diff --git a/data/03/C4/D1/03C4D11F4F526C4FFDD8FEDE1A3846BE.xml b/data/03/C4/D1/03C4D11F4F526C4FFDD8FEDE1A3846BE.xml index fe869cd21a7..a942880b4d8 100644 --- a/data/03/C4/D1/03C4D11F4F526C4FFDD8FEDE1A3846BE.xml +++ b/data/03/C4/D1/03C4D11F4F526C4FFDD8FEDE1A3846BE.xml @@ -1,80 +1,82 @@ - - - -Revisiting Hypostomus khimaera (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): the identity of a morphologically variable species + + + +Revisiting Hypostomus khimaera (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): the identity of a morphologically variable species - - -Author + + +Author -Carvalho, Vandergleison de -Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s / n, São Cristóvão, 20940 - 040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VC) dcarvalhojet @ hotmail. com (corresponding author). -dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com +Carvalho, Vandergleison de +Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s / n, São Cristóvão, 20940 - 040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VC) dcarvalhojet @ hotmail. com (corresponding author). +dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Müller, Victória Joana da Silva -Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (VJSM) mullersjv @ gmail. com, (DCF) ferreiradc @ gmail. com. -mullersjv@gmail.com +Müller, Victória Joana da Silva +Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (VJSM) mullersjv @ gmail. com, (DCF) ferreiradc @ gmail. com. +mullersjv@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Ferreira, Daniela Cristina -Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (VJSM) mullersjv @ gmail. com, (DCF) ferreiradc @ gmail. com. & Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt @ hotmail. com. -mullersjv@gmail.com +Ferreira, Daniela Cristina +Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (VJSM) mullersjv @ gmail. com, (DCF) ferreiradc @ gmail. com. & Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt @ hotmail. com. +mullersjv@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Zawadzki, Cláudio Henrique -Departamento de Biologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020 - 900 Maringá, PR, Brazil. (CHZ) chzawadzki @ hotmail. com. -chzawadzki@hotmail.com +Zawadzki, Cláudio Henrique +Departamento de Biologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020 - 900 Maringá, PR, Brazil. (CHZ) chzawadzki @ hotmail. com. +chzawadzki@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Tencatt, Luiz Fernando Caserta -Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt @ hotmail. com. -luiztencatt@hotmail.com +Tencatt, Luiz Fernando Caserta +Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060 - 900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt @ hotmail. com. +luiztencatt@hotmail.com -text - - -Neotropical Ichthyology +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology - -2024 - -2024-09-23 + +2024 + +2024-09-23 - -22 + +22 - -3 + +3 - -e 240057 -e 240057 + +e 240057 +e 240057 - -https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0057 + +https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0057 -journal article -10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0057 -1982-0224 -15498195 -F79039F3-8420-4B96-9507-744766AD065E +journal article +309989 +10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0057 +2c99b719-6f39-452a-9405-eca3712c6ff0 +1982-0224 +15498195 +F79039F3-8420-4B96-9507-744766AD065E - + @@ -88,11 +90,11 @@ Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich, 2014 ( -Figs. 1–8 +Figs. 1–8 , -11 +11 ; -Tab. 1 +Tab. 1 ) @@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ Lopes (new record; diagnosis; photos in life; geographic distribution). - + FIGURE 1 | Holotype of @@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ group sensu Armbruster (2003) , by of the following characteristics: (I) absence of a notch between the metapterygoid and the hyomandible ( -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ) ( vs . presence; see @@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ group . obtusely angled dentaries, generally forming a clearly angled greater than 90°), (III) teeth with medial cusp typically spatulate ( vs . only villiform teeth); and (IV) exposed portion of opercle relatively small and completely bordered by a thick layer of skin ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ) ( vs . exposed portion of opercle relatively large and not bordered by a thick layer of skin; see @@ -377,15 +379,15 @@ by having 26 to 28 plates in the median series of lateral plates ( Description. Morphometric data in -Tab. 1 +Tab. 1 . Head large, slightly compressed laterally. Snout and anterior profile generally subtriangular in dorsal view; slightly rounded in some specimens. Eye generally of moderate