1111,1840,1865]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
long, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface with sparse malpighiaceous trichome.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FD194D47B570D013" box="[737,824,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Spathes</emphasis>
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FCC64D47B5EDD013" box="[830,933,1876,1901]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.0">2–3.5 cm</quantity>
long, coriaceous, densely lanate, covered with white adpressed malpighiaceous trichomes, apex 2-divided, membranous.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FC344D6BB252D0EF" box="[972,1050,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Scapes</emphasis>
1–4 per rhizome, terminal or rarely lateral,
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FF234D8FB701D0CB" box="[219,329,1948,1973]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="22.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="12.0">12–32 cm</quantity>
long, erect, six-costate, densely pilose, on the intercostal area, with patent filamentous and adpressed malpighiaceous trichomes.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FE3C4DD3B46ED0A7" box="[452,550,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Capitula</emphasis>
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FDCA4DD3B4DBD0A7" box="[562,659,1984,2009]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
high ×
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C12FD0F4DD3B511D0A7" box="[759,857,1984,2009]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 mm</quantity>
in diameter, radiate later becoming hemispherical, receptacle densely tomentose, with erect and slightly curled trichomes, persistent during fructification; each capitulum with ca. 30 staminate and ca. 15 pistillate flowers. Involucral bracts in 6–7 series, exceeding the flower length by
<quantity id="160D52BC8E443C15FA65421BB6FCD7C7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="29" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in the young capitulum; bracts of the outer series cream-coloured, oblong-elliptic, 1.2–1.5×
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FB424AB3B35CD7C7" box="[1210,1300,160,185]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
, apex obtuse, pubescent on the abaxial surface; bracts progressively changing towards the inner series to white, spathulate, apex round, and with glabrous surface, bracts of the innermost series obovate, 3.5–3.9×
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FBEC4AFBB2D2D67F" box="[1044,1178,232,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.5499999999999998" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.7 mm</quantity>
, longer than the flowers, apex round, hyaline, membranous, glabrous, deflexed in the dispersion phrase. Floral bracts absent.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FB1A4B1FB3E3D65B" box="[1250,1451,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FF494B23B6A3D637" box="[177,235,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
long; pedicels ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FE3B4B23B453D637" box="[451,539,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long; sepals ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FD2F4B23B55ED637" box="[727,790,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, united up to the lower third of their length, elliptic, apex obtuse, hyaline, membranous, glabrous; anthophore absent; petals ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FC324B47B268D613" box="[970,1056,340,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, united up to half their length, elliptic, apex obtuse, hyaline, membranous; stamens slightly exserted; pistillode ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FBD64B6BB2CBD6EF" box="[1070,1155,376,401]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
long.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FB3F4B6BB3CDD6EF" box="[1223,1413,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FF704B8FB696D6CB" box="[136,222,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
long; pedicel ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FE5E4B8FB7B4D6CB" box="[422,508,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
long, elongating up to
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FCFA4B8FB50BD6CB" box="[770,835,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
at seed dispersion phase; sepals ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FB234B8FB37AD6CB" box="[1243,1330,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
long, free, imbricate, concave, elliptic, apex obtuse, hyaline, membranous, glabrous; petals ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FBBB4BD3B2D2D6A7" box="[1091,1178,448,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
long, united only in the median region, hyaline, membranous, glabrous, lobes with round apices; styles united, ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FB824BF7B298D683" box="[1146,1232,484,509]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long, stigmatic and nectariferous portions both inserted at apex, stigmatic portion ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FC9C481BB5F2D55F" box="[868,954,520,545]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
long, nectariferous portion ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FAEF481BB325D55F" box="[1303,1389,520,545]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
long. Seeds ca.
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FF0F483FB705D53B" box="[247,333,556,581]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long, elliptic, rugose.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="858AAFD18E453C13FF704D0BB374D0C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13663124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13663124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13663124/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" startId="2.[136,229,1816,1837]" targetBox="[187,1403,195,1744]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E453C13FF704D0BB374D0C3" blockId="2.[136,1452,1816,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E453C13FF704D0BB6B7D053" bold="true" box="[136,255,1816,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E453C13FEFD4D0BB780D053" box="[261,456,1816,1837]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E453C13FEFD4D0BB780D053" box="[261,456,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Habit; B. Dorsal leaf surface; C.Ventral leaf surface; D–E. Involucral bracts of the outer series; D. Abaxial pubescent surface; E. Adaxial glabrous surface; F–I. Involucral bracts of the inner and the innermost series; F. Abaxial pubescent surface of the inner series; G–I. Adaxial glabrous surface of the inner and the innermost series, changing the size and form; J–K. Staminate flowers; J. Flower with calyx and corolla; K. Gamosepalous calyx; L–O. Pistillate flower; L. Flower with calyx and corolla; M. Dialisepalous calyx showing corolla; N. corolla of the pistillate flower; O. One sepal; P. Seed (Drawn from the holotype by Carla de Lima).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="858AAFD18E443C12FF704F4CB5C3D2C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13663128" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13663128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13663128/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" startId="3.[136,229,1375,1396]" targetBox="[252,1336,190,1350]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E443C12FF704F4CB5C3D2C2" blockId="3.[136,1452,1375,1468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FF704F4CB6B6D20A" bold="true" box="[136,254,1375,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Diagnostic vegetative characters for
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E443C12FD9C4F4CB56ED20A" box="[612,806,1375,1396]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E443C12FD9C4F4CB56ED20A" box="[612,806,1375,1396]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Leaves in rosette; B. Abaxial surface of the leaf blade showing malpighiaceous trichomes; C. Adaxial of the leaf blade showing filamentous trichomes especially at the base, and filamentous trichomes on the spathe; D. Filamentous trichomes on the scape (Photo by A.C.S. Pereira).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="99EFACD28E433C15FF454843B4F7D247" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF454843B6A3D5AB" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF454843B700D517" bold="true" box="[189,328,592,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Etymology:</emphasis>
—The specific epithet honors Prof. Dr. Eduardo Leite Borba (Universidade Federal of
<collectingRegion id="133131BB8E433C15FAF74843B3EFD517" box="[1295,1447,592,617]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="A9E2BFC98E433C15FF704867B686D5F3" box="[136,206,628,653]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) who initiated a line of research on the population biology of plants endemic to “campo rupestre” vegetation when he worked at the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (2001–2005), supervising a number of post-graduate students.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF4548F3B253D3FB" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF4548F3B470D587" bold="true" box="[189,568,736,761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Notes on taxonomic affinities:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FDAC48F3B575D587" box="[596,829,736,761]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FDAC48F3B575D587" box="[596,829,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FC2E48F3B5B8D587" box="[982,1008,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C.</emphasis>
subg.
