From 27be4e4b25dda4a3962261e1b8e6ea05236c79a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org> Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 08:35:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-02-24 08:29:32 --- .../87/0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF.xml | 491 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 491 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/0E/3E/87/0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF.xml diff --git a/data/0E/3E/87/0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF.xml b/data/0E/3E/87/0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..01fc3b91a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0E/3E/87/0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +<document id="9CC5D1713881AC9B1A9C305DC83A5AB6" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2443125" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14798887" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1738625542289" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Williams, C. 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J., Kula, R., Gates, M., Buffington, M. & Broad, G." docDate="2025" docId="0E3E8795FFCEFFA1FF6E8FCC0F15FAFF" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.59.5-8.331-396.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 59 (5 - 8)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2443125" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sciomyzidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="387" masterDocId="F207FFEDFFFBFF99FFCE8D060B75FF9A" masterDocTitle="First tabulation and analysis of natural enemies of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), their position in the fly / mollusc ecosystem, and implications for use of sciomyzids in biological control" masterLastPageNumber="396" masterPageNumber="331" pageNumber="384" updateTime="1740386080863" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED"> +<mods:mods id="D2C079ED95C369F6165464045C58C612" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="F7D110069F5186C86EBCDB704A846D00"> +<mods:title id="059036AD984CB670315CE194B3A51FE6">First tabulation and analysis of natural enemies of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), their position in the fly / mollusc ecosystem, and implications for use of sciomyzids in biological control</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:name id="C155D9D2F11665A3AD2972E0FBEACE16" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="86FB512AE8BC31D4E509373BF7DB7969"> +<mods:roleTerm id="2A73B1FE05AA730DF5E091B1CED689BF">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="66C278A798B48BC19EA4BAE4722A1C47">Williams, C. 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Obviously, the impact of, at least, +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFE438E8C091BFC39" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1851" box="[397,622,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichogrammatidae</taxonomicName> +on egg populations and of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFC028E8C0F39FC39" box="[972,1100,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFF6E8EAB0A3AFC5C" box="[160,335,941,966]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName> +on emergence of adults from puparia might be significant. However, the impact of the latter two families on the standing crop of larvae feeding in/on snails may be low, because the larvae continue to feed and develop to pupariation even when parasitised by these wasps. It should be noted that physiological reactions of hosts and death of larvae as a result of parasitoid feeding may be non-negligible. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCEFFAFFF0E895C094AFEA8" blockId="53.[160,1156,802,1728]" lastBlockId="54.[160,1156,142,653]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="53" pageNumber="384"> +About 240 of the 548 valid, described species of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFCEA895C08C3FBE9" box="[804,950,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +, worldwide have been well documented (in most cases including complete life cycles) as obligate parasitoids/predators of Mollusca (except two predators of oligochaete and one parasitoid of millipedes). Thus, +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFDDF89C409D5FB41" box="[529,672,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +are well recognised as potential biocontrol agents of disease-carrying freshwater snails and terrestrial snails and slugs of agricultural importance. Their potential has been reviewed by WHO (1961), +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFB8188010B9EFAD9" author="Berg CO" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" refId="ref30354" refString="Berg CO. 1964. Snail control in trematode diseases: the possible value of sciomyzid larvae, snail-killing Diptera. In: Dawes B, editor. Adv. Parasitol. Vol. 2. London and New York: Academic Press; p. 259 - 309, xvi + 332." type="journal volume" year="1964">Berg (1964)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFECF882C0AA3FAD9" author="Greathead DJ" box="[257,470,1322,1347]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="197 - 202" refId="ref32606" refString="Greathead DJ. 1981. Arthropod natural enemies of bilharzia snails and the possibilities for biological control. Biocontr News Info CIBC. 2: 197-202." type="journal article" year="1981">Greathead (1981)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFE22882C0870FAD9" author="Appleton CC & Miller RM & Maharaj R" box="[492,773,1322,1347]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="107 - 116" refId="ref29563" refString="Appleton CC, Miller RM, Maharaj R. 1993. Control of schistosomiasis host snails in South Africa - the case for biocontrol by predator augmentation using sciomyzid flies. J. Med. Appl. Malacol. 5: 107-116." type="journal article" year="1993"> +Appleton +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFDA4882C09D1FAD9" box="[618,676,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">et al</emphasis> +. (1993) +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFCD5882C0F0BFAD9" author="Coupland JB & Barker G" box="[795,1150,1322,1347]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="85 - 158" refId="ref30935" refString="Coupland JB, Barker G. 2004. Diptera as predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods, with emphasis on Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Faniidae. