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<mods:titleInfo id="EA33E3FF9789794FAA4EE7F432BB7387">
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<mods:title id="F8443A4B10832D1D17079832C5E54FBE">A new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from northern Taiwan, false synonymy between Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935) and other taxonomic issues relating to A. corticis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B0F889874420C7D49917E8F15B1E8F3D">Shen, Huei-Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E99A8582B06FA8EA5565D8C11E63BC06">Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Ming-shen East Road, Jiji, Nantou 552, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E83863C4862E149E8F8EBD15DCDCFB4A">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="45F0858873E313794256CA3F5E0AB74C">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan & Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F382A9A98D37328CC52FE870FD76D632" type="email">chihhanchang@ntu.edu.tw & chihhanchang.ntu@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="4DDD02CE8AF553CA6C2B39496864E51B">2025</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFC11B10FF7CFA6BFA823A65" box="[151,1314,1511,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B944A26FFC11B10FF7CFA6BFA823A65" blockId="7.[151,1314,1511,1538]" box="[151,1314,1511,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">
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<heading id="D0DCFD4AFFC11B10FF7CFA6BFA823A65" bold="true" box="[151,1314,1511,1538]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF7CFA6BFA823A65" bold="true" box="[151,1314,1511,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">
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False synonymy between
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FE3FFA64FCDA3A65" ID-CoL="84WCT" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[468,890,1511,1538]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FE3FFA64FD0E3A65" bold="true" box="[468,686,1511,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FD56FA6BFCD23A65" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[701,882,1512,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
|
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and
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FC53FA64FA823A65" authority="(Chen, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[952,1314,1511,1538]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FC53FA64FBDB3A65" bold="true" box="[952,1147,1511,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Amynthas sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FB60FA6BFABA3A65" author="Chen, Y." box="[1163,1306,1512,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFC11B1FFF7CF9B3FEEE3EAA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8B944A26FFC11B1FFF7CF9B3FD803C9E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1584,2043]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,150,717]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FF7CF9B3FE463A2C" authority="(Chen, 1935)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[151,486,1584,1611]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF7CF9B3FEE93A2D" box="[151,329,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Amynthas sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FEB2F9B3FE7E3A2C" author="Chen, Y." box="[345,478,1584,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
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||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFC11B10FDC6F9B2FD123A2C" box="[557,690,1585,1611]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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is an earthworm lacking spermathecae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FB97F9B3FB5D3A2C" author="Chen, Y." box="[1148,1277,1584,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen 1935</bibRefCitation>
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||||
). This species is listed as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FE55F9D7FD933A09" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[446,563,1620,1646]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FE55F9D7FD933A09" box="[446,563,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. corticis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a question mark by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FCB0F9D7FB843A09" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[859,1060,1620,1646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref8062" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2003) Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 3 (Electronic Supplement 11), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00082" type="journal article" year="2003">Blakemore (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FBDAF9D7FBCD3A09" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1073,1133,1620,1646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" refId="ref8117" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 840 pp." type="book" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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; 2012; 2013b).
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FACAF9D7FF7B3AF5" author="Blakemore, R. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref8062" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2003) Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 3 (Electronic Supplement 11), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00082" type="journal article" year="2003">Blakemore (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
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, p. 16) cites
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FE8FF9FBFE4E3AF5" author="Gates, G. E." box="[356,494,1656,1682]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref8995" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1-326. https://doi.org/10.2307/1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates (1972</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 217) and states that “
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FD11F9FBFB953AF4" authority="Chen, 1935" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[762,1077,1656,1683]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FD11F9FBFC0F3AF5" box="[762,943,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Pheretima sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FC5EF9FBFB953AF4" author="Chen, Y." box="[949,1077,1656,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may be athecal morphs of either
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FF7CF91FFEB73AD1" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[151,279,1692,1718]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF7CF91FFEB73AD1" box="[151,279,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. robustus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FED4F91FFE793AD1" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[319,473,1692,1718]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FED4F91FFE793AD1" box="[319,473,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
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(=
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FE10F91FFDCF3AD1" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[507,623,1692,1718]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FE10F91FFDCF3AD1" box="[507,623,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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), most likely the latter”.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FC64F91FFBEB3AD1" author="Tsai, C. - F. & Shen, H. - P. & Tsai, S. - C. & Lee, H. - H." box="[911,1099,1692,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="357 - 379" refId="ref10457" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P., Tsai, S. - C. & Lee, H. - H. (2007) Four new species of terrestrial earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with discussion on speculative synonyms and species delimitation in oligochaete taxonomy. Journal of Natural History, 41 (5 - 8), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701201279" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||||
Tsai
|
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FC2EF91EFC583AD1" box="[965,1016,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">et al</emphasis>
|
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. (2007
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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, p. 365) elaborate differences between
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FF12F943FEF13ABD" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[249,337,1728,1754]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF12F943FEF13ABD" box="[249,337,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FE6FF943FD5D3ABD" authority="(Perrier, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[388,765,1728,1754]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FE6FF943FDF63ABD" box="[388,598,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Amynthas robustus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FD88F943FD543ABD" author="Perrier, E." box="[611,756,1728,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="5 - 198" refId="ref9538" refString="Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 8, 5-198. [in French] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12201" type="journal article" year="1872">Perrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and also those between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FBE8F943FBFB3ABD" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[1027,1115,1728,1754]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FBE8F943FBFB3ABD" box="[1027,1115,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FB66F943FB5E3ABD" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1165,1278,1728,1754]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FB66F943FB5E3ABD" box="[1165,1278,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and conclude that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FF22F967FE833A99" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[201,291,1764,1790]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF22F967FE833A99" box="[201,291,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not referable to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FE12F967FDD83A99" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[505,632,1764,1790]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FE12F967FDD83A99" box="[505,632,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. robustus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and shows no affinity with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFC11B10FC5FF967FB883A99" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[948,1064,1764,1790]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FC5FF967FB883A99" box="[948,1064,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, either. An earthworm having no spermathecae is not necessarily the athecal morph of some other species. Among the 75 endemic earthworm species reported from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFC11B10FED4F8AFFE313B21" box="[319,401,1836,1862]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
