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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFF27FD1CFEAAE2EB" bold="true" box="[136,280,662,689]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Stelis patens</emphasis>
Luer &amp; Hirtz
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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFF27FD30FEA7E28E" box="[136,277,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Stelis patens</emphasis>
Luer &amp; Hirtz
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in
<treatmentCitation id="0ACA981375588F3AFE7DFD31FD1DE28E" author="Luer, C. A." box="[466,687,698,725]" page="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAC3F375588F3AFE7DFD31FD1DE28E" author="Luer, C. A." box="[466,687,698,725]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref2457" refString="Luer, C. A. (2002) Icones Pleurothallidinarum XXIV: A first century of new species of Stelis of Ecuador, part one. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">Luer (2002: 1920)</bibRefCitation>
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,
<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFD14FD31FC8BE28E" box="[699,825,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">nom. inval.</emphasis>
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Type:—
<collectingCountry id="F37CFE9275588F3AFF79FC8CFEF8E341" box="[214,330,774,795]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. MoronaSantiago: west of Macas, new road to Guamote, junction of Río Colombo and Río Upano, alt.
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,
<date id="FFD598C275588F3AFA30FC8CFE90E365" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" value="2001-03-01">1 Mar. 2001</date>
,
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<collectionCode id="ED7A26C775588F3AFE83FCA0FE8DE365" box="[300,319,810,831]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. Luer,
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. Luer &amp;
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. Hirtz 19592
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(
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,
<collectionCode id="ED7A26C775588F3AFD72FCA0FCBAE365" box="[733,776,810,831]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFF27FCE5FE06E3D2" box="[136,436,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">
Comments:—
<taxonomicName id="4C6BC58175588F3AFE8BFCE4FE06E3D2" authorityName="Luer &amp; Hirtz" authorityYear="2015" box="[292,436,878,904]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Stelis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">Stelis patens</taxonomicName>
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was not validly published by Luer and Hirtz (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAC3F375588F3AFC77FCE4FBE1E3D2" author="Luer, C. A." box="[984,1107,878,904]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref2457" refString="Luer, C. A. (2002) Icones Pleurothallidinarum XXIV: A first century of new species of Stelis of Ecuador, part one. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">Luer 2002</bibRefCitation>
) because
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were designated. The specimen
<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFE1AFC19FD8AE3F6" box="[437,568,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Luer 19592</emphasis>
adheres best to the protologue and is annotated as being the
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at
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, and is therefore selected here as the type.
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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFF27FF14FED5E0E3" bold="true" box="[136,359,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Stelis lehmanniana</emphasis>
(Schltr.) Karremans
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Basionym:
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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFE84FF4CFD99E081" box="[299,555,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Pleurothallis lehmanniana</emphasis>
Schltr. (1920: 235)
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.
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Replaced synonym:
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<emphasis id="B91F621075588F3AFE2EFF60FDCBE0A5" box="[385,633,234,255]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="293">Pleurothallis endotrachys</emphasis>
Lehm. &amp; Kränzl.
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAC3F375588F3AFCEDFF60FBBDE0A5" author="Kranzlin, F. W. L." box="[834,1039,234,256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="293" pagination="437 - 502" refId="ref2230" refString="Kranzlin, F. W. L. (1899) Orchidaceae Lehmannianae in Guatemala, Costarica [sic], Columbia [sic] et Ecuador collectae, quas determinavit et descripsit. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik 26: 437 - 502." type="journal article" year="1899">Kränzlin (1899: 439)</bibRefCitation>
, nom. illeg.
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22CDF6B755B8F39FDDCFB07FD56E4FC" box="[627,740,1165,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">nom. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BD4BE02755B8F39FF12FB3AFC6DE490" blockId="2.[189,991,1200,1227]" box="[189,991,1200,1227]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
Basionym:
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<emphasis id="B91F6210755B8F39FE91FB3AFDB5E490" box="[318,519,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Effusiella werneri</emphasis>
Luer &amp; Thoerle
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAC3F3755B8F39FD4EFB3BFC2BE490" author="Luer, C. A." box="[737,921,1200,1227]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" pagination="311 - 360" refId="ref2690" refString="Luer, C. A. (2011) Miscellaneous new species in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) excluding species from Brazil. Harvard Papers in Botany 16: 311 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3100 / 0.25.016.0206" type="journal article" year="2011">Luer (2011: 324</bibRefCitation>
, 326).