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 85-158." type="book chapter" year="2004">Coupland and Barker (2004)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFF6F884B0AB6FAFC" author="Knutson LV & Vala J-C" box="[161,451,1357,1382]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" refId="ref34109" refString="Knutson LV, Vala J-C. 2011. Biology of snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. xix + 506." type="journal volume" year="2011">Knutson and Vala (2011)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFE1D884B09B6FAFC" author="Murphy WL & Knutson LV & Chapman EG & Mc Donnell RJ & Williams CD & Foote BA & Vala J-C" box="[467,707,1357,1382]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="425 - 447" refId="ref34809" refString="Murphy WL, Knutson LV, Chapman EG, Mc Donnell RJ, Williams CD, Foote BA, Vala J-C. 2012. Key aspects of the biology of snail-killing Sciomyzidae flies. Ann Rev Entomol. 57: 425-447." type="journal article" year="2012"> +Murphy +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFDF8884B091FFAFC" box="[566,618,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">et al</emphasis> +. (2012) +</bibRefCitation> +, and others. +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFCAC884B0FF1FAFC" author="Knutson LV & Vala J-C" box="[866,1156,1357,1382]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" refId="ref34109" refString="Knutson LV, Vala J-C. 2011. Biology of snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. xix + 506." type="journal volume" year="2011">Knutson and Vala (2011)</bibRefCitation> +extensively reviewed the field trials and laboratory experiments to date against freshwater +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFEE988940AC8FA31" authorityName="Preston" authorityYear="1910" box="[295,445,1426,1451]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFEE988940AC8FA31" box="[295,445,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Biomphalaria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +snails that are obligate intermediate hosts of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFC3788940BA4FA54" class="Malacostraca" family="Mictosomatidae" genus="Schistosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFC3788940FF1FA31" box="[1017,1156,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Schistosoma</emphasis> +spp. +</taxonomicName> +worms affecting man [in +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCEFFACFDD388B3093CFA54" box="[541,585,1461,1486]" name="Iran" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Iran</collectingCountry> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFD9388B308EBFA54" author="Tirgari S & Massoud J" box="[605,926,1461,1486]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" refId="ref35900" refString="Tirgari S, Massoud J. 1981. Study on the biology of snail-killing flies and prospect of biological control of aquatic snails Sepedon sphegea (Fabricius) (Insecta, Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Sci Publ. 2051. In Persian with English summary." type="book" year="1981">Tirgari and Massoud 1981</bibRefCitation> +) and +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCEFFACFC2188B30FF1FA54" box="[1007,1156,1461,1486]" name="South Africa" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">South Africa</collectingCountry> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFF6988D10ADCFA6A" author="Appleton CC & Miller RM & Maharaj R" box="[167,425,1495,1520]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="107 - 116" refId="ref29563" refString="Appleton CC, Miller RM, Maharaj R. 1993. Control of schistosomiasis host snails in South Africa - the case for biocontrol by predator augmentation using sciomyzid flies. J. Med. Appl. Malacol. 5: 107-116." type="journal article" year="1993"> +Appleton +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFEED88D10A2EFA6A" box="[291,347,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">et al</emphasis> +. 1993 +</bibRefCitation> +)] and against +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFDA888D109B9FA6A" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[614,716,1495,1520]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFDA888D109B9FA6A" box="[614,716,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Lymnaea</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +freshwater snails that are obligate intermediate hosts of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFE6088FC0933F989" box="[430,582,1530,1555]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFE6088FC097DF989" box="[430,520,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Fasciola</emphasis> +spp. +</taxonomicName> +worms affecting livestock [in Hawaii ( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFBD788FC0B8EF9AC" author="Chock QC & Davis CJ & Chong M" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref30834" refString="Chock QC, Davis CJ, Chong M. 1961. Sepedon macropus (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) introduced into Hawaii as a control for the liver fluke snail, Lymnaea ollula. J Econ Entomol. 54 (1): 1-4. doi: 10. 1093 / jee / 54.1.1." type="journal article" year="1961"> +Chock +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFBA188FC0BC1F9AC" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">et al</emphasis> +. 1961 +</bibRefCitation> +) and +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCEFFACFE8E8B1B0AFAF9AC" box="[320,399,1565,1590]" name="Ireland" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Ireland</collectingCountry> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFE508B1B0920F9AC" author="Gormally MJ" box="[414,597,1565,1590]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="387 - 395" refId="ref32515" refString="Gormally MJ. 1988 a. Studies on the oviposition and longevity of Ilione albiseta (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) - potential biological control agent of liver fluke. Entomophaga. 33 (4): 387-395. doi:10.1007/BF02373174." type="journal article" year="1988">Gormally 1988a</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFDAA8B1B09DEF9AC" author="Gormally MJ" box="[612,683,1565,1590]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="239 - 246" refId="ref32562" refString="Gormally MJ. 1988 b. Temperature and the biology and predation of Ilione albiseta (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) - potential biological control agent of liver fluke. Hydrobiologia. 