so far, eleven of them have variable numbers of spermathecae or even no spermathecae, and absence of spermathecae is commonly observed for seven of them. Among the eleven species, eight of them have been genetically proved distinctive including five species generally without spermathecae (Shen 2012;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FA8FF8F7FEB73BD5" author="Shen, H. - P. & Chang, C. - H. & Chih, W. - J." pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="1889 - 1910" refId="ref9852" refString="Shen, H. - P., Chang, C. - H. & Chih, W. - J. (2016) Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from southwestern Taiwan with re-description of Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999. Journal of Natural History, 50 (29 - 30), 1889-1910. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1180721" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Shen
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FF7CF81AFF6B3BD5" box="[151,203,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FECEF81BFEC23BD5" author="Shen, H. - P. & Chang, C. - H. & Chih, W. - J." box="[293,354,1944,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref9933" refString="Shen, H. - P., Chang, C. - H. & Chih, W. - J. (2019) Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.4" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFC11B10FDFEF81BFCAB3BD5" author="Semblat, J. P. & Wajnberg, E. & Dalmasso, A. & Abad, P. & Castagnone-Sereno, P." box="[533,779,1944,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="119" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref9668" refString="Semblat, J. P., Wajnberg, E., Dalmasso, A., Abad, P. & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (1998) High-resolution DNA fingerprinting of parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes using AFLP analysis, Molecular Ecology, 7 (1), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00326.x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||||
Semblat
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFC11B10FD91F81AFD0E3BD5" box="[634,686,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="119">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (1998)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, for soil organisms particularly, parthenogenesis is likely to provide a selective advantage allowing conservation of the best adapted genotype for its specific environment. Parthenogenesis might have provided some benefits in propagation and survival for earthworms inhabiting the mountainous island of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCE1B1FFE74FF14FE513CD6" box="[415,497,151,177]" name="Taiwan" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
with diverse habitats (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFD11FF14FC1F3CD6" author="Shen, H. - P. & Yu, H. - T. & Chen, J. - H." box="[762,959,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref10088" refString="Shen, H. - P., Yu, H. - T. & Chen, J. - H. (2012) Parthenogenesis in two Taiwanese mountain earthworms Amynthas catenus Tsai et al., 2001 and Amynthas hohuanmontis Tsai et al., 2002 (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) revealed by AFLP. European Journal of Soil Biology, 51, 30-36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2012.03.007" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||||
Shen
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFCD6FF14FCD13CD6" box="[829,881,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2012
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFC38FF14FB343CD6" author="Tsai, C. - F. & Shen, H. - P. & Tsai, S. - C. & Lee, H. - H." box="[979,1172,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="357 - 379" refId="ref10457" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Shen, H. - P., Tsai, S. - C. & Lee, H. - H. (2007) Four new species of terrestrial earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with discussion on speculative synonyms and species delimitation in oligochaete taxonomy. Journal of Natural History, 41 (5 - 8), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701201279" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||||
Tsai
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFBE0FF14FB9F3CD6" box="[1035,1087,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2007
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 375) also state that “Apparently, parthenogenetic earthworms are highly adapted to various environments, and each species has its own independent evolutionary lineage”.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCE1B1FFF2CFE80FEEE3EAA" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">
|
||||
Furthermore, as indicated in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFDE5FE80FD7C3D7A" author="Shen, H. - P. & Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H." box="[526,732,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" refId="ref10011" refString="Shen, H. - P., Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H. (2024) A re-examination of the pheretimoid earthworms reported in James et al. (2005), false synonymy between Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) and Drawida beddardi (Rosa, 1890) and comments on recent publications on East and Southeast Asian earthworms. European Journal of Taxonomy. [accepted]" type="book" year="2024">
|
||||
Shen
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFDA5FE80FD203D7A" box="[590,640,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2024)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFD02FE80FCFD3D7B" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[745,861,259,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFD02FE80FCFD3D7B" box="[745,861,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has no postsetal papillae on the ventral side of the preclitellar region except those above spermathecal pores. Nevertheless,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFC2DFEA4FB803D26" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[966,1056,295,321]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFC2DFEA4FB803D26" box="[966,1056,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has postsetal papillae on ventrum of VIII and occasionally also on IX (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCE1B1FFDD8FEC8FD2E3D02" box="[563,654,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-283@8.[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos of Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935), type (USNM no. 20181). A. Ventral view of preclitellar papillae in segments VIII and IX. B. Ventral view of male pore region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896807/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFCD2FEC8FC333D02" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[825,915,331,357]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFCD2FEC8FC333D02" box="[825,915,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has four pairs of esophageal hearts in X–XIII, well-developed prostate glands in XVI–XXI and long, U-curved prostatic ducts (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFBC5FEECFB0E3DEE" author="Chen, Y." box="[1070,1198,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFAC3FEECFA3C3DEF" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1320,1436,367,393]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFAC3FEECFA3C3DEF" box="[1320,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has three pairs of esophageal hearts in XI–XIII (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFD2CFE10FCE83DCA" author="Chen, Y." box="[711,840,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="117 - 171" refId="ref8707" refString="Chen, Y. (1931) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 7 (3), 117-171." type="journal article" year="1931">Chen 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFCBDFE10FC313DCA" author="Chen, Y." box="[854,913,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="177 - 296" refId="ref8745" refString="Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of the earthworms of the lower Yangtze Valley. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9 (6), 177-296." type="journal article" year="1933">1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFC74FE10FB843DCA" author="Gates, G. E." box="[927,1060,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref8995" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1-326. https://doi.org/10.2307/1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; HPS, personal observation) and its prostate glands are often absent with prostatic ducts confined to XVIII (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFC0EFE34FB043DB6" author="Shen, H. - P. & Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H." box="[997,1188,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" refId="ref10011" refString="Shen, H. - P., Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H. (2024) A re-examination of the pheretimoid earthworms reported in James et al. (2005), false synonymy between Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) and Drawida beddardi (Rosa, 1890) and comments on recent publications on East and Southeast Asian earthworms. European Journal of Taxonomy. [accepted]" type="book" year="2024">