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371ED89755B8F39FF27FB72FE9CE524" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD4BE02755B8F39FF27FB72FBC2E548" blockId="2.[136,1136,1272,1299]" box="[136,1136,1272,1299]" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="B91F6210755B8F39FF27FB72FEB2E548" box="[136,256,1272,1298]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Etymology</emphasis>
:—The name honors Florian Werner as was originally intended by the authors.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91F6210755B8F39FF27FACAFEB5E500" box="[136,263,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Comments:</emphasis>
—The combination of this basionym in
<taxonomicName id="4C6BC581755B8F39FD77FACAFCDBE500" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1813" box="[728,873,1344,1370]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pleurothallis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91F6210755B8F39FD77FACAFCDBE500" box="[728,873,1344,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="294">Pleurothallis</emphasis>
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is already occupied, thus requiring the new name proposed here.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
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s.n.
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(
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!, image of the
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=
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<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005E6FCE0265FFCF9" box="[156,359,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca quadrifida</emphasis>
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L.
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8004F2FCE025F3FCF9" authority="Hayata (1911: 37)" authorityName="Hayata" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1911" box="[392,715,810,831]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" rank="variety" variety="formosana">
var.
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8004CBFCE02520FCF9" box="[433,536,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">formosana</emphasis>
Hayata (1911: 37)
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<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80079FFCE0248AFCF9" box="[741,946,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca formosana</emphasis>
(Hayata) Hayata (1917: 7)
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.
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Type:—
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF8005AEFC84260EFCA5" box="[212,310,846,867]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">TAIWAN</collectingCountry>
. Lanyu Island,
<date id="FFD5100D723BFF8004A8FC8425ACFCA5" box="[466,660,846,867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" value="1899-11-26">26 November 1899</date>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8007DBFC84242AFCA5" box="[673,786,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Miyake s.n.</emphasis>
(
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TAI!, image available at http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/specimen/ specimen.php?taiid=T00380).
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=
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<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005E6FC5C266EFC6D" box="[156,342,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca insularis</emphasis>
Hosokawa (1932: 229)
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FC7026E3FC35" blockId="6.[136,1453,738,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
Type:—
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF8005AEFC70260EFC09" box="[212,310,954,975]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">TAIWAN</collectingCountry>
. Liuchiuyu Island,
<date id="FFD5100D723BFF800491FC7025BBFC09" box="[491,643,954,975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" value="1930-08-01">01 August 1930</date>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8007F1FC70241EFC09" box="[651,806,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Hosokawa 1628</emphasis>
. (
<typeStatus id="54D0886F723BFF80064DFC7024B5FC09" box="[823,909,954,975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED7AAE08723BFF8006EBFC702486FC09" box="[913,958,954,975]" country="Taiwan" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15702" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15702" name="National Taiwan University" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="Herbarium">TAI</collectionCode>
!, image available at http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/specimen/ specimen.php?taiid=118821).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005F2FBC82543FBD1" box="[136,635,1026,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FBC82543FBD1" blockId="6.[136,1453,738,1155]" box="[136,635,1026,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7B11E3723BFF8005F2FBC82543FBD1" box="[136,635,1026,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
=
<treatmentCitation id="0ACA10DC723BFF8005E6FBC82524FBD1" author="Tuyama, T." box="[156,540,1026,1047]" page=")" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" year="1939">
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8005E6FBC82524FBD1" ID-CoL="4M279" authority="Tuyama (1939: 6)" authorityName="Tuyama" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1939" box="[156,540,1026,1047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boninensis" status="syn. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005E6FBC82651FBD1" box="[156,361,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca boninensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723BFF800414FBC82524FBD1" author="Tuyama, T." box="[366,540,1026,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref6326" refString="Tuyama, T. (1939) Plantae Bonienses Novae Criticae. XII. The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 53: 1 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.53.1" type="journal article" year="1939">Tuyama (1939: 6)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80075DFBC82543FBD1" box="[551,635,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22C57A4723BFF80075DFBC82543FBD1" box="[551,635,1026,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005F2FBEC2495FBFD" box="[136,941,1062,1083]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FBEC2495FBFD" blockId="6.[136,1453,738,1155]" box="[136,941,1062,1083]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
