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<mods:title id="D7ACEA98A43C1E9CDE28059912C94072">Revision of the Magellanic Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Heterodonta)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EB2B688223214BE7989BC5E76565762D">2011</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FB3D87B2FB19" blockId="8.[151,642,1203,1262]" box="[151,642,1203,1229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<heading id="0D2081FC3F21FF8AFF22FB3D87B2FB19" bold="true" box="[151,642,1203,1229]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FB3D87B2FB19" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,642,1203,1229]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FB3D87B2FB19" bold="true" box="[151,642,1203,1229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FB3D8478FB19" bold="true" box="[151,328,1203,1229]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFEE2FB3D8749FB19" author="King" box="[343,633,1203,1229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FB58840CFB3A" blockId="8.[151,642,1203,1262]" box="[151,316,1238,1262]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F21FF8AFF2BFB588404FB3A" box="[158,308,1238,1262]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1092,1115]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,1290,1313]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,178,1075]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,339,1268]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,178,1076]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[151,1436,339,1269]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Mulinia edulis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, Scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure; D: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 50 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Mulinia edulis, A – C: SEM picture of Ctenidia, A. internal view of the outer demibranch (oh) and inner demibranch (ih), B – C: food groove (fg) in the ventral margin, scale bar A = 1000 µm, B = 100 µm and C = 20 µm.; D: inner labial palp (ilp) with the inner surface plicate, scale bar = 2000 µm; E – F: SEM picture of the heart, E: dorsal view showing the ventricle (vt), F: ventral view showing the auricles (au), scale bar E = 500 µm, F = 200 µm; G – H: SEM picture of siphons, G: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, H: detail of the tentacles, scale bars: G = 2 mm, H = 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/201086/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/201087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Figures 8–10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F21FF8AFF22FA918633F951" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FA918010FA86" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FA918010FA86" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FA91877CFAE0" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832: 335" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityPageNumber="335" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,588,1310,1332]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FA918413FAE0" box="[151,291,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mactra edulis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE9FFA90877CFAE0" author="King" box="[298,588,1310,1332]" page="335" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1832">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE9FFA908729FAE0" author="King" box="[298,537,1310,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
: 335
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFDE3FA9086B4FAE0" author="Potiez" box="[598,900,1310,1332]" page="248" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1844">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFDE3FA908661FAE0" author="Potiez" box="[598,849,1310,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Potiez, V. L. &amp; Michaud, A. L. G. (1844) Galerie des mollusques, ou Catalogue methodique, descriptif et raisonne des mollusques et coquilles du Museum de Douai, Paris &amp; London, Bailliere, vol. 2, xxxvii - xliv, 307 pp." type="book" year="1844">Potiez &amp; Michaud, 1844</bibRefCitation>
: 248
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 65, fig.5; d´Orbigny, 1846: 510;
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFB43FA918048FAE0" author="Reeve" box="[1270,1400,1310,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 7, fig. 32; Hupé in Gay, 1854: 348; Martinez y
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFD11FAB3860CFA86" author="Saez" box="[676,828,1340,1362]" page="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFD11FAB38627FA86" author="Saez" box="[676,791,1340,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Martinez y Saez, F. (1869) Moluscos del Viaje al Pacifico Verificado de 1862 a 1865 por una Comision de Naturalistas Enviada por el Gobierno Espanol, Parte Segunda: Bivalvos Marinos. Madrid, 78 pp." type="book" year="1869">Saez, 1869</bibRefCitation>
: 12
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3, fig.8;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFC08FAB2802CFA86" author="Mabille" box="[957,1308,1340,1362]" page="106" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFC08FAB281D9FA86" author="Mabille" box="[957,1257,1340,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 106
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FAD58790FAA5" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,672,1371,1393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FAD58790FAA5" box="[151,672,1371,1393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FAD584D2FAA5" authority="Gray, 1837: 375" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="375" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,482,1371,1393]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FAD58405FAA5" box="[151,309,1371,1393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinia typicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE8EFAD284D2FAA5" author="Gray" box="[315,482,1371,1393]" page="375" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE8EFAD2849FFAA5" author="Gray" box="[315,431,1372,1393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 375
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Hanley, 1843: 34.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FAF486EBFA7A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FAF486EBFA7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FAF484EFFA44" authority="Gray, 1837: 376" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="376" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,479,1402,1424]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FAF4841BFA44" box="[151,299,1402,1424]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE81FAF584EFFA44" author="Gray" box="[308,479,1402,1424]" page="376" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE81FAF5849AFA44" author="Gray" box="[308,426,1403,1424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 376
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; Hanley, 1843: 35; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 379, pl. 100, fig. 3;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFB30FAF4801BFA44" author="Dall" box="[1157,1323,1402,1424]" page="274" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFB30FAF481C6FA44" author="Dall" box="[1157,1270,1402,1424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Dall, W. H. (1909) Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine Mollusca of the Peruvian zoological Province. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 147 - 294." type="journal article" year="1909">Dall, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 274
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFA82FAF48412FA7A" author="Carcelles" page="81" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFA82FAF485CDFA7B" author="Carcelles" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. (1950) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de Patagonia. Anales del Museo Nahuel Huapi, 2 extra nueva serie, 8, 41 - 100." type="journal article" year="1950">Carcelles, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 81
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5 fig. 89;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE1AFA178629FA7A" author="Carcelles" box="[431,793,1433,1455]" page="343" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE1AFA1787D7FA7B" author="Carcelles" box="[431,743,1433,1455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 343
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFC96FA1786EBFA7A" author="Bernard" box="[803,987,1433,1455]" page="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFC96FA178688FA7A" author="Bernard" box="[803,952,1433,1455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FA378024FA19" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,1300,1463,1486]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FA378024FA19" box="[151,1300,1463,1486]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FA3784C6FA19" authority="Gould, 1850: 216" authorityName="Gould" authorityPageNumber="216" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,502,1463,1486]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marcida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FA37840BFA19" box="[151,315,1463,1486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mactra marcida</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFEF4FA3984C6FA19" author="Gould" box="[321,502,1463,1485]" page="216" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1850">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFEF4FA3984F3FA19" author="Gould" box="[321,451,1463,1485]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Gould, A. A. (1850) Shells collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Charles Wilkes. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3 (3), 214 - 218." type="journal article" year="1850">Gould, 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 216
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1852: 392, pl. 33, figs. 505 a–b; 1862: 76;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFC04FA398020FA19" author="Mabille" box="[945,1296,1463,1485]" page="106" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFC04FA3981EDFA19" author="Mabille" box="[945,1245,1463,1485]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 106
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FA5887CFFA38" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,767,1494,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FA5887CFFA38" box="[151,767,1494,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FA5884FBFA38" authority="Gray, 1853: 42" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,459,1494,1516]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FA58841BFA38" box="[151,299,1494,1516]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinia typica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE87FA5984FBFA38" author="Gray" box="[306,459,1494,1516]" page="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE87FA598495FA38" author="Gray" box="[306,421,1494,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) A revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 nd serie, 11, 33 - 44." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 380.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22FA788648F9DE" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,888,1524,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22FA788648F9DE" box="[151,888,1524,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22FA78849EF9DE" authority="Reeve, 1854" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,430,1524,1547]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22FA788416F9DF" box="[151,294,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mactra typica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE99FA7B849EF9DE" author="Reeve" box="[300,430,1524,1546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 11, fig. 45;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFDF8FA7A87C8F9DE" author="Philippi" box="[589,760,1524,1546]" page="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFDF8FA7A87EFF9DE" author="Philippi" box="[589,735,1524,1546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22F99D84DDF9FD" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,493,1555,1577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22F99D84DDF9FD" box="[151,493,1555,1577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22F99D84D9F9FD" authority="Conrad, 1868: 31" authorityName="Conrad" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,489,1555,1577]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22F99D8400F9FD" box="[151,304,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinea typica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE83F99D84D9F9FD" author="Conrad" box="[310,489,1555,1577]" page="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE83F99D84F3F9FD" author="Conrad" box="[310,451,1555,1577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3, appendix, 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1868">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 31
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22F9BC84DBF99C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,491,1586,1608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22F9BC84DBF99C" box="[151,491,1586,1608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22F9BC84D7F99C" authority="Conrad, 1868: 31" authorityName="Conrad" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,487,1586,1608]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22F9BC841EF99C" box="[151,302,1586,1608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mulinea edulis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE81F9BC84D7F99C" author="Conrad" box="[308,487,1586,1608]" page="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE81F9BC84F1F99C" author="Conrad" box="[308,449,1586,1608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3, appendix, 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1868">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 31
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22F9DC8653F9B2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,867,1617,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22F9DC8653F9B2" box="[151,867,1617,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22F9DC8713F9B2" authority="Philippi, 1893: 10" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,547,1617,1639]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coquimbana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22F9DC8455F9B3" box="[151,357,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mactra coquimbana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFEDEF9DF8713F9B2" author="Philippi" box="[363,547,1617,1639]" page="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFEDEF9DF84CEF9B2" author="Philippi" box="[363,510,1617,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl.2, fig. 7;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFD11F9DF866EF9B2" author="Bernard" box="[676,862,1617,1639]" page="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFD11F9DF8608F9B2" author="Bernard" box="[676,824,1617,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22F9FF8633F951" blockId="8.[151,1437,1310,1670]" box="[151,771,1647,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F21FF8AFF22F9FF8633F951" box="[151,771,1647,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F21FF8AFF22F9FF87B3F951" authority="Gray, Philippi, 1893: 8" authorityName="Gray, Philippi" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,643,1647,1670]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typical" subGenus="Mulinia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22F9FF84A4F951" box="[151,404,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Mactra (Mulinia) typical</emphasis>
Gray,
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F21FF8AFE6DF9E187B3F951" author="Philippi" box="[472,643,1647,1669]" page="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F21FF8AFE6DF9E1875CF951" author="Philippi" box="[472,620,1647,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F21FF8AFF22F93C812CF93A" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF22F93C812CF93A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1714,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF22F93C8421F91F" bold="true" box="[151,273,1714,1739]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal to subcircular, inflated, periostracum reddish brown; escutcheon defined by posterior line from umbo to posterior margin; lateral teeth elongated but close to the cardinals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F21FF8BFF72F97484C6F83D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="8" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F21FF8AFF72F97485DAF83E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1714,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F21FF8AFF72F9748469F8C7" bold="true" box="[199,345,1786,1811]" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Description.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal, subcircular, strong; external surface smooth, with reddish brown periostracum; umbos slightly inflated, prosogyrous; posterior dorsal margin rounded from umbo to posterior end; anterior dorsal margin straight; ventral edge curved without sharp angles. Pallial sinus separated from ventral edge, U-shaped, horizontal, approximately half of shell length (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F21FF8AFD36F8E887F6F8AA" box="[643,710,1894,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C–D). Right valve hinge with small, short lateral teeth; cardinal teeth unfused (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F21FF8AFE8BF80484B1F876" box="[318,385,1930,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1092,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,178,1076]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mulinia edulis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, Scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure; D: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201086/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A), left valve with V-shaped cardinal teeth composed of two simple, divergent cardinals; one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth present (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F21FF8AFD0FF82087C9F812" box="[698,761,1966,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1092,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,178,1076]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mulinia edulis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, Scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure; D: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201086/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Fig.9</figureCitation>
B); ultrastructure of shell as in other species analyzed (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F21FF8AFADBF8208595F83E" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1092,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,178,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,178,1076]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mulinia edulis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, Scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure; D: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201086/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="55">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
C–D).
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A866183F20FF8BFF22F9D48725F919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="566836903F20FF8BFF22F9D48725F919" blockId="9.[151,1436,1626,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFF22F9D48423F9A4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1626,1649]" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFEAFF9D5849DF9A5" box="[282,429,1627,1649]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFEAFF9D5849DF9A5" box="[282,429,1627,1649]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–D: Syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFDCCF9D58131F9A5" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[633,1025,1627,1649]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFDCCF9D5863CF9A5" box="[633,780,1627,1649]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
King &amp; Broderip, 1832
</taxonomicName>
(NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E–F: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFF01F9F584D3F944" authority="Gould, 1850" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1850" box="[180,483,1658,1680]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marcida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFF01F9F5846AF944" box="[180,346,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mactra marcida</emphasis>
Gould, 1850
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 5892); G–H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFB7EF9F480ACF95B" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[1227,1436,1658,1680]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFB7EF9F48051F944" box="[1227,1377,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mulinia typica</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
(NHM unnumbered); I–K: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFD85F91786AAF97A" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[560,922,1688,1710]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coquimbana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFD85F91787CFF97A" box="[560,767,1688,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mactra coquimbana</emphasis>
Philippi, 1893
</taxonomicName>
; L–M: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F20FF8BFBDFF9178065F97A" authority="Gould" authorityName="Gould" box="[1130,1365,1688,1710]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneola">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFBDFF917803BF97A" box="[1130,1291,1688,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mactra cuneola</emphasis>
Gould
</taxonomicName>
, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="566836903F20FF8BFF70F97484C6F83D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1785,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F20FF8BFF70F9748483F8C6" box="[197,435,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Mantle cavity organs</emphasis>
. Siphons fused; apertural area of incurrent characterized by presence of tentacles in two rings; internal ring with two sizes of tentacles, external ring with only one. Excurrent siphon with subequal tentacles (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F20FF8BFF66F8CF8414F88D" box="[211,292,1857,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1290,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1268]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,339,1269]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Mulinia edulis, A – C: SEM picture of Ctenidia, A. internal view of the outer demibranch (oh) and inner demibranch (ih), B – C: food groove (fg) in the ventral margin, scale bar A = 1000 µm, B = 100 µm and C = 20 µm.; D: inner labial palp (ilp) with the inner surface plicate, scale bar = 2000 µm; E – F: SEM picture of the heart, E: dorsal view showing the ventricle (vt), F: ventral view showing the auricles (au), scale bar E = 500 µm, F = 200 µm; G – H: SEM picture of siphons, G: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, H: detail of the tentacles, scale bars: G = 2 mm, H = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
G–H). Ctenidial demibranchs fused posteriorly; inner demibranchs with well-defined food grooves at distal edges (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F20FF8BFE98F8E8844FF8AA" box="[301,383,1894,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1290,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1268]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,339,1269]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Mulinia edulis, A – C: SEM picture of Ctenidia, A. internal view of the outer demibranch (oh) and inner demibranch (ih), B – C: food groove (fg) in the ventral margin, scale bar A = 1000 µm, B = 100 µm and C = 20 µm.; D: inner labial palp (ilp) with the inner surface plicate, scale bar = 2000 µm; E – F: SEM picture of the heart, E: dorsal view showing the ventricle (vt), F: ventral view showing the auricles (au), scale bar E = 500 µm, F = 200 µm; G – H: SEM picture of siphons, G: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, H: detail of the tentacles, scale bars: G = 2 mm, H = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A–C). External and internal demibranchs similar in size and shape; of ctenidial
<typeStatus id="896C88323F20FF8BFAA5F8E98070F8AB" box="[1296,1344,1895,1919]" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
C(1) of
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F20FF8BFF22F8078407F875" author="Atkins" box="[151,311,1929,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" refString="Atkins, D. (1937) On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of Lamellibranchia. Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, n. s. 79, 375 - 421." type="book chapter" year="1937">Atkins (1937)</bibRefCitation>
. Ctenidia fused with labial palps anteriorly, elongated, trigonal, with internal surfaces plicate facilitating food transport to mouth (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F20FF8BFE43F8208777F812" box="[502,583,1966,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1290,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1268]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,339,1269]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Mulinia edulis, A – C: SEM picture of Ctenidia, A. internal view of the outer demibranch (oh) and inner demibranch (ih), B – C: food groove (fg) in the ventral margin, scale bar A = 1000 µm, B = 100 µm and C = 20 µm.; D: inner labial palp (ilp) with the inner surface plicate, scale bar = 2000 µm; E – F: SEM picture of the heart, E: dorsal view showing the ventricle (vt), F: ventral view showing the auricles (au), scale bar E = 500 µm, F = 200 µm; G – H: SEM picture of siphons, G: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, H: detail of the tentacles, scale bars: G = 2 mm, H = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
D). Heart with two ventral auricles and one large ventricle; intestine passing through ventricle (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F20FF8BFED3F85F8487F83D" box="[358,439,2001,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1290,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1268]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,339,1269]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Mulinia edulis, A – C: SEM picture of Ctenidia, A. internal view of the outer demibranch (oh) and inner demibranch (ih), B – C: food groove (fg) in the ventral margin, scale bar A = 1000 µm, B = 100 µm and C = 20 µm.; D: inner labial palp (ilp) with the inner surface plicate, scale bar = 2000 µm; E – F: SEM picture of the heart, E: dorsal view showing the ventricle (vt), F: ventral view showing the auricles (au), scale bar E = 500 µm, F = 200 µm; G – H: SEM picture of siphons, G: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, H: detail of the tentacles, scale bars: G = 2 mm, H = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="56">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E–F).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="02A866183F23FF88FF22FBCA8721FB4C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201086/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[151,1436,178,1075]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF22FBCA8721FB4C" blockId="10.[151,1436,1092,1176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF22FBCA8422FB8D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1092,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FEADFBCA849AFB8E" box="[280,426,1092,1114]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FEADFBCA849AFB8E" box="[280,426,1092,1114]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, Scale bar = 1cm; C–D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure; D: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F23FF88FF72FB4B86DDF9BC" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72FB4B84DAFA9C" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF72FB4B8447FB09" bold="true" box="[199,375,1220,1245]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FF72FB4B8432FB09" box="[199,258,1221,1245]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FE3CFB4884C4FB09" box="[393,500,1221,1245]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FE3CFB4884C4FB09" box="[393,500,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM 1837.1.12.1168-9 and 196325, three
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FC42FB4B8169FB09" box="[1015,1113,1221,1245]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(figs. 8A–D); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FABBFB4880A2FB09" box="[1294,1426,1221,1245]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marcida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FABBFB4880A2FB09" box="[1294,1426,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. marcida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FF22FB6685D8FAD4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,232,1256,1280]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
5892,
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FE81FB6684A6FAD4" box="[308,406,1256,1280]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Orange Bay and
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FD20FB6687EDFAD4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[661,733,1256,1280]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">ANSP</collectionCode>
51364, one
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FCD3FB6786F6FAD5" box="[870,966,1257,1281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(figs. 8E–H); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FBDAFB6781D3FAD4" box="[1135,1251,1257,1280]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FBDAFB6781D3FAD4" box="[1135,1251,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. typicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM (unnumbered), one specimen from Patagonia (figs. 8G–H); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FCBDFA80868DFAF1" box="[776,957,1293,1317]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coquimbana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FCBDFA80868DFAF1" box="[776,957,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. coquimbana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FC67FA82810AFAF0" box="[978,1082,1292,1316]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MNHNC</collectionCode>
(unnumbered),
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FB4DFA82806AFAF0" box="[1272,1370,1292,1316]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Coquimbo,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FEAEFABE8468FA9C" box="[283,344,1328,1352]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
(figs.
