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+
+
+
+An annotated checklist of the psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of Norfolk Island with keys to species, new records, and descriptions of two new endemic species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Martoni, Francesco
+0000-0001-8064-4460
+Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tweed, James M. H.
+0000-0002-5655-1499
+School of the Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University Dr, Goddard Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Blacket, Mark J.
+0000-0001-7864-5712
+Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Percy, Diana M.
+0000-0002-0468-2892
+Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V 6 T 1 Z 4, Canada
+
+text
+
+
+ZooKeys
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-05-19
+
+
+1238
+
+
+297
+348
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zookeys.1238.124535
+F00C2C26-E850-4A34-80C4-829232FB57DB
+
+
+
+
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+Figs 12
+,
+13
+,
+14
+
+
+
+
+Type locality.
+
+
+Norfolk Island
+,
+Norfolk Island
+National Park, Summit Track, on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+growing on side of the track. Collected by sweeping plant branch using a net.
+
+
+
+
+Type material.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+
+:
+Norfolk Island
+•
+adult ♂
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Summit Track
+;
+
+19 Oct. 2022
+
+;
+Francesco Martoni
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+;
+sweeping
+; entire specimen mounted on card triangle, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+. Labels: “ Norfolk Island N. P. / Summit Track /
+19 - Oct- 2022
+F. Martoni / On
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+” (Printed on white card); “ HOLOTYPE ♂ /
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+
+/ Percy & Martoni 2025 ” (Printed on red card)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+:
+Norfolk Island
+•
+5 ♂♂
+,
+5 ♀♀
+; same data as the holotype; dissected specimens mounted on microscope slides deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+1 adult ♂
+,
+2 adult ♀♀
+; same data as the holotype; entire specimens mounted on card triangle, deposited at
+
+ANIC
+
+
+•
+
+2 adult ♂♂
+,
+3 adult ♀♀
+; same data as the holotype; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+NHMB
+
+
+•
+
+9 adult ♂♂
+,
+4 adult ♀♀
+,
+1 immature
+;
+Norfolk Island
+,
+17 Rocky Point Rd
+;
+
+19 Feb. 2023
+
+;
+James M. H Tweed
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+57 adult ♂♂
+,
+51 adult ♀♀
+,
+18 immatures
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Captain Cook Rd gate
+;
+
+06 Nov. 2023
+
+;
+James M. H. Tweed
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+6 adult ♂♂
+,
+2 adult ♀♀
+,
+1 immature
+;
+Selwyn Pine Road
+,
+Highlands Ecolodge
+;
+
+22 Dec. 2012
+
+;
+Laurence Mound
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+;
+NI-2012-9
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+•
+
+6 adult ♂♂
+,
+3 adult ♀♀
+;
+Selwyn Pine Road
+,
+Highlands Ecolodge
+;
+
+8 Jul. 2013
+
+;
+Laurence Mound
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+;
+LAM 5744
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+•
+
+4 adult ♂♂
+,
+3 adult ♀♀
+,
+Taylor’s Road
+,
+Burnt Pine Park
+;
+
+10 Jul. 2013
+
+;
+Alice Wells
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa
+
+
+; AW- 12-83; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+•
+
+2 adult ♂♂
+,
+1 adult ♀
+;
+Norfolk Island
+Captain Cook’s Landing
+;
+
+11 Jul. 2013
+
+;
+Alice Wells
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa
+
+
+;
+AW-12-90
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+•
+
+13 adult ♂♂
+,
+9 adult ♀♀
+;
+J. E. Road
+,
+Highlands Lodge
+;
+
+22 Oct. 2013
+
+;
+Alice Wells
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+
+;
+AW-008
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+. All paratypes are labelled as “ PARATYPE ♂ - ♀ /
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+
+/ Percy & Martoni 2025 ” (Printed on blue card).
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+
+
+Although a number of undescribed species of
+
+Acizzia
+
+associated with
+
+Dodonaea
+
+have been reported recently, and are in the process of being described (
+McClelland et al. 2025
+), the only currently described species of
+
+Acizzia
+
+associated with
+
+Dodonaea
+
+is
+
+Acizzia dodonaeae
+(
+Tuthill, 1952
+)
+
+. Geographically, distributions of
+
+A. aliceae
+
+and
+
+A. dodonaeae
+
+do not overlap, and the two species are easily distinguished morphologically due to the absence of any wing pattern in
+
+A. aliceae
+.
+
+Furthermore, the male parameres of
+
+A. aliceae
+
+are broader and less sinuous than those of
+
+A. dodonaeae
+
+, while the female proctiger is less arched posteriorly (
+Tuthill 1952
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+
+
+
+Colouration
+.
+
+Adult. Body generally pale to dark green (dried or ethanol-preserved material yellow); dorsum of thorax varying from a dark green to a dark brown (Fig.
+12 A – D
+), pronotum, mesopraescutum and mesoscutum all with longitudinal parallel darker bands. Abdomen lighter coloured. Antennal segments 1 and 2 lighter, segments 3–7 darkening apically, segments 8–10 uniformly dark (Fig.
+12 B – D
+). Wings hyaline, often yellowish, with darker veins and radular areas (Fig.
+12 E, F
+). Male terminalia pale, with paramere tips darker (Fig.
+12 A, C
+). Female terminalia pale, with tip of proctiger darker (Fig.
+12 B, D
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Adults of
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+adult lateral habitus of male
+B
+same, female
+C
+dorsal habitus of male
+D
+same, female
+E
+fore wing of male
+F
+same, female
+G
+immature habitus showing placement of long capitate setae on abdomen and wing pads
+H
+metatibiotarsus of immature
+I
+antenna of immature
+J
+circumanal ring of immature. Scale bars: 1 mm (
+A – D
+); 0.5 mm (
+E, F
+); 0.3 mm (
+G, I
+); 0.1 mm (
+H, J
+).