Type:—
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF8005AFFBEC261AFBFD" box="[213,290,1062,1083]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
. Bonin, Chichijima Island,
<date id="FFD5100D723BFF800753FBEC259FFBFD" box="[553,679,1062,1083]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" value="1905-07-24">24 July 1905</date>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8007CBFBEC2427FBFD" box="[689,799,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Hattori s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="54D0886F723BFF800651FBEC24B9FBFD" box="[811,897,1062,1083]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED7AAE08723BFF8006FCFBEC249AFBFD" box="[902,930,1062,1083]" country="Japan" name="Herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Tokyo" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">TI</collectionCode>
!)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005F2FB802542FB99" box="[136,634,1098,1119]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FB802542FB99" blockId="6.[136,1453,738,1155]" box="[136,634,1098,1119]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8005E6FB80254EFB99" ID-CoL="6W7KW" authority="Chun &amp; How (1958: 8 - 9)" authorityName="Chun &amp; How" authorityPageNumber="8 - 9" authorityYear="1958" box="[156,630,1098,1119]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hainanensis">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005E6FB80264DFB99" box="[156,373,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca hainanensis</emphasis>
Chun &amp; How (1958: 8
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF800728FB872558FB99" box="[594,608,1101,1119]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285"></emphasis>
9)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005F2FBA42430FB45" box="[136,776,1134,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FBA42430FB45" blockId="6.[136,1453,738,1155]" box="[136,776,1134,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
Type:—
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF8005ADFBA4261EFB45" box="[215,294,1134,1155]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">CHINA</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="49AFF82F723BFF800454FBA4264EFB45" box="[302,374,1134,1155]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Hainan</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FFD5100D723BFF8004FAFBA426DCFB45" box="[384,484,1134,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" value="1932-06">June 1932</date>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF800494FBA42565FB45" box="[494,605,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">How 70899</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="54D0886F723BFF800713FBA42587FB45" box="[617,703,1134,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED7AAE08723BFF8007BFFBA425C0FB45" box="[709,760,1134,1155]" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" name="Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="Herbarium">SYS</collectionCode>
!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005F2FB7E2205FA47" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2FB7E2205FA47" blockId="6.[136,1452,1204,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005F2FB7E262AFB0B" bold="true" box="[136,274,1204,1229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Description</emphasis>
:—Perennial herbs,
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF80048EFB7E2560FB0B" box="[500,600,1204,1229]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">
3
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF800778FB7C252AFB0A" box="[514,530,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285"></emphasis>
10 cm
</quantity>
tall. Stems not articulated, diffuse, branched basally, ca.
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF80019BFB7E221BFB0B" box="[1249,1315,1204,1229]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick, basal stems woody, prostrate, upper stems herbaceous, upright, green. Root fleshy, much branched. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate, subsessile, with axillary hairs; leaf blade
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF800794FB362475FAD3" box="[750,845,1276,1301]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 mm</quantity>
thick, oblong to obovate,
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF800103FB3623E0FAD3" box="[1145,1240,1276,1301]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">58 mm</quantity>
long, base obtuse, apex obtuse or rounded. Flowers solitary, about
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF8007CCFAEA2409FAFF" box="[694,817,1312,1337]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">1015 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Sepals 2, ovate-deltate, about
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF80005CFAEA2252FAFF" box="[1318,1386,1312,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long. Petals 5, obovate to narrowly obovate, lemon-colored, mostly without margins overlapping. Stamens 830. Ovary ovoid. Stigma usually trilobed or tetralobed rarely pentalobed; capsule glossy,
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF800682FAA2236DFA47" box="[1016,1109,1384,1409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">24 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4C939B28723BFF8001E6FAA223C1FA47" box="[1180,1273,1384,1409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8005C7FA4624C1FA0F" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005C7FA4624C1FA0F" blockId="6.[136,1452,1204,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005C7FA462677FA63" bold="true" box="[189,335,1420,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Distribution</emphasis>