size, varying slightly in size in some individuals and positioned dorsolaterally. Dorsal margin of orbit elevated. Compound pterotic covered with well-developed odontodes in some individuals. Greater body width at cleithrum, gradually compressing towards base of caudal fin; in some specimens, compression more pronounced posteriorly to first four mid-ventral plates. Opercle partially exposed, completely bordered by thick layer of skin; covered by numerous odontodes; exposed portion small to moderate in size, typically irregular, with ellipsoid, rounded or teardrop shape ( -Figs. 2A +Figs. 2A , -3 +3 ). Dorsal profile of head almost straight from tip of snout to anterior margin of parietosupraoccipital, forming angle of approximately 45º with ventral surface of head; convex from this point to origin of dorsal fin; sloping downwards from this point to first dorsal procurrent ray of caudal fin, rising again from this point to insertion of caudal fin. Ventral profile varying from almost straight to slightly convex from tip of snout to insertion of unbranched ray of pelvic-fin; almost straight from this point to first ventral procurrent ray of caudal fin, descending to caudal-fin insertion. Caudal peduncle reduced and laterally compressed, wider in anterior region and very compressed posteriorly to insertion of adipose fin. - + TABLE 1 | Morphometric data of the holotype and 33 non-type specimens of @@ -570,13 +572,13 @@ Morphometric data of the holotype and 33 non-type specimens of Oral disc rounded, sometimes ovoid, relatively small in size; lower lip not reaching transverse line through gill openings; ventral surface covered by numerous small papillae, decreasing in size posteriorly; odontodes generally present on almost entire surface of upper lip in adults; smaller specimens sometimes with wider naked region. Maxillary barbel equal to or slightly longer than eye pupil. Buccal papilla generally absent; papilla present and small in some specimens. Dentaries acutely angled, varying from about 70º to 90º between each ramus (average, 82º) (33); poorly preserved and/ or stored specimens (especially those compressed into the jars) may variably appear to have an angle larger than 90º between dentary rami. Eight to 44 teeth (mode 32; 21*) in premaxillary, 9 to 39 teeth (mode 31; 22*) in dentary. Bicuspid teeth, with medial cusp generally shovel-shaped or spatulate ( -Figs. 2B–C +Figs. 2B–C ); medial cusp varying from rounded to oblong in ventral view; conspicuously more developed than lateral cusp ( -Figs. 2B–C +Figs. 2B–C , -4 +4 ); distinct and generally well-developed lateral cusp ( -Figs. 2B–C +Figs. 2B–C ), sometimes fused with medial cusp (similar to condition found in Hypostomus hemicochliodon @@ -596,10 +598,10 @@ Oral disc rounded, sometimes ovoid, relatively small in size; lower lip not reac to 171.4 mm SL) with villiform medial cusp. Dentition of juvenile specimens (up to approximately 100.0 mm SL) with same morphological variations observed in adults ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). - + FIGURE 2 | Detail of suspensorium and most common morphological pattern of the teeth in @@ -621,7 +623,7 @@ Detail of the inner surface of its distal portion, showing the typical shovel-sh ) from CITL 1149 (1 c&s, 134.5 mm SL). Abbreviations: mp: metapterygoid, hy: hyomandibula, q: quadrate, pop: preopercle, op: opercle, lc: lateral cusp, mc: medial cusp. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. - + FIGURE 3 | External morphology of the operculum in @@ -645,10 +647,10 @@ External morphology of the operculum in Body covered by dermal plates bearing odontodes, most concentrated on dorsal surface of head and in middle portion of dermal plates. Dorsal surface of snout covered by dermal plates, except for small naked area on snout tip. Mesethmoid region covered by more developed odontodes, forming median bulge from snout tip to nares. Conspicuous concentration of well-developed odontodes near nostril, passing through dorsal margin of orbit and extending through dorsal portion of compound pterotic, forming keels; less developed odontodes in some juvenile individuals. Predorsal region medially keeled; keels moderately developed, diverging slightly towards dorsal fin; less developed keels in some smaller individuals (up to about 100.0 mm SL). Dorsal surface of trunk covered by dermal plates except region around dorsal-fin. Lateral surface of trunk with five series of dermal plates on anterior portion of flanks and with four series of dermal plates on postdorsal portion. Dorsal and mid-dorsal series of plates generally with moderately developed keels, gradually becoming less developed posteriorly; some larger individuals (around 160.0 mm SL) with keels on dorsal and mid-dorsal series well developed ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). Median