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FBB148F3B29DD587" baseAuthorityName="Parra et al. 2010:" baseAuthorityYear="1131" box="[1097,1237,736,761]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FBB148F3B29DD587" box="[1097,1237,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Comanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the features distinguishing this subgenus from
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FDE24917B465D463" box="[538,557,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
. subg.
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FD7E4917B500D463" box="[646,840,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Thysanocephalus</emphasis>
are: leaves with malpighiaceous trichomes; capitula radiate, campanulate, or hemispherical; the innermost involucral bract series (rarely) equal to or (frequently) surpassing the flowers; bracts from the outer series with a different colour from the bracts of the inner series; pistillate flowers with imbricate sepals; and pedicels elongating when fruiting is in the seed dispersion phase (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FB444963B3EFD4F7" author="Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; Giulietti, A. M. &amp; Rapini, A. &amp; Queiroz, L. P. &amp; Conceicao, A. S. &amp; Almeida, P. R. M. &amp; van den Berg, C." box="[1212,1447,880,905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="379 - 388" refId="ref3937" refString="Andrade, M. J. G., Giulietti, A. M., Rapini, A., Queiroz, L. P., Conceicao, A. S., Almeida, P. R. M. &amp; van den Berg, C. (2010) Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: evidence from nuclear (ITS) and plastid (psb A- trn H and trn L-F) DNA sequences. Taxon 59: 379 - 388." type="journal article" year="2010">
Andrade
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FAD04963B32BD4F7" box="[1320,1379,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FF704987B70CD4D3" author="Parra, L. R. &amp; Giulietti, A. M. &amp; Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; van den Berg, C." box="[136,324,916,941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1135 - 1146" refId="ref4902" refString="Parra, L. R., Giulietti, A. M., Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; van den Berg, C. (2010) Reestablishment and new circumscription of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae). Taxon 59 (4): 1135 - 1146." type="journal article" year="2010">
Parra
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF324987B74BD4D3" box="[202,259,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FEB74987B410D4D3" author="Echternacht, L. &amp; Sano, P. T. &amp; Bonillo, C. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J." box="[335,600,916,941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="47 - 63" refId="ref4175" refString="Echternacht, L., Sano, P. T., Bonillo, C., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J. (2014) Phylogeny and taxonomy of Syngonanthus and Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae): evidence from expanded sampling. Taxon 63: 47 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12705 / 631.36" type="journal article" year="2014">
Echternacht
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FE244987B45DD4D3" box="[476,533,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). The new species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FC4E4987B266D4D3" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[950,1070,916,941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FC4E4987B266D4D3" box="[950,1070,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sharing the same general whitish appearance due to a lanose indumentum of white trichomes on leaves and spathes, and to the shape of the capitulum; but it differs by having
<specimenCount id="C7F334D08E433C15FE6349CFB441D48B" box="[411,521,988,1013]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of trichomes (malpighiaceous and filamentous) in the leaves and spathes, by the involucral bracts much longer than the flowers, those of the outer series oblong-elliptic and by smaller staminate and pistillate flowers (
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FEAD4E37B787D343" box="[341,463,1060,1085]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="2.0">2–2.2 mm</quantity>
), these with glabrous petals.
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FCE14E37B5DBD343" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[793,915,1060,1085]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FCE14E37B5DBD343" box="[793,915,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only has malpighiaceous trichomes, involucral bracts with the same size as the flowers, those of the outer series circular to obovate; bigger staminate and pistillate flowers (
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FF134E7FB73FD3FB" box="[235,375,1132,1157]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="4.2" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="3.2">3.2–5.2 mm</quantity>
), these with petals hairy on both faces at the middle portion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF454E83B4F7D247" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
The individuals of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FE604E83B433D3D7" box="[408,635,1168,1193]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FE604E83B433D3D7" box="[408,635,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have part of the stem and roots buried in the white, unstable sands, on the hills where the species occurs, leaving the small white plants hardly visible. This habit is similar to
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FAD34EA7B3ECD3B3" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[1323,1444,1204,1229]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FAD34EA7B3ECD3B3" box="[1323,1444,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, recently described from the municipality of Jacaraci (Echternacht 2014), and
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FC164ECBB455D26B" authority="(Moldenke 1980: 478) Parra &amp; Giulietti (Parra et al. 2010: 1144)" authorityName="Parra &amp; Giulietti (Parra et al. 2010:" authorityYear="1144" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke" baseAuthorityYear="1980" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floccosa">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FC164ECBB224D38F" box="[1006,1132,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. floccosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FB834ECBB329D38F" author="Moldenke, H. N." box="[1147,1377,1240,1265]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="468 - 478" refId="ref4761" refString="Moldenke, H. N. (1980) Notes on new and noteworthy plants, CXXXVII. Phytologia 45: 468 - 478. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28295" type="journal article" year="1980">Moldenke 1980:478</bibRefCitation>
) Parra &amp; Giulietti (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FEE94EEFB45ED26B" author="Parra, L. R. &amp; Giulietti, A. M. &amp; Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; van den Berg, C." box="[273,534,1276,1301]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="1135 - 1146" refId="ref4902" refString="Parra, L. R., Giulietti, A. M., Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; van den Berg, C. (2010) Reestablishment and new circumscription of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae). Taxon 59 (4): 1135 - 1146." type="journal article" year="2010">
Parra
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FEAE4EEFB7C7D26B" box="[342,399,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010: 1144
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Serra do Açuruá in the municipality of Gentio do Ouro, a rare species only known from two collections (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FE2A4F33B4FCD247" author="Giulietti, A. M. &amp; Andrade, M. J. G. &amp; Trovo, M. &amp; Sano, P. T." box="[466,692,1312,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="166 - 180" refId="ref4366" refString="Giulietti, A. M., Andrade, M. J. G., Trovo, M. &amp; Sano, P. T. (2009) Eriocaulaceae. In: Giulietti, A. M., Rapini, A., Andrade, M. J. G., Queiroz, L. P. &amp; Silva, J. M. C. (Org.) Plantas Raras do Brasil. Conservacao Internacional / Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Belo Horizonte, pp. 166 - 180." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Giulietti
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FDC04F33B438D247" box="[568,624,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="99EFACD28E433C14FF454F57B6B9D283" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF454F57B50DD127" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF454F57B7BCD223" bold="true" box="[189,500,1348,1373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
—So far this species is only known from rocky outcrops with “campo rupestre” vegetation on sandy soils on the hills surrounding the municipalities of Campo Formoso (part of the “Mesoregião do Vale Sanfranciscano”,