:—North Philippine (Batan Islands), South
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF800650FA462455FA63" box="[810,877,1420,1445]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">China</collectingCountry>
Sea (
<collectingRegion id="49AFF82F723BFF8006DFFA4624C2FA63" box="[933,1018,1420,1445]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Hainan</collectingRegion>
, Pratas Island), South
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723BFF800190FA462204FA63" box="[1258,1340,1420,1445]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(Kenting, Liuciou, Lutao, Lanyu and the
<collectingRegion id="49AFF82F723BFF80049EFA7A2500FA0F" box="[484,568,1456,1481]" country="Taiwan" name="Penghu" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Penghu</collectingRegion>
Islets), and Bonin (
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF80066EFA7A24ACFA0F" authorityName="Gressitt" authorityYear="1937" box="[788,916,1456,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Ogasawara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ogasawara</taxonomicName>
) Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3716546723BFF8105C7FA1E2644FB56" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005C7FA1E2225FA2B" blockId="6.[136,1452,1204,1913]" box="[189,1309,1492,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005C7FA1E2624FA2B" bold="true" box="[189,284,1492,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Ecology</emphasis>
:—On coastal rocky slopes and sandy beaches, xeric, saline, and exposed to direct sunlight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005C7FA32233BF8F7" blockId="6.[136,1452,1204,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005C7FA322675F9D7" bold="true" box="[189,333,1528,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Typification</emphasis>
:—
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723BFF800415FA322570F9D7" author="Hance, H. F." box="[367,584,1528,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" pagination="1 - 660" refId="ref5076" refString="Hance, H. F. (1851) Portulac psammotropha. In: Walpers, G. G. (Ed.) Annales Botanices Systematicae, vol. 2. Friedrich Hofmeister, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 660." type="book chapter" year="1851">Hance (1851: 660)</bibRefCitation>
provided a detailed diagnosis, the provenance (“
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF800100FA32267BF9F3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
Habitat in insula corallina
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005F2F9D127A9F9F3" bold="true" box="[136,145,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">˵</emphasis>
Prata Island˝…
</emphasis>
”), and habitat (“
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80077FF9D6241EF9F3" box="[517,806,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">ad littora maris arenosas</emphasis>
”). There are
<specimenCount id="9D6DFD44723BFF8006B8F9D62367F9F3" box="[962,1119,1564,1589]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="generic">two specimen</specimenCount>
at K (codes 000340153, and 000340154) collected by C. Wilford in “
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80073CF98A25EAF99F" box="[582,722,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Prata Island</emphasis>
” (= Pratas Island) as reported in the label. However, the specimen code 000340153 (image available at http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000340153) bears a plant collected in
<date id="FFD5100D723BFF800428F94226E8F967" box="[338,464,1672,1697]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" value="1858-04">April 1858</date>
. As a consequence, it can be considered a post-1851 addition to the collection, it is not part of the original material for the name
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF800722F966244EF903" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[600,886,1708,1733]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF800722F966244EF903" box="[600,886,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and cannot be elegible as
<typeStatus id="54D0886F723BFF8001DEF9662233F903" box="[1188,1291,1708,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
(arts. 9.2, and 9.3 of ICN,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723BFF80046BF91A26CBF92F" author="McNeill, J. &amp; Barrie, F. R. &amp; Buck, W. R. &amp; Demoulin, V. &amp; Greuter, D. L. &amp; Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Herendeen, P. S. &amp; Knapp, S. &amp; Marhold, K. &amp; Prado, J. &amp; Proud'Homme van Reine, W. F. &amp; Smith, J. F. &amp; Wiersema, J. H." box="[273,499,1744,1769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" pagination="1 - 274" refId="ref5481" refString="McNeill, J., Barrie, F. R., Buck, W. R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, D. L., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Proud'Homme van Reine, W. F., Smith, J. F. &amp; Wiersema, J. H. (Eds.) (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code): Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress, Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154: 1 - 274." type="journal article" year="2012">
McNeill
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80040CF91A2697F92F" box="[374,431,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). On the contrary, the other specimen bears a plant collected in 1831 so being useful for the lectotypification purposes. The morphological characteristics of the exsiccatum matches the Hances diagnosis, and it is here designated as the
<typeStatus id="54D0886F723BFF80049FF8D22574F8F7" box="[485,588,1816,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of the name
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8007A4F8D224C4F8F7" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[734,1020,1816,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8007A4F8D224C4F8F7" box="[734,1020,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005C7F8F627EDF8BF" blockId="6.[136,1452,1204,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8005C7F8F62688F893" bold="true" box="[189,432,1852,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Morphological notes</emphasis>
