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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZBK="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. &amp; Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="EED103990C39C972501395E6335AE4E8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma catalina Hamilton, Hendrixson &amp; Bond, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="A0661186-E6EE-47D6-8C99-8496ECE41DDE" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1668162572149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>560</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>340</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-560-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884975" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A0661186-E6EE-47D6-8C99-8496ECE41DDE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EED103990C39C972501395E6335AE4E8" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A0661186-E6EE-47D6-8C99-8496ECE41DDE" authority="Hamilton, Hendrixson &amp; Bond" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina Hamilton, Hendrixson &amp; Bond</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="51" pageNumber="52">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="types">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<pageBreakToken pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">Types</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Male holotype (APH_1440) from Coronado National Forest, along Bug Spring Trail, Pima Co., Arizona, 32.34544 -110.71602 4, elev. 5255ft., 17.xii.2011, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson and Thomas Martin; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype female (APH_1602) from Coronado National Forest, along Bug Spring Trail, Pima Co., Arizona, 32.34544 -110.71602 4, elev. 5255ft., 9.xi.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype male (APH_1439) from Coronado National Forest, along Bug Spring Trail, Pima Co., Arizona, 32.34544 -110.71602 4, elev. 5255ft., 17.xii.2011, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson and Thomas Martin; deposited in AMNH.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from type locality, the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, Arizona, where this new species appears to be endemic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 25) is a member of the
<taxonomicName genus="Marxi" lsidName="Marxi" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" rank="genus">Marxi</taxonomicName>
species group and can be distinguished by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA identifies
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
as a phylogenetically distinct monophyletic lineage (Figs 7-8), supported as a sister lineage to
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (a species endemic to the Chiricahua Mountains). The significant measurement that distinguishes male
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species is F1. Male
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by possessing a larger F1/A3 (≥2.25; 2.25-2.49) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(≤1.86; 1.55-1.86),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (≤2.14; 2.02-2.14),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (≤1.98; 1.79-1.98),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (≤2.23; 1.86-2.23),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (1.96
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
(≤2.17; 1.71-2.17). Significant measurements that distinguish female
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are Cl and M3. Female
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by possessing a larger M3/A4 (≥1.07; 1.07-1.10) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(0.80
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
(≤1.07; 0.96-1.07),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
(≤0.92;
<pageBreakToken pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">0.86</pageBreakToken>
-0.92), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
(0.92
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)), but smaller than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
(≥1.11; 1.11-1.23); and by possessing a smaller Cl/F4 (≤1.18; 1.17-1.18) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(1.21
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
(≥1.20; 1.20-1.27),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
(≥1.22; 1.22-1.34), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
(≥1.23; 1.23-1.37).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 25.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
sp. n. specimens, live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_1602; Male (R) - APH_1438.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description of male holotype">
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description of male holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
(APH_1440; Fig. 26). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing trail, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Generally black or faded black. Cephalothorax: Carapace 12.39 mm long, 11.33 mm wide; densely clothed with black/faded black pubescence, appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and procurved; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER procurved, PER recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus straight; LBl 1.18, LBw 1.56; sternum hirsute, clothed with short black/brown, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black/brown pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
<bibRefCitation pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
); ventral setae same as dorsal. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed with short, similar length black/brown
<pageBreakToken pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="start">setae</pageBreakToken>
, and longer setae dorsally. Metatarsus I very slightly curved. F1 14.64; F1w 2.83; P1 5.31; T1 12.78; M1 8.91; A1 5.95; F3 10.40; F3w 2.88; P3 3.89; T3 8.63; M3 9.18; A3 5.89; F4 12.90; F4w 2.78; P4 4.54; T4 10.96; M4 12.34; A4 7.11; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 53.0%; leg IV (SC4) = 30.6%. Five ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; eleven ventral spinose setae, one prolateral and one retrolateral spinose seta on metatarsus IV; one large megaspine is present on the retrolateral tibia at the apex of the mating clasper - this can be seen when viewing the prolateral face of the mating clasper; the prolateral branch of the tibial apophyses possesses a very large megaspine that projects anteriorly. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and tapered/thin tapered setae. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta at the apical, prolateral femur and two spinose setae on the prolateral tibia; PTl 8.058, PTw 2.911. When extended, embolus tapers with a gentle curve to the retrolateral side near apex; embolus slender, no keels.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Figure 26.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