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FE704F9FB442D2DB" author="IBGE" box="[392,522,1420,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4568" refString="IBGE (1990) Divisao Regional do Brasil em Mesorregioes e Microrregioes Geograficas. Vol. 1. pdf. Available from: http: // biblioteca. ibge. gov. br / visualizacao / monografias / (accessed 15 November 2015)" type="url" year="1990">IBGE 1990</bibRefCitation>
) and Sento Sé (part of the “Mesoregião do Centro Norte Baiano”,
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FB054F9FB3CAD2DB" author="IBGE" box="[1277,1410,1420,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4568" refString="IBGE (1990) Divisao Regional do Brasil em Mesorregioes e Microrregioes Geograficas. Vol. 1. pdf. Available from: http: // biblioteca. ibge. gov. br / visualizacao / monografias / (accessed 15 November 2015)" type="url" year="1990">IBGE 1990</bibRefCitation>
), in Northern
<collectingRegion id="133131BB8E433C15FF0D4FA3B771D2B7" box="[245,313,1456,1481]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, at the semiarid region of Northeastern
<collectingCountry id="A9E2BFC98E433C15FD014FA3B509D2B7" box="[761,833,1456,1481]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The entire extension of the Espinhaço Range in
<collectingRegion id="133131BB8E433C15FA924FA3B3E3D2B7" box="[1386,1451,1456,1481]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Bahia</collectingRegion>
has been referred to as the Chapada
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FDCB4FC7B4FED293" box="[563,694,1492,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="49CEE3DC8E433C15FD3F4FC7B563D293" box="[711,811,1492,1517]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,971,992]" captionTargetBox="[360,1237,197,933]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[340,1247,190,946]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Comanthera borbae in the Northern portion of the Espinhaço Range in Bahia, Brazil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13663132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13663132/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Figure 3</figureCitation>
), from Rio de Contas municipality in the South, to the municipalities of Umburanas (especially the mountains near Delfino), Sento Sé and Gentil do Ouro. So, we reinforce our argument that this delimitation has been widely used throughout
<collectingCountry id="A9E2BFC98E433C15FC5D4C0FB5A4D14B" box="[933,1004,1564,1589]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, even if it has not been used by
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FA924C0FB69DD127" author="IBGE" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4568" refString="IBGE (1990) Divisao Regional do Brasil em Mesorregioes e Microrregioes Geograficas. Vol. 1. pdf. Available from: http: // biblioteca. ibge. gov. br / visualizacao / monografias / (accessed 15 November 2015)" type="url" year="1990">IBGE (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, which relies on a delimitation based on municipalities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF454C77B333D197" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
The populations of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FE6C4C77B43DD103" box="[404,629,1636,1661]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FE6C4C77B43DD103" box="[404,629,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are small and the individuals are clustered together forming cushions. The major part of the Campo Formoso and Sento Sé municipalities are low-lying (up to
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FBB94C9BB2CBD1DF" box="[1089,1155,1672,1697]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="615.0">615m</quantity>
) and covered by Caatinga (deciduous dry forest), with associated hills, with altitudes of
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FCD14CBFB5FBD1BB" box="[809,947,1708,1733]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.085" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="0.9199999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1085.0" valueMax="1250.0" valueMin="920.0">920–1250m</quantity>
. These mountains function as isolated islands, suitable for the establishment of “campos rupestres” (see
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FCF44CC3B590D197" author="Rapini, A. &amp; Ribeiro, P. L. &amp; Lambert, S. &amp; Pirani, J. R." box="[780,984,1744,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref5105" refString="Rapini, A., Ribeiro, P. L., Lambert, S. &amp; Pirani, J. R. (2008) A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaco. Megadiversidade 4 (1 - 2): 15 - 23." type="journal article" year="2008">
Rapini
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FCA64CC3B5DED197" box="[862,918,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
), where this new species were found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E433C15FF454CE7B7EEDF53" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF454CE7B7FBD073" bold="true" box="[189,435,1780,1805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Conservation status:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FE284CE7B4F9D073" box="[464,689,1780,1805]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FE284CE7B4F9D073" box="[464,689,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here considered as Endangered (EN) (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FB804CE7B349D073" author="IUCN" box="[1144,1281,1780,1805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4612" refString="IUCN (2014) Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 10.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 9 April 2015)" type="url" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
), having a total area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of less than
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FCFE4D0BB514D04F" box="[774,860,1816,1841]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
² (
<figureCitation id="49CEE3DC8E433C15FC8B4D0BB59ED04F" box="[883,982,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,971,992]" captionTargetBox="[360,1237,197,933]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[340,1247,190,946]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Comanthera borbae in the Northern portion of the Espinhaço Range in Bahia, Brazil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13663132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13663132/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). The populations of this new species are separated from those of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FE584D2FB468D02B" authorityName="Parra &amp; Giulietti (Parra et al. 2010:" authorityYear="1144" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[416,544,1852,1877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floccosa">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FE584D2FB468D02B" box="[416,544,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. floccosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by about
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FD6E4D2FB4B9D02B" box="[662,753,1852,1877]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
, and from
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FC974D2FB5A1D02B" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[879,1001,1852,1877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FC974D2FB5A1D02B" box="[879,1001,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by more than
<quantity id="160D52BC8E433C15FB6D4D2FB2A7D02B" box="[1173,1263,1852,1877]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
. The white sand habitats where these species occur in the Chapada
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FD444D73B577D007" box="[700,831,1888,1913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
and its outskirts in Bahia are rare, occurring in disjunct areas associated with the “campo rupestre” vegetation inside the Caatinga Dominium. These areas are also much threatened by the extraction of sand, used for construction (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FCD54DBBB248D0BF" author="Franca, F. &amp; Lobao, J. B. &amp; Couto, C." box="[813,1024,1960,1985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="15 - 16" refId="ref4296" refString="Franca, F., Lobao, J. B. &amp; Couto, C. (2013) Introducao. In: Franca, F., Melo, E., Souza, I. &amp; Pugliesi, L. (Org.) Flora de Morro do Chapeu I. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, pp. 15 - 16." type="book chapter" year="2013">
<collectingCountry id="A9E2BFC98E433C15FCD54DBBB533D0BF" box="[813,891,1960,1985]" name="France" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">França</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FC7B4DBBB5F5D0BF" box="[899,957,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FBF44DBBB351D0BF" author="Echternacht, L. &amp; Sano, P. T. &amp; Bonillo, C. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J." box="[1036,1305,1960,1985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="47 - 63" refId="ref4175" refString="Echternacht, L., Sano, P. T., Bonillo, C., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J. (2014) Phylogeny and taxonomy of Syngonanthus and Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae): evidence from expanded sampling. Taxon 63: 47 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12705 / 631.36" type="journal article" year="2014">