<date id="226910503F23FF88FE15FABE8487FA9C" box="[416,439,1328,1352]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">8I</date>
–K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72FADB8668FAB8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" box="[199,856,1364,1389]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF72FADB8455FAB9" bold="true" box="[199,357,1364,1389]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FF72FADB8432FAB9" box="[199,258,1365,1389]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Puerto El Hambre, Magellanic Strait,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FCA6FADA8663FAB8" box="[787,851,1364,1388]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72FAF686DDF9BC" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF72FAF684CEFA45" bold="true" box="[199,510,1400,1425]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FDB3FAF68755FA44" box="[518,613,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FDB3FAF68755FA44" box="[518,613,1400,1424]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Guayaquil (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FD4CFAF68673FA44" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[761,835,1400,1424]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">ANSP</collectionCode>
51335).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FC1CFAF786EFFA44" box="[937,991,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FC1CFAF786EFFA44" box="[937,991,1401,1424]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Peru</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Lima (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FB8FFAF681BDFA44" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1082,1165,1400,1424]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
593115);
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FAB4FAF78005FA44" box="[1281,1333,1401,1424]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FAF0FAF680ACFA44" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[1349,1436,1400,1424]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">AMNH</collectionCode>
34751); Callao (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FEEEFA12849DFA60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[347,429,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
13432).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FD94FA13876DFA61" box="[545,605,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FD94FA13876DFA61" box="[545,605,1437,1461]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Atacama (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FD59FA128673FA60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[748,835,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">AMNH</collectionCode>
132942);
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FC73FA128133FA60" box="[966,1027,1436,1460]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FBADFA128147FA60" box="[1048,1143,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MZUSP</collectionCode>
13071;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FB57FA128003FA60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1250,1331,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
212597, 212598;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FF49FA4F8462FA0D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[252,338,1473,1497]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">AMNH</collectionCode>
34042); Valparaíso (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FDF1FA4E87A7FA0C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[580,663,1472,1496]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
159384); Coquimbo (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FC22FA4E86DAFA0C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[919,1002,1472,1496]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
128354; NHM 1898.7.29.20;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FAFDFA4E80ACFA0C" box="[1352,1436,1472,1496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MORG</collectionCode>
18971); Talcahuano (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FE3FFA6A84E7FA28" box="[394,471,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MNRJ</collectionCode>
1300); Valdivia (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FD11FA6A87EFFA28" box="[676,735,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MLP</collectionCode>
9381); Puerto Montt (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FC53FA6A8111FA28" box="[998,1057,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MLP</collectionCode>
1853); Chiloe (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FB6EFA6A800AFA28" box="[1243,1338,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MZUSP</collectionCode>
66341); Gulf Elefantes, XI Region (NHM 1999.02.02); Magellanic Strait (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FC3DF98686D7F9F4" box="[904,999,1544,1568]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MZUSP</collectionCode>
13066, 13069, 13072, 13073, 13075).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF22F9A38436F991" box="[151,262,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FF22F9A38436F991" box="[151,262,1581,1605]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Argentina</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Tierra del Fuego (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FE51F9A28707F990" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[484,567,1580,1604]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">USNM</collectionCode>
568263); Orange Harbor (NHM 1962.10.93); Ushuaia (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FB0EF9A281C6F990" box="[1211,1270,1580,1604]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MLP</collectionCode>
2239;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F23FF88FAFDF9A280ACF990" box="[1352,1436,1580,1604]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">MACN</collectionCode>
19826, coll. in 1931, 5 valves; 13559, 12 valves, coll. by Carcelles in 1923).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F23FF88FF72F9FA86A5F958" box="[199,917,1652,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72F9FA86A5F958" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" box="[199,917,1652,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF72F9FA8450F959" bold="true" box="[199,352,1652,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</emphasis>
From Guayaquil,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FD98F9FA87BCF958" box="[557,652,1652,1676]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, to Ushuaia,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FCABF9FA86A1F958" box="[798,913,1652,1676]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F23FF89FF72F9178414FEC8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72F917810BF8C8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF72F917840BF965" bold="true" box="[199,315,1689,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Remarks.</emphasis>
The analysis of the
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FD97F9178762F965" box="[546,594,1689,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FD40F91686ABF964" box="[757,923,1688,1712]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FD40F91686ABF964" box="[757,923,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mulinia typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
housed at NHM confirms it as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FF22F9308430F901" box="[151,256,1725,1749]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF22F9308430F901" box="[151,256,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F23FF88FEA5F9328462F900" box="[272,338,1724,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
G–H). The material of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FDE2F930863DF901" box="[599,781,1725,1749]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marcida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FDE2F930863DF901" box="[599,781,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mactra marcida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by the
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FC65F933813AF900" box="[976,1034,1724,1748]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">U. S.</collectingCountry>
Exploring Expedition from Orange Harbor (USNM and ANSP) revealed its synonymy (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F23FF88FD5FF96E861CF92C" box="[746,812,1760,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
E–F). Finally, the
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FC4EF96F811BF92D" box="[1019,1067,1761,1785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FB02F96F80ACF92C" box="[1207,1436,1760,1784]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coquimbana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FB02F96F80ACF92C" box="[1207,1436,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mactra coquimbana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from Coquimbo,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FE7FF88A8737F8C8" box="[458,519,1796,1820]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
(MNHNC) is the same that
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FCF1F888869DF8C9" box="[836,941,1797,1821]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FCF1F888869DF8C9" box="[836,941,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F23FF88FC09F88A86CEF8C8" box="[956,1022,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
Fig.
<date id="226910503F23FF88FC44F88A86CEF8C8" box="[1009,1022,1796,1820]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">8</date>
</figureCitation>
I–K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F23FF88FF72F8A6864AF820" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F23FF88FF72F8A68443F894" author="Bernard" box="[199,371,1832,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard (1983)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned the species
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FDC9F8A786F4F894" authority="Gould, 1850" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1850" box="[636,964,1832,1856]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneola">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FDC9F8A7861FF894" box="[636,815,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mactra cuneola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F23FF88FC82F8A686F4F894" author="Gould" box="[823,964,1832,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" refString="Gould, A. A. (1850) Shells collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Charles Wilkes. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3 (3), 214 - 218." type="journal article" year="1850">Gould, 1850</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FB38F8A781C6F894" box="[1165,1270,1832,1856]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FB38F8A781C6F894" box="[1165,1270,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">M. edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the Gould species, described from Callao,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FDFEF8C387B1F8B0" box="[587,641,1869,1892]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Peru</collectingCountry>
, is more trigonal with a rounded posterior end and the anterior straight (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F23FF88FF2AF8FE85D3F85C" box="[159,227,1904,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1605]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mulinia edulis, A – D: Syntypes of Mulinia edulis King &amp; Broderip, 1832 (NHM 1837.1.12.1168); E – F: Holotype of Mactra marcida Gould, 1850 (USNM 5892); G – H: Specimen labeled by Gray, possible Holotype of Mulinia typica Gray (NHM unnumbered); I – K: Holotype of Mactra coquimbana Philippi, 1893; L – M: Holotype of Mactra cuneola Gould, Holotype (USNM 5891), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201085/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
L–M). In addition, the pallial sinus is shorter and the lateral teeth more elongated. The
<typeStatus id="896C88323F23FF88FB51F8FF8024F85D" box="[1252,1300,1905,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F23FF88FF22F81B873BF878" authority="Dunker, 1850" authorityName="Dunker" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,523,1940,1965]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FF22F81B8458F879" box="[151,360,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Mulinia antarctica</emphasis>
Dunker, 1850
</taxonomicName>
, cited by
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F23FF88FDC0F81A8674F878" author="Paetel" box="[629,836,1940,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Paetel, F. (1883) Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung. Mollusca. Gebruder Paetel, Berlin. viii + 271 pp." type="book" year="1883">Paetel (1883: 201)</bibRefCitation>
from Chiloe Island,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F23FF88FB99F81A815BF878" box="[1068,1131,1940,1964]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">Chile</collectingCountry>
, was not found at the ZMB collection. Neither was the original description found in the literature, only the citation of Paetel. For these reasons, we conclude that this name should be considered a
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F23FF88FD60F8508643F821" box="[725,883,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="57">nomen nudum</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF70FF198414FEC8" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
Other nominal species, i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FDB1FF1786B1FF7B" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[516,897,151,176]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calbucana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FDB1FF1787E4FF64" box="[516,724,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra calbucana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FD68FF1986B1FF7B" author="Philippi" box="[733,897,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FC3BFF178037FF7B" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[910,1287,151,176]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FC3BFF17816CFF64" box="[910,1116,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra epidermia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FBD1FF198037FF7B" author="Philippi" box="[1124,1287,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FAA0FF178449FF00" authority="Smith, 1905" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1905" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FAA0FF1785D5FF00" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FF59FF328449FF00" author="Smith" box="[236,377,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Smith, E. A. (1905) On a small collection of mollusca from Tierra del Fuego. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 6 (6), 333 - 339." type="journal article" year="1905">Smith, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FE33FF3387D1FF00" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[390,737,188,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lotensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FE33FF338706FF00" box="[390,566,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra lotensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FD8BFF3287D1FF00" author="Philippi" box="[574,737,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FD58FF338161FF00" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[749,1105,188,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pencana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FD58FF338697FF00" box="[749,935,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra pencana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FC1AFF328161FF00" author="Philippi" box="[943,1105,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FBEBFF3284B6FF23" authority="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889" authorityName="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune" authorityYear="1889" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jousseaumi">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FBEBFF32800DFF00" box="[1118,1341,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mulinia jousseaumi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FAF0FF3284B6FF23" author="Mabille" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FE76FF6E8611FF23" authority="Smith, 1881" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1881" box="[451,801,223,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="levicardo">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FE76FF6E87BCFF2C" box="[451,652,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mulinia levicardo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FD21FF518611FF23" author="Smith" box="[660,801,223,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Smith, E. A. (1881) Account of the Zoological collections made during the Survey of H. M. S. &quot; Alert &quot; in the Magellanic Straits and on the Coast of Patagonia. IV. Mollusca and molluscoidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 22 - 44." type="proceedings paper" year="1881">Smith, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, were incorrectly given by
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FBE3FF518033FF23" author="Bernard" box="[1110,1283,223,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard (1983)</bibRefCitation>
as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF00FE8B842DFEC8" box="[181,285,260,284]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF00FE8B842DFEC8" box="[181,285,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">M. edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22FA6F84C6FA2E" blockId="11.[151,502,1504,1564]" box="[151,502,1504,1531]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<heading id="0D2081FC3F22FF89FF22FA6F84C6FA2E" bold="true" box="[151,502,1504,1531]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22FA6F84C6FA2E" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,502,1504,1531]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22FA6F84C6FA2E" bold="true" box="[151,502,1504,1531]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22FA6F8457FA2F" bold="true" box="[151,359,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FEDBFA6E84C6FA2E" author="Gray" box="[366,502,1504,1530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F98A8479F9C8" blockId="11.[151,502,1504,1564]" box="[151,329,1540,1564]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F22FF89FF2BF98A8471F9C8" box="[158,321,1540,1564]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,769,1852]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1853]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Mulinia exalbida, A – D: Holotype of Mulinia exalbida (NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E – G: Holotype of Mactra cibaria Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); H – L: Holotype of Mactra calbucana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Mulinia exalbida, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex; D: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/201089/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Figures 11–12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F22FF89FF22F9C287B3F92F" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F9C28472F954" blockId="11.[151,1437,1611,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22F9C284DFF9B5" authority="Gray, 1837: 376" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="376" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,495,1611,1634]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F9C28474F9B6" box="[151,324,1612,1634]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FEFFF9C284DFF9B5" author="Gray" box="[330,495,1611,1633]" page="376" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1837">
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: 376
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Hanley, 1843: 35; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 380;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FC6AF9C581A1F9B5" author="Conrad" box="[991,1169,1611,1633]" page="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FC6AF9C5815CF9B5" author="Conrad" box="[991,1132,1611,1633]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3, appendix, 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1868">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 31
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FB2EF9C58048F9B5" author="Weinkauff" box="[1179,1400,1611,1633]" page="100" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FB2EF9C58076F9B5" author="Weinkauff" box="[1179,1350,1611,1633]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Weinkauff, H. C. (1884) Die Gattung Mactra. In: Kuster, H. C. &amp; Weinkauff, H. C. (1841, 1842, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884) Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer and Raspe, Nuremberg, 11 (2), pp. 93 - 124." type="journal article" year="1884">Weinkauff, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 100
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 34, fig. 1–2.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F90487AEF94B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1611,1787]" box="[151,670,1673,1695]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22F9048735F94B" authority="Gray. Reeve, 1854" authorityName="Gray. Reeve" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,517,1673,1695]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F904840FF94B" box="[151,319,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra exalbida</emphasis>
Gray.