series with lateral line, generally lacking keels; keels, when present, poorly developed. Mid-ventral series with angled plates from first to fifth plate, with keels varying from little developed to moderately developed; keels absent posteriorly. Ventral surface of trunk covered by minute dermal plates in individuals greater than 80.0 mm SL, except on region around pectoral and pelvic fins. Ventral series smoothly angled ventrally towards posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of head covered by small bony plates, with exception of region around mouth. - + FIGURE 4 | Detail of the mouth of @@ -671,7 +673,7 @@ Pre anal plate present and exposed. Median series with 26 to 28 (mode 27*) plate 1311, 118.7 mm SL) with 5; plates between adipose and caudal fins 6–8 (mode 7*), and plates at base of dorsal fin generally 6–8 (mode 7*). - + FIGURE 5 | Morphological variations in the keels of the dorsal and mid-dorsal series of bone plates in the anterior region of the trunk in @@ -687,10 +689,10 @@ With well-developed keels (ZUFMS-PIS 5277, 171.8 mm SL). Dorsal fin II,7* (53), its origin at vertical through midpoint between pectoral and pelvic fins or slightly posterior to that point, usually passing halfway through second mid-ventral plate; region around dorsal-fin base naked; posterior margin straight or somewhat convex; posterior dorsal-fin rays not reaching adipose-fin spine when adpressed. Adipose-fin spine laterally compressed, ranging from almost straight to slightly curved inwards ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). Pectoral fin I,6* (53), with almost straight posterior margin; pectoral-fin spine slightly curved inwards, covered by odontodes across its entire surface; anterior margin of spine with odontodes gradually becoming more developed towards tip of spine; dorsal surface of spine bearing poorly-developed odontodes with similar size, roughly aligned in longitudinal rows (relative to main axis of spine) on proximal two-thirds of spine, except for its posterior margin, which bears conspicuous line of odontodes gradually becoming more developed towards tip of spine; odontodes on distal portion of spine typically curved towards origin of spine in larger specimens (with more than 100.0 mm SL); ventral surface of spine mostly covered by poorly-developed odontodes with similar size, its distal portion with slightly more developed odontodes; tip of adpressed pectoral-fin spine reaching to anterior third of adpressed pelvic-fin spine. Pelvic fin i,5* (53), its posterior margin almost straight or slightly convex; tip of adpressed spine extending beyond anal-fin origin. Anal fin i,4* (53), its distal margin reaching sixth bony plate posterior to its origin; unbranched rays and fifth branched ray smaller than second, third and fourth branched rays; third branched ray usually largest. Caudal fin i,14,i* (53); posterior margin furcated, with ventral lobe slightly larger than dorsal lobe; ventral lobe conspicuously larger than dorsal lobe in some individuals. - + FIGURE 6 | Specimens of @@ -709,25 +711,25 @@ Slightly curved inwards (CITL 1162, 151.1 mm SL). Part of the black dots on the Coloration in alcohol. General color pattern in -Figs. 1 +Figs. 1 , -5-8 +5-8 , -11 +11 . Ground color of body generally ranging from light to dark yellowish brown; greyish brown in some specimens. Dark brown or black blotches on at least some region of body, typically with numerous closely spaced small rounded dark spots on head region (sometimes fused in some individuals), gradually becoming larger and more spaced posteriorly ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ); in some individuals, dorsal surface of head may present sparse and diffuse black spots on snout, becoming more numerous and conspicuous in region posterior to eyes (compound pterotic and supraoccipital) ( -Figs. 1 +Figs. 1 , -6A +6A ). Some specimens with darker background color, with few spots on body; dark blotches indistinct in intensely pigmented specimens, possibly due to melanism. Diffuse stripe between keels mid-dorsal and mid-ventral series of plates typically present, except for conspicuously dark specimens (possibly melanic) and specimens from córrego Boa Sentença, which apparently lack midline stripe. Ventral surface of trunk generally with small- to moderate-sized and roughly rounded dark brown or black blotches; some individuals devoid of or with sparse and diffuse blotches ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). Ground color of fins similar to ground color of trunk, sometimes lighter; some specimens with ventral lobe of caudal fin slightly darker than dorsal lobe. Region around base of dorsal fin darker, extending medially along dorsal portion of caudal peduncle, generally forming diffuse dark band in