166: 239-246. doi:10.1007/BF00008133." type="journal article" year="1988">1988b</bibRefCitation> +; McDonnell 2004)]. Research results and reviews of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFEEB8B390AC1F9C2" box="[293,436,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +that are natural enemies of terrestrial snails and slugs that are agricultural pests are presented by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFDBD8B640840F9E1" author="Coupland J" box="[627,821,1634,1659]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="255 - 261" refId="ref31047" refString="Coupland J. 1996. The biological control of helicid snail pests in Australia: surveys, screening and potential agents, and Henderson IF, editor. Slug and snail pests in agriculture. Brit. Crop. Prot. Counc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 66. London: The British Crop Protection Council, The Association of Applied Biologists and the Malacological Society of London; p. 255-261." type="book chapter" year="1996">Coupland (1996)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFC8A8B640F3CF9E1" author="Coupland JB & Espiau A & Baker G" box="[836,1097,1634,1659]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="32 - 37" refId="ref30989" refString="Coupland JB, Espiau A, Baker G. 1994. Seasonality, longevity, host choice, and infection efficiency of Salticella fasciata (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a candidate for the biological control of pest helicid snails. Biol Contr. 4: 32-37. doi:10.1006/bcon.1994.1006." type="journal article" year="1994"> +Coupland +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFC738B640885F9E1" box="[957,1008,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">et al</emphasis> +. (1994) +</bibRefCitation> +, and +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFF6E8B830A99F904" author="Coupland JB & Barker G" box="[160,492,1669,1694]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="85 - 158" refId="ref30935" refString="Coupland JB, Barker G. 2004. Diptera as predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods, with emphasis on Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Faniidae. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 85-158." type="book chapter" year="2004">Coupland and Barker (2004)</bibRefCitation> +. +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFE358B8309F8F904" author="Baker GH" box="[507,653,1669,1694]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="23 - 32" refId="ref29782" refString="Baker GH. 1985. Parasites of the millipede Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Julidae) in Portugal, and their potential as biological control agents in Australia. Aust Jour Zool. 33: 23-32. doi:10.1071/ZO9850023." type="journal article" year="1985">Baker (1985)</bibRefCitation> +and +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCEFFACFD008B830816F904" author="Bailey PT & Bailey PT" box="[718,867,1669,1694]" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" pagination="381 - 391" refId="ref29721" refString="Bailey PT, Bailey PT. 1989. The millipede parasitoid Pelidnoptera nigripennis (F.) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) for the biological control of the millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) in Australia. Bull Entomol Res. 79: 381-391. doi: 10.1017 / S 0007485300018381." type="journal article" year="1989">Bailey (1989)</bibRefCitation> +presented the life cycle and biology of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCEFFACFE968BA1099FF95A" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[344,746,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pelidnoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCEFFACFE968BA1091FF95A" box="[344,618,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="384">Pelidnoptera nigripennis</emphasis> +(Fabricius) +</taxonomicName> +as a potential biocontrol agent of millipede household pests in +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFDC48D880904FF3D" box="[522,625,142,167]" name="Australia" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Australia</collectingCountry> +. PhD thesis research on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFC688D880F15FF3D" box="[934,1120,142,167]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Tetanocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFC688D880F57FF3D" box="[934,1058,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Tetanocera</emphasis> +spp. +</taxonomicName> +as biocontrol agents of slugs in greenhouses in +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFD188DB70850FF50" box="[726,805,177,202]" name="Ireland" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Ireland</collectingCountry> +has been conducted at the National University of +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFE7C8DD20971FF77" box="[434,516,212,237]" name="Ireland" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Ireland</collectingCountry> +, +<collectingRegion id="4453F861FFCDFFAFFDDA8DD20912FF77" box="[532,615,212,237]" country="Ireland" name="Galway" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Galway</collectingRegion> +[see papers from The Applied Ecology Unit (Gormally’s lab) by Hynes +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFE248DF00954FE95" box="[490,545,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. (2014a, 2014b), +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFD338DF00F56FE95" author="Bistline-East A & Carey JG & Colton A & Day MF & Gormally MJ" box="[765,1059,246,271]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1632 - 1641" refId="ref30571" refString="Bistline-East A, Carey JG, Colton A, Day MF, Gormally MJ. 2018. Catching flies with honey (dew): adult marsh flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) utilize sugary secretions for high-carbohydrate diets. Environ Entomol. 47 (6): 1632-1641. doi:10.1093/ee/nvy155." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Bistline-East +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFC598DF008BBFE95" box="[919,974,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. (2018 +</bibRefCitation> +, 2020a, 2020b) and +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFEFE8C1F0946FEA8" author="D'Ahmed KS & Stephens C & Bistline-East A & Williams CD & Mc Donnell RJ & Carnaghi M & Huallachain DO & Gormally MJ" box="[304,563,281,306]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref31158" refString="D'Ahmed KS, Stephens C, Bistline-East A, Williams CD, Mc Donnell RJ, Carnaghi M, Huallachain DO, Gormally MJ. 2019. Biological control of pestiferous slugs using Tetanocera elata (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae): larval behavior and feeding on slugs exposed to Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859). Biol Control. 135: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.04.003." type="journal article" year="2019"> +D’Ahmed +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFE688C1F0AACFEA8" box="[422,473,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. (2019) +</bibRefCitation> +]. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF0E8C3A0B8EFD98" blockId="54.[160,1156,142,653]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +There are studies underway on the role of natural populations of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFC188C3A0F16FECF" box="[982,1123,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +in providing ecosystem services (ie their effects on natural populations of pest molluscs and as bioindicators). Some earlier population studies (eg +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFCE58C870F5EFE00" author="Eckblad JW & Berg CO" box="[811,1067,385,410]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1735 - 1742" refId="ref31481" refString="Eckblad JW, Berg CO. 1972. Population dynamics of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Can Entomol. 