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FE36F9048735F94B" author="Reeve" box="[387,517,1673,1695]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 15, fig. 78.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F9268741F96A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1611,1787]" box="[151,625,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F22FF89FF22F9268741F96A" box="[151,625,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22F92684C4F969" authority="Bernard, 1983: 40" authorityName="Bernard" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,500,1704,1726]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F9268406F96A" box="[151,310,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mulinia bicolor</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FE88F92684C4F969" author="Bernard" box="[317,500,1704,1726]" page="40" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FE88F92684E1F969" author="Bernard" box="[317,465,1704,1726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(non Gray).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F9468753F908" blockId="11.[151,1437,1611,1787]" box="[151,611,1734,1757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F22FF89FF22F9468753F908" box="[151,611,1734,1757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22F94684D3F908" authority="Philippi, 1893: 9" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,483,1734,1757]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cibaria">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F9468401F909" box="[151,305,1735,1757]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra cibaria</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FE82F94884D3F908" author="Philippi" box="[311,483,1734,1756]" page="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FE82F94884FAF908" author="Philippi" box="[311,458,1734,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F96887B3F92F" blockId="11.[151,1437,1611,1787]" box="[151,643,1765,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F22FF89FF22F96887B3F92F" box="[151,643,1765,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F22FF89FF22F9688733F92E" authority="Philippi, 1893: 9" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,515,1765,1787]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calbucana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F9688462F92F" box="[151,338,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Mactra calbucana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F22FF89FEE2F96B8733F92E" author="Philippi" box="[343,515,1765,1787]" page="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F22FF89FEE2F96B84DAF92E" author="Philippi" box="[343,490,1765,1787]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F22FF89FF22F8A98070F8B0" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF89FF22F8A98070F8B0" blockId="11.[151,1437,1831,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF22F8A98421F894" bold="true" box="[151,273,1831,1856]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell oval, inequilateral; hinge plate anteriorly oriented; posterior end low, inflated, with a more defined angle; irregular growth lines protruded from external surface; pallial sinus circular, short and high.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F22FF8EFF72F8E1875FFE78" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F22FF8EFF72F8E1875FFE78" blockId="11.[151,1437,1831,2036]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,716]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F22FF89FF72F8E18469F85C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1903,1928]" pageId="11" pageNumber="58">Description.</emphasis>
Shell oval, subcircular, inequilateral, strong, maximum length up to
<quantity id="912F9B753F22FF89FB21F8E181DCF853" box="[1172,1260,1903,1927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="73.0">73 mm</quantity>
; with irregular growth lines very well defined, protruded from external surface; periostracum thin, yellowish, commonly absent in the umbonal area; umbos prosogyrous, located approximately at midpoint of shell length, not in contact. Posterior dorsal margin rounded, convex behind umbos, descending gently to posterior end and merging into the ventral rounded margin with a much defined angle (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F25FF8EFD3DFF1987E7FF7B" box="[648,727,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1853]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mulinia exalbida, A – D: Holotype of Mulinia exalbida (NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E – G: Holotype of Mactra cibaria Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); H – L: Holotype of Mactra calbucana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–B). Lunule and escutcheon not delimited by any ornamentation. Internally white; adductor muscle scars circular, conspicuous, similar in size and shape. Pallial sinus short, Ushaped, rounded and high (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F25FF8EFE7AFF518710FF23" box="[463,544,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1853]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mulinia exalbida, A – D: Holotype of Mulinia exalbida (NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E – G: Holotype of Mactra cibaria Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); H – L: Holotype of Mactra calbucana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
D). Hinge formula as
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFCABFF51865AFF23" box="[798,874,223,247]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typical">typical</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFC28FF518122FF23" box="[925,1042,223,247]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Mactridae</taxonomicName>
, right valve lateral teeth short and very close to cardinals; anterior ventral lateral teeth with subnodular morphology not observed in more elongated dorsal lateral teeth. Cardinal teeth unfused, on anterior side of ventrally well-developed chondrophore; two posterior lateral teeth similar in size and shape (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F25FF8EFDC5FEC287F1FEB0" box="[624,705,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mulinia exalbida, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex; D: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201089/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A). Left valve lateral teeth short but deep; cardinal teeth fused, Vshaped, flanked by accessory lamellae (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F25FF8EFDE3FEE1879AFE53" box="[598,682,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mulinia exalbida, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex; D: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201089/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B). Shell ultrastructure (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F25FF8EFC0CFEE18139FE53" box="[953,1033,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[171,1416,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 12. Mulinia exalbida, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex; D: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201089/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
C–D) coinciding with that of previous species analyzed (
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F25FF8EFE3BFE1A8752FE78" author="Taylor" box="[398,610,404,428]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Taylor, J. (1973) The structural evolution of bivalve shell. Paleontology, 16, 519 - 534." type="journal article" year="1973">
Taylor
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFE55FE1B8721FE78" box="[480,529,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
., 1973
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F25FF8EFF72FE3681FEFD18" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F25FF8EFF72FE3687BDFDC3" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFF72FE368447FE04" bold="true" box="[199,375,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFF72FE368432FE04" box="[199,258,440,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFE3CFE378720FE04" box="[393,528,440,464]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFE3CFE378720FE04" box="[393,528,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">M. exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM 1837.12.1.3688,
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFC99FE3986BEFE1B" box="[812,910,439,463]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and one
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFC4CFE368169FE04" box="[1017,1113,440,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(figs. 11A–D); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFAAFFE3780A2FE04" box="[1306,1426,440,464]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cibaria">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFAAFFE3780A2FE04" box="[1306,1426,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">M. cibaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFF22FE5385DDFE20" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[151,237,477,500]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">MNHN</collectionCode>
(unnumbered),
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFE13FE528738FE20" box="[422,520,476,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Magellanic Strait (figs. 11E–G); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFC6FFE538147FE20" box="[986,1143,476,500]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calbucana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFC6FFE538147FE20" box="[986,1143,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">M. calbucana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFB3EFE5281C3FE20" box="[1163,1267,476,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">MNHNC</collectionCode>
(unnumbered)
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFF22FE7185C9FDC3" box="[151,249,511,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Calbuco,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F25FF8EFE1CFE7184D5FDC3" box="[425,485,511,535]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Chile</collectingCountry>
(figs. 11H–L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F25FF8EFF72FDAA8122FDE8" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,716]" box="[199,1042,547,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFF72FDAA8455FDE8" bold="true" box="[199,357,547,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F25FF8EFF72FDAA8432FDE8" box="[199,258,548,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
“South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F25FF8EFE74FDAA8714FDE8" box="[449,548,548,572]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
” only mentioned in the original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F25FF8EFF72FDC981FEFD18" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFF72FDC984CEFDB4" bold="true" box="[199,510,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFDB0FDC68771FDB4" box="[517,577,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F25FF8EFDB0FDC68771FDB4" box="[517,577,584,608]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F25FF8EFD2FFDC987CAFD8B" box="[666,762,583,607]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
(NHM 1962.1087, 2 valves); de los Reyes Island, Concepción (NHM, coll. by M. Orellana in 1976, 8 valves.); Calbuco (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFCD4FDE286FEFD50" box="[865,974,620,644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">MNHNC</collectionCode>
, 1 valve); Puerto Yates (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFB57FDE2802DFD50" box="[1250,1309,620,644]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">MLP</collectionCode>
9386, coll. by Beaufils in 1898, 1 valve); Estero de los Elefantes (NHM (unnumbered, Raleigh Int. Expedition,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F25FF8EFB49FD018009FD73" box="[1276,1337,655,679]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Chile</collectingCountry>
98);
<geoCoordinate id="33E350573F25FF8EFAC0FD0185E4FD18" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" precision="925" value="-52.35">52° 21´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="33E350573F25FF8EFF54FD3A8466FD18" box="[225,342,692,716]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" precision="925" value="-73.55">73° 33´W</geoCoordinate>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFED1FD3A848CFD18" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[356,444,692,716]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">AMNH</collectionCode>
137036); Magellanic Strait (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F25FF8EFD4BFD3A865BFD18" box="[766,875,692,716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">MNHNC</collectionCode>
, 1 valve without periostracum).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="02A866183F25FF8EFF22F8DF84E8F871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[151,1436,769,1852]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="566836903F25FF8EFF22F8DF84E8F871" blockId="12.[151,1436,1873,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFF22F8DF842EF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,286,1873,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFE91F8DC84E2F8BC" box="[292,466,1874,1896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFE91F8DC84E2F8BC" box="[292,466,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–D: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFD28F8DC867BF8BC" box="[669,843,1874,1896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFD28F8DC867BF8BC" box="[669,843,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E–G: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFF03F8FC84C3F852" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[182,499,1905,1927]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cibaria">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFF03F8FC8464F853" box="[182,340,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Mactra cibaria</emphasis>
Philippi, 1893
</taxonomicName>
(MNHNC unnumbered); H–L: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F25FF8EFC7BF8FC801BF852" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" box="[974,1323,1905,1927]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calbucana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F25FF8EFC7BF8FC81BDF853" box="[974,1165,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Mactra calbucana</emphasis>
Philippi, 1893
</taxonomicName>
(MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="02A866183F24FF8FFF22FBAD8769FBA3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201089/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[171,1416,193,1038]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22FBAD8769FBA3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1059,1143]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22FBAD8411FBED" bold="true" box="[151,289,1059,1082]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFE9DFBAA84E7FBEE" box="[296,471,1060,1082]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFE9DFBAA84E7FBEE" box="[296,471,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1cm; C–D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: inner layer with the cross lamellar complex; D: outer layer showing cross lamellar structure, scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF72FB158617FB60" box="[199,807,1179,1204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF72FB158617FB60" blockId="13.[151,1436,1179,1387]" box="[199,807,1179,1204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF72FB158450FB60" bold="true" box="[199,352,1179,1204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</emphasis>
Concepción,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F24FF8FFE4EFB12870AFB60" box="[507,570,1180,1204]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Chile</collectingCountry>
, to Magellanic strait.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF72FB4D85CEFABF" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF72FB4D85CEFABF" blockId="13.[151,1436,1179,1387]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF72FB4D840BFB0F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1219,1243]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFEF7FB4D8731FB0F" box="[322,513,1219,1243]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFEF7FB4D8731FB0F" box="[322,513,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been neglected in the 20th century South American literature (
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFB51FB4C80A8FB0E" author="Carcelles" box="[1252,1432,1218,1242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. (1950) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de Patagonia. Anales del Museo Nahuel Huapi, 2 extra nueva serie, 8, 41 - 100." type="journal article" year="1950">Carcelles, 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFF22FB6984DAFB2B" author="Carcelles" box="[151,490,1255,1279]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
) probably because of its indefinite original
<typeStatus id="896C88323F24FF8FFC67FB668132FAD4" box="[978,1026,1256,1280]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
locality. However,
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFB69FB6980ABFB2B" box="[1244,1435,1255,1279]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFB69FB6980ABFB2B" box="[1244,1435,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species that inhabits the Magellanic Province with
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFCF1FA8286DFFAF7" box="[836,1007,1291,1315]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cibaria">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFCF1FA8286DFFAF7" box="[836,1007,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mactra cibaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFC4AFA84817DFAF6" box="[1023,1101,1290,1314]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1853]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mulinia exalbida, A – D: Holotype of Mulinia exalbida (NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E – G: Holotype of Mactra cibaria Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); H – L: Holotype of Mactra calbucana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
E–G) and
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFB71FA82806EFAF7" box="[1220,1374,1291,1315]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calbucana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFB71FA82806EFAF7" box="[1220,1374,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">M. calbucana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFADBFA84859FFA93" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1853]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 11. Mulinia exalbida, A – D: Holotype of Mulinia exalbida (NHM 1837.12.1.3688), scale bar = 1 cm; E – G: Holotype of Mactra cibaria Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); H – L: Holotype of Mactra calbucana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201088/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
H–L) as its synonyms. The morphology of the
<typeStatus id="896C88323F24FF8FFD6DFABE8638FA9C" box="[728,776,1328,1352]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
material of both taxa (MNHNC) coincides with
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFAF6FAA185C7FABF" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exalbida">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFAF6FAA185C7FABF" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia exalbida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

159
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@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
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<treatment id="DE7E87863F24FF8CFF22FA3787ACFE78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6186993" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119387994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6186993" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7E87863F24FF8CFF22FA3787ACFE78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DE7E87863F24FF8CFF22FA3787ACFE78" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF22FA378426FA20" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22FA37872DFA07" blockId="13.[151,541,1465,1524]" box="[151,541,1465,1491]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<heading id="0D2081FC3F24FF8FFF22FA37872DFA07" bold="true" box="[151,541,1465,1491]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFF22FA37872DFA07" authority="Smith, 1881" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,541,1465,1491]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="levicardo">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22FA37872DFA07" bold="true" box="[151,541,1465,1491]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22FA37845FFA07" bold="true" box="[151,367,1465,1491]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia levicardo</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFECBFA378725FA07" author="Smith" box="[382,533,1465,1491]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Smith, E. A. (1881) Account of the Zoological collections made during the Survey of H. M. S. &quot; Alert &quot; in the Magellanic Straits and on the Coast of Patagonia. IV. Mollusca and molluscoidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 22 - 44." type="proceedings paper" year="1881">Smith, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22FA528426FA20" blockId="13.[151,541,1465,1524]" box="[151,278,1500,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFF2BFA52843CFA20" box="[158,268,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mulinia levicardo, A – F: Syntype of M. levicardo (NHM Reg. No. 1879.10.15.67); G – H: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Figure 13</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF22F9AE87ADF9A5" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22F9AE879FF987" blockId="13.[151,770,1566,1650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F24FF8FFF22F9AE879FF987" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFF22F9AE8769F9E0" authority="Smith, 1881: 39" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="39" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,601,1566,1589]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="levicardo" subGenus="Mulinia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22F9AE849EF9E1" box="[151,430,1567,1589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mactra (Mulinia) levicardo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F24FF8FFE01F9908769F9E0" author="Smith" box="[436,601,1566,1588]" page="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFE01F9908703F9E0" author="Smith" box="[436,563,1566,1588]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Smith, E. A. (1881) Account of the Zoological collections made during the Survey of H. M. S. &quot; Alert &quot; in the Magellanic Straits and on the Coast of Patagonia. IV. Mollusca and molluscoidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 22 - 44." type="proceedings paper" year="1881">Smith, 1881</bibRefCitation>
: 39
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5 figs. 2–2b.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFF22F9B0879BF987" authority="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889: 106" authorityName="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune" authorityPageNumber="106" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,683,1597,1619]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="levicardo">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22F9B08477F987" box="[151,327,1597,1619]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mactra levicardo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F24FF8FFEF9F9B3879BF987" author="Mabille" box="[332,683,1597,1619]" page="106" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFEF9F9B38748F987" author="Mabille" box="[332,632,1597,1619]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 106
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22F9D287ADF9A5" blockId="13.[151,770,1566,1650]" box="[151,669,1628,1650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F24FF8FFF22F9D287ADF9A5" box="[151,669,1628,1650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F24FF8FFF22F9D287A9F9A5" authority="Carcelles, 1950: 80" authorityName="Carcelles" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,665,1628,1650]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laevicardo">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22F9D28468F9A6" box="[151,344,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Mulinia laevicardo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F24FF8FFEEAF9D28715F9A5" author="Carcelles" box="[351,549,1628,1650]" page="80" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F24FF8FFEEAF9D28731F9A6" author="Carcelles" box="[351,513,1628,1650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. (1950) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de Patagonia. Anales del Museo Nahuel Huapi, 2 extra nueva serie, 8, 41 - 100." type="journal article" year="1950">Carcelles, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 80
</treatmentCitation>
, 1951: 343
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF22F9178466F901" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF22F9178466F901" blockId="13.[151,1437,1689,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF22F9178421F966" bold="true" box="[151,273,1689,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Lunule and escutcheon not defined, small and weak ventrally projected chondrophore; pallial sinus short, horizontal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F24FF8FFF72F96F8144F821" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F24FF8FFF72F96F8144F821" blockId="13.[151,1437,1689,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F24FF8FFF72F96F8468F92E" bold="true" box="[199,344,1761,1786]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Description.</emphasis>
Shell oval to subcircular, subequilateral, inflated, with small umbos weakly inflated; external surface smooth with weak concentric ornamentation forming irregular growth lines more visible in the ventral area (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFF2AF8A785C4F895" box="[159,244,1833,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mulinia levicardo, A – F: Syntype of M. levicardo (NHM Reg. No. 1879.10.15.67); G – H: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
A–B). Anterior and posterior ends rounded, without sharp angles, ventral margin curved; lunule and escutcheon poorly developed, not defined by lines. Internally white; right valve with two strong anterior and posterior lateral teeth with rounded cusps, ventral anterior and posterior more distal from cardinals. Cardinal teeth unfused, posterior one vertically oriented, anterior one oblique (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFCD6F81B8683F879" box="[867,947,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mulinia levicardo, A – F: Syntype of M. levicardo (NHM Reg. No. 1879.10.15.67); G – H: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
G). Left valve with V-shaped cardinal tooth flanked on posterior side by an accessory lamella, lateral teeth elongated with rounded cusp (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFB0DF837803AF805" box="[1208,1290,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mulinia levicardo, A – F: Syntype of M. levicardo (NHM Reg. No. 1879.10.15.67); G – H: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
H); chondrophore small, ventrally poorly developed; pallial sinus short and U-shaped (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F24FF8FFC6EF853811CF821" box="[987,1068,2013,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[169,1417,483,1145]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mulinia levicardo, A – F: Syntype of M. levicardo (NHM Reg. No. 1879.10.15.67); G – H: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
C–F).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F27FF8CFF72FF1687F7FEC8" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF72FF1686D5FF7B" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,428]" box="[199,997,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72FF168445FF64" bold="true" box="[199,373,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F27FF8CFF72FF168432FF64" box="[199,258,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
One complete
<typeStatus id="896C88323F27FF8CFDAAFF168746FF64" box="[543,630,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(NHM Reg. No.1879.10.15.67).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF72FF3286FEFF00" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,428]" box="[199,974,187,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72FF328455FF00" bold="true" box="[199,357,187,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F27FF8CFF72FF328432FF00" box="[199,258,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Cockle Cove, in Magellanic Strait area, at
<quantity id="912F9B753F27FF8CFCFDFF3286B1FF00" box="[840,897,188,212]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72FF5184CBFF2C" bold="true" box="[199,507,223,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFDB4FF6E8740FF2C" box="[513,624,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F27FF8CFDB4FF6E8740FF2C" box="[513,624,224,248]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Argentina</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Patagonia (NHM 1829, 1 valve).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFC47FF6E811EFF2C" box="[1010,1070,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F27FF8CFC47FF6E811EFF2C" box="[1010,1070,224,248]" name="Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Cockle Cove, Magellanic Strait (NHM 79.10.15.68, coll. by Coppinger, 2 valves).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72FEA98450FE94" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</emphasis>
Magellanic Strait.