male holotype, APH_1440 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 4mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4.5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Variation (4).Cl 9.57-12.39 (10.595
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.62), Cw 8.88-11.33 (9.708
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.55), LBl 0.967-1.237 (1.114
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.06), LBw 1.102-1.56 (1.354
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.11), F1 11.28-14.64 (12.765
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7), F1w 2.18-2.83 (2.467
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.14), P1 3.73-5.31 (4.483
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.32), T1 9.89-12.78 (11.132
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.61), M1 6.42-8.91 (7.446
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.54), A1 5.0-5.95 (5.392
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2), L1 length 36.32-47.59 (41.217
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.34), F3 7.97-10.4 (9.098
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.5), F3w 2.1-2.88 (2.465
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.16), P3 3.04-4.084 (3.551
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.26), T3 5.74-8.63 (7.039
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.6), M3 6.72-9.18 (7.882
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.51), A3 4.82-5.89 (5.37
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.23), L3 length 28.29-37.99 (32.94
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.02), F4 9.75-12.9 (11.077
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.66), F4w 2.05-2.78 (2.357
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.15), P4 3.26-4.54 (3.902
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.26), T4 7.82-10.96 (9.444
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.64), M4 9.26-12.34 (10.762
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.63), A4 5.41-7.11 (6.095
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.4), L4 length 35.5-47.85 (41.279
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.53), PTl 6.587-8.058 (7.173
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.32), PTw 2.328-2.911 (2.572
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.12), SC3 ratio 0.481-0.53 (0.514
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01), SC4 ratio 0.228-0.359 (0.286
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.03), Coxa I setae = tapered/thin tapered, F3 condition = normal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description of female paratype">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Description of female paratype</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
(APH_1602; Figs 27-28). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Black/faded black and brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 14.79 mm long, 13.74 mm wide; Hirsute, densely clothed with black/faded black, pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely covered in longer setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region gently rises from thoracic furrow, arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER very slightly procurved, PER straight; robust chelicerae, clypeus extends forward on a slight curve; LBl 1.81, LBw 1.97; sternum hirsute, clothed with shorter black/faded black setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black setae with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
); ventral setae same as dorsal. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, tapering and slightly curving medially to
<pageBreakToken pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">wards</pageBreakToken>
capitate bulbs, with wide bases that appear fused. Legs: Very hirsute, particularly ventrally; densely clothed in short and medium black pubescence, with longer setae colored similarly as the long abdominal setae; F1 11.87; F1w 3.84; P1 5.36; T1 9.77; M1 6.92; A1 6.04; F3 9.74; F3w 3.32; P3 4.52; T3 7.26; M3 7.29; A3 6.07; F4 12.52; F4w 3.41; P4 4.92; T4 10.00; M4 10.98; A4 6.64. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 68.6%; leg IV (SC4) = 46.5%. Six ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; nine ventral spinose setae and one prolateral spinose seta on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and tapered setae. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; two prolateral spinose setae and one ventral spinose seta on the tibia.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Figure 27.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
female paratype, APH_1602 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Figure 28.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
sp. n. cleared spermathecae. A APH_1602 B AUMS_2615.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Variation (2).Cl 14.79-16.39 (15.59
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.8), Cw 13.74-15.06 (14.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.66), LBl 1.81-2.03 (1.92
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.11), LBw 1.97-2.67 (2.32
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.35), F1 11.87-13.85 (12.86
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.99), F1w 3.84-4.24 (4.04
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2), P1 5.36-5.58 (5.47
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.11), T1 9.77-11.33 (10.55
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.78), M1 6.92-7.57 (7.245
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.33), A1 6.04-6.05 (6.045
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0), L1 length 39.96-44.38 (42.17
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.21), F3 9.74-11.31 (10.525
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.79), F3w 3.32-3.78 (3.55
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.23), P3 4.52-5.33 (4.925
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.41), T3 7.26-8.35 (7.805
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.55), M3 7.29-8.42 (7.855
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.57), A3 6.07-6.77 (6.42
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.35), L3 length 34.88-40.18 (37.53
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.65), F4 12.52-13.95 (13.235
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.72), F4w 3.41-3.86 (3.635
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.23), P4 4.92-5.54 (5.23