104 (11): 1735-1742. doi:10.4039/Ent1041735-11." type="journal article" year="1972">Eckblad and Berg 1972</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFBF98C870BA2FE27" author="Arnold SL" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1614 - 1615" refId="ref29608" refString="Arnold SL. 1978. Field and simulation studies of the population dynamics of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) [Ph. D. thesis]. Cornell University; p. 213. Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich. Order No. 7817741 (Diss. Abstr. Int. Ser. B. 39: 1614-1615)." type="journal article" year="1978">Arnold 1978</bibRefCitation> +) and more recent studies (eg +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFDFC8CA20811FE27" author="Williams CD & Moran J & Doherty O & Mc Donnell RJ & Gormally MJ & Knutson LV & Vala J-C" box="[562,868,420,445]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref36636" refString="Williams CD, Moran J, Doherty O, Mc Donnell RJ, Gormally MJ, Knutson LV, Vala J-C. 2009 a. Factors affecting Sciomyzidae across a transect at Skealoghan turlough (Co. Mayo, Ireland). Aquat Ecol. 43 (1): 117-133. doi:10.1007/s10452-007-9149-4." type="journal article" year="2009"> +Williams, Moran +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFD208CA2086AFE27" box="[750,799,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. 2009 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFCBC8CA20F0BFE27" author="Williams CD & Sheahan J & Gormally MJ" box="[882,1150,420,445]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="270 - 283" refId="ref36703" refString="Williams CD, Sheahan J, Gormally MJ. 2009. Hydrology and management of turloughs (temporary lakes) affect marsh fly (Sciomyzidae: Diptera) communities. Insect Conserv Divers. 2 (4): 270-283. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00064.x." type="journal article" year="2009">Williams, Sheahan 2009</bibRefCitation> +, 2010; +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFF2D8CC00AFFFE45" author="D'Ahmed KS & Volpato A & Day MF & Mulkeen CJ & O'Hanlon A & Carey J & Williams C & Ruas S & Moran J & Rotches-Ribalta R" box="[227,394,454,479]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="335 - 347" refId="ref31237" refString="D'Ahmed KS, Volpato A, Day MF, Mulkeen CJ, O'Hanlon A, Carey J, Williams C, Ruas S, Moran J, Rotches-Ribalta R, et al. 2021. Linear habitats across a range of farming intensities contribute differently to dipteran abundance and diversity. Insect Conserv Divers. 14 (3): 335-347. doi: 10. 1111 / icad. 12455." type="journal article" year="2021">D’Ahmed 2021</bibRefCitation> +) give some indications of the value of data on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFC598CC00F56FE45" box="[919,1059,454,479]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +in those regards. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF0E8F0A0F5EFD17" blockId="54.[160,1156,142,653]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +In terms of modern ecological and biocontrol theory, the most comprehensive analysis of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFF738F280A3CFDDD" box="[189,329,558,583]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +is that by Barker in +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFDE68F280816FDDD" author="Coupland JB & Barker G" box="[552,867,558,583]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="85 - 158" refId="ref30935" refString="Coupland JB, Barker G. 2004. Diptera as predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods, with emphasis on Phoridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Faniidae. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 85-158." type="book chapter" year="2004">Coupland and Barker (2004)</bibRefCitation> +. In reviewing the requirements for successful biocontrol agents, Barker detailed that +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFC8F8F5708B8FDF0" box="[833,973,593,618]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +meet, or potentially meet, some of these requirements. More research is needed in some areas. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E8FCE0AADFD78" blockId="54.[160,1156,712,946]" box="[160,472,712,738]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E8FCE0AADFD78" bold="true" box="[160,472,712,738]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Ease of laboratory rearing</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E8FEA090CFC28" blockId="54.[160,1156,712,946]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFF6E8FEA0A87FC9F" author="McLaughlin HE & Dame DA" box="[160,498,748,773]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="522 - 527" refId="ref34675" refString="McLaughlin HE, Dame DA. 1989. Rearing Dictya floridensis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in a continuously producing colony and evaluation of larval food sources. J Med Entomol. 26 (6): 522-527. doi: 10. 1093 / jmedent / 26.6.522." type="journal article" year="1989">McLaughlin and Dame (1989)</bibRefCitation> +reared the endemic North American freshwater predator +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFF6E8E080AB3FCBD" authority="Steyskal" authorityName="Steyskal" box="[160,454,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Dictya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridensis"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E8E080A15FCBD" box="[160,352,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Dictya floridensis</emphasis> +Steyskal +</taxonomicName> +on a large scale, continuously through the F8 generation, availability of snails and manpower being the limiting factors. +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFC4A8E370FF1FCD0" author="Appleton CC & Miller RM & Maharaj R" box="[900,1156,817,842]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="107 - 116" refId="ref29563" refString="Appleton CC, Miller RM, Maharaj R. 1993. Control of schistosomiasis host snails in South Africa - the case for biocontrol by predator augmentation using sciomyzid flies. J. Med. Appl. Malacol. 5: 107-116." type="journal article" year="1993"> +Appleton +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFC368E370F59FCD0" box="[1016,1068,817,842]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. (1993) +</bibRefCitation> +demonstrated that production of large numbers of endemic South African freshwater +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFF6E8E700A40FC15" box="[160,309,886,911]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E8E700B88FC15" box="[160,253,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Sepedon</emphasis> +spp. +</taxonomicName> +predators could be achieved with relatively modest investment and nonspecialised workers in laboratory rearings. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E8EEB0943FB9D" blockId="54.[160,1156,1005,1239]" box="[160,566,1005,1031]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E8EEB0943FB9D" bold="true" box="[160,566,1005,1031]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Successful long-distance transport</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E891709A8FB4D" blockId="54.[160,1156,1005,1239]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFF6E89170A5BFBB0" box="[160,302,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +adults, eggs and pupae are very generally robust animals, with viable cultures being easily transported (eg the freshwater predator +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFCB589320B89FBF5" authority="(Walker)" authorityName="Anisoptera" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macropus"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFCB589320FF1FBD7" box="[891,1156,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Sepedomerus macropus</emphasis> +(Walker) +</taxonomicName> +from +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFE8C89500AC6FBF5" box="[322,435,1110,1135]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Nicaragua</collectingCountry> +reared at Cornell University and shipped to the Department of Agriculture, Hawaii +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFEB4897F094DFB08" author="Chock QC & Davis CJ & Chong M" box="[378,568,1145,1170]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref30834" refString="Chock QC, Davis CJ, Chong M. 1961. Sepedon macropus (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) introduced into Hawaii as a control for the liver fluke snail, Lymnaea ollula. J Econ Entomol. 54 (1): 1-4. doi: 10. 1093 / jee / 54.1.1." type="journal article" year="1961"> +Chock +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFE08897F0A80FB08" box="[454,501,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis> +. 1961 +</bibRefCitation> +). Knutson successfully carried many rearing containers of studies in progress on several species, +<date id="F2291043FFCDFFAFFD41899A0821FB2F" box="[655,852,1180,1205]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" value="1964-01-02" valueMax="1964-01-07" valueMin="1964-01-02">2–7 January 1964</date> +, from Harpenden, +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFBEC899A0FF5FB2F" box="[1058,1152,1180,1205]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">England</collectingCountry> +, to Almeria, +<collectingCountry id="FE807613FFCDFFAFFEEC89B80A16FB4D" box="[290,355,1214,1239]" name="Spain" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Spain</collectingCountry> +, under less-than-ideal conditions. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E88150946FAB7" blockId="54.[160,1156,1299,1463]" box="[160,563,1299,1325]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E88150946FAB7" bold="true" box="[160,563,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Favourable recipient environment</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E88300FF1FA2D" blockId="54.[160,1156,1299,1463]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFF6E88300A45FAD5" box="[160,304,1334,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +exploit most freshwater and terrestrial snail habitats (eg +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFC3D88300A48FAE8" author="Speight MCD & Knutson LV" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref35822" refString="Speight MCD, Knutson LV. 2012. Species accounts for sciomyzidae and phaeomyiidae (diptera) known from the Atlantic zone of Europe. Dipterists Dig. 19: 1-38." type="journal article" year="2012">Speight and Knutson 2012</bibRefCitation> +). Also, many species reproduce continuously at favourable temperatures, having several generations per year; many species have a broad north–south range which allows for selection of natural enemies from a range of climatic/environmental conditions. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E88F50A10F997" blockId="54.[160,1155,1523,1687]" box="[160,357,1523,1549]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCDFFAFFF6E88F50A10F997" bold="true" box="[160,357,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +<collectingRegion id="4453F861FFCDFFAFFF6E88F50BA4F997" box="[160,209,1523,1549]" country="Hungary" name="Pest" pageId="54" pageNumber="385">Pest</collectingRegion> +suppression +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCDFFAFFF6E8B100A7DF90D" blockId="54.[160,1155,1523,1687]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385"> +There have been no studies on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFDC18B1009EEF9B5" box="[527,667,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +(and few on gastropods) using the procedures and criteria proposed by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFE318B3F0870F9C8" author="Waage JK & Mills NJ" box="[511,773,1593,1618]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="412 - 430" refId="ref36336" refString="Waage JK, Mills NJ. 1992. Biological control. In: Crawley MJ, editor. Natural enemies. London: Blackwell Scientific; p. 412-430." type="book chapter" year="1992">Waage and Mills (1992)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCDFFAFFCDE8B3F0F72F9C8" author="Kidd NAC & Jervis MA" box="[784,1031,1593,1618]" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" pagination="49 - 68" refId="ref33445" refString="Kidd NAC, Jervis MA. 1997. The impact of parasitoids and predators on forest insect populations. In: Watt AD, Stork NE, Hunter MD, editors. Forests and insects. London: Chapman and Hall; p. 49-68." type="book chapter" year="1997">Kidd and Jervis (1997)</bibRefCitation> +, or Jaenike (1998). Such studies – especially highlighting polyphagous parasitoids of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCDFFAFFC238B5A0F35F9EF" box="[1005,1088,1628,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="385" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName> +– are essential. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF6E8D880A98FF32" blockId="55.[160,1155,142,307]" box="[160,493,142,168]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFF6E8D880A98FF32" bold="true" box="[160,493,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">Stability of pest suppression</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF6E8DB40A37FEA9" blockId="55.