+
+
+
+Immature (5
+th
+instar): Body pale green to yellow-green (Fig.
+12 G
+). First four segments of antenna uniformly yellow-green, segments 5, 6, and 7 tending to a darker colour in the apical portion, last three segments of antennae uniformly dark brown-black.
+
+
+
+Structure
+.
+
+Adult. Body relatively large,
+2–3 mm
+from anterior margin of vertex to tip of folded wings (males smaller than females) (Fig.
+12 A – D
+).
+
+
+Head (Fig.
+13 C – G
+) in lateral view slightly deflexed downward, wider than thorax, width <0.5 × antennal length, vertex width almost 2 × length, with well-defined cranial suture. Genal processes well developed, conical, diverging and distinctly downturned at apices, length ~ 3 / 4 vertex length, apices rounded, curiously naked patches on the dorsal surface at base lacking setae or microsculpture, similarly naked areas surround the discal foveae on vertex (Fig.
+13 D
+). Clypeus subglobular, terminal proboscis segment short (Fig.
+13 F
+). Antennae 10 - segmented, with segment 3 longest, length of segments 4–8 subequal, and the shorter terminal segments 9 and 10 subequal; a single subapical rhinarium on segments 4, 6, 8, 9, simple, circular, length of two long terminal setae subequal, with both shorter than segment 10 (Fig.
+13 G
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+fore wing and hind wing (below)
+B
+detail of radular spinule cluster positions
+C
+head (dorsal view)
+D
+head (dorso-lateral view) indicating naked patches at base of genal cones and around discal foveae
+E
+head (ventro-lateral) showing genal cones downturned apically
+F
+clypeus and proboscis
+G
+antennae with apical detail (inset)
+H
+head and thorax (lateral view)
+I
+thorax (dorsal view)
+J
+hind leg
+K
+metafemur apex indicating cluster of stout lateral setae and genual spine on metatibia
+L
+metatarsi showing a single outer metabasitarsus spine. Scale bars as reported.
+
+
+
+Thorax (Fig.
+13 H, I
+) moderately arched in lateral profile. Hind legs (Fig.
+13 J – L
+) with meracanthus well developed, thorn-like and slightly curved; metafemur shorter than metatibia and with a cluster of 4–6 stout setae subapically on outer lateral surface (Fig.
+13 L
+); metatibia with a single genual spine basally and 1 + 4 (typically with two close together) or occasionally 1 + 3 sclerotised apical spurs surrounded by a crown of 8–10 stout setae; length of metatarsal segments subequal; metabasitarsus with a single outer sclerotised spur.
+
+
+Fore wing (Figs
+12 E, F
+,
+13 A
+) length> 2.5 × width, more or less parallel sided, widest in apical half, rounded at apex; pterostigma long and slender; cells m
+1
+and cu
+1
+both elongate, but m
+1
+narrower and more elongate than cu
+1
+, vein Rs long and moderately sinuous, vein M much shorter than Rs and strongly arched; membrane with spinules densely distributed in all cells and with spinule-free bands along veins, marginal radular spinule clusters positioned centrally in cells m
+1
+and m
+2
+, and in posterior half of cell cu
+1
+(Fig.
+13 B
+).
+
+
+Male terminalia (Fig.
+14 A – D
+) with subgenital plate somewhat elongate, length greater than height, dorsal margin sinuate and ventral margin not evenly rounded (Fig.
+14 A, C
+). Proctiger shorter than paramere, expanded basally into distinct basal posterior lobes that extend outwards from below and around a weakly sclerotised hook-like appendage, upper portion narrow, cylindrical, but tubular only in apical 1 / 3 (Fig.
+14 E
+). Paramere in lateral profile, sinuous, widest in middle, anterior margin medially arched forward and bearing many long setae, posterior margin moderately concave, bearing fewer long setae, apex blunt and directed rearward, moderately sclerotised and bearing two distinctly stout setae subapically on inner surface, otherwise inner surface with scattered short setae, outer surface with few short setae concentrated towards the posterior margin (Fig.
+14 A, C, D
+). Distal segment of aedeagus moderately long, base expanded laterally, apical portion somewhat saccate below a bluntly acute tip and deeply incised dorsum, apical portion ~ 1 / 3 as long as the distal segment length (Fig.
+14 B, D
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+male terminalia with aedeagus detail (inset)
+B
+aedeagus (posterior view)
+C
+male terminalia (posterior view) with detail of paramere apex (inset)
+D
+paramere outer surface (above) and inner surface (below)
+E
+male proctiger (lateral view) with detail of basal portion (illustrated)
+F
+female terminalia (lateral view)
+G
+female proctiger (dorsal view) with detail of anal ring pores
+H
+female subgenital plate (ventral view)
+I
+anal ring (dorsal view)
+J
+ovipositor (lateral view) with detail of single subapical tooth on valvulae ventralis (inset). Scale bars as reported.
+
+
+
+Female terminalia (Fig.
+14 F – J
+) short, with proctiger arched dorsally and steeply downturned post anus, covered in numerous long setae in the distal half and terminating in an acute, sclerotised tip (Fig.
+14 F
+), in dorsal view broadly rounded apically; anal ring outline in dorsal view pyriform, narrower anteriorly and broader posteriorly, length ~ 1 / 2 proctiger length, composed of a double row of regular pores (Fig.
+14 G, I
+); subgenital plate shorter than proctiger, length ~ 3 / 4 proctiger length, apex blunt except for a small beak and whole covered in medium to short setae (Fig.
+14 F, H
+); ovipositor dorsal valvulae triangular but with a long narrow extension dorsally, ventral valvulae bearing a single small tooth ventrally (Fig.