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<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F27FF8CFF72FEC287ACFE78" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF72FEC287ACFE78" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,428]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72FEC2840BFEB0" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</emphasis>
The rareness of this species was revealed by the scarce specimens deposited in the malacological collections examined. In the original description, the author pointed out that only two specimens of this form were sampled during the trip of the H.M.S. “Alert”.
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Genus
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF5BFADA8475FABA" bold="true" box="[238,325,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Darina</emphasis>
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.
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Species:
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFE85FA1784C1FA7A" box="[304,497,1432,1454]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Erycina solenoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE42FA1687D4FA7A" author="King" box="[503,740,1432,1454]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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[by Monotypy]
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22FA568421FA25" bold="true" box="[151,273,1496,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell elongated, very thin, fragile, compressed laterally; siphonal gap at both ends; external ligament small, teeth weak in cardinal area; pallial sinus deep about 1/2 Shell length.
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF72F9948450F9E7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1562,1587]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</emphasis>
Bahía Blanca,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F27FF8CFDBEF995874DF9E7" box="[523,637,1563,1587]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, to Puerto Montt,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F27FF8CFCFDF99586B8F9E7" box="[840,904,1563,1587]" name="Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
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<heading id="0D2081FC3F27FF8CFF22F9F0879CF94C" bold="true" box="[151,684,1662,1688]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F9F0879CF94C" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,684,1662,1688]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F9F0879CF94C" bold="true" box="[151,684,1662,1688]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F9F08442F94C" bold="true" box="[151,370,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Darina solenoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE34F9F08794F94C" author="King" box="[385,676,1662,1688]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F92F847AF96D" blockId="14.[151,684,1662,1721]" box="[151,330,1697,1721]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F27FF8CFF2BF92F8472F96D" box="[158,322,1697,1721]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1630,1653]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1127,1150]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Darina solenoides, A – F: Syntypes of D. solenoides (NHM Reg. No. 1837.12.1.879 / 884 / Reg. No. 1968507); G – H: Holotype of Lutraria tenuis Philippi (ZMB s / n °); I – L: Paratypes of L. tenuis Philippi (ZMB unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Darina solenoides, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/201091/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Figures 14–16</figureCitation>
)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F27FF8CFF22F96B86DEF92E" box="[151,1006,1764,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F96B87B1F92E" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832: 335" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityPageNumber="335" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,641,1764,1786]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Erycina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F96B8468F92E" box="[151,344,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Erycina solenoides</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFEEBF96A87B1F92E" author="King" box="[350,641,1764,1786]" page="335" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1832">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFEEBF96A877EF92E" author="King" box="[350,590,1764,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
: 335
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFD3EF96A86DAF92E" author="Mabille" box="[651,1002,1764,1786]" page="108" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFD3EF96A8688F92E" author="Mabille" box="[651,952,1764,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 108
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F88D8168F8CD" blockId="14.[151,1436,1764,2031]" box="[151,1112,1795,1817]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F88D87B8F8CD" authority="Griffith &amp; Pidgeon, 1834" authorityName="Griffith &amp; Pidgeon" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,648,1795,1817]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mesodesmatidae" genus="Mesodesma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F88D844FF8CD" box="[151,383,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Mesodesma solenoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE33F88D87B8F8CD" author="Griffith" box="[390,648,1795,1817]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Griffith, E. &amp; Pidgeon, E. (1834) The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization by the Baron Cuvier. The Mollusca and Radiata. Whittaker &amp; Co., London, 601 pp." type="book" year="1834">Griffith &amp; Pidgeon, 1834</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 22, fig. 1; Hanley, 1843: 39, pl. 10, fig. 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F8AC87FDF8E3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1764,2031]" box="[151,717,1825,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F27FF8CFF22F8AC87FDF8E3" box="[151,717,1825,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F8AC84DFF8E3" authority="Philippi, 1845: 50" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,495,1825,1847]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F8AC841FF8E3" box="[151,303,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Lutraria tenuis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFE83F8AF84DFF8E3" author="Philippi" box="[310,495,1825,1847]" page="50" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1845">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE83F8AF84F9F8E3" author="Philippi" box="[310,457,1825,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Diagnosen einiger neuer Conchylien. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 11, 50 - 71." type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
: 50
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFE4CF8AF87F8F8E3" author="Stempell" box="[505,712,1825,1847]" page="238" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE4CF8AF87A5F8E3" author="Stempell" box="[505,661,1825,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" refString="Stempell, W. (1899) Die Muscheln der Sammlung Plate. Fauna Chilensis. Abhandlungen zur Kenntniss der Zoologie Chiles nach den Sammlungen von L. Plate, 2 (1), 217 - 250." type="journal article" year="1899">Stempell, 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 238
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F8CF8445F866" blockId="14.[151,1436,1764,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F27FF8CFF22F8CF8445F866" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F8CF8786F882" authority="King &amp; Broderip. Gray, 1853: 42" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip. Gray" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,694,1856,1878]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F8CF8463F882" box="[151,339,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Darina solenoides</emphasis>
King &amp; Broderip.
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFDACF8CF8786F882" author="Gray" box="[537,694,1856,1878]" page="42" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFDACF8CF87BEF882" author="Gray" box="[537,654,1856,1878]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) A revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 nd serie, 11, 33 - 44." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 381, pl. 101, figs. 2-2a;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFB75F8CE805EF882" author="Chenu" box="[1216,1390,1856,1878]" page="60" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1862">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFB75F8CE8076F882" author="Chenu" box="[1216,1350,1856,1878]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Chenu, J. C. (1862) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Tome Second. Victor Masson, Paris, 327 pp." type="book" year="1862">Chenu, 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 60
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 244;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFF4FF8D1849CF8A1" author="Conrad" box="[250,428,1887,1909]" page="46" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFF4FF8D184B7F8A1" author="Conrad" box="[250,391,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3, appendix, 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1868">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 46
</treatmentCitation>
; Martinez y
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFD9FF8D187F2F8A0" author="Saez" box="[554,706,1887,1909]" page="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFD9FF8D187ADF8A1" author="Saez" box="[554,669,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Martinez y Saez, F. (1869) Moluscos del Viaje al Pacifico Verificado de 1862 a 1865 por una Comision de Naturalistas Enviada por el Gobierno Espanol, Parte Segunda: Bivalvos Marinos. Madrid, 78 pp." type="book" year="1869">Saez, 1869</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFD78F8D1865DF8A0" author="Dall" box="[717,877,1887,1909]" page="212" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFD78F8D1860BF8A1" author="Dall" box="[717,827,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Dall, W. H. (1895) Synopsis of a review of the genera of Recent and Tertiary Mactridae and Mesodesmatidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 1, 203 - 213." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall, 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 212
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFCC2F8D18105F8A1" author="Ihering" box="[887,1077,1887,1909]" page="458" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFCC2F8D18133F8A0" author="Ihering" box="[887,1027,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Ihering, H. v. (1907) Les Mollusques fossiles du Tertiaire et du Cretace superieur de l'Argentine. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Serie III, 1 - 611." type="book chapter" year="1907">Ihering, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 458
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFB8AF8EE81DEF8A1" author="Lamy" box="[1087,1262,1887,1909]" page="315" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFB8AF8EE818BF8A0" author="Lamy" box="[1087,1211,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Lamy, E. (1912) Note sur le Mesodesma mactroides Deshayes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 5, 312 - 316." type="journal article" year="1912">Lamy, 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 315
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFB42F8D185C0F847" author="Carcelles" page="284" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFB42F8D180A8F8A0" author="Carcelles" box="[1271,1432,1887,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. (1944) Catalogo de los moluscos Marinos de Puerto Quequen. Revista del Museo de La Plata, 3 seccion Zoologia, 233 - 309." type="journal article" year="1944">Carcelles, 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 284
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFF4EF8F38756F847" author="Carcelles" box="[251,614,1917,1939]" page="344" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFF4EF8F38703F847" author="Carcelles" box="[251,563,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 344
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFDC5F8F3866AF847" author="Castellanos" box="[624,858,1917,1939]" page="239" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFDC5F8F38618F847" author="Castellanos" box="[624,808,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Castellanos, Z. J. A. de. (1970) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos bonaerenses. Anales de la Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, 8, 9 - 365." type="journal article" year="1970">Castellanos, 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 239
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 23, fig. 4–6;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFBBCF8F381F4F847" author="Bernard" box="[1033,1220,1917,1939]" page="41" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFBBCF8F381AEF847" author="Bernard" box="[1033,1182,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFB7AF8F380A7F847" author="Pastorino" box="[1231,1431,1917,1939]" page="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFB7AF8F38042F847" author="Pastorino" box="[1231,1394,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" refString="Pastorino, G. (1995) Moluscos costeros Recientes de Puerto Piramide, Chubut, Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba, Miscelanea, 1 - 30." type="book chapter" year="1995">Pastorino, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5, fig. 27 a–d.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F83284CAF805" blockId="14.[151,1436,1764,2031]" box="[151,506,1979,2001]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F27FF8CFF22F83284CAF805" box="[151,506,1979,2001]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F83284C6F805" authority="Fischer, 1887: 1119" authorityName="Fischer" authorityPageNumber="1119" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,502,1979,2001]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kingi">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F8328416F805" box="[151,294,1979,2001]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Lutraria kingi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFE99F83584C6F805" author="Fischer" box="[300,502,1979,2001]" page="1119" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE99F8358488F805" author="Fischer" box="[300,440,1979,2001]" pageId="14" pageNumber="66" refString="Fischer, P. (1887) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique ou Historie Naturelle des Mollusques Vivants et Fossiles, Paris, 11, pp. 1009 - 1369." type="journal article" year="1887">Fischer, 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 1119
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F27FF8CFF22F85487C3F83B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1764,2031]" box="[151,755,2009,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F27FF8CFF22F85487C3F83B" box="[151,755,2009,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F27FF8CFF22F85487DFF83B" authority="Philippi. Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951: 344" authorityName="Philippi. Carcelles &amp; Williamson" authorityPageNumber="344" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,751,2009,2031]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F27FF8CFF22F8548413F83B" box="[151,291,2010,2031]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Darina tenuis</emphasis>
Philippi.
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F27FF8CFE33F85787DFF83B" author="Carcelles" box="[390,751,2009,2031]" page="344" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F27FF8CFE33F857878CF83B" author="Carcelles" box="[390,700,2009,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 344
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F26FF8DFF22FF19805CFF23" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F26FF8DFF22FF19805CFF23" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFF22FF198421FF64" bold="true" box="[151,273,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell elliptical, fragile, thin, inequilateral, laterally compressed; gaped; umbos posterior of midline; external surface smooth; periostracum brownish; hinge with weak lateral teeth placed very close to cardinals; pallial sinus deep; siphons completely separated; ctenidia formed by two demibranchs different in size and shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F26FF8DFF72FE8D8447F800" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F26FF8DFF72FE8D81CCFD3B" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFF72FE8D8469FEC8" bold="true" box="[199,345,259,284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Description.</emphasis>
Shell elliptical, fragile, inequilateral, young specimens pellucid; with a maximum length about to
<quantity id="912F9B753F26FF8DFF22FEA985D9FEEB" box="[151,233,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
; external surface smooth, with irregular, concentric growth lines only (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFBB5FEA98160FEEB" box="[1024,1104,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1653]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 14. Darina solenoides, A – F: Syntypes of D. solenoides (NHM Reg. No. 1837.12.1.879 / 884 / Reg. No. 1968507); G – H: Holotype of Lutraria tenuis Philippi (ZMB s / n °); I – L: Paratypes of L. tenuis Philippi (ZMB unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
A–C). Anterior dorsal margin straight, larger than posterior margin, which is curved; posterior end with siphonal gap larger than anterior, both ends rounded; ventral margin almost straight, curved at distal portions. Lunule and escutcheon poorly defined; small umbos placed behind midline of shell, not inflated, weakly prosogyrous (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFB8FFE1A81BEFE78" box="[1082,1166,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1653]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 14. Darina solenoides, A – F: Syntypes of D. solenoides (NHM Reg. No. 1837.12.1.879 / 884 / Reg. No. 1968507); G – H: Holotype of Lutraria tenuis Philippi (ZMB s / n °); I – L: Paratypes of L. tenuis Philippi (ZMB unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
A–B). Internally white, hinge with one short, fragile anterior lateral tooth in left valve (AII), two fused cardinal teeth (2a &amp; 2b) forming Vshaped tooth. Tooth 2b larger than 2a, flanked by a lamella (4b); posterior lateral tooth (PII) similar in size to anterior, very close to the cardinals (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFDB1FE718766FDC3" box="[516,598,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1127,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 15. Darina solenoides, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
B); right valve with two anterior lateral teeth (AI &amp; AIII) different in size, ventral (AI) more elongated and stronger; cardinal teeth (3a &amp; 3b) unfused, 3a larger; both posterior lateral teeth (PI &amp; PIII) similar in size and shape, short, very fragile (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFCACFDC9865AFD8B" box="[793,874,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1127,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 15. Darina solenoides, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
A). Pallial sinus deep, approximately half of shell length; pallial line very well defined separated from ventral margin (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFC3AFDE286D0FD50" box="[911,992,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1630,1653]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[165,1421,805,1609]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 14. Darina solenoides, A – F: Syntypes of D. solenoides (NHM Reg. No. 1837.12.1.879 / 884 / Reg. No. 1968507); G – H: Holotype of Lutraria tenuis Philippi (ZMB s / n °); I – L: Paratypes of L. tenuis Philippi (ZMB unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
H). Anterior adductor muscle scar ellipsoidal, larger than more subcircular posterior; internal ligament well developed in very large chondrophore, ventrally projecting; external ligament rudimentary, posterior to umbos (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFC28FD3A86DFFD18" box="[925,1007,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1127,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 15. Darina solenoides, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C). Shell ultrastructure formed by two layers: external with single cross lamellar, internal with complex cross lamellar structure (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFB32FD5981E8FD3B" box="[1159,1240,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1127,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1106]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 15. Darina solenoides, A – B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A866183F26FF8DFF22F9D080ACF947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[165,1421,805,1609]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="566836903F26FF8DFF22F9D080ACF947" blockId="15.[151,1436,1630,1684]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFF22F9D08410F9A0" bold="true" box="[151,288,1630,1653]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F26FF8DFE92F9EE84D3F9A1" box="[295,483,1631,1653]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFE92F9EE84D3F9A1" box="[295,483,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Darina solenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–F: Syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F26FF8DFD19F9EE8607F9A1" box="[684,823,1631,1653]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFD19F9EE8607F9A1" box="[684,823,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">D. solenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM Reg. No.1837.12.1.879/884/ Reg. No.1968507); G– H: Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F26FF8DFE83F9F18714F947" authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" box="[310,548,1661,1684]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFE83F9F184FEF940" box="[310,462,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Lutraria tenuis</emphasis>
Philippi
</taxonomicName>
(ZMB s/n°); I–L: Paratypes of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F26FF8DFCD1F9F18121F947" authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" box="[868,1041,1661,1684]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFCD1F9F1868BF940" box="[868,955,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">L. tenuis</emphasis>
Philippi
</taxonomicName>
(ZMB unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="566836903F26FF8DFF72F94E8447F800" blockId="15.[151,1436,1728,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F26FF8DFF72F94E8485F90C" box="[199,437,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Mantle cavity organs</emphasis>
. External demibranch trigonal, not elongated, very high (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFB88F94E81BFF90C" box="[1085,1167,1728,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
A); internal demibranch elongated in anteroposterior axis (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFDA7F96A8753F928" box="[530,611,1764,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
B, D). Internal surface of external demibranch plicate and covered by cilia to facilitate food current (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFE0AF8868723F8F4" box="[447,531,1800,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
C); this demibranch unfused at any point with labial palps. Labial palps small, trigonal, elongated, with plicate internal surfaces(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFD7EF8A28629F890" box="[715,793,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
E); outer labial palp fused to mantle, inner fused internal demibranch. Posterior portion of mantle completely arched to the inside, leaving siphon naked. Siphons unfused, only united at base very close to the siphonal retractor muscle (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFCE1F8FA8695F858" box="[852,933,1908,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
F); incurrent and excurrent siphons with very well developed tentacles at apertures, all equal in size and position (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFC3FF81686E9F864" box="[906,985,1944,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
G–H); siphonal papillae present longitudinally (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F26FF8DFF41F8328474F800" box="[244,324,1980,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1159]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 16. Darina solenoides, A – D: Ctenidia, A: trigonal outer demibranch (oh); B: Inner demibranch (ih) fused to the inner labial palp (ilp); C – D: detail of the ciliated (c) surface of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively, scale bar A, B = 1000 µm, C = 1000 nm, D = 50 µm; E: outer labial palp (olp), scale bar = 1000 µm; F – J: SEM picture of the siphons of D. solenoides, F: general aspect of the incurrent (in) and excurrent siphons (ex), G: incurrent siphon, H: tentacle (t) of the incurrent siphon, I – J: siphonal papillae (sp) located along the length of the siphon, scale bars: F = 1 mm, G = 200 µm, H = 20 µm, I – J = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
Fig.