[160,1155,142,307]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFF6E8DB40A1EFF51" author="Barker GM & Knutson L & Vala J-C & Coupland JB & Barnes JK" box="[160,363,178,203]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" refId="ref29872" refString="Barker GM, Knutson L, Vala J-C, Coupland JB, Barnes JK. 2004. Chap. 4. Overview of the biology of marsh flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with special reference to predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 159 - 225, x + 644." type="journal volume" year="2004"> +Barker +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFF228DB40A55FF51" box="[236,288,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">et al.</emphasis> +(2004) +</bibRefCitation> +commented extensively on the plethora of features of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFC098DB40F26FF51" box="[967,1107,178,203]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +and their potential freshwater and terrestrial gastropod target prey. He noted that some research has been conducted on some aspects – this is a particularly important aspect of his analysis. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF6E8C5809F5FEE2" blockId="55.[160,1156,350,1451]" box="[160,640,350,376]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFF6E8C5809F5FEE2" bold="true" box="[160,640,350,376]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">Minimal adverse impacts on biodiversity</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF6E8C840930FB0C" blockId="55.[160,1156,350,1451]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +While information on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFE588C840957FE01" box="[406,546,386,411]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +meets requirements 1–3, there is insufficient information concerning pest suppression (4) and pest suppression stability (5) and the impact of natural enemies (that attack sciomyzids?) on those aspects. Requirement 6 is discussed by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFF6E8CEC0A0AFD99" author="Barker GM & Knutson L & Vala J-C & Coupland JB & Barnes JK" box="[160,383,490,515]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" refId="ref29872" refString="Barker GM, Knutson L, Vala J-C, Coupland JB, Barnes JK. 2004. Chap. 4. Overview of the biology of marsh flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with special reference to predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 159 - 225, x + 644." type="journal volume" year="2004"> +Barker +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFF3D8CEC0A52FD99" box="[243,295,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis> +. (2004) +</bibRefCitation> +and extensively by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFDBC8CEC08E1FD99" author="Knutson LV & Vala J-C" box="[626,916,490,515]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" refId="ref34109" refString="Knutson LV, Vala J-C. 2011. Biology of snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. xix + 506." type="journal volume" year="2011">Knutson and Vala (2011)</bibRefCitation> +. +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFC6A8CEC0FF1FD99" author="Barker GM & Knutson L & Vala J-C & Coupland JB & Barnes JK" box="[932,1156,490,515]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" refId="ref29872" refString="Barker GM, Knutson L, Vala J-C, Coupland JB, Barnes JK. 2004. Chap. 4. Overview of the biology of marsh flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with special reference to predators and parasitoids of terrestrial gastropods. In: Barker GM, editor. Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; p. 159 - 225, x + 644." type="journal volume" year="2004"> +Barker +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFC398CEC0F5EFD99" box="[1015,1067,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis> +. (2004) +</bibRefCitation> +discussed the potential impact of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFDE78F0A09C0FDBF" box="[553,693,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +on non-target gastropods in relation to four scenarios proposed by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFE288F2909F8FDD2" author="Hopper KR" box="[486,653,559,584]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="64 - 74" refId="ref32932" refString="Hopper KR. 1995. Potential impacts on threatened and endangered insect species in the continental United States from introductions of parasitic Hymenoptera for the control of insect pests. In: Hokkanen H, Lynch JM, editors. Biological control: benefits and risks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 64-74." type="book chapter" year="1995">Hopper (1995)</bibRefCitation> +. He concluded that no sciomyzid could be guaranteed to have no direct non-target effects (his scenario 1) and that many might have considerable impact on biodiversity (his scenario 4). However, with careful selection of sciomyzid species for introduction based on niche requirements and prey preferences, scenario 3 (some small but generally unpredictable mortality if the natural enemy also utilises one or more co-occurring species in addition to its normal hosts/prey) or even scenario 2 (no impact if the natural enemy utilises other hosts/prey but is temporally or spatially isolated from them) may be the expected outcome. The methods, protocols and facilities for testing the safety of introduced agents have improved greatly over the past few decades; if these are followed we can be assured of the safety of introduced agents ( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFF688E8C0AA2FC39" author="Knutson L & Coulson JR" box="[166,471,906,931]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="133 - 142" refId="ref33572" refString="Knutson L, Coulson JR. 1997. Procedures and policies in the USA regarding precautions in the introduction of classical biological control agents. EPPO Bulletin. 27 (1): 133-142. doi:10.1111/j. 1365 - 2338.1997. tb 00629. x." type="journal article" year="1997">Knutson and Coulson 1997</bibRefCitation> +). Van Driesch and Hoddle (2017) further outline the possible direct and indirect impacts of introduced biological control agents. They list the following potential impacts: (1) direct attacks on native insects; (2) negative foodweb effects, such as competition for prey, apparent competition, or displacement of native species; (3) positive foodweb effects that benefit non-target species; (4) hybridisation of native species with introduced natural enemies; and (5) attacks on introduced weed biocontrol agents. All these need to be considered before +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFD0A895C0825FBE9" box="[708,848,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +are introduced as classical biological control agents of molluscs. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF0E89990819FA31" blockId="55.