+14 J
+). Egg elongate with “ puzzle-piece ” striations over most of the surface, and a short, stout, lateral pedicel 1 / 4 length from base, apical filament apparently lacking (Fig.
+14 N
+).
+
+
+Immature (5
+th
+instar): body ~ 1.55 × as long as wide, shape ovoid, wing pads protruding (Fig.
+12 G
+). Setae predominantly a mix of medium to long simple and weakly capitate, with a single long capitate seta at the apex of each wing pad, a few shorter capitate setae on antennae and legs, and abdomen with 4 + 4 long capitate setae (Fig.
+12 G
+). Antenna length ~ 1.3 × head width, 9 - segmented with a single subapical rhinarium on segments 3, 5, 7, and 8, segment 3 longest and approx. equal to length of segments 8 and 9 combined (Fig.
+12 G, I
+). Fore wing pads lacking humeral lobes. Tarsal arolium longer than claws, triangular with unguitractor and long pedicel (Fig.
+12 H
+), claws well developed. Anus in ventral position (Fig.
+12 G
+), circumanal ring shallowly heart-shaped, consisting of a single row of pores (Fig.
+12 J
+).
+
+
+Measurements
+(in mm). Adults (
+5 ♂♂
+,
+5 ♀♀
+). Length of body (vertex to terminalia)
+♂
+1.66–1.93,
+♀
+2.07–2.32; length of body (vertex to apex of folded wings)
+♂
+2.33–2.46,
+♀
+2.79–2.94; width of head (HW)
+♂
+0.56–0.59,
+♀
+0.64–0.68; length of genal processes (GCL)
+♂
+0.11–0.13,
+♀
+0.14–0.17; length of vertex (VL)
+♂
+0.15–0.17,
+♀
+0.18–0.19; width of vertex (VW)
+♂
+0.32–0.36,
+♀
+0.39–0.40; length of antenna (AL)
+♂
+1.34–1.38,
+♀
+1.30–1.38; length of fore wing (WL)
+♂
+1.54–1.81,
+♀
+2.15–2.19; width of fore wing
+♂
+0.59–0.71,
+♀
+0.80–0.83; length of hind wing
+♂
+1.43–1.66,
+♀
+1.80–1.87; length of vein Rs
+♂
+1.05–1.13,
+♀
+1.36–1.41; length of vein M (M)
+♂
+0.59–0.72,
+♀
+0.78–0.86; length of vein M
+1 + 2
+(M 1)
+♂
+0.51–0.56,
+♀
+0.67–0.75; marginal width of cell m
+
+1
+♂
+
+0.22–0.24,
+♀
+0.26–0.30; marginal width of cell cu
+
+1
+♂
+
+0.35–0.44,
+♀
+0.52–0.54; length of vein Cu
+1 b
+♂
+0.25–0.30,
+♀
+0.30–0.36; value of cell cu
+
+1
+♂
+
+1.35–1.70,
+♀
+1.64–1.89; value of cell m
+
+1
+♂
+
+2.18–2.54,
+♀
+2.40–2.67; length (height) of proctiger (PL)
+♂
+0.14–0.19; I length of paramere
+♂
+0.18–0.22; length of distal aedeagal segment
+♂
+0.17–0.20; length of subgenital plate
+♂
+0.23; height of subgenital plate
+♂
+0.17–0.19; length of proctiger (PL)
+♀
+0.28–0.31; length of circum-anal ring (CL)
+♂
+0.13–0.15; length of subgenital plate (SL)
+♀
+0.24–0.28. Ratios: GCL: VL
+♂
+0.65–0.81,
+♀
+0.78–0.94; VL: VW
+♂
+0.42–0.53,
+♀
+0.45–0.49; VL: HW
+♂
+0.26–0.30,
+♀
+0.27–0.29; AL: HW
+♂
+2.34–2.39,
+♀
+2.03; PL: HW
+♂
+0.25–0.41,
+♀
+0.42–0.48; PL: CL
+♀
+1.93–2.23; PL: SL
+♀
+1.07–1.17; WL: HW
+♂
+2.65–3.12,
+♀
+3.21–3.37; WL: WW
+♂
+2.44–2.95,
+♀
+2.63–2.74; Rs: M
+♂
+1.53–1.78,
+♀
+1.60–1.74; M 1: M
+♂
+0.72–0.95,
+♀
+0.78–0.94.
+
+
+Immatures (5
+th
+instar,
+1 specimen
+). Length of body 1.43; width of body 0.92; length of antennae 0.76; width of head 0.57.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+
+
+The species epithet was chosen to honour the Australian entomologist, Dr Alice Wells, for her fundamental contribution to entomology in the Austro-Pacific. Dr Wells was likely the first person to collect this species during the 2012–2014 survey (
+Maynard et al. 2018
+).
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+
+
+This species is widely distributed on
+Norfolk Island
+and is likely present anywhere the host plant is found (Fig.
+15
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Confirmed occurrence records for
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+(triangles) and
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+(circles). The dotted line indicates the boundaries of Norfolk Island National Park and Botanic Gardens. Records shown are derived from both collected material and confirmed records from iNaturalist (
+https://www.inaturalist.org/
+) and personal communications. Map constructed in QGIS with satellite imagery sourced from ESRI World Imagery.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Host plant on
+Norfolk Island
+.
+
+
+
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+Jacq.
+
+(
+Sapindales
+,
+Sapindaceae
+), confirmed by the collection of immatures (Suppl. material
+1
+).
+
+
+
+
+Conservation.