|
||||
Shen
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFBCDFE34FBF83DB6" box="[1062,1112,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2024
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In fact,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFAE4FE34FA3C3DB6" author="Chen, Y." box="[1295,1436,438,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
provides a detailed description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFDCEFE58FD223D92" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[549,642,475,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFDCEFE58FD223D92" box="[549,642,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which is not easy for readers to confuse with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFB43FE58FABE3D93" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1192,1310,475,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFB43FE58FABE3D93" box="[1192,1310,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, inadequate literature review is always a problem in earthworm taxonomy as addressed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFB64FE7CFACC3E7E" author="Chang, C. - H. & Shen, H. - P. & Sherlock, E. & Csuzdi, Cs." box="[1167,1388,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" refId="ref8630" refString="Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P., Sherlock, E. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2024) A review of the earthworm Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892) (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), with designation of two new synonyms. Biodiversity Data Journal, 12, e 119599. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e119599" type="journal volume" year="2024">
|
||||
Chang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFB0BFE7CFAB23E7E" box="[1248,1298,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2024)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFF7CFDA0FEC93E5A" author="Shen, H. - P. & Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H." box="[151,361,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" refId="ref10011" refString="Shen, H. - P., Csuzdi, Cs. & Chang, C. - H. (2024) A re-examination of the pheretimoid earthworms reported in James et al. (2005), false synonymy between Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886) and Drawida beddardi (Rosa, 1890) and comments on recent publications on East and Southeast Asian earthworms. European Journal of Taxonomy. [accepted]" type="book" year="2024">
|
||||
Shen
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFF33FDA0FEAB3E5A" box="[216,267,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2024)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Worse still, it is not uncommon for researchers to refer to secondary citations rather than the original description. All these are sources of confusion and problems. HPS examined the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCE1B1FFB97FDC4FB0C3E06" box="[1148,1196,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFAA9FDC4FA3C3E06" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="1935" box="[1346,1436,583,609]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFAA9FDC4FA3C3E06" box="[1346,1436,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. sheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49EF84C4FFCE1B1FFBEAFDE8FB293EE2" box="[1025,1161,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, D.C.,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCE1B1FFB3FFDE8FAB03EE2" box="[1236,1296,619,645]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. (USNM no. 20181,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCE1B1FFF07FD0CFEC33ECE" box="[236,355,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-283@8.[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos of Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935), type (USNM no. 20181). A. Ventral view of preclitellar papillae in segments VIII and IX. B. Ventral view of male pore region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896807/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) on
|
||||
<date id="FF956CE6FFCE1B1FFE73FD0CFDC73ECE" box="[408,615,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" value="2001-09-07">7 September 2001</date>
|
||||
. The result of this examination is consistent with the original description by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFF51FD30FEEB3EAA" author="Chen, Y." box="[186,331,690,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref8788" refString="Chen, Y. (1935) On a small collection of earthworms from Hongkong with descriptions of some new species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 6, 33-59." type="journal article" year="1935">Chen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
1055
data/03/82/FB/0382FB30FFC41B10FF7CFB6CFCB839F1.xml
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<mods:title id="616B97AA78B4A38D926C603BA52C7B8B">A new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from northern Taiwan, false synonymy between Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935) and other taxonomic issues relating to A. corticis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="169111A3A013991754A6852AA58516D8">Shen, Huei-Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="16AC4BC49889762AE975EADCC403D0B8">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="18B90CAA4E1A8DB8D583528D7BBFFF7E">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan & Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E291E117C6FD2F2073426A109C93192C" type="email">chihhanchang@ntu.edu.tw & chihhanchang.ntu@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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On the invalidity of the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFDE7FA65FB8D3A67" authority="Blakemore, 2013" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[524,1069,1510,1537]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFDE7FA65FCF43A66" bold="true" box="[524,852,1510,1537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Amynthas corticis saeseum</emphasis>
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Blakemore, 2013
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFF7CF9ADFEC73A2E" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[151,359,1582,1609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref8245" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15-54. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013a</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 26) described
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFDCFF9ADFCEF3A2F" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[548,847,1582,1608]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFDCFF9ADFCEF3A2F" box="[548,847,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Amynthas corticis saeseum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Saeseum Island,
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<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCC1B1DFBACF9ADFB713A2E" box="[1095,1233,1582,1609]" name="South Korea" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">South Korea</collectingCountry>
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with DNA sample of the
|
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<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCC1B1DFF35F9D1FEE03A0B" box="[222,320,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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labeled as w33.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFE12F9D1FD723A0A" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[505,722,1618,1645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref8245" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15-54. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
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states in the remarks section that "
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFBBEF9D1FA233A0B" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[1109,1411,1618,1644]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFBBEF9D1FA233A0B" box="[1109,1411,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Amynthas corticis saeseum</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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is possibly a ‘proto-species’ distinguished principally by its consistent bulbous augmentation to the spermathecae on either side…here considered equivalent to an allopatric sub-species". Besides,
|
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<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCC1B1DFBF9F919FBED3AD3" box="[1042,1101,1690,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[295,1292,190,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-40@3.[285,1301,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Amynthas popi sp. nov. A. Ventral view of spermathecal pore region of holotype (NTUM-EW-09352) (sp, spermathecal pore; gp, genital papilla). B. Ventral view of segment VIII of a paratype (NTUM-EW-09336). C. Ventral view of segment VIII of a 227-mm clitellate (NTUM-EW-08700). D. Ventral view of male pore region of a 227-mm clitellate (NTUM- EW-08700) (mp, male porophore). E. Ventral view of male pore region of holotype. F. Dorsal view of right spermathecae of holotype (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). G. Dorsal view of right prostate gland of holotype (pd, prostatic duct). Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896801/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">
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Fig.