:—A diagnostic key to
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8007D3F8F624FDF893" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[681,965,1852,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8007D3F8F624FDF893" box="[681,965,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Portulaca psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8006AAF8F62372F893" authorityName="Roxburgh" authorityYear="1814" box="[976,1098,1852,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8006AAF8F62372F893" box="[976,1098,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">P.tuberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF8001F9F8F6221DF893" box="[1155,1317,1852,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="okinawensis">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF8001F9F8F6221DF893" box="[1155,1317,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">P. okinawensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presented below:
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8702AC3723BFF8005F2F8692292F7ED" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723BFF8005F2F8692292F7ED" blockId="6.[136,1451,1955,2091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
1. Flowers surrounded by sparse hairs ...................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF80003AF8692293F87E" authorityName="Roxburgh" authorityYear="1814" box="[1344,1451,1955,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80003AF8692293F87E" box="[1344,1451,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">P. tuberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- Flowers without surrounded hairs......................................................................................................................................................2 2. Axillary hairs present ...............................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723BFF80007EF8172293F834" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[1284,1451,2013,2034]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723BFF80007EF8172293F834" box="[1284,1451,2013,2034]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- Axillary hairs absent...........................................................................................................................................................................3 3. Number of stamens more than 20; petals orange-yellow, obovate to narrowly obovate; stems reddish green....................................
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723AFF8105ACFF6A2292FF73" blockId="7.[136,1450,160,238]" box="[214,1450,160,181]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
...........................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF810103FF6A2292FF73" authority="var. okinawensis" authorityName="var. okinawensis Walker et Tawada" authorityYear="1951" box="[1145,1450,160,181]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="okinawensis" variety="okinawensis">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF810103FF6A223EFF73" box="[1145,1286,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. okinawensis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81004FFF6A2292FF73" box="[1333,1450,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">okinawensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723AFF8105F2FF762292FF28" blockId="7.[136,1450,160,238]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
- Number of stamens less than 15; petals lemon-coloured, obovate to oblanceolate; stems bright green ............................................. ..........................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF810107FF132292FF28" authorityName="Kokubugata, Koh Nakam. &amp; Yokota" authorityYear="2013" box="[1149,1450,217,238]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="okinawensis" variety="amamiensis">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF810107FF132232FF28" box="[1149,1290,217,238]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. okinawensis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF810043FF132292FF28" box="[1337,1450,217,238]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">amamiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723AFF8105F2FEDD23F3FDEA" blockId="7.[136,1455,279,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8105F2FEDD264BFEF6" bold="true" box="[136,371,279,304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Biogeography notes</emphasis>
:—Although the different climates, the floras of Bonin Islands (subtropics climate), and Ryukyus (subtropical climate) are considered similar from the phylogenetic point of view (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810683FEF12348FE92" author="Hara, H." box="[1017,1136,315,340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref5119" refString="Hara, H. (1959) An outline of the phytogeography of Japan. In: Hara, H. &amp; Kanai, H. (Eds.) Distribution maps of flowering plants in Japan, vol. 2. Inoue Book Co., Tokyo, pp. 1 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1959">Hara 1959</bibRefCitation>
,Yamazaki 1970).Therefore, it was unexpected that the species identified was not the Ryukyu endemic
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8106AAFE95234DFEBE" box="[976,1141,351,376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="okinawensis">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8106AAFE95234DFEBE" box="[976,1141,351,376]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. okinawensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8101D5FE95224BFEBE" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[1199,1395,351,376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8101D5FE95224BFEBE" box="[1199,1395,351,376]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that is commonly found in the Bonin Islands. The Bonin Islands represent the northwestern limit of the distribution area of