+
+
+This species is considered endemic to
+Norfolk Island
+. It specialises on a native host plant,
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+, which is widespread in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions around the world. During this study,
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+
+was found to be present within all stands of
+
+Dodonaea viscosa
+
+searched on the island, including natural populations and specimens planted ornamentally. It is assumed that this species is widespread across the island and occurs, or can occur, anywhere the host plant is present. Neither species is known from nearby Phillip Island. The
+EOO
+ranges from
+5.5–42.2 km
+2
+depending on whether this is calculated based on confirmed occurrence records, or the entire area of
+Norfolk Island
+(Fig.
+15
+). The corresponding
+AOO
+calculated using a
+4 km
+2
+grid overlay, ranges from
+16–64 km
+2
+. There are no known threats facing this species, nor is it known to be undergoing a population or range decline.
+
+
+We propose that
+
+A. aliceae
+
+warrants a threat status of Least Concern (IUCN, 2012). Its widespread distribution on the island, including within both protected areas and urban and agricultural landscapes, as well as on both natural and planted populations of
+
+D. viscosa
+
+suggests it is tolerant of a range of conditions and capable of dispersing between host plant patches. The adaptability of its host plant and its widespread use in garden plantings and hedgerows, suggests its habitat is secure and has likely increased in extent since European colonisation of the island. Despite its relatively small
+EOO
+and
+AOO
+, there are no known ongoing or potential future threats and so this species does not qualify for any of the threatened categories under any of the criteria (
+IUCN 2012
+). However, encouraging planting of
+
+D. viscosa
+
+on public and private land, as well as on nearby Phillip Island, would further secure this species.
+
+
+
+
+DNA resources.
+
+
+GenBank
+COI
+:
+
+MG 988625
+
+, cytB:
+
+MG 988895
+
+. Also represented in the mitogenome analysis of
+Percy et al. (2018)
+as: DP 2. idba. 202. The annotated mitochondrial genome was submitted to GenBank for this study (
+PQ 754209
+). Additionally, a total of four
+COI
+sequences were generated for this study (
+OR 558301
+,
+OR 558302
+;
+OR 558308
+,
+OR 558309
+).
+
+
+
+
+Systematics.
+
+
+Related to
+
+Acizzia dodonaeae
+(
+Tuthill, 1952
+)
+
+from
+New Zealand
+, and both species are in the same subgroup of
+
+Acizzia
+
+that includes
+
+A. uncatoides
+
+and
+
+A. acaciaebaileyanae
+(
+Percy et al. 2018
+)
+
+, as well as all but two of the
+Norfolk Island
+
+Acizzia
+
+reported here (Fig.
+16
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Systematic placement of the Norfolk Island psyllid fauna (native taxa in black bold, adventive taxa in red) determined using a maximum likelihood backbone constraint analysis with the mitogenome data from
+Percy et al. (2018)
+. The two annotated genomes for the endemic species,
+
+Acizzia aliceae
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+and
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+are illustrated as well as more detailed clade placement for
+
+Acizzia
+spp.
+
+(A – Australia, P – Pacific, A-P – Austro-Pacific). Two taxa indicated by [? in grey] are referred to as
+
+Glycaspis
+sp.
+
+and
+
+Trioza
+sp.
+
+in
+Maynard et al. (2018)
+and are considered here to refer to
+
+Glycaspis granulata
+
+and
+
+Powellia vitreoradiata
+
+, respectively (see Discussion).
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/5A/90/53/5A9053FF33745E9FA9E321861972300C.xml b/data/5A/90/53/5A9053FF33745E9FA9E321861972300C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..451d905a258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/5A/90/53/5A9053FF33745E9FA9E321861972300C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,1270 @@
+
+
+
+An annotated checklist of the psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of Norfolk Island with keys to species, new records, and descriptions of two new endemic species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Martoni, Francesco
+0000-0001-8064-4460
+Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tweed, James M. H.
+0000-0002-5655-1499
+School of the Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University Dr, Goddard Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Blacket, Mark J.
+0000-0001-7864-5712
+Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Percy, Diana M.
+0000-0002-0468-2892
+Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V 6 T 1 Z 4, Canada
+
+text
+
+
+ZooKeys
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-05-19
+
+
+1238
+
+
+297
+348
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zookeys.1238.124535
+F00C2C26-E850-4A34-80C4-829232FB57DB
+
+
+
+
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+Figs 8
+,
+9
+,
+10
+
+
+
+
+Type locality.
+
+
+Norfolk Island
+,
+Norfolk Island
+National Park, Red Road Track, on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+on side of track. Dislodged beating host plant onto tray and collected using entomological aspirator.
+
+
+
+
+Type material.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+
+:
+Norfolk Island
+•
+1 adult ♂
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Red Road Track
+;
+
+17 Oct. 2022
+
+;
+Francesco Martoni
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+;
+sweeping
+; entire specimen mounted on card triangle, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+. Labels: “ Norfolk Island N. P. / Red Road Track /
+17 - Oct- 2022
+F. Martoni / On
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+” (printed on white card); “ HOLOTYPE ♂ /
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+
+/ Percy and Martoni 2025 ” (printed on red card)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+:
+Norfolk Island
+•
+5 adult ♂♂
+,
+5 adult ♀♀
+; same data as the holotype, dissected specimens mounted on microscope slides, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+1 adult ♂
+,
+2 adult ♀♀
+; same data as the holotype, entire specimens mounted on card triangle, deposited at
+
+ANIC
+
+
+•
+
+16 adult ♂♂
+,
+18 adult ♀♀
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Bridle Track
+;
+
+15 Oct. 2023
+
+;
+James M. H. Tweed
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+2 adult ♂♂
+,
+2 adult ♀♀
+, same as for preceding; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+NHMB
+
+
+• ~
+
+200 immatures
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Red Road Track car park
+;
+
+08 Nov. 2023
+
+;
+James M. H. Tweed
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+1 adult ♂
+,
+3 adult ♀♀
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Forbidden Track
+;
+
+20 Feb. 2023
+
+;
+James M. H. Tweed
+leg.;
+
+On
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+3 adult ♂♂
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Red Road Track
+;
+
+15 Oct. 2022
+
+;
+Francesco Martoni
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+•
+
+4 adult ♂♂
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Palm Glen
+;
+
+11 Jul. 2013
+
+;
+Alice Wells
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+;
+AW-12-95
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+•
+
+3 adult ♂♂
+,
+2 adult ♀♀
+,;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Palm Glen
+;
+
+22 Oct. 2013
+
+;
+Laurence Mound
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia
+sp.