[160,1156,350,1451]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">Barker emphasised the need for six kinds of information to estimate levels of gastropod mortality caused by the larvae, (1) the average level of predation or parasitism per host/ prey generation, (2) its variability from generation to generation and whether or not this source of host/prey mortality is a key factor, (3) the extent to which predation or parasitism tends to act as a density-dependent factor, (4) other prey mortalities that combine with that caused by the sciomyzid larvae to counter the host/prey’s potential rate of increase, (5) any important mortalities suffered by the sciomyzids that reduce their effectiveness, and (6) the density of searching sciomyzid adults.</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="CE8D6508FFCCFFA1FF6E88E10F15FAFF" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="387" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF6E88E1099DF9BE" blockId="55.[160,1155,1511,1572]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFF6E88E1099DF9BE" bold="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +Research needs for further understanding the impact of natural enemies in the use of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFEE28B0F0AA4F9BE" box="[300,465,1545,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +as biocontrol agents +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFCCFFAEFF708B46081EF95A" blockId="55.[190,1155,1599,1728]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386"> +● Other than the publications on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFDF08B39086FF9C2" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1851" box="[574,794,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichogrammatidae</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFCE68B3908CDF9C2" author="Juliano SA" box="[808,952,1599,1624]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="271 - 279" refId="ref33298" refString="Juliano SA. 1981. Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as egg parasitoids of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) and other aquatic Diptera. Can Entomol. 113: 271-279. doi:10.4039/Ent113271-4." type="journal article" year="1981">Juliano 1981</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFC0B8B390889F9C2" author="Juliano SA" box="[965,1020,1599,1624]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="713 - 720" refId="ref33345" refString="Juliano SA. 1982. Influence of host age on host acceptability and suitability for a species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) attacking aquatic Diptera. Can Entomol. 114: 713-720. doi:10.4039/Ent114713-8." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation> +), +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFBDF8B390FF6F9C2" box="[1041,1155,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapriidae</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFF108B640A81F9E1" author="Knutson LV & Berg CO" box="[222,500,1634,1659]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="724 - 726" refId="ref33795" refString="Knutson LV, Berg CO. 1963. Phaenopria popei (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) reared from puparia of sciomyzid flies. Can Entomol. 95: 724-726. doi:10.4039/Ent95724-7." type="journal article" year="1963">Knutson and Berg 1963</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFDCB8B6409E7F9E1" author="O'Neill WL" box="[517,658,1634,1659]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="1043 - 1050" refId="ref35063" refString="O'Neill WL. 1973. Biology of Trichopria popei and T. atrichomelinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), parasitoids of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 66 (5): 1043-1050. doi: 10.1093 / aesa / 66.5.1043." type="journal article" year="1973">O’Neill 1973</bibRefCitation> +) and parasitoids of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFC4C8B640927F904" authority="(Knutson and Abercrombie 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Knutson and Abercrombie" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Anticheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanosoma"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFCCFFAEFC4C8B640FF6F9E1" box="[898,1155,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="386">Anticheta melanosoma</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFCCFFAEFF108B83093CF904" author="Knutson L & Abercrombie J" box="[222,585,1669,1694]" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" pagination="111 - 125" refId="ref33493" refString="Knutson L, Abercrombie J. 1977. Biology of Antichaeta melanosoma (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with notes on parasitoid Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 79 (1): 111-125." type="journal article" year="1977">Knutson and Abercrombie 1977</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, there is essentially no quantitative data or information on populations of natural enemies of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFCCFFAEFD178BA10812F95A" box="[729,871,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708D9609A4FF77" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● The internal pathogens of adult and immature +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FD2E8D890819FF32" box="[736,876,143,168]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +are essentially unknown; larvae, pupae and adults should be examined for pathogens, for example +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FBDE8DB40FF1FF51" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[1040,1156,178,203]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFC3FFA1FBDE8DB40FF1FF51" box="[1040,1156,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="387">Wolbachia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(Proteobacteria: +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FE5F8DD20969FF77" authorityName="Gieszczykiewicz" authorityYear="1939" box="[401,540,212,237]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="order">Rickettsiales</taxonomicName> +: +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FDE88DD209BDFF77" authorityName="Fryer & Lannan" authorityYear="2005" box="[550,712,212,237]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="family">Rickettsiaceae</taxonomicName> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708DFE0852FEA9" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● An investigation of potential endosymbionts which are known to occur in other +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FF168C1C0A5EFEA9" box="[216,299,282,307]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName> +(eg +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FE908C1C0AB1FEA9" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1888" box="[350,452,282,307]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciaridae</taxonomicName> +) might also yield useful results. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708C3B08BCFE01" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● Review of museum collections of pinned adults such as +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FC588C3A0886FECF" authorityName="Kirby & Spence" authorityYear="1817" box="[918,1011,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FBCD8C3A0FF4FECF" box="[1027,1153,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Empididae</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FF168C590AF8FEE2" box="[216,397,351,376]" class="Insecta" family="Scathophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scathophagidae</taxonomicName> +and some predatory wasps holding adult prey will provide information on sciomyzid species that are preyed upon by such predators. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708CA30F1FFD49" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● The major advance in knowledge of parasitoid natural enemies of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FC078CA20F20FE27" box="[969,1109,420,445]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +will come from further collecting immature stages in nature and holding them in the laboratory for the emergence of natural enemies. Methods for collecting larvae and puparia of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FE818F0A0AAEFDBF" box="[335,475,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +are detailed by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFC3FFA1FD458F0A08EFFDBF" author="Knutson LV & Vala J-C" box="[651,922,524,549]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" refId="ref34109" refString="Knutson LV, Vala J-C. 2011. Biology of snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. xix + 506." type="journal volume" year="2011">Knutson and Vala (2011)</bibRefCitation> +. Larvae are held with food snails, until pupariation, in containers simulating the conditions where they were found. Puparia are held individually in vials with a slightly moist substrate until emergence of the parasitoids or adult flies. The hosts of many of these parasitoids could be identified, especially by study of the third-instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton and other larval vestiges, as well molecular methods such as DNA barcoding. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708FDB0872FC39" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● Egg, larval and pupal parasitoids could be obtained by exposing laboratory-reared stages in small containers in the precise sciomyzid micro-habitats in nature, then retrieving and holding them for emergence of parasitoids. This technique was successfully used by +<bibRefCitation id="E2064B72FFC3FFA1FE718E420923FCC7" author="O'Neill WL" box="[447,598,836,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" pagination="1043 - 1050" refId="ref35063" refString="O'Neill WL. 1973. Biology of Trichopria popei and T. atrichomelinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), parasitoids of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 66 (5): 1043-1050. doi: 10.1093 / aesa / 66.5.1043." type="journal article" year="1973">O’Neill (1973)</bibRefCitation> +, who obtained the new species +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FC758E420A5BFC1A" authorityName="Muesebeck" authorityYear="1972" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Trichopria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrichomelinae"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFC3FFA1FC758E420A5BFC1A" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="387">Trichopria atrichomelinae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FEF38E610AC6FC1A" box="[317,435,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapriidae</taxonomicName> +) from puparia of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FDB08E61081EFC1A" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[638,875,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Atrichomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pubera"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFC3FFA1FDB08E61081EFC1A" box="[638,875,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="387">Atrichomelina pubera</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +reared in the laboratory and exposed for seven days in +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FDF88E8C09EAFC39" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[566,671,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Atrichomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pubera"> +<emphasis id="B4E3EA91FFC3FFA1FDF88E8C09EAFC39" box="[566,671,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="387">A. pubera</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +habitats. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF708EAB0F5BFBCA" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387">● Laboratory tests of the host range of the more common, polyphagous parasitoids, including appropriate stages of potential sciomyzid biocontrol agents, should be carried out in areas where biological control projects are planned. Techniques as described in the ‘Review of the literature’ section above could be used to monitor natural enemy impact on sciomyzid biocontrol agents during such projects.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF70895D089AFAD9" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● Preliminary to introduction/augmentation of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FD12895C081FFBE9" box="[732,874,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +for biocontrol purposes, assessments of the impact of endemic parasitoids (especially polyphagous species) on +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FECC89990AE5FB22" box="[258,400,1183,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +should be made by rearing parasitoids from fly larvae/puparia found in dead snails and from eggs of insects in the target microhabitats, as described in our Section ”Behavioural groups and microhabitats” - see above. Rearing of parasitoids from other +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FDA6880109C8FABA" box="[616,701,1287,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName> +in the biocontrol target area will help to reveal the potential extent of impacts of polyphagous parasitoids. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="86283683FFC3FFA1FF70884B0F16FAFF" blockId="56.[190,1157,143,1381]" box="[190,1123,1356,1381]" pageId="56" pageNumber="387"> +● A review of the super-parasites that attack parasitoids of +<taxonomicName id="41974D00FFC3FFA1FC92884A089DFAFF" box="[860,1000,1356,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName> +is needed. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file