<date id="226910503F26FF8DFE9DF8328474F800" box="[296,324,1980,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" value="1916-01">16</date>
</figureCitation>
I–J).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="02A866183F39FF92FF22FBE987C8FB6F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201092/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1106]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF22FBE987C8FB6F" blockId="16.[151,1436,1127,1211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF22FBE98410FBA9" bold="true" box="[151,288,1127,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FE92FBE784D2FBAA" box="[295,482,1128,1150]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FE92FBE784D2FBAA" box="[295,482,1128,1150]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Darina solenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–B: hinge detailed according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 0,5 cm; C: SEM picture of the notorious ventrally developed chondrophore (ch), scale bar = 1 mm; D: SEM picture of the ultrastructure of the shell, scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F39FF92FF72FB668699F9CB" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF72FB6680B7FA93" blockId="16.[151,1436,1255,1857]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72FB668446FAD4" bold="true" box="[199,374,1255,1280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F39FF92FF72FB668430FAD4" box="[199,256,1256,1280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FE39FB678717FAD4" box="[396,551,1256,1280]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="solenoides">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FE39FB678717FAD4" box="[396,551,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">D. solenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM Reg. 1837.12.1.879/884, 1968507 and 1859.9.19.59, 9
<typeStatus id="896C88323F39FF92FAB0FB668057FAD4" box="[1285,1383,1256,1280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(six broken shells) (figs. 14A–F); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FE5AFA838761FAF0" box="[495,593,1293,1316]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FE5AFA838761FAF0" box="[495,593,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">L. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FDD7FA8387AEFAF0" box="[610,670,1293,1316]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">ZMB</collectionCode>
<date id="226910503F39FF92FD13FA8287C9FAF0" box="[678,761,1292,1316]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" value="40-11-27">112740</date>
and
<date id="226910503F39FF92FC84FA8286B7FAF0" box="[817,903,1292,1316]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" value="41-11-27">112741</date>
, one pair of valves from &quot;
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FB1AFA8285F6FA9C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">ad fretum magellanicum</emphasis>
&quot;, ex coll. Philippi and 3 pairs of valves from Magellanic Strait, coll. Dunker, ex coll. Philippi (figs. 14G–L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF72FADA81B3FAB8" blockId="16.[151,1436,1255,1857]" box="[199,1155,1363,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72FADA8455FAB8" bold="true" box="[199,357,1363,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F39FF92FF72FADA8432FAB8" box="[199,258,1364,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Puerto El Hambre in the Magellanic Strait, collected in sandy beaches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF72FAF98699F9CB" blockId="16.[151,1436,1255,1857]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72FAF98734FA44" bold="true" box="[199,516,1399,1424]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FDBAFAF6874EFA44" box="[527,638,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F39FF92FDBAFAF6874EFA44" box="[527,638,1400,1424]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Punta Alta, Buenos Aires (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FC79FAF98112FA5B" box="[972,1058,1399,1423]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MORG</collectionCode>
33271); San José Gulf (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FAF3FAF980ACFA5B" box="[1350,1436,1399,1423]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MORG</collectionCode>
44813); Puerto Pirámide (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FE7FFA128710FA60" box="[458,544,1436,1460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MORG</collectionCode>
39183); Puerto Madryn (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FCE1FA1286BFFA60" box="[852,911,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MLP</collectionCode>
2322, 8457); Comodoro Rivadavia (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FAFCFA1280ACFA60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1353,1436,1436,1460]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">USNM</collectionCode>
348257,
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FF4EFA4F8405FA0C" box="[251,309,1473,1496]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MLP</collectionCode>
4498); Puerto Deseado (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FDE1FA3187BFFA03" box="[596,655,1471,1495]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MLP</collectionCode>
4876-2); Punta Medanosa (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FC65FA31813BFA03" box="[976,1035,1471,1495]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MLP</collectionCode>
1868); Bahía Gregory, Magellanic Strait (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FF57FA6A8405FA28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[226,309,1508,1532]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">USNM</collectionCode>
96843); San Sebastián, Tierra del Fuego (NHM 1905,8,11,19-21); Río Grande, T. del Fuego (NHM 12613); Ushuaia (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FEEAF989848EF9CB" box="[351,446,1543,1567]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MZUSP</collectionCode>
66674).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FD96F9868750F9F4" box="[547,608,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F39FF92FD96F9868750F9F4" box="[547,608,1544,1568]" name="Chile" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Puerto Montt (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F39FF92FCA5F989867BF9CB" box="[784,843,1543,1567]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">MLP</collectionCode>
84509).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F39FF92FF72F9A5865DF990" box="[199,877,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF72F9A5865DF990" blockId="16.[151,1436,1255,1857]" box="[199,877,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72F9A58450F990" bold="true" box="[199,352,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</emphasis>
Punta Alta,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F39FF92FE59F9A2876FF990" box="[492,607,1580,1604]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, to Puerto Montt,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F39FF92FC9CF9A28659F990" box="[809,873,1580,1604]" name="Chile" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F39FF92FF72F9DE86DAF964" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F39FF92FF72F9DE86DAF964" blockId="16.[151,1436,1255,1857]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72F9DE840BF9BC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1616,1640]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F39FF92FEF6F9C184D1F9B3" author="Fischer" box="[323,481,1615,1639]" pageId="16" pageNumber="66" refString="Fischer, P. (1887) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique ou Historie Naturelle des Mollusques Vivants et Fossiles, Paris, 11, pp. 1009 - 1369." type="journal article" year="1887">Fischer (1887</bibRefCitation>
, 1119) considered the genus
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FC9EF9DF864CF9BC" box="[811,892,1617,1640]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Darina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FC9EF9DF864CF9BC" box="[811,892,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Darina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a section of the genus
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FB16F9DF8032F9BC" box="[1187,1282,1617,1640]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FB16F9DF8032F9BC" box="[1187,1282,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Lutraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For this reason, he proposed
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F39FF92FEE8F9FB84CCF958" box="[349,508,1652,1676]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Lutraria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kingi">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FEE8F9FB84CCF958" box="[349,508,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Lutraria kingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to remove the supposed homonymy with
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FC62F9FB8184F958" box="[983,1204,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Lutraria solenoides</emphasis>
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, living in European waters. However, both genera are clearly distinct and valid.
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FF72F93384A6F900" box="[199,406,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Darina solenoides</emphasis>
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is distributed along the Patagonian coast. It is a fragile but very common species found in muddy and sandy intertidal zones in low energy environments. Although the shell characters are sufficient to recognize this form from other mactrids living in the Magellanic area, the organs of the mantle cavity also differ notably from all species previously analyzed.
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F39FF92FDDDF8A78621F894" box="[616,785,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Lutraria tenuis</emphasis>
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, is a synonym (
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G–L).
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Genus
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Linnaeus, 1767
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[=Trigonella Da Costa, 1778, subsequent designation by
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Mayer, 1872
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Iredale, 1929
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Iredale, 1929
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species:
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Linnaeus, 1758
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[subsequent designation by
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Shell trigonal to oval, subequilateral, inflated; lunule and escutcheon well developed. External ligament separated from internal portion by a ridge. Pallial sinus short and oval; lateral teeth elongated, similar in shape and size.
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F28FF83FF72F8B38450F882" bold="true" box="[199,352,1853,1878]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</emphasis>
Worldwide, Atlantic and Pacific coasts of
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<paragraph id="566836903F2BFF80FF22F9A1841FF993" blockId="2.[151,523,1548,1607]" box="[151,303,1583,1607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2BFF80FF2BF9A18416F993" box="[158,294,1583,1607]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2. A – H" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1920,1943]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1109,1132]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,625,1898]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1087]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,625,1899]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. A – H: Syntypes of Mactra fuegiensis Smith (NHM 1905.8.11.7 - 10); I – L: holotype of Mactra epidermia Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC), scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Mactra fuegiensis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C general aspect, ol: outer layer, il: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Mactra fuegiensis, A: SEM picture of the outer labial palp (olp), external view smooth and internal view plicate, scale bar = 2 mm; B: SEM picture of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/201079/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/201080/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/201081/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figures 2–4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2BFF80FF22F9F686F4F978" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="566836903F2BFF80FF22F9F686F4F978" blockId="2.[151,1299,1655,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2BFF80FF22F9F686F4F978" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2BFF80FF22F9F68735F959" authority="Smith, 1905: 337" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,517,1655,1677]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2BFF80FF22F9F6847DF959" box="[151,333,1655,1677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2BFF80FEE6F9F98735F959" author="Smith" box="[339,517,1655,1677]" page="337" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" year="1905">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2BFF80FEE6F9F984E2F959" author="Smith" box="[339,466,1655,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Smith, E. A. (1905) On a small collection of mollusca from Tierra del Fuego. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 6 (6), 333 - 339." type="journal article" year="1905">Smith, 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 337
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2BFF80FDE7F9F98628F959" author="Carcelles" box="[594,792,1655,1677]" page="81" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2BFF80FDE7F9F987C3F959" author="Carcelles" box="[594,755,1655,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. (1950) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de Patagonia. Anales del Museo Nahuel Huapi, 2 extra nueva serie, 8, 41 - 100." type="journal article" year="1950">Carcelles, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 81
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5 fig. 90;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2BFF80FC13F9F9803FF959" author="Carcelles" box="[934,1295,1655,1677]" page="343" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2BFF80FC13F9F981EDF959" author="Carcelles" box="[934,1245,1655,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 343
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2BFF80FF22F9198730F97F" authority="Philippi, 1893: 9" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,512,1686,1708]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2BFF80FF22F919847FF978" box="[151,335,1686,1708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Mactra epidermia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2BFF80FEE1F9188730F97F" author="Philippi" box="[340,512,1686,1708]" page="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2BFF80FEE1F91884D8F97F" author="Philippi" box="[340,488,1686,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 3 (non Deshayes in
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2BFF80FC83F9198689F978" author="Reeve" box="[822,953,1686,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2BFF80FF22F95687A3F8C0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F2BFF80FF22F95687A3F8C0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1752,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2BFF80FF22F9568421F925" bold="true" box="[151,273,1752,1777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal, ventral margin rounded to straight, posterior area delimited by a line; periostracum brownish, almost absent in the umbonal area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2BFF81FF72F8AE869AFE53" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F2BFF81FF72F8AE8166FF00" blockId="2.[151,1437,1752,2028]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,572]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2BFF80FF72F8AE8469F8ED" bold="true" box="[199,345,1824,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Description.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal, inequilateral, strong, large (up to
<quantity id="912F9B753F2BFF80FC34F8AE86E4F8EC" box="[897,980,1824,1848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
); external surface smooth with commarginal lines close to the umbonal area; periostracum brownish and thin; anterior dorsal margin straight, posterior rounded; right hinge with two divergent cardinals (3a &amp; 3b), unfused; anterior lateral teeth (AI &amp; AIII), short and close to cardinals; posterior lateral teeth present (PI &amp; PIII) (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2BFF80FCFDF80286BCF870" box="[840,908,1932,1956]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1109,1132]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mactra fuegiensis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C general aspect, ol: outer layer, il: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201080/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). V-shaped cardinal tooth in left valve (2a &amp; 2b). One anterior and one posterior lateral tooth (AII &amp; PII) running parallel to the dorsal shell margin; each elongated, fragile, with one cusp (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2BFF80FE51F85A8715F838" box="[484,549,2004,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1109,1132]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mactra fuegiensis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C general aspect, ol: outer layer, il: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201080/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A); external ligament rudimentary, posterior to umbos; internal ligament (resilium) large, strong, in chondrophore. Muscle scar semicircular, vertically elongated, with dorsal and ventral ends pointed, close to dorsal edge; pallial sinus rounded, 1/3 of total shell length (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2AFF81FC5AFF32817AFF00" box="[1007,1098,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – H" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,625,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – H: Syntypes of Mactra fuegiensis Smith (NHM 1905.8.11.7 - 10); I – L: holotype of Mactra epidermia Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201079/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2AFF81FF72FF51869AFE53" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
Ultrastructure of the shell with two layers, outer crossed lamellar of elongated crystallites arranged into lamellae; crystallites in the adjacent lamellae differ in alignment by approximately 90–98°. Inner complex crossed lamellar, consisting of intergrowth pattern resulting from crossed lamellar structure in two alignments (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2AFF81FB6EFEA9802CFEEB" box="[1243,1308,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1109,1132]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mactra fuegiensis, A – B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C general aspect, ol: outer layer, il: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201080/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C–D).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FF22FEC284B4FEB0" box="[151,388,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Mantle cavity organs</emphasis>
: Labial palps very elongated in relation to body size (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2AFF81FC57FEC28116FEB0" box="[994,1062,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mactra fuegiensis, A: SEM picture of the outer labial palp (olp), external view smooth and internal view plicate, scale bar = 2 mm; B: SEM picture of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201081/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). External demibranch fused to mantle. Siphons completely fused, covered by periostracum (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2AFF81FCF0FEE186B9FE53" box="[837,905,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1242,1726]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Mactra fuegiensis, A: SEM picture of the outer labial palp (olp), external view smooth and internal view plicate, scale bar = 2 mm; B: SEM picture of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201081/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2AFF86FF72FE1A86E8F809" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F2AFF81FF72FE1A815DFE20" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FF72FE1A8447FE78" bold="true" box="[199,375,403,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2AFF81FF72FE1A8432FE78" box="[199,258,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2AFF81FE3FFE1B8712FE78" box="[394,546,404,428]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FE3FFE1B8712FE78" box="[394,546,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">M. fuegiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM 1905.8.11.7-10, four
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2AFF81FCC4FE1B86E7FE79" box="[881,983,405,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
. The dimensions of the specimen illustrated by E. A. Smith are: length
<quantity id="912F9B753F2AFF81FDACFE3987BAFE1B" box="[537,650,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="51.5">51, 5 mm</quantity>
, height
<quantity id="912F9B753F2AFF81FD53FE398668FE1B" box="[742,856,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="37.5">37, 5 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="912F9B753F2AFF81FC1BFE398132FE1B" box="[942,1026,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
, which is clearly one of the figured specimens (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2AFF81FEAEFE528493FE20" box="[283,419,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – H" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,625,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – H: Syntypes of Mactra fuegiensis Smith (NHM 1905.8.11.7 - 10); I – L: holotype of Mactra epidermia Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201079/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Figs. 2A–D</figureCitation>
). [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2AFF81FE0AFE538766FE20" box="[447,598,476,500]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FE0AFE538766FE20" box="[447,598,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">M. epidermia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2AFF81FDD3FE5287FEFE20" box="[614,718,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">MNHNC</collectionCode>
(unnumbered)
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2AFF81FCCEFE5286EDFE20" box="[891,989,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(figs.
<date id="226910503F2AFF81FB93FE52810EFE20" box="[1062,1086,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">2I</date>
–L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2AFF81FF72FD8E85E6FDE8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FF72FD8E8455FDCC" bold="true" box="[199,357,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2AFF81FF72FD8E8430FDCC" box="[199,256,512,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
San Sebastian beach, Tierra del Fuego,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2AFF81FC86FE718696FDC3" box="[819,934,511,535]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. Collected by Captain Crawshay in
<date id="226910503F2AFF81FAF4FE7185E3FDE8" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" value="1904-10">October 1904</date>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A866183F2AFF81FF22F80E84C9F861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201079/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[151,1436,625,1898]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="566836903F2AFF81FF22F80E84C9F861" blockId="3.[151,1436,1920,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FF22F80E8423F841" bold="true" box="[151,275,1920,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A–H: Syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2AFF81FE6EF80F87E4F842" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[475,724,1920,1942]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FE6EF80F87A1F842" box="[475,657,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
(NHM 1905.8.11.7-10); I–L: holotype of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2AFF81FB33F80F85FAF860" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2AFF81FB33F80F800EF842" box="[1158,1342,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Mactra epidermia</emphasis>
Philippi, 1893
</taxonomicName>
(MNHNC), scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="02A866183F2DFF86FF22FBDB87D9FB7C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201080/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1087]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="566836903F2DFF86FF22FBDB87D9FB7C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1109,1192]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FF22FBDB8423FBBE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1109,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2DFF86FEAFFBD884E1FBBF" box="[282,465,1109,1131]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FEAFFBD884E1FBBF" box="[282,465,1109,1131]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–B: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C–D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C general aspect, ol: outer layer, il: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="02A866183F2DFF86FF22F95D81BFF8DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201081/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[151,1436,1242,1726]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="566836903F2DFF86FF22F95D81BFF8DC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1747,1801]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FF22F95D8423F93D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1747,1770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2DFF86FEAEF95B84E1F93E" box="[283,465,1748,1770]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FEAEF95B84E1F93E" box="[283,465,1748,1770]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A: SEM picture of the outer labial palp (olp), external view smooth and internal view plicate, scale bar = 2mm; B: SEM picture of the incurrent (in) and excurrent (ex) siphons, scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="566836903F2DFF86FF72F8BB86E8F809" blockId="4.[151,1436,1845,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FF72F8BB8731F89A" bold="true" box="[199,513,1845,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FDBEF8BB874AF899" box="[523,634,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2DFF86FDBEF8BB874AF899" box="[523,634,1845,1869]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Puerto Madryn (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FCFDF8BB86A2F899" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[840,914,1845,1869]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">ANSP</collectionCode>
<date id="226910503F2DFF86FC2EF8BB86C4F899" box="[923,1012,1845,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" value="54-04-17">170454</date>
); San Julián bay (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FB70F8BB8030F899" box="[1221,1280,1845,1869]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MLP</collectionCode>
1850, 1857); Cape Buen Tiempo (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FE3CF8D784E3F8A5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[393,467,1881,1905]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">ANSP</collectionCode>
70091); Santa Cruz (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FD64F8D78600F8A5" box="[721,816,1881,1905]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MZUSP</collectionCode>
13045); Magellanic Strait (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FBC6F8D781F0F8A5" box="[1139,1216,1881,1905]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MNRJ</collectionCode>
5668); Puerto San Sebastián: (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FEAEF8F38441F841" box="[283,369,1917,1941]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MACN</collectionCode>
12609;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FE67F8F38713F841" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[466,547,1917,1941]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">USNM</collectionCode>
898712,
<specimenCount id="40D1FD193F2DFF86FD27F8F3879EF841" box="[658,686,1917,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">20</specimenCount>
specimens, coll.