+
+
+;
+LAM 5815
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+DMPC
+
+
+. All
+paratypes
+are labelled as “
+PARATYPE
+♂
+-
+♀
+/
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+
+/ Percy & Martoni 2025 ” (printed on blue card).
+
+
+
+
+Other material examined.
+
+
+
+Norfolk Island
+• ~
+20 immatures
+;
+Norfolk Island National Park
+,
+Red Road Track
+;
+
+14 Mar. 2022
+
+;
+Francesco Martoni
+leg.;
+
+on
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+
+; entire specimens preserved in ethanol, deposited at
+
+VAIC
+
+
+. Not included in the type series because they were damaged during a semi-destructive DNA extraction protocol.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+
+
+The shape of the fore wing of
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+, which is elongate and narrow (> 2.6 × longer than wide), as well as the pigmentation pattern, clearly aligns this taxon with other
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+in the Austro-Pacific region (
+Malenovský 2008
+); the type species,
+
+P. tuberculatum
+Crawford
+
+, as well as most other taxa also found on
+Apocynaceae
+host plants, have a fore wing that is pyriform and broad (length <2.6 × width) (
+Malenovský 2008
+;
+Malenovský and Burckhardt 2009
+;
+Malenovský et al. 2015
+). A similar narrow wing morphology to that of
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+can be observed in some of the African
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+species such as
+
+P. nigritulum
+Malenovský and Burckhardt
+
+and
+
+P. wagneri
+Malenovský and Burckhardt (
+Malenovský and Burckhardt 2009
+)
+
+, but in these cases the vertex lacks a distinct median ridge, and only
+
+P. wagneri
+
+is possibly associated with
+Apocynaceae
+. See also the Remarks section below.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+
+
+
+Colouration
+.
+
+Adult. Head pale brown. Antennae with segments 1 and 2 brown, segments 3–8 of a very pale brown, and segments 9 and 10 dark brown tending to black. Thorax mostly dark brown but with medial line crossing mesoscutum and mesopraescutum lighter. Legs with dark brown femora and basal part of tibiae, and with pale brown apical part of tibiae and tarsi (Fig.
+8 A – D
+). Fore wings hyaline, with dark brown pattern covering basal 1 / 3 of wing and reaching wing apex in the basal portion of cell r
+2
+as a band along posterior wing margin, leaving small transparent areas in cells cu
+2
+, cu
+1
+, m
+1
+and m
+2
+; dark pattern also covering the proximal part of fore wing, reaching the vein C + Sc, crossing the middle of cell c + sc and the bifurcation of stem R + M + Cu (Figs
+8 E, F
+,
+9 A, B
+); fore wing veins pale brown or dark brown in areas covered by dark pattern. Hind wing pale to darker brown basally (Fig.
+9 B
+). Male and female terminalia pale brown to pale yellow. Female proctiger darker on the tip.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+adult lateral habitus of male
+B
+same, female
+C
+dorsal habitus of male
+D
+same, female
+E
+fore wing of male
+F
+same, female
+G
+immature habitus showing type of truncate marginal setae
+H
+metatibiotarsus of immature
+I
+circumanal ring of immature. Scale bars: 1 mm (
+A – D
+); 0.5 mm (
+E, F
+); 0.3 mm (
+G
+); 0.1 mm (
+H, I
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+fore wing of male
+B
+fore wing and hind wing of female
+C
+detail of radular spinule cluster positions
+D
+head (dorsal view) indicating anterior bulges either side of median ridge
+E
+head (anterior view) indicating median ridge and genal tubercles below toruli
+F
+head (lateral view) indicating protruding genal tubercles
+G
+clypeus and proboscis
+H
+head and antennae (with detail inset) indicating median ridge on vertex and position of large rhinaria on segments 4–9, termination of two apical setae is indicated by open arrow heads
+I
+male (lateral view)
+J
+head and thorax (dorsal view)
+K
+thorax from dorsal view
+L
+thorax from anterior view indicating medial depression on mesoscutum
+M
+hind leg with detail of medial constriction of metafemur (inset)
+N
+metatibia apex indicating relatively slender lateral setae
+O
+metatarsi showing two metabasitarsus spines.
+
+
+
+Immature (5
+th
+instar). Body uniformly dark yellow-brown (Fig.
+8 G
+).
+
+
+
+Structure
+.
+
+Adult. Body relatively small,
+1.5–1.9 mm
+from anterior margin of vertex to tip of folded wings (males smaller than females) (Fig.
+8 A – D
+). Head (Figs
+8 A – D
+,
+9 D – F, H – J
+) in lateral view not deflexed downward and held in same plane as body, wider than thorax but narrower than antennal length, vertex width almost 3 × length, with prominent narrow median ridge and two bulges anteriorly either side of ridge, lateral ocelli raised on small tubercles above the plane of vertex, median epicranial suture reduced. Genae (Fig.
+9 E, F
+) small, weakly swollen, genal tubercles below toruli small and acute, prominent in lateral profile. Clypeus (Fig.
+9 G
+) subglobular, terminal proboscis segment short. Antenna (Fig.