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.31), T4 10.0-11.17 (10.585
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.59), M4 10.98-11.74 (11.36
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.38), A4 6.64-7.84 (7.24
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.6), L4 length 45.06-50.24 (47.65
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.59), SC3 ratio 0.629-0.686 (0.657
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.03), SC4 ratio 0.37-0.465 (0.418
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.05), Coxa I setae = medium tapered. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figure 28.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">United States: Arizona: Pima: Coronado National Forest, along Bug Spring Trail, 32.34544 -110.71602 4, 5255ft., [APH_0454, 28/12/2008, 1♂, Paul E. Marek, Charity Hall, AUMNH]; [APH_1438, 11/12/2011, 1♂, Jillian Cowles, Bill Savary, AUMNH]; [APH_1439-1440, 17/12/2011, 2♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH &amp; AMNH]; [APH_1602, 9/11/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH];.5 miles W of Catalina Hwy, 2 miles N of Molino Basin, Santa Catalina Mtns, 32.336526 -110.718179 4, 4886ft., [AUMS_2615, 15/9/1974, 1♀, W. Icenogle, AUMNH].</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="distribution and natural history">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<pageBreakToken pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
and natural history.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
is known from only six individuals collected within a few kilometers of each other but this species appears to be a sky island endemic found in the Santa Catalina Mountains in Pima County, Arizona at elevations above 1480 meters in oak-grassland communities (Figs 1, 29); it is possible that this species is also found in bordering sections of the Rincon Mountains but the range has not been thoroughly sampled for tarantulas.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
can be found inhabiting the Madrean Archipelago Level III Ecoregion; the upper elevational limit for
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
remains unknown but the species can likely be found in adjacent oak and pine-oak woodlands at higher elevations similar to its close relatives
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
. This species has not been observed in syntopy with other
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
spp. but can probably be found alongside
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
in oak-grassland communities along the lower elevations of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Only a single burrow (of an adult female, APH_1602, Fig. 25) of this species has been observed, located a few meters from a hiking trail surrounded by grasses and large rocks. The structure of the burrow was fairly typical for a North American theraphosid (i.e., circular and covered by a thin veil of silk) and did not appear too deep or well drained; the specimen was easily flooded from its burrow with less than a liter of water. Each adult male of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
examined in this study was found during daylight hours in December, suggesting that the breeding period for this species is restricted to late autumn and early winter; one of these males was found wandering along a snow bank on a sunny afternoon (APH_0454, P. Marek 2008, pers. comm.). An unconfirmed adult male (no voucher specimen available, identification tentatively assigned based on a photograph and locality data) was found above 1760 meters in an oak woodland community during early February (P. MacDuff 2015, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Figure 29.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
It is difficult to fully assess the distribution and abundance (and therefore the conservation status) of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
due to a lack of specimens and thorough sampling; however, as previously mentioned, the species appears to be narrowly endemic to the Santa Catalina Mountains, which may put the species at some risk. This mountain range is entirely contained within the Coronado National Forest (Santa Catalina Ranger District) which is afforded some degree of protection; however, increased urbanization of the Tucson Metropolitan Area (one of the most rapidly growing areas in the United States), increased recreation in the mountains, and climate change have impacted these habitats (
<bibRefCitation author="Brusca, RC" pageId="259" pageNumber="260" url="http://www.skyislandaction.org/SIAC-Library/" year="2008">Coronado Planning Partnership 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Brusca, RC" pageId="259" pageNumber="260" url="10.1002/ece3.720" year="2013">Brusca et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Moore et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrixson, BE" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1111/icad.12089" year="2015">Hendrixson et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) and pose additional threats to
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
As noted in
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrixson, BE" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1111/icad.12089" year="2015">Hendrixson et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very similar to other Madrean sky island endemics in the
<taxonomicName genus="Marxi" lsidName="Marxi" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="genus">Marxi</taxonomicName>
species group, although generally larger than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
and possess a more hirsute appearance than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
. Other important ratios that distinguish males:
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
possess a larger T1/M3 (≥1.39; 1.39-1.47) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
(≤1.34; 1.16-1.34) and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
(1.16
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)); by possessing a smaller Cl/T1 (≤0.97; 0.90-0.97) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(≥1.00; 1.00-1.17),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
(≥1.06; 1.06-1.12),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
(≥1.01; 1.01-1.22), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
(≥0.99; 0.99-1.34). Other important ratios that distinguish females:
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
possess a smaller A3/M4 (≤0.58; 0.55-0.58) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(0.71
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1
<pageBreakToken pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="start">specimen</pageBreakToken>
)),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