Echternacht
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FB624DBBB29CD0BF" box="[1178,1236,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). We already know that the areas where these three species occur suffer seriously from sand extraction for building, and in the case of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E433C15FF184DE3B710DF77" authorityName="Echternacht" authorityYear="2014" box="[224,344,2032,2057]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pignalii">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FF184DE3B710DF77" box="[224,344,2032,2057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">C. pignalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the population occurs near a village, from trampling, as people frequently walk through it (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E433C15FF774207B7D2DF53" author="Echternacht, L. &amp; Sano, P. T. &amp; Bonillo, C. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J." box="[143,410,2068,2093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="47 - 63" refId="ref4175" refString="Echternacht, L., Sano, P. T., Bonillo, C., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. &amp; Dubuisson, J. (2014) Phylogeny and taxonomy of Syngonanthus and Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae): evidence from expanded sampling. Taxon 63: 47 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12705 / 631.36" type="journal article" year="2014">
Echternacht
<emphasis id="E381234B8E433C15FEE64207B71EDF53" box="[286,342,2068,2093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="858AAFD18E423C14FF7049D8B375D49E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13663132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13663132" box="[136,1341,971,992]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13663132/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" startId="5.[136,229,971,992]" targetBox="[360,1237,197,933]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E423C14FF7049D8B375D49E" blockId="5.[136,1341,971,992]" box="[136,1341,971,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FF7049D8B6B6D49E" bold="true" box="[136,254,971,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E423C14FDF049D8B482D49E" box="[520,714,971,992]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FDF049D8B482D49E" box="[520,714,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Northern portion of the Espinhaço Range in Bahia, Brazil.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E423C14FF454E03B563D25B" blockId="5.[136,1452,1040,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
The populations of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E423C14FE594E03B4CED357" box="[417,646,1040,1065]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FE594E03B4CED357" box="[417,646,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Comanthera borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E423C14FD3A4E03B50BD357" authorityName="Parra &amp; Giulietti (Parra et al. 2010:" authorityYear="1144" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[706,835,1040,1065]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floccosa">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FD3A4E03B50BD357" box="[706,835,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">C. floccosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in very isolated areas in the higher part of the mountains, surrounded by much lower areas, supporting Caatinga vegetation. The two known populations of
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E423C14FAC54E27B3E3D333" box="[1341,1451,1076,1101]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" genus="Comanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borbae">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FAC54E27B3E3D333" box="[1341,1451,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">C. borbae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be protected with the creation of the proposed National Park of the “Boqueirão da Onça”, with an estimated area of 800,000 hectares, waiting to be approved. This would include all the mountain regions of five municipalities near the São Francisco river: Campo Formoso, Juazeiro, Sento Sé, Sobradinho and Umburanas. Apart from the exuberant flora, with many species considered to be endemic, the area also supports a unique fauna, which includes jaguar, deer, foxes, armadillos, including the three-banded armadillo (tatu-bola) and many rare and endemic species of birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects (
<bibRefCitation id="B56482A88E423C14FE034F1FB557D25B" author="Siqueira Filho, J. A. &amp; Brito, F. J. &amp; Pessoa, A." box="[507,799,1292,1317]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" pagination="51 - 55" refId="ref5229" refString="Siqueira Filho, J. A., Brito, F. J. &amp; Pessoa, A. (2014) No Boqueirao da Onca. Bahiaciencia 3: 51 - 55." type="journal article" year="2014">
Siqueira Filho
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FD5B4F1FB493D25B" box="[675,731,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14AFF598E423C14FF454F23B6B9D283" blockId="5.[136,1452,1040,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
<materialsCitation id="619DF5048E423C14FF454F23B43BD2EF" collectingDate="2004-06-28" collectorName="da Barra" country="Brazil" county="Campo Formoso" elevation="925" latitude="-10.361389" location="Campo Formoso" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-41.195557" municipality="Delfino" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Bahia">
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FF454F23B4BBD237" bold="true" box="[189,755,1328,1353]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
<typeStatus id="0E4E41FB8E423C14FF454F23B406D237" box="[189,590,1328,1353]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Additional specimens examined</typeStatus>
(
<typeStatus id="0E4E41FB8E423C14FD904F23B4ADD237" box="[616,741,1328,1353]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
):
</emphasis>
—
<collectingCountry id="A9E2BFC98E423C14FCE84F23B530D237" box="[784,888,1328,1353]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="133131BB8E423C14FC754F23B59BD237" box="[909,979,1328,1353]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Bahia</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty id="382B87D58E423C14FC114F23B2FAD237" box="[1001,1202,1328,1353]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Campo Formoso</collectingCounty>
, road from
<collectingMunicipality id="312E65238E423C14FAAE4F23B3E4D237" box="[1366,1452,1328,1353]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Delfino</collectingMunicipality>
(Umburanas) to
<location id="D42AA9828E423C14FEBC4F47B44CD213" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:595C4E4F8E463C14FF704C47B6B9D283:D42AA9828E423C14FEBC4F47B44CD213" box="[324,516,1364,1389]" country="Brazil" county="Campo Formoso" latitude="-10.361389" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-41.195557" municipality="Delfino" name="Campo Formoso" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Bahia">Campo Formoso</location>
,
<location id="D42AA9828E423C14FDE94F47B48DD213" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:595C4E4F8E463C14FF704C47B6B9D283:D42AA9828E423C14FDE94F47B48DD213" box="[529,709,1364,1389]" country="Brazil" county="Campo Formoso" latitude="-10.361389" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-41.195557" municipality="Delfino" name="Lagoa da Barra" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Bahia">
Lagoa
<collectorName id="7C009A8F8E423C14FD984F47B48DD213" box="[608,709,1364,1389]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">da Barra</collectorName>
</location>
, 8,7km on the road to
<location id="D42AA9828E423C14FC344F47B276D213" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:595C4E4F8E463C14FF704C47B6B9D283:D42AA9828E423C14FC344F47B276D213" box="[972,1086,1364,1389]" country="Brazil" county="Campo Formoso" latitude="-10.361389" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-41.195557" municipality="Delfino" name="Boa Vista" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Bahia">Boa Vista</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FBB34F47B285D213" box="[1099,1229,1364,1389]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="41" value="-10.361389">10º21’41”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FB2E4F47B33CD213" box="[1238,1396,1364,1389]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="44" value="-41.195557">41º 11’44” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="160D52BC8E423C14FA794F47B6E8D2EF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="925.0">
<elevation id="5AD8186A8E423C14FA794F47B6E8D2EF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="925.0">925 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="A54BD9998E423C14FF574F6BB706D2EF" box="[175,334,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2004-06-28">