+9 H
+) with ten segments, segment 3 longest with segments 4–8 of subequal length, widening slightly from base to apex, segment 9 slightly shorter and wider apically, while segment 10 very short, <1 / 2 the length of segments 3–8 and ~ 1 / 2 the length of segment 9; a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4–9, large, elliptical and fringed by cuticular spines; terminal setae unequal, with longer seta reaching
+0.1 mm
+, shorter seta between 1 / 2–2 / 3 length of longer and approx. as long as segments 9 and 10 combined.
+
+
+Thorax (Fig.
+9 I – K
+) moderately arched, mesoscutum with reduced microsculpture and pigmentation in medial depression. Mesotibia with subapical comb of ≤ 6 stout setae. Hind legs (Fig.
+9 M – O
+) with small, acute and slightly curved meracanthus; metafemur constricted medially, length subequal to metatibia; metatibia without genual spine basally, with an open crown of seven unsclerotised spurs apically and ≤ 12 stout lateral setae more slender than apical spurs; metabasitarsus subglobular, approx. as long as broad, slightly shorter than apical tarsus, with two sclerotised lateral spurs.
+
+
+Fore wing (Figs
+8 E, F
+,
+9 A, B
+) elongate, 2.6–2.8 × longer than wide, much wider in apical half, rounded at apex; cell m
+1
+narrower and more elongate than cell cu
+1
+, vein M approx. as long as vein Rs to the point it meets vein M
+1 + 2
+and only slightly arched; membrane with dispersed spinules distributed in all cells and with spinule-free bands along veins, radular spinules concentrated into small triangular fields in outer pigmented corners of apical cells cu
+1
+, m
+2
+, m
+1
+, and the adjacent corner of r
+2
+(Fig.
+9 C
+).
+
+
+Male terminalia (Fig.
+10 A – C
+) with subgenital plate subglobular, dorsal margin slightly sinuate and posteriorly bearing several long stout setae; proctiger relatively slender, cylindrical, in lateral profile straight except apex which is slightly bent posteriorly; parameres simple, shorter than proctiger, in lateral profile parallel sided and more or less straight, apex bluntly rounded and slightly bent posteriorly, inner surface with a weakly produced and marginally sclerotized tooth subapically; outer and inner surface covered with fine setae and a few slightly stouter setae subapically. Distal segment of aedeagus relatively short, apical portion ~ 1 / 3 as long as the distal segment length, somewhat elongate, broadly globular, unhooked but angled downward, apex rounded.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+Percy & Martoni
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+A
+male terminalia (lateral view)
+B
+male terminalia (posterior view) indicating a row of stout setae on dorsal margin
+C
+paramere outer surface (left) and inner surface (right), and aedeagus
+D
+female terminalia (lateral view) showing irregular profile of anal ring (inset)
+E
+ovipositor (lateral view) showing detail of shallow serrations on valvulae dorsalis
+F
+female proctiger (dorsal view) with detail of anal ring pores
+G
+female subgenital plate (ventral view) indicating truncate and slightly incised apex.
+
+
+
+Female terminalia (Fig.
+10 D – G
+) with proctiger much longer than subgenital plate, narrowing to bluntly acute apex covered in stout setae, anal ring narrowly oval with the outline in profile and dorsal view irregular, composed of a double row of intermittently irregular pores, anal ring length ~ 1 / 3 proctiger length; subgential plate ~ 2 / 3 proctiger length, narrowing to a truncate, weakly incised apex; ovipositor dorsal valvulae triangular, ventral valvulae finely serrate with a series of shallow teeth ventrally.
+
+
+Immature (5
+th
+instar): body ~ 1.75 × as long as wide, relatively large in size compared to the adult, shape narrowly oval, dorso-ventrally flattened, wing pads not protruding (Fig.
+8 G
+). Entire margin of head, wing pads and abdomen ringed with longitudinally ridged, truncate marginal setae with apices raggedly uneven (Fig.
+8 G
+). Antenna short, length ~ 0.32–0.45 × head width, with ~ 7 indistinct subdivisions (rhinaria not clearly visible). Fore wing pads lacking distinct humeral lobes, but with slight anterior bulges. Tarsal arolium shorter than claws, membranous, fan-shaped with unguitractor, claws well developed (Fig.
+8 H
+). Anus in ventral position (Fig.
+8 G
+), circumanal ring shallowly V-shaped, antero-posteriorly constricted and slightly sinuous, consisting of a single row of elongate pores (Fig.
+8 I
+).