<date id="226910503F2DFF86FCCDF8F386DBF841" box="[888,1003,1917,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" value="1969-07-29">
29/7/
<quantity id="912F9B753F2DFF86FC06F8F386DBF841" box="[947,1003,1917,1941]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96918" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1969.18">1969</quantity>
</date>
, 18 m); Río Grande (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FB53F8F3800CF841" box="[1254,1340,1917,1941]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MACN</collectionCode>
12611); Tierra del Fuego (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FED2F82F848DF86D" box="[359,445,1953,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MORG</collectionCode>
2742;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FDA5F82F8754F86D" box="[528,612,1953,1977]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MACN</collectionCode>
12608;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FD70F82C87CEF86D" box="[709,766,1954,1977]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">MLP</collectionCode>
9383); Ushuaia (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FC7DF82F8125F86D" box="[968,1045,1953,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">FURG</collectionCode>
46331).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2DFF86FBCBF82F818BF86D" box="[1150,1211,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2DFF86FBCBF82F818BF86D" box="[1150,1211,1953,1977]" name="Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Cape Horn,
<specimenCount id="40D1FD193F2DFF86FAECF82F80ACF86D" box="[1369,1436,1953,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">
<quantity id="912F9B753F2DFF86FAECF82F80A8F86D" box="[1369,1432,1953,1977]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="42.0">42 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FF2BF84B85C6F809" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[158,246,1989,2013]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">AMNH</collectionCode>
271653, Vema Expedition, 1961); Punta Arenas (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2DFF86FC96F84B865CF809" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[803,876,1989,2013]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">ANSP</collectionCode>
103356).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2CFF87FF72FF19869FFF7B" box="[199,943,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF72FF19869FFF7B" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,428]" box="[199,943,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF72FF198450FF64" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Distribution.</emphasis>
Golfo Nuevo in
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FDABFF1987BDFF7B" box="[542,653,151,175]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Argentina</collectingCountry>
to Punta Arenas in
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FCDEFF19869BFF7B" box="[875,939,151,175]" name="Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2CFF87FF72FF3286C7FE78" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF72FF3286C7FE78" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF72FF32840BFF00" bold="true" box="[199,315,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FEF4FF33873AFF00" box="[321,522,188,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FEF4FF33873AFF00" box="[321,522,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FD5FFF328623FF00" box="[746,787,188,212]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Isla</collectingCountry>
Grande de Tierra del Fuego coast. It is well represented in the Magellanic Province and constitutes the southernmost species of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FC0CFF6F813BFF2C" box="[953,1035,225,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FC0CFF6F813BFF2C" box="[953,1035,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FB17FF518036FF23" box="[1186,1286,223,247]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">America</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FAA1FF6F84A7FEC8" authority="Philippi, 1893" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1893" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FAA1FF6F85D6FEC8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra epidermia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FF46FE8A84A7FEC8" author="Philippi" box="[243,407,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(non Deshayes in
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FDCAFE8B8624FEC8" author="Reeve" box="[639,788,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
), is a junior homonym (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2CFF87FB89FE8A81B4FEC8" box="[1084,1156,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – H" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,625,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – H: Syntypes of Mactra fuegiensis Smith (NHM 1905.8.11.7 - 10); I – L: holotype of Mactra epidermia Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201079/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
Fig.
<date id="226910503F2CFF87FBC3FE8A81B4FEC8" box="[1142,1156,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I–L) (
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FB7EFE8B8432FEEB" authority="Deshayes" authorityName="Deshayes" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epidermia">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FB7EFE8B80ACFEC8" box="[1227,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra epidermia</emphasis>
Deshayes
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FE9AFEA684F2FEEB" author="Reeve" box="[303,450,295,319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
, with
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FDBAFEA9875EFEEB" box="[527,622,295,319]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Portugal</collectingCountry>
as
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2CFF87FD29FEA687FCFE94" box="[668,716,296,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
locality, has priority over Philippi’s species).
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FB59FEA980ACFEEB" author="Bernard" box="[1260,1436,295,319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard (1983)</bibRefCitation>
wrongly included both nominal taxa as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FD47FEC2819AFEB0" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[754,1194,332,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FD47FEC286A6FEB0" box="[754,918,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FC2BFEC2819AFEB0" author="King" box="[926,1194,332,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FB03FEC380B1FEB0" box="[1206,1409,332,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fuegiensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FB03FEC380B1FEB0" box="[1206,1409,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra fuegiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by a trigonal shell with a straight ventral margin and an external ligament clearly not observed in
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FF22FE1A8778FE78" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,584,404,428]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FE1A8409FE78" box="[151,313,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FEF5FE1A8778FE78" author="King" box="[320,584,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which it otherwise closely resembles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

220
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<heading id="0D2081FC3F2CFF87FF22FCA984D4FC95" bold="true" box="[151,484,807,833]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FF22FCA984D4FC95" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,484,807,833]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FCA984D4FC95" bold="true" box="[151,484,807,833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FCA98465FC95" bold="true" box="[151,341,807,833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FEE9FCA984D4FC95" author="Gray" box="[348,484,807,833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22FCC48438FCB6" blockId="5.[151,484,807,866]" box="[151,264,842,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2CFF87FF2BFCC485CEFCB6" box="[158,254,842,866]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1963,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,1020,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[156,1430,1020,1943]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mulinia bicolor, A – B: Holotype (NHM Reg. Nº: 196323); C – D: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201082/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Figure 5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2CFF87FF22FC1C8051FC13" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22FC1C8199FC7C" blockId="5.[151,1377,914,967]" box="[151,1193,914,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2CFF87FF22FC1C8199FC7C" box="[151,1193,914,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FF22FC1C84D5FC7C" authority="Gray, 1837: 375" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="375" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,485,914,936]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FC1C8406FC7C" box="[151,310,914,936]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia bicolor</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2CFF87FE88FC1D84D5FC7C" author="Gray" box="[317,485,914,936]" page="375" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FE88FC1D849DFC7C" author="Gray" box="[317,429,915,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 375
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Hanley, 1843: 34, pl. 10, fig. 31;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2CFF87FC8AFC1C86D0FC7C" author="Dall" box="[831,992,914,936]" page="274" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FC8AFC1C869DFC7C" author="Dall" box="[831,941,914,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Dall, W. H. (1909) Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine Mollusca of the Peruvian zoological Province. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 147 - 294." type="journal article" year="1909">Dall, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 274
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2CFF87FC5EFC1C8195FC7C" author="Bernard" box="[1003,1189,914,936]" page="40" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FC5EFC1C814FFC7C" author="Bernard" box="[1003,1151,914,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1983">Bernard, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22FC3C8051FC13" blockId="5.[151,1377,914,967]" box="[151,1377,945,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2CFF87FF22FC3C8051FC13" box="[151,1377,945,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FF22FC3C849AFC13" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,426,945,967]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FC3C8401FC13" box="[151,305,945,967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FE82FC3C849AFC13" author="Gray" box="[311,426,946,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. d’Orbigny, 1846: 510, pl. 78 fig. 18; Hupé in Gay, 1854: 348,
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2CFF87FB9CFC3F81D0FC13" author="Philippi" box="[1065,1248,945,967]" page="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FB9CFC3F818DFC13" author="Philippi" box="[1065,1213,945,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3, fig. 9.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="02A866183F2CFF87FF22F82587CAF831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201082/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[156,1430,1020,1942]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22F82587CAF831" blockId="5.[151,1436,1963,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22F8258423F815" bold="true" box="[151,275,1963,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FEAFF8228489F816" box="[282,441,1964,1986]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FEAFF8228489F816" box="[282,441,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, A–B: Holotype (NHM Reg. Nº: 196323); C–D: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF22FF198020FF7B" box="[151,1296,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FF198020FF7B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" box="[151,1296,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FF198421FF64" bold="true" box="[151,273,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell subcircular, large, inflated; posterior area not defined by line or keel; umbos inflated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72FF348144FE57" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FF348144FE57" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FF348469FF07" bold="true" box="[199,345,186,211]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Description.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal, subcircular; maximum length up to
<quantity id="912F9B753F2FFF84FC7FFF35817BFF07" box="[970,1099,187,211]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="12.25">12, 25 cm</quantity>
; anterior and posterior ends rounded; ventral margin curved. External surface smooth, with yellow to brownish periostracum (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FAA5FF508066FF22" box="[1296,1366,222,246]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1963,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,1020,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[156,1430,1020,1943]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mulinia bicolor, A – B: Holotype (NHM Reg. Nº: 196323); C – D: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201082/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–B). Right hinge with two anterior (AI &amp; AIII) and two posterior (PI &amp; PIII) lateral teeth; anterior teeth similar in length, dorsal tooth stronger than ventral one; ventral posterior lateral tooth more elongated than dorsal; two unfused cardinal teeth (3a &amp; 3b) flanked by accessory lamella (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FCEBFEC98690FE8B" box="[862,928,327,351]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1963,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,1020,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[156,1430,1020,1943]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mulinia bicolor, A – B: Holotype (NHM Reg. Nº: 196323); C – D: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201082/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C); left valve with one elongated anterior lateral teeth (AII); posterior lateral tooth (PII) shorter; cardinals fused, V-shaped (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FBB8FEE5817FFE57" box="[1037,1103,363,387]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1963,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,1020,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[156,1430,1020,1943]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mulinia bicolor, A – B: Holotype (NHM Reg. Nº: 196323); C – D: hinge description according to the nomenclature developed by Bernard &amp; Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201082/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72FE008171FDDB" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FE008677FE72" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" box="[199,839,398,423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FE008445FE73" bold="true" box="[199,373,398,423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FF72FE008432FE72" box="[199,258,398,422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FEC9FE0084D4FE72" box="[380,484,398,422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(NHM 196323), one left valve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FE3C8699FE1D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" box="[199,937,433,458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FE3C8455FE1E" bold="true" box="[199,357,433,458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FF72FE3C8432FE1E" box="[199,258,434,458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Unknown, not indicated in the original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FE5A8171FDDB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FE5A8736FE39" bold="true" box="[199,518,468,493]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FDA6FE5B8760FE39" box="[531,592,469,493]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FDA6FE5B8760FE39" box="[531,592,469,493]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FD05FE5A8620FE38" box="[688,784,468,492]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">America</collectingCountry>
(NHM 1843.661, 2; 68.7.6.22, 1 1962.1090, 3);
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FAEAFE5A80ABFE38" box="[1375,1435,468,492]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FF2BFE7985C6FDDB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[158,246,503,527]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">AMNH</collectionCode>
34042, 2); Talcahuano,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FDB0FE798771FDDB" box="[517,577,503,527]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FDE5FE798796FDDB" box="[592,678,503,527]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MACN</collectionCode>
13804, 8 valves with periostracum).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72FD948785FDE7" box="[199,693,538,563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FD948785FDE7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" box="[199,693,538,563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FD948450FDE7" bold="true" box="[199,352,538,563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</emphasis>
Caldera to Talcahuano,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FDC4FD958781FDE7" box="[625,689,539,563]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72FDB087A9FCA4" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FDB087A9FCA4" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FDB0840BFD82" bold="true" box="[199,315,574,598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</emphasis>
The distribution of this species was mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FC34FDB0817AFD82" author="Soot-Ryen" box="[897,1098,574,598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Soot-Ryen, T. (1959) Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. Pelecypoda. Lund University Arsskrift, 2 nd serie, 55 (6), 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1959">Soot-Ryen (1959)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FB36FDB08056FD82" box="[1155,1382,574,598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Osorio, C., Atria, J. &amp; Mann, S. (1979) Moluscos Marinos de importancia economica en Chile. Biologia Pesquera (Chile), 11, 3 - 47." type="journal article">
Osorio
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FB6DFDB18022FD82" box="[1240,1298,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(1979)
</bibRefCitation>
, and later confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FEC7FDEF8746FDAD" box="[370,630,609,633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="66" refString="Gonzalez, C., Pia Mena, C., Gallardo, M. H. &amp; Clasing, E. (2002) Variabilidad genetica en los miembros del genero Mulinia (Gray, 1837) (Bivalvia, Mactridae) a lo largo de la costa chilena. Ciencia y Tecnologia Marina, 25, 147 - 156." type="journal article">
González
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FE50FDEC872FFDAD" box="[485,543,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FD37FDEF8605FDAD" box="[642,821,609,633]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FD37FDEF8605FDAD" box="[642,821,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mulinia bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a Recent valid species present on the south-central coast of
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FF41FD0A8404FD48" box="[244,308,644,668]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
. This is one of the largest species of the genus (
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FCF6FD0A8697FD48" box="[835,935,644,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
length: 12.25 cm). Despite its large size, it is a very rare species judged by its presence in the collections studied (only eight specimens were analyzed)
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FAC8FD2785D8FD37" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FAC8FD2785D8FD37" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was included by
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FE19FD458705FD37" author="Gray" box="[428,565,715,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray (1837)</bibRefCitation>
in a group of taxa with the anterior end delimited by a line. The
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FABCFD428009FD30" box="[1289,1337,716,740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
material housed at NHM agrees with d´Orbigny’s (1846) description. In addition, the French author pointed out the larger size of this form compared with the
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FD9BFC9C876EFCFE" box="[558,606,786,810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FD5DFC9F86BBFCFD" box="[744,907,785,809]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FD5DFC9F86BBFCFD" box="[744,907,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mulinia edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FC77FC9C816FFCFD" box="[962,1119,785,809]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FC77FC9C816FFCFD" box="[962,1119,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. byronensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The illustrations labeled as
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FCB8843EFC99" box="[151,270,821,845]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FCB8843EFC99" box="[151,270,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published by Hanley (1843: 34, pl. 10, fig. 31) and
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FCE9FCBA818EFC98" author="Philippi" box="[860,1214,820,844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi (1893: 11, pl. 3, fig. 9)</bibRefCitation>
are not adequate to confirm the taxonomic status of Gray species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<heading id="0D2081FC3F2CFF87FF22FE7B84EFFDDB" bold="true" box="[151,479,501,527]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FE7B84EFFDDB" bold="true" box="[151,479,501,527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
Genus
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF5BFE7B8460FDDB" bold="true" box="[238,336,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22FDB281DCFD85" blockId="5.[151,1260,571,594]" box="[151,1260,571,594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FDB28415FD86" bold="true" box="[151,293,571,594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2CFF87FF22FDB285FCFD85" box="[151,204,572,593]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
species:
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<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FE9EFDB28707FD85" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[299,567,572,594]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FE9EFDB284F0FD86" box="[299,448,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mulinia typica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2CFF87FDEFFDB386EAFD86" authority="King &amp; Broderip, 1832" authorityName="King &amp; Broderip" authorityYear="1832" box="[602,986,571,594]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FDEFFDB387D7FD86" box="[602,743,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Mactra edulis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2CFF87FD58FDB586EAFD86" author="King" box="[749,986,571,594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="King, P. P. &amp; Broderip, W. J. (1832) Description of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection formed by the officers of HMS Adventure and Beagle employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of South America, including the straits of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal, 5, 332 - 349." type="journal article" year="1832">King &amp; Broderip, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) [by Absolute Tautonomy]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2CFF87FF22FDF0840AFD6E" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF22FDF0840AFD6E" blockId="5.[151,1436,638,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF22FDF08421FD43" bold="true" box="[151,273,638,663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell trigonal, anterior and posterior end subangular. Ligament exclusively internal, in well developed chondrophore.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2CFF87FF72FD4886D5FD0A" box="[199,997,710,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F2CFF87FF72FD4886D5FD0A" blockId="5.[151,1436,638,735]" box="[199,997,710,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2CFF87FF72FD488450FD0B" bold="true" box="[199,352,710,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Distribution.</emphasis>
Coasts of Central and South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2CFF87FD1DFD488638FD0A" box="[680,776,710,734]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">America</collectingCountry>
and eastern Africa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

349
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<heading id="0D2081FC3F2FFF84FF22FC338722FC03" bold="true" box="[151,530,957,983]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FC338722FC03" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,530,957,983]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FC3384B2FC03" bold="true" box="[151,386,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mulinia byronensis</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FF2BFC6E8417FC2C" box="[158,295,992,1016]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1753,1776]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1039,1062]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetBox-1="[169,1418,193,1017]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[169,1418,193,1018]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Mulinia byronensis, A – H: Syntypes of Mulinia byronensis Gray (NHM N ° 196324); I – K: Holotype of Mactra pencana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); L – M: Syntype of Mactra jousseaumi Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889 (MNHN unnumbered); N – O: Holotype of Mactra lotensis Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Mulinia byronensis, A – B: hinge description by using the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: general aspect, OL: outer layer, IL: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/201083/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/201084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Figures 6–7</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FBAD846BFBED" box="[151,347,1059,1081]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mulinia byronensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FED6FBAA873BFBED" author="Gray" box="[355,523,1059,1081]" page="376" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FED6FBAA84E7FBED" author="Gray" box="[355,471,1060,1081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="66" refString="Gray, J. E. (1837) A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes of genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum. The Magazine of Natural History, n. s. 1, 370 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1837">Gray, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 376
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, fig. 33; Hanley, 1843: 35, pl. 10, fig. 38; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 380;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FB40FBAD80A8FBED" author="Dall" box="[1269,1432,1059,1081]" page="274" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1909">
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: 274
</treatmentCitation>
, 286–287;
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<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FE98FBCC8753FB8C" author="Carcelles" box="[301,611,1090,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" refString="Carcelles, A. &amp; Williamson, S. (1951) Catalogo de los moluscos marinos de la provincia Magallanica. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 2 Ciencias Zoologicas, 225 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951">Carcelles &amp; Williamson, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 343
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FBEC81C2FBA2" blockId="6.[151,1436,1059,1327]" box="[151,1266,1120,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FBEC81C2FBA2" box="[151,1266,1120,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FBEC8465FBA2" box="[151,341,1120,1143]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FBEC8465FBA2" box="[151,341,1120,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra byronensis</emphasis>
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d´Orbigny, 1846: 511;
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FDF4FBEF87F3FBA2" author="Reeve" box="[577,707,1120,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Reeve, L. (1854) Monograph of the genus Mactra. In Reeve, L. (1843.1873) Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the shells of Molluscous Animals. London, 8, 21 pls." type="journal article" year="1854">Reeve, 1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 15, fig. 77;
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FCD6FBEE8171FBA2" author="Weinkauff" box="[867,1089,1120,1142]" page="101" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FCD6FBEE813FFBA2" author="Weinkauff" box="[867,1039,1120,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Weinkauff, H. C. (1884) Die Gattung Mactra. In: Kuster, H. C. &amp; Weinkauff, H. C. (1841, 1842, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884) Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer and Raspe, Nuremberg, 11 (2), pp. 93 - 124." type="journal article" year="1884">Weinkauff, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 34, figs. 3–4.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FBF18769FB40" box="[151,601,1151,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FBF18765FB40" authority="Gray. Conrad, 1868: 31" authorityName="Gray. Conrad" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,597,1151,1173]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FBF1846FFB41" box="[151,351,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mulinea byronensis</emphasis>
Gray.