<collectingDate id="B50F20718E423C14FF574F6BB706D2EF" box="[175,334,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2004-06-28">28 June 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FEA44F6BB7B2D2EF" box="[348,506,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Machado 227</emphasis>
(HUEFS)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="619DF5048E423C14FD7A4F6BB7AAD2A7" collectingDate="2006-09-22" collectingDateMax="2010-03-14" collectingDateMin="2006-09-22" collectorName="Moraes &amp; Machado &amp; da Imbauba" country="Brazil" elevation="1218" latitude="-10.348778" location="Serra da Imbauba" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.43239" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1">
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FD7A4F6BB54CD2EF" box="[642,772,1400,1425]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="53" value="-10.364722">10º21’53”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FCF64F6BB5E6D2EF" box="[782,942,1400,1425]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-41.196667">41º 11’48” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="A54BD9998E423C14FC454F6BB239D2EF" box="[957,1137,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2010-03-14">
<collectingDate id="B50F20718E423C14FC454F6BB239D2EF" box="[957,1137,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2010-03-14">14 March 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FB874F6BB3E3D2EF" box="[1151,1451,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
<collectorName id="7C009A8F8E423C14FB874F6BB29DD2EF" box="[1151,1237,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Moraes</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="7C009A8F8E423C14FB074F6BB321D2EF" box="[1279,1385,1400,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Machado</collectorName>
3036
</emphasis>
(HUEFS). Sento Sé,
<location id="D42AA9828E423C14FE8B4F8FB474D2CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:595C4E4F8E463C14FF704C47B6B9D283:D42AA9828E423C14FE8B4F8FB474D2CB" box="[371,572,1436,1461]" country="Brazil" latitude="-10.348778" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-41.43239" name="Serra da Imbauba" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
Serra
<collectorName id="7C009A8F8E423C14FE4D4F8FB474D2CB" box="[437,572,1436,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">da Imbaúba</collectorName>
</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FDBF4F8FB4A4D2CB" box="[583,748,1436,1461]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="1" seconds="55,60" value="-10.348778">10º20’55,60”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FD0B4F8FB5FAD2CB" box="[755,946,1436,1461]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="1" seconds="56.60" value="-41.43239">41º 25’56.60” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="160D52BC8E423C14FC454F8FB25CD2CB" box="[957,1044,1436,1461]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.218" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1218.0">
<elevation id="5AD8186A8E423C14FC454F8FB25CD2CB" box="[957,1044,1436,1461]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.218" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1218.0">1218 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="A54BD9998E423C14FBD84F8FB2B5D2CB" box="[1056,1277,1436,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2006-09-22">
<collectingDate id="B50F20718E423C14FBD84F8FB2B5D2CB" box="[1056,1277,1436,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2006-09-22">22 September 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FAF14F8FB74BD2A7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Siqueira Filho et al. 1839</emphasis>
(HUEFS, HVASF)
</materialsCitation>
;
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FE174FD3B439D2A7" box="[495,625,1472,1497]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-10.333611">10º20’01”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B4C1999E8E423C14FD824FD3B574D2A7" box="[634,828,1472,1497]" degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" precision="1" seconds="53,40" value="-41.4315">41º 25’53,40” W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="160D52BC8E423C14FCB04FD3B5E9D2A7" box="[840,929,1472,1497]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.249" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1249.0">1249 m</quantity>
,
<date id="A54BD9998E423C14FC574FD3B203D2A7" box="[943,1099,1472,1497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" value="2010-05-15">15 May 2010</date>
,
<emphasis id="E381234B8E423C14FBAF4FD3B372D2A7" box="[1111,1338,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="16F584DA8E423C14FBAF4FD3B2FED2A7" box="[1111,1206,1472,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Fontana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fontana</taxonomicName>
et al. 6715
</emphasis>
(HUEFS, HVASF).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

80
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<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2BFFC542DED4E3FD9BF977" authority="(Bukry) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[136,639,1737,1764]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2BFFC542DED4E3FE9CF977" bold="true" box="[136,376,1737,1764]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Stephanocha sulcata</emphasis>
(Bukry) K. McCartney
</taxonomicName>
&amp; R.W.
<collectingCountry id="A9C1761B3A2BFFC540B5D4E1FCD5F977" box="[739,817,1739,1764]" name="Jordan" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2BFFC5434BD4C5FD39F89B" authority="Bukry (1979: 562" authorityName="Bukry" authorityYear="1979" box="[285,733,1775,1800]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2BFFC5434BD4C5FDE8F89B" box="[285,524,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Distephanus sulcatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2BFFC54045D4C5FD39F89B" author="Bukry, D." box="[531,733,1775,1800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" pagination="551 - 581" refId="ref6632" refString="Bukry, D. (1979) Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Reykjanes Ridge Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 49. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 49: 551 - 581. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 49.118.1979" type="journal article" year="1979">Bukry (1979: 562</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 4, figs. 4–12).
</paragraph>
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2BFFC54341D539FC03F8BF" authority="(Bukry) Desikachary &amp; Prema (1996: 214)" authorityName="Desikachary &amp; Prema" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[279,999,1811,1836]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Cannopilus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2BFFC54341D539FE1FF8BF" box="[279,507,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Cannopilus sulcatus</emphasis>
(Bukry)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2BFFC54034D539FC03F8BF" author="Desikachary, T. V. &amp; Prema, P." box="[610,999,1811,1836]" pageId="5" pageNumber="182" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref7322" refString="Desikachary, T. V. &amp; Prema, P. (1996) Silicoflagellates (Dictyochophyceae). Bibliotheca Phycologica 100: 1 - 298, 83 pls." type="journal article" year="1996">Desikachary &amp; Prema (1996: 214)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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Basionym:—
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2BFFC5434BD555FDE2F80B" box="[285,518,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="182">Distephanus trioctus</emphasis>
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, pl. 5, figs. 2–3).
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Synonym:—
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.
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Basionym:—
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, pl. 1, figs. 11–12; pl. 2, figs. 1–8).
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC242DED144FE7BFC1A" bold="true" box="[136,415,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Stephanocha boliviensis</emphasis>
var.
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(Frenguelli) K. McCartney
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&amp; R.W.
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,
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC2434BD1BEFC6CFC3E" authority="Frenguelli (1951: 277" authorityName="Frenguelli" authorityYear="1951" box="[285,904,916,941]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Dictyocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="boliviensis" variety="major">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2434BD1BEFDF4FC3E" box="[285,528,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Dictyocha boliviensis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24010D1BEFD6DFC3E" box="[582,649,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC240C6D1BEFC6CFC3E" author="Frenguelli, J." box="[656,904,916,941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="272 - 284" refId="ref8057" refString="Frenguelli, J. (1951) Silicoflagelados del Tripoli de Mejillones (Chile). Physis 20: 272 - 284." type="journal article" year="1951">Frenguelli (1951: 277</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 3a–c).