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8105D0FE6D2648FE06" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[170,368,423,448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8105D0FE6D2648FE06" box="[170,368,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which was geographcally isolated from
<collectingRegion id="49AFF82F723AFF810631FE6D24A4FE06" box="[843,924,423,448]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Hainan</collectingRegion>
Island of
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF81016DFE6D2365FE06" box="[1047,1117,423,448]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF810111FE6D23F8FE06" box="[1131,1216,423,448]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, and the
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF810054FE6D2294FE06" box="[1326,1452,423,448]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF8105EAFE01265DFE22" author="Chung, S. &amp; Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T." box="[144,357,459,484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="90 - 95" refId="ref4790" refString="Chung, S., Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T. (2008) Portulaca psammotropha Hance (Portulacaceae), a neglected species in the flora of Taiwan and the Philippines. Taiwania 53: 90 - 95." type="journal article" year="2008">
Chung
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81059FFE012618FE22" box="[229,288,459,484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Since
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8104BBFE012509FE22" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[449,561,459,484]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8104BBFE012509FE22" box="[449,561,459,484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Portulaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a tropical genus and
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF81063CFE0124FDFE22" authorityName="Roxburgh" authorityYear="1814" box="[838,965,459,484]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81063CFE0124FDFE22" box="[838,965,459,484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. tuberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the sister species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8101B8FE0122BEFE22" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[1218,1414,459,484]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8101B8FE0122BEFE22" box="[1218,1414,459,484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is distributed in the Malesian and Pacific regions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF8107E6FE252471FDCE" author="Puy, D. J. D. &amp; Telford, I. R. H. &amp; Orchard, A. E." box="[668,841,495,520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="118 - 121" refId="ref5872" refString="Puy, D. J. D., Telford, I. R. H. &amp; Orchard, A. E. (1993) Portulacaceae. In: George, A. S., Orchard, A. E. &amp; Hewson, H. J. (Eds.) Flora of Australia, vol. 50. AGPS Press Publication, Canberra, pp. 118 - 121." type="book chapter" year="1993">
Puy
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8107AAFE252430FDCE" box="[720,776,495,520]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
), we can hypothesized that the Bonin populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8100EDFE252617FDEA" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8100EDFE252617FDEA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were derived from ancestral southern populations from
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF8106DEFDD924CEFDEA" box="[932,1014,531,556]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
or the
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF81013FFDD923FFFDEA" box="[1093,1223,531,556]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Philippines</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436CD723AFF8105C7FDFD2644FB56" blockId="7.[136,1455,279,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
The Bonin Islands were formed during the Paleocene (66 Ma to 56 Ma) and rose above sea level before the middle Pleistocene, about 0.8 Ma to 0.1 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF8107E2FD912404FDB2" author="Kaizuka, S." box="[664,828,603,628]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref5323" refString="Kaizuka, S. (1977) Geology and geomorphology of the Bonin Islands. Ogasawara-Kenkyu-Nenpo 1: 29 - 34. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1977">Kaizuka 1977</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810630FD912341FDB2" author="Imaizumi, T. &amp; Tamura, T." box="[842,1145,603,628]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref5174" refString="Imaizumi, T. &amp; Tamura, T. (1984) Geomorphology of the Chichijima and Hahajima Islands. Ogasawara-Kenkyu-Nenpo 7: 3 - 11. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1984">Imaizumi &amp; Tamura 1984</bibRefCitation>
). They are oceanic islands that have never been land-connected with other islands/landmasses. So,
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF8106C3FDB52345FD5E" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[953,1149,639,664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8106C3FDB52345FD5E" box="[953,1149,639,664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must have migrated to the Bonin Islands oversea. The species has dry dehiscent fruits and its seeds are
<quantity id="4C939B28723AFF810690FD69234AFD7A" box="[1002,1138,675,700]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.499999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" unit="mm" value="0.6499999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.6">0.60.7 mm</quantity>
in diameter (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810072FD692290FD7A" author="Tuyama, T." box="[1288,1448,675,700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref6326" refString="Tuyama, T. (1939) Plantae Bonienses Novae Criticae. XII. The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 53: 1 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.53.1" type="journal article" year="1939">Tuyama 1939</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF8105F2FD0D2660FD26" author="Chung, S. &amp; Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T." box="[136,344,711,736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="90 - 95" refId="ref4790" refString="Chung, S., Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T. (2008) Portulaca psammotropha Hance (Portulacaceae), a neglected species in the flora of Taiwan and the Philippines. Taiwania 53: 90 - 95." type="journal article" year="2008">