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<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCC1B1DFBA8F919FBED3AD3" box="[1091,1101,1690,1716]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
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</figureCitation>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFB98F919FAEE3AD3" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1139,1358,1690,1716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref8295" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
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shows two lineages of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFEBAF93CFE673ABF" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[337,455,1727,1753]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFEBAF93CFE673ABF" box="[337,455,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This is in agreement with our finding (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCC1B1DFC72F93DFC7F3ABE" box="[921,991,1726,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sequences of w33 and our specimen with GenBank accession number
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="9478D7C5FFCC1B1DFDFCF960FD2A3A9A" box="[535,650,1763,1789]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JX290433" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">JX290433</accessionNumber>
|
||||
belong to the same group while that of our specimen with GenBank accession number
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="9478D7C5FFCC1B1DFE82F884FE7C3B46" box="[361,476,1799,1825]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JX290432" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">JX290432</accessionNumber>
|
||||
belongs to the other (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCC1B1DFD33F885FCBE3B46" box="[728,798,1798,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, the
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D2D81AFFFCC1B1DFC3EF884FBDC3B47" box="[981,1148,1798,1825]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
with GenBank accession numbers starting with “JX” were found sympatric near a bridge in Fuhsing,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49EF84C4FFCC1B1DFC16F8A8FBC03B22" box="[1021,1120,1835,1861]" country="Taiwan" name="Taoyuan" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Taoyuan</collectingRegion>
|
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, northern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCC1B1DFB3FF8A9FA863B23" box="[1236,1318,1834,1860]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A97F9DFFCC1B1DFADDF8A9FA2B3B22" box="[1334,1419,1834,1861]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,549,573]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank accession numbers of COI sequences of specimens used in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF541AAEFFC71B16FF7CFDA6FBC23E5A" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" tableUuid="DF541AAEFFC71B16FF7CFDA6FBC23E5A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Sympatry of different lineages has been observed in several peregrine earthworm species (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFB79F8CCFAE93B0E" author="Rota, E. & Martinsson, S. & Erseus, C. & Petushkov, V. N. & Rodionova, N. S. & Omodeo, P." box="[1170,1353,1870,1897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="175 - 189" refId="ref9587" refString="Rota, E., Martinsson, S., Erseus, C., Petushkov, V. N., Rodionova, N. S. & Omodeo, P. (2018) Green light to an integrative view of Microscolex phosphoreus (Duges, 1837) (Annelida: Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae). Zootaxa, 4496 (1), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.13" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
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Rota
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFB25F8CCFAA03B0F" box="[1230,1280,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFABEF8CDFEB23BEA" author="Taheri, S. & James, S. & Roy, V. & Decaens, T. & Williams, B. W. & Anderson, F. & Rougerie, R. & Chang, C. - H. & Brown, G. & Cunha, L. & Stanton, D. W. G. & Da Silva, E. & Chen, J. - H. & Lemmon, A. R. & Moriarty Lemmon, E. & Bartz, M. & Baretta, D. & Barois, I. & Lapied, E. & Coulis, M. & Dupont, L." pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="60 - 70" refId="ref10171" refString="Taheri, S., James, S., Roy, V., Decaens, T., Williams, B. W., Anderson, F., Rougerie, R., Chang, C. - H., Brown, G., Cunha, L., Stanton, D. W. G., Da Silva, E., Chen, J. - H., Lemmon, A. R., Moriarty Lemmon, E., Bartz, M., Baretta, D., Barois, I., Lapied, E., Coulis, M. & Dupont, L. (2018) Complex taxonomy of the ' brush tail' peregrine earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 124, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.021" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
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Taheri
|
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFF7CF8F0FF693BEB" box="[151,201,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
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. 2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFEF4F8F1FE4D3BEA" author="Chang, C. - H. & Shen, H. - P. & Sherlock, E. & Csuzdi, Cs." box="[287,493,1906,1933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" refId="ref8630" refString="Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P., Sherlock, E. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2024) A review of the earthworm Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892) (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), with designation of two new synonyms. Biodiversity Data Journal, 12, e 119599. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e119599" type="journal volume" year="2024">
|
||||
Chang
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFE84F8F0FE013BEB" box="[367,417,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2024
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Similarly,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFD9EF8F0FD483BEB" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[629,744,1907,1933]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFD9EF8F0FD483BEB" box="[629,744,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also has different lineages which sometimes are in sympatry. Consequently,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFEABF814FDBF3BD7" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[320,543,1943,1969]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFEABF814FDBF3BD7" box="[320,543,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">A. corticis saeseum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not an allopatric sub-species as stated in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFBC8F815FAA23BD6" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1059,1282,1942,1969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref8245" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15-54. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFAFBF815FA3C3BD6" author="Shen, H. - P." box="[1296,1436,1942,1969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="313 - 336" refId="ref9801" refString="Shen, H. - P. (2018) Biogeography meets taxonomy: Distribution-based inferences on the accuracy of identification and synonymization of East Asian earthworms. Zootaxa, 4496 (1), 313-336. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.26" type="journal article" year="2018">Shen (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
criticized the erection of sympatric subspecies since this common, but harmful practice in earthworm taxonomy ignores the biogeographical connotation of the concept. In addition, specimen with DNA sample labeled as WO4 and the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCD1B1CFF19FF14FEF43CD6" box="[242,340,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(w33) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE2CFF14FD033CD7" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[455,675,151,177]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE2CFF14FD033CD7" box="[455,675,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. corticis saeseum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
belong to the same lineage (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCD1B1CFC07FF14FB903CD6" box="[1004,1072,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but this specimen, as depicted in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCD1B1CFF5EFF38FF583CB2" box="[181,248,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1181,1205]" captionTargetBox="[413,1172,188,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-40@9.[402,1185,181,1157]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Preclitellar papilla arrangement of the nine mature specimens of Amynthas diffringens (Baird, 1869) types (BMNH 1869.1.2.1). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896809/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCD1B1CFF01FF39FF583CB2" box="[234,248,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" unit="in" value="5.0">5</quantity>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCD1B1CFEF5FF38FE543CB2" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[286,500,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref8295" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 105), shows no sign of the bulbous augmentation to the spermathecae. Clearly, this character for distinguishing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE15FF5CFD763C9F" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[510,726,223,249]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE15FF5CFD763C9F" box="[510,726,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. corticis saeseum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the nominal
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFC48FF5CFBB63C9F" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[931,1046,223,249]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFC48FF5CFBB63C9F" box="[931,1046,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is merely individual variation. The name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFF30FE80FE143D7B" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" box="[219,436,259,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="saeseum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFF30FE80FE143D7B" box="[219,436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. corticis saeseum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is invalid.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