+
+
+Measurements
+(in mm). Adults (
+5 ♂♂
+,
+5 ♀♀
+). Length of body (vertex to terminalia)
+♂
+1.01–1.17,
+♀
+1.22–1.35; length of body (vertex to apex of folded wings)
+♂
+1.55–1.80,
+♀
+1.78–1.93; width of head (HW)
+♂
+0.37–0.42,
+♀
+0.40–0.45; length of antenna (AL)
+♂
+0.40–0.44,
+♀
+0.47–0.51; longer antennal terminal seta length (T 1)
+♂
+0.06–0.09,
+♀
+0.07–0.10; shorter antennal terminal seta length (T 2)
+♂
+0.03–0.05,
+♀
+0.04–0.06; length of antennal segments 9 and 10 together (TS)
+♂
+0.05–0.06,
+♀
+0.06–0.07; length of fore wing (WL)
+♂
+1.27–1.40,
+♀
+1.40–1.57; width of fore wing (WW)
+♂
+0.45–0.52,
+♀
+0.51–0.58; length of line connecting base of vein C + Sc and apex of vein R
+1
+(CS)
+♂
+0.51–0.58,
+♀
+0.59–0.65; length of line connecting base of vein C + Sc and costal break (CB)
+♂
+0.46–0.52,
+♀
+0.51–0.59; length of line connecting the touching point of veins Rs and M
+1 + 2
+and apex of Rs (a)
+♂
+0.17–0.21,
+♀
+0.20–0.25; length of line connecting the touching point of veins Rs and M
+1 + 2
+and apex of M
+1 + 2
+(b)
+♂
+0.41–0.45,
+♀
+0.47–0.54; length of line connecting apices of veins Rs and M
+1 + 2
+(c)
+♂
+0.36–0.41,
+♀
+0.40–0.48; length of line connecting apices of veins Cu
+1 a
+and Cu
+1 b
+(d)
+♂
+0.34–0.38,
+♀
+0.38–0.44; length of line connecting base and apex of vein Cu
+1 b
+(e)
+♂
+0.12–0.14,
+♀
+0.13–0.16; metatibia length (TL)
+♂
+0.25–0.31,
+♀
+0.28–0.35; male proctiger length (MP)
+♂
+0.10; paramere length (PL)
+♂
+0.08–0.10; length of distal segment of aedeagus (DL)
+♂
+0.08–0.09; female proctiger length (FP)
+♀
+0.23–0.27; female subgenital plate length (SL)
+♀
+0.14–0.19. Ratios: AL: HW
+♂
+1.00–1.19,
+♀
+1.13–1.19; T 1: TS
+♂
+1.20–1.60,
+♀
+1.14–1.17; T 1: T
+2 ♂
+1.60–2.00,
+♀
+1.50–1.75; WL: HW
+♂
+3.28–3.43,
+♀
+3.49–3.58; WL: WW
+♂
+2.69–2.84,
+♀
+2.64–2.80; CB: CS
+♂
+0.86–0.91,
+♀
+0.86–0.91; a: b
+♂
+0.40–0.51,
+♀
+0.39–0.52; a: c
+♂
+0.45–0.58,
+♀
+0.44–0.63; d: e
+♂
+2.64–2.83,
+♀
+2.56–3.00; TL: HW
+♂
+0.68–0.74,
+♀
+0.70–0.78; MP: HW
+♂
+0.24–0.27; PL: HW
+♂
+0.19–0.24; DL: HW
+♂
+0.21–0.22; FP: HW
+♀
+0.57–0.63; SL: FP
+♀
+0.35–0.42.
+
+
+Immatures (5
+th
+instar,
+n
+= 4). Length of body 1.50–1.60; width of body 0.88–0.96; length of antennae 0.17–0.25; width of head 0.54–0.56.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+
+
+The name epithet uses the Norf’k (local resident language spoken on
+Norfolk Island
+) word “ aewagriin ” that refers to the host plant,
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+, known on
+Norfolk Island
+as the Evergreen. The name is treated as a Latinised noun, gender masculine, in genitive case. This name was chosen by receiving multiple nominations during the
+Norfolk Island
+Flora and Fauna Society meeting, held on
+Norfolk Island
+on the
+10 June 2023
+. Members of the society remarked on the importance of such a species that has managed to “ hairng orn ” (hold its place) on
+Norfolk Island
+.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+
+
+This species is the only
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+present on
+Norfolk Island
+, and has been recorded from locations throughout
+Norfolk Island
+National Park (Fig.
+15
+). The species has also been recorded within Selwyn Reserve, a
+Norfolk Island
+Regional Council reserve which adjoins the western border of the National Park (G. Maynard, pers. comm. 2024; Fig.
+15
+). The distribution of this species is limited by the distribution of the host plant, which although common within the National Park, is scarce across the rest of the island group. No specimens have been found on the few plants that have been located and inspected outside of the National Park and Selwyn Reserve and it is likely
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+is confined to the National Park and its immediate surrounds.
+
+
+
+
+
+Host plant on
+Norfolk Island
+.
+
+
+
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+Roem. & Schuit.
+
+(
+Gentianales
+,
+Apocynaceae
+).
+
+
+
+
+Conservation.
+
+
+This species is considered endemic to
+Norfolk Island
+, as is its host plant,
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+. The host is not currently regarded as threatened, however, it is almost entirely confined to
+Norfolk Island
+National Park, with only scattered specimens known from other areas of the island. Neither species is known from nearby Phillip Island. Despite searching,
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+is known only from the National Park and the adjoining Selwyn Reserve, meaning the
+EOO
+ranges from
+1.3–6.8 km
+2
+, based on either confirmed occurrence records, or the entire area of the National Park, Botanic Gardens, and Selwyn Reserve (Fig.
+15
+). The corresponding
+AOO
+calculated using a
+4 km
+2
+grid overlay, ranges from
+16–20 km
+2
+. The range reduction suffered by this species following European colonisation is likely to have ceased in 1984 following the establishment of the National Park. It is likely that
+
+A. gynopogon
+
+and
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+increased in range slightly following the cessation of grazing by cattle within the National Park. The species is not known to be undergoing a population or range decline, nor is it known to be facing any ongoing threats. However,
+Norfolk Island
+National Park and Selwyn Reserve have been identified as being highly vulnerable to wildfire under optimal fire conditions which could destroy a large proportion of the habitat for
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+, particularly given Norfolk Island’s ecosystems are not fire-adapted (
+
+Eco Logical
+Australia
+2021
+
+). Predicted drying of Norfolk Island’s climate (
+Petheram et al. 2020
+) exacerbates the risk of wildfire, and may also reduce the quality of the rainforest inhabited by this species and its host plant. Invasive
+Argentine
+ants (
+
+Linepithema humile
+
+) are established on the island and although they are subject to an extensive control and eradication effort (
+NIRC 2021
+) their spread into the National Park could impact
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+populations.