Chung
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF8105A0FD0D262BFD26" box="[218,275,711,736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Given that seeds in
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF810730FD0D2582FD26" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[586,698,711,736]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF810730FD0D2582FD26" box="[586,698,711,736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Portulaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not float,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810628FD0D2338FD26" author="Geesink, T." box="[850,1024,711,736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="276 - 301" refId="ref5047" refString="Geesink, T. (1969) An account of the genus Portulaca in Indo-Australia and the Pacific (Portulacaceae). Blumea 17: 276 - 301." type="journal article" year="1969">Geesink (1969)</bibRefCitation>
suggested three possible mechanisms for oversea dispersal: 1) attachment to drifting wood, 2) exo- and/or endozoochory, or 3) artificial dispersal. Artificial dispersal is unlikely because Minami-io-jima has not been inhabited and few naturalized plants have been found in the island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF81047DFCF926F0FC8A" author="Kato, H. &amp; Horikoshi, K. &amp; Shumiya, T. &amp; Amano, K. &amp; Munakata, M. &amp; Katoh, S. &amp; Karube, H. &amp; Nakano, H. &amp; Kachi, N." box="[263,456,819,844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref5205" refString="Kato, H., Horikoshi, K., Shumiya, T., Amano, K., Munakata, M., Katoh, S., Karube, H., Nakano, H. &amp; Kachi, N. (2008) Overview of expedition of nature environment on Minami-iwo-to Island. Ogasawara Research 33: 1 - 29. [in Japanese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2008">
Kato
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF810432FCF926BBFC8A" box="[328,387,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, seeds of some
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF81061DFCF92309FC8A" box="[871,1073,819,844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81061DFCF924EFFC8A" box="[871,983,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Portulaca</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
remained viable after floating in seawater for a few weeks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF8104C5FC9D2569FCB6" author="Ridley, H. N." box="[447,593,855,880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" refId="ref5947" refString="Ridley, H. N. (1930) The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. L. Reeve and Co., Ashford, Kent, 744 pp." type="book" year="1930">Ridley 1930</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D4E723AFF81071DFC9D2414FCB6" authorityName="Hance" authorityYear="1851" box="[615,812,855,880]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Portulacaceae" genus="Portulaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psammotropha">
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81071DFC9D2414FCB6" box="[615,812,855,880]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">P. psammotropha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in coastal rocky slopes in
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF8101CDFC9D2231FCB6" box="[1207,1289,855,880]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810061FC9D27FCFC52" author="Chung, S. &amp; Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T." pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="90 - 95" refId="ref4790" refString="Chung, S., Madulid, D. A. &amp; Hsu, T. (2008) Portulaca psammotropha Hance (Portulacaceae), a neglected species in the flora of Taiwan and the Philippines. Taiwania 53: 90 - 95." type="journal article" year="2008">
Chung
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81000BFC9D2294FCB6" box="[1393,1452,855,880]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
), and the Bonin Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B3C723AFF810499FCB12596FC52" author="Fujita, T. &amp; Takayama, K. &amp; Shumiya, T. &amp; Kato, H." box="[483,686,891,916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref5000" refString="Fujita, T., Takayama, K., Shumiya, T. &amp; Kato, H. (2008) Overview of expedition of nature environment on Minami-iwo-to Island. Ogasawara Research 33: 49 - 62. [in Japanese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2008">
Fujita
<emphasis id="B91FEADF723AFF81074AFCB12552FC52" box="[560,618,891,916]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, G. Kokubugata, pers. observ.). Therefore, we consider sea-current dispersal a likely scenario to explain the occurrence of the species in the Bonin Islands. The Kuroshio Current washes
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF8105F2FC0927E2FC1A" box="[136,218,963,988]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and the northern
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF8104E7FC092526FC1A" box="[413,542,963,988]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, flowing northward along the Ryukyu and Japanese archipelagos and periodically meanders from
<collectingCountry id="F37C765D723AFF81044CFC2D264EFBC6" box="[310,374,999,1024]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Japan</collectingCountry>
proper toward the Bonin Islands. The Kuroshio Current is a likely medium, although the absence of the species in the Ryukyus needs to be explained by assuming extinction or haphazard results. Long dispersal with exo- and/or endozoochory by migratory birds is also possible. Further studies, especially phylogeographic/population genetic studies, on plants showing similar distribution patterns could be used to explore the migratory origin and route of Bonin populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>