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC24341D192FBC8FC42" authority="(Frenguelli) Ciesielski (1975: 660)" authorityName="Ciesielski" authorityPageNumber="660" authorityYear="1975" baseAuthorityName="Frenguelli" box="[279,1068,952,977]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="boliviensis" variety="major">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24341D192FDC6FC42" box="[279,546,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus boliviensis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2400FD192FD78FC42" box="[601,668,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">major</emphasis>
(Frenguelli)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC24166D192FBC8FC42" author="Ciesielski, P. F." box="[816,1068,952,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="625 - 691" refId="ref7120" refString="Ciesielski, P. F. (1975) Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Neogene and Oligocene silicoflagellates from cores recovered during Antarctic Leg 28, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 28: 625 - 691. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 28.117.1975" type="journal article" year="1975">Ciesielski (1975: 660)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC24341D1F6FC14FC66" authority="(Frenguelli) Bukry (1975 a: 688)" authorityName="Bukry" authorityPageNumber="688" authorityYear="1975" baseAuthorityName="Frenguelli" box="[279,1008,988,1013]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="boliviensis" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24341D1F6FD96FC66" box="[279,626,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus boliviensis major</emphasis>
(Frenguelli)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC2415DD1F6FC14FC66" author="Bukry, D." box="[779,1008,988,1013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="677 - 701" refId="ref6253" refString="Bukry, D. (1975 a) Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 32. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 32: 677 - 701. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 32.124.1975" type="journal article" year="1975">Bukry (1975a: 688)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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(Art. 37.1,
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC2475FD1F6FF21FB8A" author="McNeill, J. &amp; Barrie, F. R. &amp; Buck, W. R. &amp; Demoulin, V. &amp; Greuter, W. &amp; Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Herendeen, P. S. &amp; Knapp, S. &amp; Marhold, K. &amp; Prado, J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine, W. F. &amp; Smith, G. F. &amp; Wiersema, J. H. &amp; Turland, N. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 240" refId="ref8915" refString="McNeill, J., Barrie, F. R., Buck, W. R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud'homme van Reine, W. F., Smith, G. F., Wiersema, J. H. &amp; Turland, N. J. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. [Regnum Vegetabile 154] Koeltz Scientific Books, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, pp. 1 - 240." type="book chapter" year="2012">
McNeill
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24727D1F6FA41FC66" box="[1393,1445,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
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Basionym:—
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<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC242DED35CFD59FE02" authority="(Ehrenberg) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[136,701,374,401]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC242DED35CFE6CFE02" bold="true" box="[136,392,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Stephanocha aculeata</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg) K. McCartney
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&amp; R.W.
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC2434BD3B6FCC9FE26" authority="Ehrenberg (1841: 148 - 149" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1841" box="[285,813,412,437]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Dictyocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2434BD3B6FE13FE26" box="[285,503,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Dictyocha aculeata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC243A8D3B6FCC9FE26" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[510,813,412,437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="81 - 174" refId="ref7647" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1841) Uber noch jetzt zahlreich lebende Thierarten der Kreidebildung und den Organismus der Polythalamien. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839: 81 - 174, 4 color pls." type="journal article" year="1841">Ehrenberg (1841: 148–149</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; figured in
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC241FDD3B6FB85FE26" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[939,1121,412,437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref7932" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854) Mikrogeologie. Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstandigen Lebens auf der Erde. Texte. Leopold Voss, Leizig, pp. 1 - 374, pls. 1 - 40 (text and atlas in separate volumes of same title)." type="book chapter" year="1854">Ehrenberg 1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 19, fig. 40; pl. 21, fig. 47; pl. 22, figs. 48a–d).
</paragraph>
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC24341D3CEFC45FE6E" authority="(Ehrenberg) Haeckel (1887: 1565)" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="1565" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[279,929,484,509]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="aculeatus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24341D3CEFDF1FE6E" box="[279,533,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus aculeatus</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC240FCD3CEFC45FE6E" author="Haeckel, E." box="[682,929,484,509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref8192" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the radiolarians collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 18: 1 - 1803." type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887: 1565)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC242DED430FE6CF9A6" bold="true" box="[136,392,1562,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Stephanocha jimlingii</emphasis>
(Bukry) K. McCartney
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,
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC2434BD46AFC5DF9CA" authority="Bukry (1975 a: 688" authorityName="Bukry" authorityYear="1975" box="[285,953,1600,1625]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="boliviensis" subSpecies="jimlingii">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2434BD46AFDCCF9CA" box="[285,552,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus boliviensis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2402BD46AFD38F9CA" box="[637,732,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">jimlingii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC240B5D46AFC5DF9CA" author="Bukry, D." box="[739,953,1600,1625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="677 - 701" refId="ref6253" refString="Bukry, D. (1975 a) Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 32. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 32: 677 - 701. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 32.124.1975" type="journal article" year="1975">Bukry (1975a: 688</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, figs. 6–7; pl. 2, fig. 1). Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC24341D44EFCA0F9EE" authority="(Bukry) Bukry (1979: 561)" authorityName="Bukry" authorityPageNumber="561" authorityYear="1979" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[279,836,1636,1661]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="jimlingii">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24341D44EFDEDF9EE" box="[279,521,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus jimlingii</emphasis>
(Bukry)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC24026D44EFCA0F9EE" author="Bukry, D." box="[624,836,1636,1661]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="551 - 581" refId="ref6632" refString="Bukry, D. (1979) Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Reykjanes Ridge Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 49. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 49: 551 - 581. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 49.118.1979" type="journal article" year="1979">Bukry (1979: 561)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC24341D4A2FC0DF932" authority="(Bukry) Desikachary &amp; Prema (1996: 213)" authorityName="Desikachary &amp; Prema" authorityPageNumber="213" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[279,1001,1672,1697]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Cannopilus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="jimlingii">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC24341D4A2FE1AF932" box="[279,510,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Cannopilus jimlingii</emphasis>
(Bukry)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC24033D4A2FC0DF932" author="Desikachary, T. V. &amp; Prema, P." box="[613,1001,1672,1697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref7322" refString="Desikachary, T. V. &amp; Prema, P. (1996) Silicoflagellates (Dictyochophyceae). Bibliotheca Phycologica 100: 1 - 298, 83 pls." type="journal article" year="1996">Desikachary &amp; Prema (1996: 213)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC242DED4E4FBE7F97A" authority="(K. Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="K. Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki" box="[136,1027,1742,1769]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="medianoctisol">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC242DED4E4FE22F97A" bold="true" box="[136,454,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Stephanocha medianoctisol</emphasis>
(K. Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki) K. McCartney
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&amp; R.W.