+
+
+We propose that
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+warrants a threat classification of Vulnerable under criterion D 2 (
+IUCN 2012
+). This species is known from only a single location but is not currently known or suspected to be undergoing continuing decline or extreme fluctuation in its range or population size. However, it has an
+EOO
+of
+16–20 km
+2
+and plausible future threats in the form of wildfire which could destroy much of its habitat, ongoing reduction of habitat quality due to predicted climate drying, and
+Argentine
+ant invasion. As such, this species could quickly be driven to Critically Endangered under Criteria B if these threats were to materialise (
+IUCN 2012
+). Consideration should be given to establishing populations of
+
+A. gynopogon
+
+and
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+in other areas of
+Norfolk Island
+, as well as on nearby Phillip Island, to increase the security of both species.
+
+
+
+
+DNA resources.
+
+
+GenBank
+COI
+:
+
+MG 988815
+
+,
+
+MG 988814
+
+, cytB:
+
+MG 989134
+
+,
+
+MG 989135
+
+. Also represented in the mitogenome analysis of
+Percy et al. (2018)
+as: DP 1. idba. 137, and the annotated mitochondrial genome is in GenBank:
+
+MG 989234
+
+(
+Percy et al. 2018
+; see also Fig.
+16
+). Additionally, a total of four
+COI
+sequences were generated for this study (
+OR 558312
+–
+OR 558315
+; Table
+1
+).
+
+
+
+
+Systematics.
+
+
+This species may be related to
+
+Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum
+(Crawford, 1912)
+
+which is native to
+China
+, southeast Asia, and
+Papua New Guinea
+(
+
+PNG
+
+) and induces closed galls on the leaves of
+
+Alstonia
+
+(
+Apocynaceae
+;
+Percy et al. 2016
+;
+Luo et al. 2018
+), the same plant family as
+
+Alyxia
+
+. Although
+Luo et al. (2018)
+noted that there are no morphological characters suggesting that all
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+species developing on
+Apocynaceae
+constitute a monophyletic group, the molecular data do support
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+from
+Norfolk Island
+and
+
+P. tuberculatum
+
+(
+COI
+GenBank sample
+
+MH 769661
+
+) as likely being in the same clade. Unfortunately, the backbone analysis currently involves inclusion of more short (and non-overlapping) sequences than there are taxa in the original mitogenome data, which makes a rigorous backbone analysis not possible at this time. Morphologically, there are some shared traits with two species described from
+Brazil
+,
+
+P. aspidospermi
+Malenovský et al., 2015
+
+and
+
+P. longicaudatum
+Malenovský et al., 2015
+
+, which produce closed leaf galls on
+
+Aspidosperma
+
+(
+Apocynaceae
+) (
+Malenovský et al. 2015
+); but overall, more systematic data on this group in the Austro-Pacific region are needed for conclusions to be made.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+
+
+This species is the first described
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+species known to be associated with
+
+Alyxia
+
+(
+Apocynaceae
+). The related
+
+Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum
+
+is considered a serious pest of plantations of
+
+Alstonia scholaris
+
+(
+Apocynaceae
+) in the
+Philippines
+(
+Braza and Calilung 1981
+). The host plant of
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+,
+
+Alyxia gynopogon
+
+, is a
+Norfolk Island
+endemic, evergreen understory shrub, which is relatively common within the National Park. The galling of leaves by
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+, inducing the characteristic open pit galls on the leaves (Fig.
+7 A – C
+), does not appear to be overly detrimental to the host.
+Hollis (2004)
+and
+Malenovský (2008)
+reported the presence of an unnamed species of
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+on Lord Howe Island, where there are three species of
+
+Alyxia
+
+: the endemic
+
+A. lindii
+
+and
+
+A. squamulosa
+
+, and the native
+
+A. ruscifolia
+
+. A number of
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+
+species associated with
+
+Alyxia
+
+, not yet formally described, have been reported from Western Australia (iNaturalist observation
+138485676
+), Queensland (
+Malenovský 2008
+, iNaturalist observation
+154392985
+) and South Australia (G. S. Taylor, pers. comm. 2023). Informal descriptions of two of these species were included in the PhD thesis of
+Malenovský (2008)
+. These two species are close to
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+
+and all three species belong to the same “ narrow-winged ” clade identified by
+Malenovský (2008)
+, which also includes a
+
+Pseudophacopteron
+sp.
+
+from
+Papua New Guinea
+, another species from both
+Papua New Guinea
+and Sulawesi, and a third species from
+Costa Rica
+(
+Malenovský 2008
+).
+Malenovský (2008)
+also noted that the two species from Queensland and Lord Howe Island can be separated from the remaining taxa in the “ narrow-winged ” clade by the presence of a distinct median ridge and anterior bulges or tubercles on the vertex, and these characteristics are shared with
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+(Fig.
+9 D, E, H
+).
+
+Pseudophacopteron aewagriini
+
+can be differentiated from the undescribed taxa occurring in Queensland and Lord Howe Island in the relative length of the paired apical antennal setae, with the two undescribed species showing these setae to be of similar or slightly unequal length, while in
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+the shorter seta is between 1 / 2–2 / 3 length of the longest seta (Fig.
+9 H
+). The fore wing of
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+is distinct in appearing intermediate between the two undescribed species. The overall fore wing structure and shape of
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+is more similar to the Queensland species but is less narrow as in the Lord Howe Island species. The basal fore wing markings are more similar to that of the Lord Howe Island taxon, without a distinct unpigmented area alongside vein M + Cu, but more similar to the Queensland taxon in the marginal fore wing markings which have larger unpigmented spots in cells cu
+1
+, m
+1
+and m
+2
+. The extent of marginal pigmentation in cell r
+2
+is reduced in
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+compared to either of the undescribed Australian species. Additionally,
+
+P. aewagriini
+
+shares the seven unsclerotised apical spurs on the metatibia with the Lord Howe Island taxon, versus
+11 in
+the Queensland taxon.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file