dorsal region; color pattern of anal fin similar to that of dorsal fin, but dorsal fin generally darker. All fins generally covered with small, widely-spaced dark blotches; few, diffuse spots in some individuals; some specimens with conspicuous concentration of dark pigmentation on dorsal-fin membranes; some specimens with closely spaced dark blotches in pectoral and/or caudal fins, transversally aligned, forming dark bands. Color pattern of juvenile similar to that of adults and presenting same variations. Coloration in life. Similar to color pattern of preserved specimens, with exception of dark stripe along midline of flank, which tends to be more evident. Background color of body yellowish brown in most all individuals; variably reddish brown, dark brown, greyish brown, or bright yellow ( -Fig. 8 +Fig. 8 ). @@ -777,11 +779,11 @@ Lopes ., 2024 ) ( -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 ). - + FIGURE 7 | Color pattern of ventral surface of the body in @@ -810,12 +812,12 @@ CPUFMT 6040, 93.8 mm SL. Hypostomus khimaera is a species mainly found in streams and smaller rivers ( -Figs. 10A, B, D +Figs. 10A, B, D ), but can be occasionally found in the main channel of larger rivers ( -Fig. 10C +Fig. 10C ), commonly associated with marginal regions of lentic environments and sandy bottoms, especially with branches/trunks of submerged trees. - + FIGURE 8 | General morphology and color pattern in life of @@ -873,7 +875,7 @@ group, the morphology of its teeth is clearly different from the typical spoon-s is possibly a species with presents high phenotypic plasticity, being opportunistic feeding habits, grazing both wood and periphytic matrix of rocky substrates. - + FIGURE 9 | Map showing the geographic distribution of @@ -883,7 +885,7 @@ Map showing the geographic distribution of : type-locality, the córrego Salobo (= Salobro), Mato Grosso (yellow star) and records from original description (red triangle). Additional records from this study (black circles) and records of specimens used for molecular analysis (white diamond). Record in the upper rio Paraná basin (red square). Each symbol can represent more than one location. - + FIGURE 10 | Habitats of @@ -917,7 +919,7 @@ Despite being a considerably variable species in both morphology and color patte Hypostomus khimaera . Specimens from the córrego Fortaleza ( -Fig. 11A +Fig. 11A ), a tributary of the rio Taquari in the region of Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul , have a rounded snout in dorsal view ( @@ -931,7 +933,7 @@ Despite being a considerably variable species in both morphology and color patte H. khimaera were also captured syntopically (see -Fig. 8H +Fig. 8H ), suggests that these individuals only represent another morphotype of H. khimaera @@ -946,7 +948,7 @@ were also captured syntopically (see The population of the córrego Rio Verde ( -Fig. 11B +Fig. 11B ), a tributary of the rio Verde in the municipality of Rio Verde de Mato Grosso , @@ -956,11 +958,11 @@ The population of the córrego Rio Verde ( H. khimaera , especially in larger individuals (larger than 120.0 mm SL): shorter and robust caudal peduncle, smoothly narrowing towards caudal-fin base in dorsal and lateral views ( -Fig. 8I +Fig. 8I ) ( vs . caudal peduncle typically longer, slender, clearly narrowing towards caudal-fin base ( -Figs. 8A–H +Figs. 8A–H )); rounded snout in dorsal view ( vs . roughly triangular, pointed) and the cleithrum apparently wider than other individuals of the same size. Interestingly, smaller individuals (less than 120.0 mm SL) collected at this site have the typical morphology expected for juvenile @@ -987,7 +989,7 @@ are present in individuals from this population ( A third distinct population was found in the córrego Boa Sentença ( -Fig. 11C +Fig. 11C ), another tributary of the rio Verde, rio Taquari basin. Individuals from this population have comparatively larger dark blotches ( vs . clearly smaller blotches), and apparently lack the dark stripe along midline of flank ( @@ -1006,7 +1008,7 @@ A third distinct population was found in the córrego Boa Sentença ( from its congeners. - + FIGURE 11 | Populations attributed to @@ -1083,7 +1085,7 @@ The analyses indicate that the sequences examined in this study form a cohesive Hypostomus khimaera ( -Fig. 12 +Fig. 12 ). Furthermore, these analyses reveal that specimens from the córrego Fortaleza, the most morphologically distinct population when compared to typical H. khimaera @@ -1093,13 +1095,13 @@ The analyses indicate that the sequences examined in this study form a cohesive H. khimaera from other localities, such as the Cuiabá and Piquiri river basins ( -Tab. 2 +Tab. 2 ). Hypostomus khimaera exhibits a genetic distance exceeding 3% when compared to congeners previously deposited in the Genbank ( -Tab. 2 +Tab. 2 ).