218
data/03/82/FB/0382FB30FFCD1B1BFF7CF8CAFEB23F72.xml
Normal file
218
data/03/82/FB/0382FB30FFCD1B1BFF7CF8CAFEB23F72.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
|
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<mods:mods id="7502B9E8686575502B1AB06C204F1887" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="12A5FD1ED6A2EDA184E6A56C31C28200">A new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from northern Taiwan, false synonymy between Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935) and other taxonomic issues relating to A. corticis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27A1F109660C358BE781BCF46AA0EE6B">Shen, Huei-Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C7722FB6B05958D0CD7AF7DFDC06E6E1">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="23283EF32A0BA8E955C91FA475CC342B">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan & Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="70239E4D561BC3F135750D5A877856D3" type="email">chihhanchang@ntu.edu.tw & chihhanchang.ntu@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="33F4EC8FE9A9DE66609AEDA4C3A1C2B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFCD1B1CFF7CF8CAFB923B04" box="[151,1074,1865,1892]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFF7CF8CAFB923B04" bold="true" box="[151,1074,1865,1892]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">
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||||
On the placement of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE40F8CAFB843B04" authority="(Michaelsen, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[427,1060,1865,1892]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="jampeanus" subSpecies="fumigatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE40F8CAFC923B04" bold="true" box="[427,818,1865,1892]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">Amynthas jampeanus fumigatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCD1B1CFCAAF8CAFBBB3B04" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[833,1051,1865,1891]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref9439" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1899) Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 16, 1-122. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFCD1B1BFF7CF808FEB23F72" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCD1B1BFF7CF808FEB23F72" blockId="11.[151,1437,1931,2029]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCD1B1CFF7CF808FEEB3BC2" author="Benham, W. B." box="[151,331,1931,1957]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" pagination="429 - 448" refId="ref8022" refString="Benham, W. B. (1896) Some earthworms from Celebes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 18, 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680484" type="journal article" year="1896">Benham (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE25F808FD613BC3" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[462,705,1931,1957]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE25F808FD613BC3" box="[462,705,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">Amynthas jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Jampea Island, south of Sulawesi (= Celebes) based on
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D2D81AFFFCD1B1CFF7CF82CFEEE3BAE" box="[151,334,1967,1993]" count="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE62F82CFD3D3BAE" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[393,669,1967,1993]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE62F82CFD3D3BAE" box="[393,669,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">Amynthas bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Bonthain Peak, south Sulawesi based on
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D2D81AFFFCD1B1CFB2BF82CFAFC3BAE" box="[1216,1372,1967,1993]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||||
only.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCD1B1CFF7CF850FEC83B8A" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[151,360,2003,2029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref9439" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1899) Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 16, 1-122. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
considered
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFE00F850FD043B8A" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[491,676,2003,2029]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFE00F850FD043B8A" box="[491,676,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be a subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCD1B1CFC67F850FB823B8B" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[908,1058,2003,2029]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="11" pageNumber="123" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCD1B1CFC67F850FB823B8B" box="[908,1058,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="123">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and added another two subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFF5CFF14FEF13CD7" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[183,337,151,177]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFF5CFF14FEF13CD7" box="[183,337,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFE8AFF14FDD33CD6" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[353,627,151,177]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="jampeanus" subSpecies="fumigatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFE8AFF14FDD33CD6" box="[353,627,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus fumigatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFD46FF14FC073CD7" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1899" box="[685,935,151,177]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="jampeanus" subSpecies="tigrinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFD46FF14FC073CD7" box="[685,935,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus tigrinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, collected from central and south Sulawesi, respectively. In the original description of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFD98FF38FC843CB2" author="Benham, W. B." box="[627,804,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="429 - 448" refId="ref8022" refString="Benham, W. B. (1896) Some earthworms from Celebes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 18, 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680484" type="journal article" year="1896">Benham (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFCDBFF38FC683CB3" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[816,968,187,213]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFCDBFF38FC683CB3" box="[816,968,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has widely paired male pores with 13–14 setae in between and each pore on a papilla at each end of a pink, dumb-bell-shaped area, no other genital papillae, spherical ampulla, and stout, short prostatic duct in an obliquely longitudinal direction. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFB0AFE80FA3D3D7A" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1249,1437,259,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFB0AFE80FA3D3D7A" box="[1249,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has closely paired male pores with only 3 setae in between and each pore on a large round swollen area with an anterior papilla, three papillae in presetal XVII and XIX–XX (left one wanting in XX), oval ampulla, and short, straight, thick prostatic duct.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFE35FEECFD2D3DEE" author="Benham, W. B." box="[478,653,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="429 - 448" refId="ref8022" refString="Benham, W. B. (1896) Some earthworms from Celebes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 18, 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680484" type="journal article" year="1896">Benham (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also provided illustrations for both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFBF5FEECFB163DEF" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1054,1206,367,393]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFBF5FEECFB163DEF" box="[1054,1206,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCA1B1BFB2EFEECFAA83DEE" box="[1221,1288,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[295,1292,190,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-40@3.[285,1301,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Amynthas popi sp. nov. A. Ventral view of spermathecal pore region of holotype (NTUM-EW-09352) (sp, spermathecal pore; gp, genital papilla). B. Ventral view of segment VIII of a paratype (NTUM-EW-09336). C. Ventral view of segment VIII of a 227-mm clitellate (NTUM-EW-08700). D. Ventral view of male pore region of a 227-mm clitellate (NTUM- EW-08700) (mp, male porophore). E. Ventral view of male pore region of holotype. F. Dorsal view of right spermathecae of holotype (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). G. Dorsal view of right prostate gland of holotype (pd, prostatic duct). Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896801/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCA1B1BFB11FEECFAA83DEE" box="[1274,1288,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
in Plate XX) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFF22FE10FE273DCA" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[201,391,403,429]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFF22FE10FE273DCA" box="[201,391,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCA1B1BFE72FE10FE7E3DCA" box="[409,478,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCA1B1BFE3BFE10FE7E3DCA" box="[464,478,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" unit="in" value="3.0">3</quantity>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
in Plate XX). Obviously,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFCFBFE10FC0B3DCB" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[784,939,403,429]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFCFBFE10FC0B3DCB" box="[784,939,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFC0CFE10FB053DCA" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[999,1189,403,429]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFC0CFE10FB053DCA" box="[999,1189,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are different species. In a recent paper by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFE68FE34FD073DB6" author="Bantaowong, U. & Chanabun, R. & Inkhavilay, K." box="[387,679,439,465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="165 - 172" refId="ref7970" refString="Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R. & Inkhavilay, K. (2023) Two new species of terrestrial earthworms of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from northern Laos. Tropical Natural History, Supplement 7, 165-172." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||||