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,
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC246E9D4FAFADCF97A" box="[1215,1336,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F89157E23A2CFFC246E9D4FAFADCF97A" box="[1215,1336,1744,1769]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2CFFC2434BD4DEFB80F89E" authority="K. Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki (2009: 316" authorityName="K. Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki" authorityYear="2009" box="[285,1124,1780,1805]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="medianoctisol">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC2434BD4DEFDABF89E" box="[285,591,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Distephanus medianoctisol</emphasis>
K.
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC2402AD4DEFB80F89E" author="Takahashi, K. &amp; Onodera, J. &amp; Katsuki, K." box="[636,1124,1780,1805]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="313 - 325" refId="ref9342" refString="Takahashi, K., Onodera, J. &amp; Katsuki, K. (2009) Significant populations of seven-sided Distephanus (Silicoflagellata) in the sea-ice covered environment of the central Arctic Ocean, summer 2004. Micropaleontology 55: 313 - 325." type="journal article" year="2009">Takahashi, Onodera &amp; Katsuki (2009: 316</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, figs. 1–11; pl. 2, figs. 1–5, 9–14; pl. 3, figs. 1–11; first author erroneously written as Takahashia in original).
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2CFFC242DED66CFE90FBF2" bold="true" box="[136,372,1094,1121]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="179">Stephanocha florida</emphasis>
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Basionym:—
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<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2CFFC24059D646FCFAFB16" author="Bukry, D." box="[527,798,1132,1157]" pageId="2" pageNumber="179" pagination="591 - 603" refId="ref6898" refString="Bukry, D. (1985 b) Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 82: 591 - 603. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 82.135.1985" type="journal article" year="1985">Bukry (1985b: 599–600</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, figs. 1–4).
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Basionym:—
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subsp.
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, pl. 2, figs. 2–7).
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Synonym:—
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Basionym:—
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; figured in
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC3412AD0B2FBD7FD22" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[892,1075,664,689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref7932" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854) Mikrogeologie. Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstandigen Lebens auf der Erde. Texte. Leopold Voss, Leizig, pp. 1 - 374, pls. 1 - 40 (text and atlas in separate volumes of same title)." type="book chapter" year="1854">Ehrenberg 1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 22, fig. 50). Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D096FC47FD46" authority="(Ehrenberg) Dumitrica (1973: 851)" authorityName="Dumitrica" authorityPageNumber="851" authorityYear="1973" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[279,931,699,725]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polyactis">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D096FDEBFD46" box="[279,527,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus polyactis</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC340F2D096FC47FD46" author="Dumitrica, P." box="[676,931,699,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="837 - 883" refId="ref7397" refString="Dumitrica, P. (1973) Paleocene, late Oligocene, and post-Oligocene silicoflagellates in southwestern Pacific sediments cored on DSDP Leg 21. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 21: 837 - 883. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 21.126.1973" type="journal article" year="1973">Dumitrică (1973: 851)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D0CAFC7AFD6A" authority="(Ehrenberg) Frenguelli 1940: 52" authorityName="Frenguelli" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1940" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[279,926,736,761]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Paradictyocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polyactis">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D0CAFDCCFD6A" box="[279,552,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Paradictyocha polyactis</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC340EBD0CAFC7AFD6A" author="Frenguelli, J." box="[701,926,736,761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="37 - 112" refId="ref8030" refString="Frenguelli, J. (1940) Consideraciones sobre los silicoflagelados fosiles. Revista del Museo de La Plata, Paleontologia 2: 37 - 112." type="journal article" year="1940">Frenguelli 1940: 52</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
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Basionym:—
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD166FDF1FCF6" box="[285,533,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus polyactis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3401BD166FD45FCF6" box="[589,673,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">crassus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC340FED166FC96FCF6" author="Bukry, D." box="[680,882,844,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="917 - 927" refId="ref6467" refString="Bukry, D. (1977) Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, Central North Atlantic, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 37. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 37: 917 - 927. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 37.175.1977" type="journal article" year="1977">Bukry (1977: 922</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, figs. 7–14).
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var.
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(Bukry) K. McCartney
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,
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Basionym:—
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD192FDF1FC42" box="[285,533,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus polyactis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3401BD192FD4EFC42" box="[589,682,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">literatus</emphasis>
Bukry
</taxonomicName>
(1982: 433, pl. 5, fig. 4).
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Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D1F6FC0CFC66" authority="(Bukry) Desikachary &amp; Prema (1996: 214)" authorityName="Desikachary &amp; Prema" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[279,1000,988,1013]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Cannopilus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="literatus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D1F6FE18FC66" box="[279,508,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Cannopilus literatus</emphasis>
(Bukry)
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.
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<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC342DED608FC97FBAE" authority="(Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" box="[136,883,1058,1085]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="quinquangella">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342DED608FE2AFBAE" bold="true" box="[136,462,1058,1085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Stephanocha quinquangella</emphasis>
(Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster) K. McCartney
</taxonomicName>
&amp; R.W.
<collectingCountry id="A9C1761B3A2DFFC34180D60EFBC0FBAE" box="[982,1060,1060,1085]" name="Jordan" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34679D60EFB43FBAE" box="[1071,1191,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F89157E23A2DFFC34679D60EFB43FBAE" box="[1071,1191,1060,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC3434BD662FC1FFBF2" authority="Lemmermann (1901: 264" authorityName="Lemmermann" authorityYear="1901" box="[285,1019,1096,1121]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="speculum" variety="pentagonus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD662FDFEFBF2" box="[285,538,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus speculum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34007D662FD36FBF2" box="[593,722,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">pentagonus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC3408FD662FC1FFBF2" author="Lemmermann, E." box="[729,1019,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="247 - 271" refId="ref8358" refString="Lemmermann, E. (1901) Silicoflagellatae. Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, Berichte 19: 247 - 271." type="journal article" year="1901">Lemmermann (1901: 264</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 11, fig. 19). Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D646FCA6FB16" authority="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" authorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" box="[279,834,1132,1157]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="quinquangellus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D646FDB3FB16" box="[279,599,1132,1157]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus quinquangellus</emphasis>
Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster
</taxonomicName>
(1973: 828, pl.5, fig. 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D169368B3A2DFFC342DED6BAFE51FB5E" blockId="3.[136,1452,1058,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">
Note:—
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342B4D6BAFE9AFB3A" box="[226,382,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">nomen novum</emphasis>
by Bukry &amp; Foster (l.c.) since the epithet
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34104D6BAFC37FB3A" authorityName="Wailes" authorityYear="1932" box="[850,979,1168,1193]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pentagonus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34104D6BAFC37FB3A" box="[850,979,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">pentagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was preoccupied at the species rank by
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC347C6D6BAFE54FB5E" authority="(Wailes 1932)" baseAuthorityName="Wailes" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pentagonus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC347C6D6BAFEEDFB5E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">D. pentagonus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC3434ED69EFE4CFB5E" author="Wailes, G. H." box="[280,424,1204,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="213 - 219" refId="ref9477" refString="Wailes, G. H. (1932) Description of new species of protozoa from British Columbia. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries 7: 213 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 32 - 017" type="journal article" year="1932">Wailes 1932</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D169368B3A2DFFC342DED6D0FEF4FA12" blockId="3.[136,1451,1274,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC342DED6D0FCF1FA86" authority="(Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" box="[136,789,1274,1301]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="quinta">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342DED6D0FE95FA87" bold="true" box="[136,369,1274,1301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Stephanocha quinta</emphasis>
(Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster) K. McCartney
</taxonomicName>
&amp; R.W.