(≥0.60; 0.60-0.69), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
(0.67
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)); by possessing a smaller Cl/M3 (≤2.03; 1.94-2.03) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(2.36
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
(≥2.06; 2.06-2.31), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
(2.10
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)); by possessing a smaller Cl/Cw (≤1.09; 1.07-1.09) than
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
(1.02
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
(only 1 specimen)),
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
(≥1.11; 1.11-1.17), and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
(≥1.11; 1.11-1.21). For both males and females, certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no other are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of PCA morphospace, males of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
, and all miniature species along PC1~2, but do not separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
. Females of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
and all miniature species along PC1~2, but do not separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
males separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), but do not separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
females separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
but do not separate from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥96% of the variation in all analyses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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[[ Genus
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<paragraph id="F423D69D98DAB55280506ED0A88BEBDE" pageNumber="34">Phylogenetic analysis</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D68E11B8A93EC59F738633B03D0F7BAF" pageNumber="34">
Most of the 58 morphological and behavioral characters used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among species of
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and closely related genera are congruent among themselves. Consequently, this analysis produced a single highly corroborated cladogram (tree length = 76, CI = 0.88, RI = 0.91) (Fig. 1). Synapomorphies for
<taxonomicName id="7D46F204F80EC7922C4E5DD34B5FAD99" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:861CC503-1469-43AA-AB09-4203A97B151C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Campellolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira &amp; Sierra de Soriano 1974:14" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Campellolebias</taxonomicName>
and included subclades are listed in diagnoses below, following character and character state numbers (between parentheses), as listed in Appendix 2.
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<paragraph id="F639A4FFC33588C558EFC2C7B303F71D" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 1. Most parsimonious phylogeny among 6 species of the Rivulidae (L = 76, CI = 0.88, RI = 0.91). Numbers left of branches are bootstrap values.</paragraph>
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subsp.
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Thomas 1904
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<emphasis id="19D1E4694B3637609BE597FD71E9C2ED" italics="true" pageNumber="331">cephalotes</emphasis>
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species group.
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<mods:namePart id="10DF25D806FE321F397ED0E44CD4F610">Hirzel, Rosmarie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5B05E53733AD6737FF8AE67ED812B0C7">1972</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="7105ACACD2449D16CE9B35863022741C">Birkhaeuser Verlag</mods:publisher>
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Haller
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<paragraph id="D3771CBA40B34B11E6AF7A7C93AA2802" pageId="null" pageNumber="277">Klettengras</paragraph>
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1
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, niederliegend; Stengel an der Spitze bogig aufsteigend, an den Knoten Wurzeln treibend.
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kurz; oberste Blattscheide direkt unter dem
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, den Stengel locker
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(aufgeblasen), mit kleiner Spreite.
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eine
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, zylindrische Rispe
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(
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).
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1
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, zu 2-5, fast sitzend, an einem sehr kurzen Rispenast;
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<normalizedToken id="561EABC13CD98A552333E1812F24A077" originalValue="verkümmert" pageId="null" pageNumber="277">verkuemmert</normalizedToken>
. Zur Fruchtzeit fallen die
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als Ganzes ab.
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2;
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untere
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weniger als 1 mm lang,
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, durchsichtig; obere
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2-4,5 mm lang, hart, mit wulstigen Nerven, auf diesen mit 0,5-1 mm langen, starren, hakig gebogenen Borsten besetzt.
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Deckspelze und Vorspelze fast so lang wie die obere
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,
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, spitz, ohne besondere Merkmale. Alle Spelzen ohne Grannen.
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<paragraph id="6B73C2D9C4431A2988E50514BF27BF92" pageId="null" pageNumber="277">
Die Gattung
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etwa 7 Arten, die in den subtropischen und tropischen Gebieten beider
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verbreitet sind.
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58
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[
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<paragraph pageNumber="737">B. testa laevi, labro postice muricato, labioque interiore bidentato.</paragraph>
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<emphasis italics="true">Rumph. mus. t.</emphasis>
29.
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O. Asiatico.
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* d * Callosa:
<emphasis italics="true">columellae labio dilatato incrassato.</emphasis>
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