Bantaowong
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFDF3FE34FDEB3DB6" box="[536,587,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2023)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, their
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCA1B1BFD04FE34FCEF3DB6" box="[751,847,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-283@8.[151,1435,777,1355]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos of Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935), type (USNM no. 20181). A. Ventral view of preclitellar papillae in segments VIII and IX. B. Ventral view of male pore region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896807/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
shows the morphology of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCA1B1BFB40FE34FAA23DB6" box="[1195,1282,439,465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of one of the subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFED2FE58FE743D93" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[313,468,475,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFED2FE58FE743D93" box="[313,468,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFE0FFE58FD573D92" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[484,759,475,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="jampeanus" subSpecies="fumigatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFE0FFE58FD573D92" box="[484,759,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus fumigatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Its male pore region appears nearly identical to that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFA6FFE58FE933E7E" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFA6FFE58FE933E7E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFEA8FE7CFE463E7E" author="Benham, W. B." box="[323,486,511,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="429 - 448" refId="ref8022" refString="Benham, W. B. (1896) Some earthworms from Celebes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 18, 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680484" type="journal article" year="1896">Benham 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCA1B1BFE18FE7CFDE23E7E" box="[499,578,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
|
||||
in Plate XX). Actually, it is more close to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFBDBFE7CFB4D3E7E" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1072,1261,511,537]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFBDBFE7CFB4D3E7E" box="[1072,1261,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
concerning the papilla arrangement, more closely paired male pores, oval ampulla, and short, straight, thick prostatic duct (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A97F9DFFCA1B1BFAB6FDA0FF073E06" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Acomparison of characters amongAmynthas jampeanus (Benham, 1896), A.jampeanus fumigatus (Michaelsen," httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF541AAEFFCD1B1CFF7CFECFFEA73DCB" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" tableUuid="DF541AAEFFCD1B1CFF7CFECFFEA73DCB">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The only difference is its much lower setal numbers (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A97F9DFFCA1B1BFCF9FDC4FCC73E06" box="[786,871,582,609]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. Acomparison of characters amongAmynthas jampeanus (Benham, 1896), A.jampeanus fumigatus (Michaelsen," httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF541AAEFFCD1B1CFF7CFECFFEA73DCB" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" tableUuid="DF541AAEFFCD1B1CFF7CFECFFEA73DCB">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||||
) which was also mentioned by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFB27FDC4FA383E06" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1228,1432,583,609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref9439" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1899) Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 16, 1-122. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen (1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 66). This taxon should be regarded as a subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFCF1FDE8FC763EE2" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[794,982,619,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFCF1FDE8FC763EE2" box="[794,982,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
instead of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFBBEFDE8FB4E3EE3" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1109,1262,619,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jampeanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFBBEFDE8FB4E3EE3" box="[1109,1262,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. jampeanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Therefore, the name,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFF0AFD0CFCE33ECE" authority="(Michaelsen, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[225,835,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="bonthainensis" subSpecies="fumigatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFF0AFD0CFDC43ECE" box="[225,612,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">Amynthas bonthainensis fumigatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCA1B1BFD99FD0CFC9B3ECE" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[626,827,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref9439" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1899) Terricolen von verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 16, 1-122. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFCA2FD0CFC683ECE" bold="true" box="[841,968,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
, is proposed. It is a geographic subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFF5DFD30FED13EAA" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[182,369,691,717]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFF5DFD30FED13EAA" box="[182,369,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
since it is distributed in central Sulawesi while the latter in south Sulawesi. HPS examined the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCA1B1BFF7CFD54FF593E96" box="[151,249,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCA1B1BFECBFD54FE7B3E96" authorityName="Locality Jampea" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[288,475,727,753]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="12" pageNumber="124" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonthainensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCA1B1BFECBFD54FE7B3E96" box="[288,475,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">A. bonthainensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
deposited in the Natural History Museum in London,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCA1B1BFBABFD54FBCC3E96" box="[1088,1132,727,753]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED3AD2E3FFCA1B1BFB94FD54FB753E96" box="[1151,1237,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
1896.9.30.1,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCA1B1BFA9BFD54FF063F72" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-137@10.[151,1436,417,1381]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photo of male pore region of Amynthas bonthainensis (Benham, 1896), holotype (BMNH 1896.9.30.1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896811/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="124">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
) in 2014.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
301
data/03/82/FB/0382FB30FFCE1B1DFF7CFA73FC963DEE.xml
Normal file
301
data/03/82/FB/0382FB30FFCE1B1DFF7CFA73FC963DEE.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
|
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<mods:title id="6261A19EA6C042818FD1B881E0D6FDCD">A new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from northern Taiwan, false synonymy between Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935) and other taxonomic issues relating to A. corticis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC15DEA46F2036BD080A9CDA5BA64C17">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="61B34896E2559267D7C45DEBB808DCEF">Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan & Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CFA3010D832577AE756551E68EF34BB4" type="email">chihhanchang@ntu.edu.tw & chihhanchang.ntu@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FA3C3A6D" box="[151,1436,1520,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FA3C3A6D" blockId="8.[151,1436,1520,1547]" box="[151,1436,1520,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="D0DCFD4AFFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FA3C3A6D" bold="true" box="[151,1436,1520,1547]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" reason="1">
|
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<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FA3C3A6D" bold="true" box="[151,1436,1520,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FD953A6D" ID-CoL="84WCT" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,565,1520,1547]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFF7CFA73FECC3A6D" bold="true" box="[151,364,1520,1547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFE90FA73FD8D3A6D" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[379,557,1520,1546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFD99FA73FB803A6D" authority="(Baird, 1869)" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[626,1056,1520,1547]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFD99FA73FCD33A6C" bold="true" box="[626,883,1520,1547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFC69FA73FBB73A6D" author="Baird, W." box="[898,1047,1520,1546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref7914" refString="Baird, W. (1869) Description of a new species of earthworm (Megascolex diffringens) found in north Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07288.x" type="book chapter" year="1869">Baird, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: One or two peregrine species?