<collectingCountry id="A9C1761B3A2DFFC3412FD6D6FC23FA86" box="[889,967,1276,1301]" name="Jordan" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34187D6D6FB78FA86" box="[977,1180,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F89157E23A2DFFC34187D6D6FB78FA86" box="[977,1180,1276,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">comb. et stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC3434BD70AFCB9FAAA" authority="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster 1973: 821" authorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" authorityPageNumber="821" authorityYear="1973" box="[285,861,1312,1337]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Cannopilus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="quintus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD70AFE1CFAAA" box="[285,504,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Cannopilus quintus</emphasis>
Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster 1973: 821
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, figs. 8–9; pl. 2, fig. 1. Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D76EFBACFACE" authority="(Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster) Bukry (1975 b: 855)" authorityName="Bukry" authorityPageNumber="855" authorityYear="1975" baseAuthorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" box="[279,1096,1348,1373]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="speculum" subSpecies="quintus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D76EFD8FFACE" box="[279,619,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus speculum quintus</emphasis>
(Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC3413CD76EFBACFACE" author="Bukry, D." box="[874,1096,1348,1373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="845 - 872" refId="ref6307" refString="Bukry, D. (1975 b) Silicoflagellate and coccolith stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 29. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29: 845 - 872. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 29.123.1975" type="journal article" year="1975">Bukry (1975b: 855)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34605D76EFB2BFACE" box="[1107,1231,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">nom. inval.</emphasis>
(Art. 37.1,
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC34718D76EFEE0FA12" author="McNeill, J. &amp; Barrie, F. R. &amp; Buck, W. R. &amp; Demoulin, V. &amp; Greuter, W. &amp; Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Herendeen, P. S. &amp; Knapp, S. &amp; Marhold, K. &amp; Prado, J. &amp; Prud'homme van Reine, W. F. &amp; Smith, G. F. &amp; Wiersema, J. H. &amp; Turland, N. J." pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 240" refId="ref8915" refString="McNeill, J., Barrie, F. R., Buck, W. R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud'homme van Reine, W. F., Smith, G. F., Wiersema, J. H. &amp; Turland, N. J. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. [Regnum Vegetabile 154] Koeltz Scientific Books, Ruggell, Liechtenstein, pp. 1 - 240." type="book chapter" year="2012">
McNeill
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342DED742FF5DFA12" box="[136,185,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D169368B3A2DFFC342DED7A6FC3DFA36" blockId="3.[136,1451,1274,1445]" box="[136,985,1420,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">
Synonym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC34341D7A6FC31FA36" authority="(Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster) Bukry (1981: 550)" authorityName="Bukry" authorityPageNumber="550" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Bukry &amp; J. H. Foster" box="[279,981,1420,1445]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="quintus">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC34341D7A6FE18FA36" box="[279,508,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus quintus</emphasis>
(Bukry &amp; J.H. Foster)
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC34157D7A6FC31FA36" author="Bukry, D." box="[769,981,1420,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="539 - 557" refId="ref6689" refString="Bukry, D. (1981) Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 63. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 63: 539 - 557. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 63.114.1981" type="journal article" year="1981">Bukry (1981: 550)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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71
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<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342DED414FE80F9CA" bold="true" box="[136,356,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Stephanocha rosae</emphasis>
(Perch-Nielsen) K. McCartney
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&amp; R.W.
<collectingCountry id="A9C1761B3A2DFFC34171D46AFC91F9CA" box="[807,885,1600,1625]" name="Jordan" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F89157E23A2DFFC341D6D46AFC1CF9CA" box="[896,1016,1600,1625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC3434BD44EFCECF9EE" authority="Perch-Nielsen (1976: 34" authorityName="Perch-Nielsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[285,776,1636,1661]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="rosae">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD44EFE09F9EE" box="[285,493,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus rosae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC343A3D44EFCECF9EE" author="Perch-Nielsen, K." box="[501,776,1636,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="27 - 40" refId="ref9142" refString="Perch-Nielsen, K. (1976) New silicoflagellates and a silicoflagellate zonation in north European Palaeocene and Eocene diatomites. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 25: 27 - 40." type="journal article" year="1976">Perch-Nielsen (1976: 34</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 14, 17).
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<mods:affiliation id="B2E08234317BA5606AA8DF9ADBB43874">Department of Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1 - 4 - 12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990 - 8560, Japan &amp; Department of Environmental Studies and Sustainability, University of Maine at Presque Isle, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="33620299DC4EE7D6DE20148E05D80B2A">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="98CE0BE769F9596127FFFE7F8BA4A847">2015</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC342DED7F8FD97FA7E" authority="(Bukry) K. McCartney" authorityName="K. McCartney" baseAuthorityName="Bukry" box="[136,627,1490,1517]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Stephanocha" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="raupii">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC342DED7F8FE88FA7F" bold="true" box="[136,364,1490,1517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Stephanocha raupii</emphasis>
(Bukry) K. McCartney
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&amp; R.W.
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F89157E23A2DFFC34179D7FEFC4CFA7E" box="[815,936,1492,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Basionym:—
<taxonomicName id="16D64D083A2DFFC3434BD7D2FD36F982" authority="Bukry (1976 a: 895" authorityName="Bukry" authorityYear="1976" box="[285,722,1528,1553]" class="Dictyochophyceae" family="Dictyochaceae" genus="Distephanus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyochales" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="raupii">
<emphasis id="E3A2EA993A2DFFC3434BD7D2FE10F982" box="[285,500,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Distephanus raupii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B5474B7A3A2DFFC343AAD7D2FD36F982" author="Bukry, D." box="[508,722,1528,1553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="885 - 917" refId="ref6357" refString="Bukry, D. (1976 a) Cenozoic silicoflagellate and coccolith stratigraphy, South Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 36. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 35: 885 - 917. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 35.36 chap 2.1976" type="journal article" year="1976">Bukry (1976a: 895</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7, figs. 14–15).
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