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FE17FBF18765FB40" author="Conrad" box="[418,597,1151,1173]" page="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FE17FBF1871FFB41" author="Conrad" box="[418,559,1151,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" refString="Conrad, T. A. (1868) Catalogue of the family Mactridae. American Journal of Conchology, 3, appendix, 31 - 47." type="journal article" year="1868">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 31
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FB118787FB67" box="[151,695,1181,1204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FB118419FB60" box="[151,297,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra byroni</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FE9AFB13873BFB67" author="Weinkauff" box="[303,523,1181,1203]" page="101" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1884">
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: 101
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</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FDAFFB118799FB60" box="[538,681,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">nomen nudum</emphasis>
).
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<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FB3387D1FB06" blockId="6.[151,1436,1059,1327]" box="[151,737,1212,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FB3387D1FB06" box="[151,737,1212,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FB338706FB06" authority="Weinkauff, 1884: 101" authorityName="Weinkauff" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,566,1212,1234]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byroneana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FB338463FB06" box="[151,339,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra byroneana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FEECFB328706FB06" author="Weinkauff" box="[345,566,1212,1234]" page="101" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FEECFB328736FB06" author="Weinkauff" box="[345,518,1212,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Weinkauff, H. C. (1884) Die Gattung Mactra. In: Kuster, H. C. &amp; Weinkauff, H. C. (1841, 1842, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884) Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer and Raspe, Nuremberg, 11 (2), pp. 93 - 124." type="journal article" year="1884">Weinkauff, 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FDF1FB3387E3FB06" box="[580,723,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">nomen nudum</emphasis>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FB5287F3FB25" blockId="6.[151,1436,1059,1327]" box="[151,707,1243,1265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FB5287F3FB25" box="[151,707,1243,1265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FB52878FFB25" authority="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889: 106" authorityName="Mabille &amp; Rochebrune" authorityPageNumber="106" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,703,1243,1265]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jousseaumi">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FB52846AFB25" box="[151,346,1244,1265]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra jousseaumi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FED5FB55878FFB25" author="Mabille" box="[352,703,1243,1265]" page="106" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FED5FB5587BDFB25" author="Mabille" box="[352,653,1243,1265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="66" refString="Mabille, J. &amp; Rochebrune, A. (1889) Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils. 6 Zoologie 2, 143 pp." type="book" year="1889">Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 106
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FB758740FADB" blockId="6.[151,1436,1059,1327]" box="[151,624,1274,1296]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FB758740FADB" box="[151,624,1274,1296]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FB7584DFFADB" authority="Philippi, 1893: 8" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,495,1274,1296]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pencana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FB75840DFAC4" box="[151,317,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra pencana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FEF1FB7484DFFADB" author="Philippi" box="[324,495,1274,1296]" page="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FEF1FB7484E7FADB" author="Philippi" box="[324,471,1274,1296]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FA948743FAFA" blockId="6.[151,1436,1059,1327]" box="[151,627,1304,1327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76C711BE3F2FFF84FF22FA948743FAFA" box="[151,627,1304,1327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FF22FA9484C3FAFA" authority="Philippi, 1893: 10" authorityName="Philippi" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,499,1304,1327]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lotensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FA948405FAFA" box="[151,309,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra lotensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D77610813F2FFF84FE8EFA9684C3FAFA" author="Philippi" box="[315,499,1304,1326]" page="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2FFF84FE8EFA9684FFFAFA" author="Philippi" box="[315,463,1304,1326]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1893) Las especies chilenas del genero Mactra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, Zoologia, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="1893">Philippi, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 3, fig. 8.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF22FAD68451FA40" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF22FAD68451FA40" blockId="6.[151,1436,1368,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF22FAD68421FAA5" bold="true" box="[151,273,1368,1393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Shell oval, elongated, dorsal margin delimited by a line from umbo to posterior end; short lateral teeth close to cardinals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72FA118686F966" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72FA118686F966" blockId="6.[151,1436,1368,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72FA118469FA6C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1439,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Description.</emphasis>
Shell oval to trigonal, equilateral, compressed; dorsal margins curved; line from umbo to posterior end very clear; ventral margin curved; external surface smooth with irregular growth lines, brownish periostracum (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FE8CFA69844BFA2B" box="[313,379,1511,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Mulinia byronensis, A – H: Syntypes of Mulinia byronensis Gray (NHM N ° 196324); I – K: Holotype of Mactra pencana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); L – M: Syntype of Mactra jousseaumi Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889 (MNHN unnumbered); N – O: Holotype of Mactra lotensis Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201083/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A–H). Umbos prosogyrous, not inflated. Internally white with V-shaped pallial sinus of 1/3 of shell length; internal ligament in trigonal chondrophore ventrally developed. Right hinge with two anterior and two posterior lateral teeth, strong, each with one rounded cusp (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FC9FF9A1865DF993" box="[810,877,1583,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1039,1062]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,193,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[169,1418,193,1018]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Mulinia byronensis, A – B: hinge description by using the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: general aspect, OL: outer layer, IL: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A); two cardinal teeth on anterior side of chondrophore, posterior cardinal vertically oriented; Left valve with one anterior and one posterior lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FA83F9DC804AF9BE" box="[1334,1402,1618,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1039,1062]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,193,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[169,1418,193,1018]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Mulinia byronensis, A – B: hinge description by using the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: general aspect, OL: outer layer, IL: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B), anterior cardinal tooth oblique in relation to dorsal margin. Ultrastructure of two layers, internal with cross lamellar complex and external with simple cross lamellar structure (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2FFF84FC9BF9148640F966" box="[814,880,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1039,1062]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,193,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[169,1418,193,1018]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Mulinia byronensis, A – B: hinge description by using the nomenclature developed by Bernard and Munier Chalmas, scale bar = 1 cm; C – D: Ultrastructure of the shell, C: general aspect, OL: outer layer, IL: inner layer; D: detail of the inner layer with the cross lamellar complex, scale bar = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C–D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2FFF84FF72F9308769F827" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72F930805AF8C9" blockId="6.[151,1436,1368,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72F9308449F902" bold="true" box="[199,377,1725,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FF72F9308432F902" box="[199,258,1726,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FE38F931871EF902" box="[397,558,1726,1750]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FE38F931871EF902" box="[397,558,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. byronensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] NHM 196324, 5
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FCBAF9318641F903" box="[783,881,1727,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(figs. 6A–H); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FB9EF9318183F902" box="[1067,1203,1727,1750]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pencana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FB9EF9318183F902" box="[1067,1203,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. pencana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FB7DF9308000F902" box="[1224,1328,1726,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MNHNC</collectionCode>
(unnumbered),
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FF5BF96F8460F92D" box="[238,336,1761,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Talcahuano,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FD9CF96F8756F92D" box="[553,614,1761,1785]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(figs.
<date id="226910503F2FFF84FD07F96F87FAF92D" box="[690,714,1761,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">6I</date>
–K); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FCBAF96C8684F92D" box="[783,948,1762,1785]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jousseaumi">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FCBAF96C8684F92D" box="[783,948,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">M. jousseaumi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FC72F96C812DF92D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[967,1053,1762,1785]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MNHN</collectionCode>
(unnumbered), one
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FAB0F96C806CF92E" box="[1285,1372,1762,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
from Orange Bay (figs. 6L–M); [
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2FFF84FE78F888874BF8C9" box="[461,635,1797,1821]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lotensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FE78F888874BF8C9" box="[461,635,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Mactra lotensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FD39F88B87C4F8C9" box="[652,756,1797,1821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MNHNC</collectionCode>
(unnumbered),
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FC1DF88B813AF8C9" box="[936,1034,1797,1821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Lota,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FB3AF88B81FCF8C9" box="[1167,1228,1797,1821]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(figs. 6N–O).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72F8A78705F895" blockId="6.[151,1436,1368,2036]" box="[199,565,1832,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72F8A78455F895" bold="true" box="[199,357,1832,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="896C88323F2FFF84FF72F8A78432F895" box="[199,258,1833,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
“South
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FE75F8A78717F895" box="[448,551,1833,1857]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">America</collectingCountry>
”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="566836903F2FFF84FF72F8C28769F827" blockId="6.[151,1436,1368,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FF72F8C284CDF8B1" bold="true" box="[199,509,1868,1893]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FDB1F8C0870AF8B1" box="[516,570,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FDB1F8C0870AF8B1" box="[516,570,1870,1893]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Peru</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FDFCF8C3874CF8B0" box="[585,636,1869,1892]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Peru</collectingCountry>
(NHM 1563, 2 complete valves).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FC4AF8C3810BF8B1" box="[1023,1083,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FC4AF8C3810BF8B1" box="[1023,1083,1869,1893]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Valparaíso,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FB7BF8C2803BF8B0" box="[1230,1291,1868,1892]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FAAFF8C28065F8B0" box="[1306,1365,1868,1892]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MLP</collectionCode>
5355, 3 valves); Concepción,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FE11F8FE84D1F85C" box="[420,481,1904,1928]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(NHM s/n°, 4 valves); Talcahuano,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FCCAF8FE868CF85C" box="[895,956,1904,1928]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FC79F8FE8112F85C" box="[972,1058,1904,1928]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MACN</collectionCode>
13804, coll. in 1923, 26 valves); Puerto El Hambre (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FECEF81A84E2F878" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[379,466,1940,1964]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">AMNH</collectionCode>
34041, 1 valve); Magellanic Strait (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FCC8F81A8688F878" box="[893,952,1940,1964]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MLP</collectionCode>
1848, 1 valve;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FBC1F81A81E1F878" box="[1140,1233,1940,1964]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MZUSP</collectionCode>
13060, 3 valves;
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FF22F83785DDF805" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[151,237,1977,2001]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">AMNH</collectionCode>
34039, 1 valve; NHM 79.10.15.68, coll. by Coppinger on H.M.S. Alert).
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2FFF84FBF7F8368181F804" box="[1090,1201,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2FFF84FBF7F8368181F804" box="[1090,1201,1976,2000]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Argentina</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (
<collectionCode id="30C6AE553F2FFF84FF5EF855847AF827" box="[235,330,2011,2035]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">MZUSP</collectionCode>
22298, 2 valves, 1981).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2EFF85FF72FF1987AFFF7B" box="[199,671,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="566836903F2EFF85FF72FF1987AFFF7B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,392]" box="[199,671,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FF72FF198450FF64" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2EFF85FED2FF1684AAFF7B" box="[359,410,152,175]" name="Peru" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Peru</collectingCountry>
to Ushuaia,
<collectingCountry id="2EC076003F2EFF85FD9DFF1987ABFF7B" box="[552,667,151,175]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1ECD651B3F2EFF85FF72FF328176FE5C" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="566836903F2EFF85FF72FF328176FE5C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FF72FF32840BFF00" bold="true" box="[199,315,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32464B613F2EFF85FEFEFF32872AFF00" author="Weinkauff" box="[331,538,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="67" refString="Weinkauff, H. C. (1884) Die Gattung Mactra. In: Kuster, H. C. &amp; Weinkauff, H. C. (1841, 1842, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1884) Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer and Raspe, Nuremberg, 11 (2), pp. 93 - 124." type="journal article" year="1884">Weinkauff (1884)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that Gray should have named this species
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FB71FF328045FF00" box="[1220,1397,188,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byroni">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FB71FF328045FF00" box="[1220,1397,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Mulinia byroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FF22FF6E843EFF2C" box="[151,270,224,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byroneana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FF22FF6E843EFF2C" box="[151,270,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">byroneana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, these nominal taxa must be considered unjustified emendations.
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FBDDFF6E8072FF2C" box="[1128,1346,224,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FBDDFF6E8072FF2C" box="[1128,1346,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Mulinia byronensis</emphasis>
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is characterized by a more elongated shell than
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FDC7FE8B87EDFEC8" box="[626,733,260,284]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FDC7FE8B87EDFEC8" box="[626,733,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">M. edulis</emphasis>
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. The posterodorsal line that delimits the posterior area in
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FAC8FE8B843FFE94" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="byronensis">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FAC8FE8B843FFE94" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">M. byronensis</emphasis>
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is absent in
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FE29FEA78735FE94" box="[412,517,297,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mulinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FE29FEA78735FE94" box="[412,517,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">M. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FDA1FEA787DBFE94" box="[532,747,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Mactra jousseaumi</emphasis>
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, collected in Orange Harbor (Magellanic Strait) by the “Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn” (
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2EFF85FDA5FEC2877EFEB0" box="[528,590,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Mulinia byronensis, A – H: Syntypes of Mulinia byronensis Gray (NHM N ° 196324); I – K: Holotype of Mactra pencana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); L – M: Syntype of Mactra jousseaumi Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889 (MNHN unnumbered); N – O: Holotype of Mactra lotensis Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201083/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Fig 6</figureCitation>
L–M), and
<taxonomicName id="91D74D133F2EFF85FD65FEC386BAFEB0" box="[720,906,333,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pencana">
<emphasis id="64A3EA823F2EFF85FD65FEC386BAFEB0" box="[720,906,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Mactra pencana</emphasis>
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(
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Fig.
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I–K) and
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(
<figureCitation id="CEEC2A153F2EFF85FAA4FEC28065FEB0" box="[1297,1365,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,447,1731]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Mulinia byronensis, A – H: Syntypes of Mulinia byronensis Gray (NHM N ° 196324); I – K: Holotype of Mactra pencana Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered); L – M: Syntype of Mactra jousseaumi Mabille &amp; Rochebrune, 1889 (MNHN unnumbered); N – O: Holotype of Mactra lotensis Philippi, 1893 (MNHNC unnumbered), scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201083/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
N–O), both described by
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living on the Chilean coast, are clearly synonyms.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="van Doesburg" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Amphoterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoterus braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Amphoterus braunsi</taxonomicName>
van Doesburg, 1956, 22: 517.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="van Doesburg" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Amphoterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoterus braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Amphoterus braunsi</taxonomicName>
van Doesburg -
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, KVG" editor="Crosskey, RW" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" pagination="488 - 510" refId="B12" refString="Smith, KVG, Vockeroth, JR, 1980. Family Syrphidae. In: Crosskey, RW, Ed., Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London: 488 - 510" title="Family Syrphidae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region." year="1980">Smith and Vockeroth 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 497;
<bibRefCitation author="Dirickx, HG" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'histoire naturelle Geneve, Geneve" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" refId="B6" refString="Dirickx, HG, 1998. Catalogue synonymique et geographique des Syrphidae (Diptera) de la region Afrotropicale. Museum d'histoire naturelle Geneve, Geneve" title="Catalogue synonymique et geographique des Syrphidae (Diptera) de la region Afrotropicale." year="1998">Dirickx 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 4.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doesburg" baseAuthorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Eumerus braunsi</taxonomicName>
(van Doesburg) -
<bibRefCitation author="Whittington, AE" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" pagination="579 - 607" refId="B15" refString="Whittington, AE, 2003. The Afrotropical Syrphidae Fauna: An assessment. Studia Dipterologica 10: 579 - 607" title="The Afrotropical Syrphidae Fauna: An assessment." volume="10" year="2003">Whittington 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 10: 592. [citation only]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="149" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="Barberton, Dr Brauns" country="South Africa" location="Mpumalanga" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Mpumalanga" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName>Barberton</collectorName>
;
<collectorName>Dr Brauns</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 051409, NMSA type number 731.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Other material</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1933-01-15" collectingDateMax="1933-01-30" collectingDateMin="1933-01-15" collectorName="R. E. Turner" country="South Africa" location="Katberg" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:7CD4D5F95A9F51B3518F34D659F7A0CD" country="South Africa" name="Katberg" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Katberg</location>
;
<collectingDate value="1933-01-15" valueMax="1933-01-30" valueMin="1933-01-15">15-30 Jan. 1933</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>R.E. Turner</collectorName>
leg. (NHMUK)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1962-01-03" collectorName="B. &amp; P. Stuckenberg" country="South Africa" county="Karkloof" elevation="1500" location="Geekies Farm" municipality="Mount Alida" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty>Karkloof</collectingCounty>
nr
<collectingMunicipality>Mount Alida</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:D25B8D1F722DA7048464A79683DEFA9A" country="South Africa" county="Karkloof" municipality="Mount Alida" name="Geekies Farm" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Geekies Farm</location>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="1500.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="1962-01-03">3 Jan. 1962</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>B. &amp; P. Stuckenberg</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 052854 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1971-01" collectorName="H. Townes" country="South Africa" location="Royal Natal National Park" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">3♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:8DA374259EA55E45181BF85FB622748F" country="South Africa" name="Royal Natal National Park" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Royal Natal National Park</location>
; 2828DB; late
<collectingDate value="1971-01">Jan. 1971</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>H. Townes</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 059707, 059708, 051873 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1983-12-21" collectorName="B. R. Stuckenberg" country="South Africa" location="Geekies Farm" municipality="Karkloof" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Karkloof</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:A4011C6E04B4E582B39C0A84979E8024" country="South Africa" municipality="Karkloof" name="Geekies Farm" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Geekies Farm</location>
; 2930AB;
<collectingDate value="1983-12-21">21 Dec. 1983</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>B.R. Stuckenberg</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 056083 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1987-12-10" collectorName="J. &amp; H. Londt, Mixed" country="South Africa" elevation="1260" latitude="-29.302776" location="Karkloof Nature Reserve" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="30.227777" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:B52328EB679B358C4D81AA9357802739" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.302776" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="30.227777" name="Karkloof Nature Reserve" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Karkloof Nature Reserve</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-29.302776">29°18'10&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="30.227777">30°13'40&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" unit="m" value="1260.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" unit="m" value="1260.0">1260 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="1987-12-10">10 Dec. 1987</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>J. &amp; H. Londt</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectorName>Mixed</collectorName>
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Podocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Podocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest edge; NMSA-Dip 059706, 064223 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="OQ706113" collectingDate="2008-11-02" collectingDateMax="2008-11-07" collectingDateMin="2008-11-02" collectorName="G. Davies, GenBank" country="South Africa" latitude="-30.266666" location="Umzinto" longLatPrecision="1222" longitude="30.6" municipality="Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
near
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:2B8EDB93B9C324CBAA8805403B69AED3" country="South Africa" latitude="-30.266666" longLatPrecision="1222" longitude="30.6" municipality="Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve" name="Umzinto" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Umzinto</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="south" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-30.266666">30°16'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.6">30°36'E</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2008-11-02" valueMax="2008-11-07" valueMin="2008-11-02">2-7 Nov. 2008</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>G. Davies</collectorName>
leg.; RMCA DNA 165C02; NMSA-Dip 75216,
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/OQ706113">OQ706113</accessionNumber>
(NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-01-10" collectorName="M. Reemer" country="South Africa" elevation="1392" latitude="-29.260221" location="Benvie Farm" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="30.352222" municipality="Karkloof" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Karkloof</collectingMunicipality>
, near
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:B4159FA4258A4357704B27769D92356E" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.260221" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="30.352222" municipality="Karkloof" name="Benvie Farm" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Benvie Farm</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="36.8" value="-29.260221">29°15'36.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="08" value="30.352222">30°21'08&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.392" unit="m" value="1392.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.392" unit="m" value="1392.0">1392 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="2015-01-10">10 Jan. 2015</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>M. Reemer</collectorName>
leg.; MRSA078; (RMNH)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="OQ706109" collectingDate="2017-12-03" collectorName="G. Stahls, E. Raettel, Stahls, GenBank" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.321667" location="Karkloof Canopy" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="30.261944" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:1D4497F663ADC74373A496D191226CD6" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.321667" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="30.261944" name="Karkloof Canopy" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Karkloof Canopy</location>
tour forest;
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="18" value="-29.321667">29°19'18&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="30.261944">30°15'43&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2017-12-03">03 Dec. 2017</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>
G.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ståhls">Stahls</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>
E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rättel">Raettel</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
leg.; http://id.luomus.fi/GJ.2928,
<collectorName>Stahls</collectorName>
_Y2423,
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/OQ706109">OQ706109</accessionNumber>
(MZHC)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-11-12" collectorName="J. Midgley" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.30356" location="Shawswood" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="30.30606" municipality="Karkloof" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Karkloof</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:FD54015286004188D04FD32E85E9EF1D" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.30356" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="30.30606" municipality="Karkloof" name="Shawswood" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Shawswood</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="29.30356" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-29.30356">-29.30356</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30.30606" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="30.30606">30.30606</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2020-11-12">12 Nov. 2020</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>J. Midgley</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 206396 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="OQ706110, OQ706111, OQ706112" collectingDate="2020-11-24" collectorName="J. Midgley, GenBank" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.30356" location="Shawswood" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="7.137" municipality="Karkloof" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Karkloof</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:182A50CFF0DD793FCA1C4CD0E1E00F4C" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.30356" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="7.137" municipality="Karkloof" name="Shawswood" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Shawswood</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="29.30356" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-29.30356">-29.30356</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="30.30606" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="30.30606">30.30606</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2020-11-24">24 Nov. 2020</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>J. Midgley</collectorName>
leg.; RMCA DNA 1370E
<geoCoordinate degrees="06, 1370" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="6.137">06, 1370E</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="07, 1370" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="7.137">07, 1370E</geoCoordinate>
08; NMSA-Dip 206389, 206390, 206391,
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber isEnumeration="true">OQ706110, OQ706111, OQ706112</accessionNumber>
(NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-09" collectorName="L. Mva" country="South Africa" location="Shawswood" municipality="Karkloof" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Karkloof</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:6B00A3495ED278C36EA47C5F691CE337" country="South Africa" municipality="Karkloof" name="Shawswood" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Shawswood</location>
;
<collectingDate value="2021-01-09">9 Jan. 2021</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>L. Mva</collectorName>
leg.; NMSA-Dip 209856, 209857 (NMSA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-22" collectorName="T. Bellingan, K. Jordaens, J. Midgley" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.959932" location="Rainbow Gorge forest" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.226849" municipality="Didima" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Didima</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:1C8FF85B29073B1CF96AFF9614EBD303" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.959932" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.226849" municipality="Didima" name="Rainbow Gorge forest" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Rainbow Gorge forest</location>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="28.959933" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.959932">-28.959933</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="29.226848" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="29.226849">29.226848</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2023-01-22">22 Jan. 2023</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>T. Bellingan</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>K. Jordaens</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>J. Midgley</collectorName>
leg. (RMCA)
</materialsCitation>
. •
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-23" collectorName="T. Bellingan, K. Jordaens, J. Midgley" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.959932" location="Rainbow Gorge forest" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.226849" municipality="Didima" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Didima</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7EB38412995EB8839E2A297103693C:749E547FFA1AFF712B7A93671E98A50D" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.959932" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.226849" municipality="Didima" name="Rainbow Gorge forest" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Rainbow Gorge forest</location>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="28.959933" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.959932">-28.959933</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="29.226848" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="29.226849">29.226848</geoCoordinate>
;
<collectingDate value="2023-01-23">23 Jan. 2023</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>T. Bellingan</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>K. Jordaens</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>J. Midgley</collectorName>
leg. (AMGS)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.64.100481.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/846531" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Live
<taxonomicName authorityName="van Doesburg" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Amphoterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoterus braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Amphoterus braunsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected from sunny patch in indigenous forest at Rainbow Gorge,
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. Specimen at AMGS.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="149" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Male</emphasis>
: length 9.5-9.7 mm, wing: 7.5-8 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Head</emphasis>
: Eyes broadly dichoptic. Face dark brown; golden yellow pilose; evenly dense golden yellow pollinose. Gena dark brown; golden yellow pilose; sparse golden yellow pollinose. Oral opening occupies about
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
of width between eyes. Frons dark brown; golden yellow pilose; golden yellow pollinose, with a bare patch above the antennae and a bare band between the eyes about ⅔ of the way to form the antennal bases to the anterior ocellus, with a short suture from the angle of the eye extending about 1/6 of the width of the frons on the bare band. Ocellar triangle dark brown; bare anteriorly, with golden brown to dark brown pilosity posteriorly; lacking pollinosity. Ocellar triangle obtuse, distance between posterior ocelli 1.5 times the distance between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellus. Occiput dark brown; golden yellow to golden brown pilose, darker dorsally and paler laterally; golden yellow pollinose laterally, bare dorsally. Eye bare, facets of equal size across eye. Scape short, brown, with a few thick dark brown hairs at the dorsoapical and ventroapical margins, lateroapical margins bare. Antenna with pedicel elongate, about as long as postpedicel, 4.1 times as long as high, brown, covered in stout dark brown hairs, sparser basally, some white pollinosity near apex. Postpedicel elongate, 3.1 times as long as high, dorsal and ventral margin almost parallel basally, widest at
<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
of length, rounded apically; slightly darker brown than basal antennal segments and darker at apex; sparse white pollinose. Arista brown.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.64.100481.figures3-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/846532" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" start="Figures 3–6" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Figures 3-6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Amphoterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoterus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Amphoterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">3</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">A. braunsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">4</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">A. braunsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♀)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">5</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. cribratus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribratus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">A. cribratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">6</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. londti" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="londti">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">A. londti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (♀).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Thorax</emphasis>
: Scutum dark brown, punctate; postpronotum, the lateral part of the transverse suture and the posterior part of the postalar callus paler, brownish yellow; golden yellow pilose, with denser patches at the posterior margin between the postalar calli, with some darker brown pilosity on the margin between the suture and the postalar callus and on the postalar callus; with a horizontal vitta of sparse golden yellow pollinosity from the postpronotum to in line with the posterior corner of the eye and a horizontal vitta of dense golden yellow pollinosity along the transverse suture and three vittae of sparse white pollinosity, one medial and two mediolateral, reaching from the anterior margin of the scutum to in line with the suture. Scutellum with flattened apical rim, dark brown, golden yellow pilose. Posterior anepisternum, anterior anepimeron and dorsal katepisternum with pale pilosity which is golden yellow dorsally gradually becoming white ventrally. Katatergite with thin, fine golden pilosity. Anterior anepisternum, katepisternum, katepimeron and meron with sparse white pollinosity, which extends slightly onto the posterior anepisternum and anepimeron. Metasternum with white pilosity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Legs</emphasis>
: Reddish brown, except for the coxa, which is dark brown and the metafemur and metatibia, which have some darker markings; golden yellow pilose and a few darker pile on the tarsus. Metafemur somewhat thickened medially, with a shallow, darkened suture posteroventrally at middle of length; metatibia expanded apically, with a small groove ventrally at middle of length. Metabasitarsus large, as thick as metatibia and as long as other tarsal segments combined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Wing</emphasis>
: Brown infuscated, darker anterior to the spurious vein, sometimes with a small hyaline patch at the base of cell
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">r1</emphasis>
. Cell
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">r1</emphasis>
open for about ⅓ of its length. Vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">R2+3</emphasis>
straight for most of its length, turning sharply upwards as it joins the wing margin. Vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">R4+5</emphasis>
straight. Crossvein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">r-m</emphasis>
with a bend posteriorly, at about ⅔ of length of vein where the spurious vein would cross crossvein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">r-m</emphasis>
. Vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">M1</emphasis>
recessive, with one or two appendices projecting towards the wing margin. Cell
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">dm</emphasis>
usually with a single appendix at posterior corner. Spurious vein weak, indistinct, only visible as a thickened fold. Entire wing microtrichose. Alula about 2.2 times as long as broad. Calypter yellowish, with long golden yellow pilosity. Haltere stem brown basally, becoming lighter distally, knob white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Punctate, dark brown, with yellow golden pilosity. Tergite (hereafter
<normalizedToken originalValue="“T”">&quot;T&quot;</normalizedToken>
) 2 somewhat trapezoidal, about half as long as wide, with longer pilosity at anterior corners, anterolateral and dorsomedial sections raised somewhat, with diagonal vittae of golden yellow pollinosity in the grooves between these sections. T3 parallel sided, about half as long as wide, with diagonal vittae of golden yellow pollinosity in shallower grooves than T2. T4 parallel sided anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, about as long as wide, evenly rounded dorsally, diagonal golden yellow pollinose vittae not in grooves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Genitalia</emphasis>
: Hypandrium broad in lateral view, cerci trapezoid (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 15–20" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 15 - 20. Amphoterus male genitalia 15 - 17 A. braunsi 15 apical view 16 ventral view 17 lateral view 18 - 20 A. cribratus 18 apical view 19 ventral view 20 lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.64.100481.figures15-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/846535" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">15-17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Female</emphasis>
(as for male, except as noted): length 8.3-10.4 mm, wing 6.7-8.5 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Head</emphasis>
: Dense golden yellow pollinosity over most of the face, but with two vittae of less dense pollinosity running from base of antennae to outer oral margin. Ocellar triangle obtuse, distance between posterior ocelli 1.6 times the distance between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellus. Frons more extensively bare than in male, golden yellow pilosity limited to lateral margins and a thin vitta bellow ocellar triangle, without sutures. Pedicel similar colour brown to basal antennal segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Thorax</emphasis>
: Entire postalar calli pale.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Wing</emphasis>
: Vein
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">M1</emphasis>
often with a third appendix projecting into cell
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">r4+5</emphasis>
. Allula 2.1 times as long as broad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Abdomen</emphasis>
: T2 parallel sided.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="149" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="149">
Compared to other species in the genus, a large number of specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">A. braunsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are available for study. This is likely due to higher collecting effort in South Africa than in other African countries and not necessarily an indication of relative abundance. Several collecting events resulted in multiple specimens, suggesting that adults of this species may be abundant at particular times or in particular habitats. In specimens where habitat information is available, individuals were collected from indigenous forests. From our own observations, they are collected in sunny patches with or without flowers, where they rest on leaves or flowers (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Live Amphoterus braunsi, collected from sunny patch in indigenous forest at Rainbow Gorge, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Specimen at AMGS." figureDoi="10.3897/afrinvertebr.64.100481.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/846531" pageId="0" pageNumber="149">2</figureCitation>
). Detailed flower visiting information is not available at present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>