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33119ADFFCE1B1DFF7CF9BAFC963DEE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCE1B1FFF7CF9BAFE0E3BF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1593,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">
|
||||
The specific name,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFE97F9BAFDCE3A34" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[380,622,1593,1619]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFE97F9BAFDCE3A34" box="[380,622,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, was once widely used instead of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFBFAF9BAFB7D3A35" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1041,1245,1593,1619]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFBFAF9BAFB7D3A35" box="[1041,1245,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFB10F9BAFA3C3A34" author="Easton, E. G." box="[1275,1436,1593,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="33 - 65" refId="ref8896" refString="Easton, E. G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series, 40 (2), 33-65." type="journal article" year="1981">Easton (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
revalidated
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFEF5F9DEFD0E3A11" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[286,686,1628,1655]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFEF5F9DEFE4C3A11" box="[286,492,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFE15F9DEFD063A11" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[510,678,1628,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and regarded
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFCB2F9DEFB513A11" authority="(Baird, 1869)" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[857,1265,1628,1655]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFCB2F9DEFBEB3A10" box="[857,1099,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFBB5F9DEFB493A11" author="Baird, W." box="[1118,1257,1628,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref7914" refString="Baird, W. (1869) Description of a new species of earthworm (Megascolex diffringens) found in north Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07288.x" type="book chapter" year="1869">Baird, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFF5CF902FE8B3AFD" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[183,299,1665,1691]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFF5CF902FE8B3AFD" box="[183,299,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
without providing any evidence or explanation. HPS examined the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCE1B1FFBC5F902FBFE3AFC" box="[1070,1118,1665,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFAE8F902FA3C3AFC" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1283,1436,1665,1691]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFAE8F902FA3C3AFC" box="[1283,1436,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
archived in the Natural History Museum in London,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCE1B1FFD0AF926FCAD3AD8" box="[737,781,1701,1727]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. (BMNH 1869.1.2.1) and that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFB94F926FB523AD9" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1151,1266,1701,1727]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFB94F926FB523AD9" box="[1151,1266,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the Swedish Museum of Natural History in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49EF84C4FFCE1B1FFE11F94AFDD63A84" box="[506,630,1737,1763]" country="Sweden" name="Stockholm" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Stockholm</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCE1B1FFD68F94AFD7C3A84" box="[643,732,1737,1763]" name="Sweden" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(SMNH-Type-1947) on
|
||||
<date id="FF956CE6FFCE1B1FFC13F94AFB233A85" box="[1016,1155,1736,1763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" value="2016-06-08">8 June 2016</date>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<date id="FF956CE6FFCE1B1FFB56F94AFA383A85" box="[1213,1432,1736,1763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" value="2016-12-13">13 December 2016</date>
|
||||
, respectively. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCE1B1FFEB0F96EFE2B3B60" box="[347,395,1773,1799]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFE45F96EFD803B61" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[430,544,1773,1799]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFE45F96EFD803B61" box="[430,544,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a macerated aclitellate broken into two which bears hardly any morphological characteristics. In contrast, the nine mature specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFCC5F892FC693B4C" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[814,969,1809,1835]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFCC5F892FC693B4C" box="[814,969,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCE1B1FFC38F892FBAE3B4C" box="[979,1038,1809,1835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
are morphologically recognizable. Meanwhile, the original description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCE1B1FFDBEF8B6FD6A3B29" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[597,714,1845,1871]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCE1B1FFDBEF8B6FD6A3B29" box="[597,714,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="120">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
contains limited information including only setal number (40), segment number (114) and body length (
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCE1B1FFD87F8DBFD1F3B14" box="[620,703,1880,1907]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="68.0">68 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCE1B1FFD33F8DAFCDA3B15" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[728,890,1880,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="120" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 102). It is doubtful regarding the synonymy between the two species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF541AAEFFCF1B1EFF7CFB1EFE7238BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14896809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896809/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" startId="9.[151,250,1181,1205]" targetBox="[413,1172,188,1145]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCF1B1EFF7CFB1EFE7238BE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1181,1241]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFF7CFB1EFEB238D2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1181,1205]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Preclitellar papilla arrangement of the nine mature specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFC49FB1EFAA738D2" authority="(Baird, 1869)" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[930,1287,1181,1205]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFC49FB1EFBDA38D2" box="[930,1146,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFB6DFB1EFAA038D2" author="Baird, W." box="[1158,1280,1181,1205]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref7914" refString="Baird, W. (1869) Description of a new species of earthworm (Megascolex diffringens) found in north Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07288.x" type="book chapter" year="1869">Baird, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
types (BMNH 1869.1.2.1). Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B944A26FFCF1B1DFF2CFAA8FC963DEE" blockId="9.[151,1437,1323,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFF2CFAA8FE043922" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[199,420,1323,1349]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref8295" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also points out this problem and further resurrects
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFC04FAAFFB293922" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1007,1161,1323,1350]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFC04FAAFFB293922" box="[1007,1161,1323,1350]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
after examination of its
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCF1B1EFF7CFAD3FF72390D" box="[151,210,1360,1386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
based on its genital markings anteriorly of spermathecal pores. However, among the nine mature specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFF5CFAF7FEF139EA" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[183,337,1395,1422]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFF5CFAF7FEF139EA" box="[183,337,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCF1B1EFEB1FAF7FE3839E9" box="[346,408,1396,1422]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
, three have no markings above spermathecal pores (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCF1B1EFC04FAF0FB2639EA" box="[1007,1158,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1181,1205]" captionTargetBox="[413,1172,188,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-40@9.[402,1185,181,1157]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Preclitellar papilla arrangement of the nine mature specimens of Amynthas diffringens (Baird, 1869) types (BMNH 1869.1.2.1). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896809/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Fig. 5G, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Apparently, this single characteristic is subjected to individual variation and insufficient to distinguish a species. Moreover, we also found a specimen (GenBank accession number:
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="9478D7C5FFCF1B1EFD9FFA38FD4839B2" box="[628,744,1467,1493]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JX290439" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">JX290439</accessionNumber>
|
||||
) with markings anterior to spermathecal pores and markings adjacent to male porophores complying with those of the specimen with voucher number HY19 collected by Blakemore from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49EF84C4FFCF1B1EFEB7F980FE2C3A7A" box="[348,396,1539,1565]" country="South Korea" name="Jeju" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Jeju</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCF1B1EFE72F980FD883A79" box="[409,552,1539,1566]" name="South Korea" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCF1B1EFDD0F980FD323A7A" box="[571,658,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[347,1243,1245,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-490@4.[343,1245,1245,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867). A. Ventral view of male pore region of a 123-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort5, GenBank accession number: JX290438) (mp, male porophore; gp, genital papilla). B. Ventral view of male pore region of a 124-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort6, GenBank accession number: JX290439). C. Ventral view of spermathecal pore region of a 124-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort6, GenBank accession number: JX290439) (sp, spermathecal pore). Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896803/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFD57F980FC1E3A79" author="Blakemore, R. J. & Lee, S. & Seo, H. - Y." box="[700,958,1539,1566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref8430" refString="Blakemore, R. J., Lee, S. & Seo, H. - Y. (2015) Account of montane and insular speciation in some Korean megadriles (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Journal of Species Research, 4 (1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||||
Blakemore
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFCABF987FCD43A7A" box="[832,884,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2015
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCF1B1EFC33F980FBF63A7A" box="[984,1110,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[347,1243,1245,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-490@4.[343,1245,1245,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867). A. Ventral view of male pore region of a 123-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort5, GenBank accession number: JX290438) (mp, male porophore; gp, genital papilla). B. Ventral view of male pore region of a 124-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort6, GenBank accession number: JX290439). C. Ventral view of spermathecal pore region of a 124-mm clitellate (voucher number: cort6, GenBank accession number: JX290439) (sp, spermathecal pore). Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896803/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFB87F980FAD93A79" author="Blakemore, R. J. & Lee, S. & Seo, H. - Y." box="[1132,1401,1539,1566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref8430" refString="Blakemore, R. J., Lee, S. & Seo, H. - Y. (2015) Account of montane and insular speciation in some Korean megadriles (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Journal of Species Research, 4 (1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||||
Blakemore
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFB1AF987FA853A7A" box="[1265,1317,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2015
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 4) made the following contradictory statements about this so-called
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFC76F9A4FB2D3A26" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[925,1165,1575,1601]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFC76F9A4FBAB3A26" box="[925,1035,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFBD2F9ABFB2D3A26" box="[1081,1165,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimen with voucher number HY19: “The current specimen’s sample HY19 appears to conform to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFC06F9CFFBFF3A02" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1005,1119,1612,1638]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFC06F9CFFBFF3A02" box="[1005,1119,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group-
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD3E7C3FFCF1B1EFB5EF9C8FB793A02" box="[1205,1241,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||||
the phylogram of Blakemore (2013: 101, fig. 1), e.g., 100% agreement with WM7 (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFC99F9F3FC453AEE" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[882,997,1648,1674]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFC99F9F3FC453AEE" box="[882,997,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Arataki Honey, N.Z.), “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFAC5F9ECFF4B3ACA" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFAC5F9ECFF4B3ACA" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” (DQ224190.1 from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49EF84C4FFCF1B1EFE08F910FD9E3ACA" box="[483,574,1683,1709]" country="China" name="Taiwan)" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Taiwan)</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and 100% “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFD24F910FC1F3ACA" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[719,959,1683,1709]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFD24F910FC1F3ACA" box="[719,959,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” (EF077548.1, EF077550.1 from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F33C0AB6FFCF1B1EFAA2F910FA303ACA" box="[1353,1424,1683,1709]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
), also with w59 (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFEA0F93BFE603AB6" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[331,448,1720,1746]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFEA0F93BFE603AB6" box="[331,448,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Incheon)=639/639 (100%) but differs slightly from w25 (“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFB42F93BFAE33AB6" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1193,1347,1719,1746]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFB42F93BFAE33AB6" box="[1193,1347,1719,1746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
?” from Jeju)=635/639 (99%). The current dissected sample agrees superficially with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFBF4F95FFB1B3A92" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1055,1211,1755,1782]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFBF4F95FFB1B3A92" box="[1055,1211,1755,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCF1B1EFB2CF95FFB573A91" box="[1223,1271,1756,1782]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
as figured by Blakemore (2013d: fig. 9) and thus may be taken as representative of this taxon”. How can a specimen molecularly identified as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFEC7F8A7FE013B5A" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[300,417,1828,1854]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFEC7F8A7FE013B5A" box="[300,417,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
be taken as representative of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFD12F8A7FC603B59" authority="? In" authorityName="In" box="[761,960,1827,1854]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFD12F8A7FC333B5A" box="[761,915,1827,1854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
? In
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
addition, there is inconsistency about the identity of the specimen with DNA sample labeled as w25 by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFCBAF8C4FB833B06" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[849,1059,1863,1889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref8245" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15-54. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, b). This specimen was identified as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFF5EF8E8FD343BE2" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[181,660,1899,1925]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="corticis" subSpecies="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFF5EF8E8FE793BE2" box="[181,473,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Amynthas corticis corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFE03F8E8FD2C3BE2" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[488,652,1899,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFD55F8E8FC303BE2" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[702,912,1899,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref8245" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2 (1), 15-54. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 26) but as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCF1B1EFBC7F8EFFB633BE2" box="[1068,1219,1899,1926]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCF1B1EFBC7F8EFFB633BE2" box="[1068,1219,1899,1926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCF1B1EFACAF8E8FF4A3BCE" author="Blakemore, R. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="121" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref8295" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2 (2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore (2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 123) (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A97F9DFFCF1B1EFEB4F80CFE1B3BCE" box="[351,443,1935,1961]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,239,512,536]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 2. COI sequences published by Blakemore et al. (2012, 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) and used in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF541AAEFFC41B15FF7CFD83FE723E5B" pageId="9" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="DF541AAEFFC41B15FF7CFD83FE723E5B">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Sequences of HY19 and our specimen with GenBank accession number
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="9478D7C5FFCF1B1EFAC2F80CFA3C3BCE" box="[1321,1436,1935,1961]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JX290439" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">JX290439</accessionNumber>
|
||||
clustered with that of w25 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131056A3FFCF1B1EFE3FF830FDBB3BAA" box="[468,539,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,184,1162]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[151,1435,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DNA barcode tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sequences acquired in this study and those available from Blakemore et al. (2012; 2015), Blakemore (2013a, b) and Blakemore & Lee (2013) were labeled with their voucher numbers. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. The tree is rooted using Perionyx excavatus. Type materials are indicated in parentheses. Numbers around nodes are ultrafast bootstrap values above 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14896805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14896805/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="121">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, this cluster also encompasses sequences from our other specimens without genital markings prior to spermathecal pores, i.e., sequences with GenBank accession numbers starting with “JX” except
|
||||
<accessionNumber id="9478D7C5FFCC1B1DFEB4FF14FE763CD6" box="[351,470,151,177]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JX290439" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">JX290439</accessionNumber>
|
||||
. Again, the presence or absence of the genital markings in front of spermathecal pores is individual variation which is far from being a diagnostic character for separating species. As demonstrated molecularly and morphologically, it is evident that there is only one valid species whether it is called
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFAE1FF5CFADE3C9F" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1290,1406,223,249]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFAE1FF5CFADE3C9F" box="[1290,1406,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFF7CFE80FE903D7A" box="[151,304,259,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFF7CFE80FE903D7A" box="[151,304,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">A. diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. We suggest that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFE13FE80FCDE3D7A" authority="(Kinberg, 1867)" authorityName="Blakemore et al." authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[504,894,259,285]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFE13FE80FD623D7B" box="[504,706,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Amynthas corticis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFD3AFE80FCD63D7A" author="Kinberg, J. G. H." box="[721,886,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref9258" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97-103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is an invalid specific name because: 1) the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5490F484FFCC1B1DFA87FE80FA3C3D7A" box="[1388,1436,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
is a juvenile and damaged, and cannot provide useful taxonomic information; 2) the original description does not provide useful taxonomic information, and no one knows what species it is. On the other hand,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B31A5FFCC1B1DFB44FEC8FE8E3DEE" authority="(Baird, 1869)" authorityName="Blakemore" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1869" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diffringens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B95F9634FFCC1B1DFB44FEC8FA3C3D02" box="[1199,1436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="122">Amynthas diffringens</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA37D7FFCC1B1DFF74FEECFE863DEE" author="Baird, W." box="[159,294,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="122" pagination="40 - 43" refId="ref7914" refString="Baird, W. (1869) Description of a new species of earthworm (Megascolex diffringens) found in north Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1869, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07288.x" type="book chapter" year="1869">Baird, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a good species and it should be revalidated.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue