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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b857f7-25c1-4b21-9d39-4510ab675fca" ID-PMC="PMC7655787" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-983-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" ID-PubMed="33244289" ID-ZooBank="7DED4CE2934C4539945F758930C927F9" ModsDocID="1313-2970-983-1" checkinTime="1604475085656" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. &amp; Cognato, Anthony I." docDate="2020" docId="EE5035DEF76B175555E5090B7EF0AA01" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 983: 1-442" docOrigin="ZooKeys 983" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" docTitle="Anisandrus eggersi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" masterDocTitle="A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169715782" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-3736</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">camptocerus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>161 / 2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>983</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754661" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE5035DEF76B175555E5090B7EF0AA01" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE5035DEF76B175555E5090B7EF0AA01" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="(Beeson, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Beeson" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anisandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anisandrus eggersi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eggersi">Anisandrus eggersi (Beeson, 1930)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Anisandrus dispar, 3.1 - 3.5 mm (A, B, I), A. eggersi, 3.1 - 3.2 mm (C, D, J), A. feronia holotype, 2.9 mm (E, F, K), and A. geminatus, 2.9 - 3.2 mm (G, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470820" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 20C, D, J</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Beeson" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus eggersi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eggersi">Xyleborus eggersi</taxonomicName>
Beeson, 1930: 215.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyclorhipidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclorhipidion eggersi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eggersi">Cyclorhipidion eggersi</taxonomicName>
(Beeson):
<bibRefCitation author="Maiti, PK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B253" refString="Maiti, PK, Saha, N, 2004. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part-1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" title="Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part- 1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini." year="2004">Maiti and Saha 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 105.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Beeson" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anisandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anisandrus eggersi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eggersi">Anisandrus eggersi</taxonomicName>
(Beeson):
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00386.x" author="Hulcr, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="568 - 584" refId="B208" refString="Hulcr, J, Dole, SA, Beaver, RA, Cognato, AI, 2007. Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Systematic Entomology 32: 568 - 584, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00386.x" title="Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00386.x" volume="32" year="2007">Hulcr et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 578.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
(FRI, 1; NMNH, 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="new records">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">New records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Bhutan: km 87 von Phuntsholing, 22.v.1972, Nat.-Hist. Museum Basel - Bhutan Expedition (NHMB, 1) [Misdetermined by K. E. Schedl as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus fabricii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabricii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus fabricii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Schedl]. Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, 5.viii.[20]02, R.A. Beaver, K. Koivisto (RABC, 1); as previous except: 13.xi.[20]11, W. Sittichaya (RABC, 2). Loei, Phu Hin Rongkla N. Park, Huai Man Daeng Naoi @ trail,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="16.95">16°57'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="101.05">101°03'E</geoCoordinate>
, 17.iii-10.iv.2003, G.W. Courtney, ex malaise trap (MSUC, 2). Vietnam: Cao Bang,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="36.804" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.6134">22°36.804'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="51.982" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="105.86636">105°51.982'E</geoCoordinate>
, 1831 m, 17.iv.2014, Cognato, Smith, Pham, 0.3-3.0 cm twigs/branches (MSUC, 10). Lao Cai, Hoang Lien N.P., 22.35, 103.77, 1500-2000 m, 20.v.2019, VN185, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex branch; 1-2 cm (MSUC, 1); as previous except: 20.v.2019, VN194, ex dead sapling; 1 cm at base (MSUC, 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
3.1-3.2 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.21-2.29
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally; two or three small tubercles present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivital face strongly shagreened; and declivital interstriae clearly punctate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith &amp; Beaver &amp; Cognato" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anisandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anisandrus feronia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feronia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anisandrus feronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. improbus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="improbus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. improbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mussooriensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mussooriensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. mussooriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bhutan*, India (West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand*, Vietnam*.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Polyphagous, recorded from five genera in five different families (
<taxonomicName family="Euphorbiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Lauraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Rosaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Staphyleaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Staphyleaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Symplocaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Symplocaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Maiti, PK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B253" refString="Maiti, PK, Saha, N, 2004. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part-1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" title="Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part- 1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini." year="2004">Maiti and Saha 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Maiti, PK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B253" refString="Maiti, PK, Saha, N, 2004. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part-1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" title="Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosia-beetles) (Vol. 1). Part- 1. Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini." year="2004">Maiti and Saha (2004)</bibRefCitation>
suggest that it is a high-altitude species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="28453C27B2CFAEF68F601BE9522D9BD5" ID-CLB-Dataset="26444" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.29312" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c18ce306-32af-4cca-bedb-d1b7f98ff73d" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1937-2426-2-37" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1937-2426-2-37" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Orthoptera Research 28 (2)" ModsDocTitle="A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa" checkinTime="1560942905395" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Popov †, George B., Fishpool, Lincoln D. C. &amp; Rowell, C. Hugh F." docDate="2019" docId="EE504C5EE19647AA4CE8B53CDA17E1CF" docLanguage="en" docName="JourOrthoptRes 28(1): 37-105" docOrigin="Journal of Orthoptera Research 28 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.29312" docTitle="Parodontomelus brachypterus Karny 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="6E655A50997EF15AFFAEFFA0FFB76255" masterDocTitle="A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1691866993770" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F246A0AFB681DCCAC618190BE5FE58B7">A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="EE504C5EE19647AA4CE8B53CDA17E1CF" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158302191" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE504C5EE19647AA4CE8B53CDA17E1CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE504C5EE19647AA4CE8B53CDA17E1CF" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="942D570A3B721B6C183B2D47509212D6" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="14FBB36634376F26723CDBE9155027B8" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="1DA236FE026E9654430F966ADDF131F7" ID-CoL="4DQZL" authority="Karny, 1915" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Parodontomelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parodontomelus brachypterus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachypterus">Parodontomelus brachypterus (Karny, 1915)</taxonomicName>
Fig. 60
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="075FB2ED8072A6D9D366934BADCDE2F5" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3478B7FDBBB751B5362D20FC435B1E30" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="8BCC09E56411523ED6DED9B2A2ED7BD6" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Acteana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acteana brachyptera" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachyptera">Acteana brachyptera</taxonomicName>
Karny, 1915: 132, by subsequent designation, Ramme, 1929: 262, 275.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8B80DF96250BBD80D4E9C96B04459EC7" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AB28828E83A9FD4026599A565EB8591D" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E44758BA8A242A6F495E0187C275EAF8" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">-Holotype female: TANZANIA: nr. Dar es Salaam (NHMV).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BE19FE9C355D7CC6B3BA5B7AC22A727B" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="183E3BB2BEEBB16E26C3DCF8891A0119" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2EE444E969F25E6702BAF1CA7FBE54E3" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">-As in key above. Differs from the other members of genus in its combination of uniformly brown tegmina and robust hind femora and, in male, by hind femur length/depth ratio of 4.3. General coloration in dull shades of brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3883C4CB6EC932E6522AE39C95B8A935" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2A277E57627A49AABA6A3E102E1A63EB" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F5D9F91B711F23DBE24A50BEAFEA3F8" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">-Known only from the type locality, but probably occurs in other local forest relicts in the coastal area.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.12124" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85e41c76-28ec-4f0d-86cc-6a6ffd5f3784" ID-PMC="PMC5539362" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-662-101" ID-PubMed="28769612" ID-ZBK="0250ADB4740A4DB283FA92E3BA0363D2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-662-101" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 662" ModsDocTitle="The ground beetle genus Bembidion Latreille in Baltic amber: Review of preserved specimens and first 3D reconstruction of endophallic structures using X-ray microscopy (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini)" checkinTime="1490252562655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, Joachim &amp; Michalik, Peter" docDate="2017" docId="EE50980CEEC849CA597155CA1DAF485D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 662: 101-126" docOrigin="ZooKeys 662" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.12124" docTitle="Bembidion christelae Ortuno &amp; Arillo" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="4035B67CBA16C000FFD2B459FFD5FF83" masterDocTitle="The ground beetle genus Bembidion Latreille in Baltic amber: Review of preserved specimens and first 3 D reconstruction of endophallic structures using X-ray microscopy (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini)" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1668164303151" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The ground beetle genus Bembidion Latreille in Baltic amber: Review of preserved specimens and first 3 D reconstruction of endophallic structures using X-ray microscopy (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Joachim</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName authority="Ortuno &amp; Arillo" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion christelae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="christelae">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="103" start="start">Bembidion</pageBreakToken>
christelae
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
&amp; Arillo
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion (Archaeophilochthus) christelae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="christelae" subGenus="Archaeophilochthus">Bembidion (Archaeophilochthus) christelae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
&amp; Arillo, 2010: 190.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Remarks on taxonomic position.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
A monotypic subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tachyina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachyina (Archaeophilochthus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Archaeophilochthus">Archaeophilochthus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
&amp; Arillo, 2010 was established for the fossil
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
. In the subgeneric diagnosis, the authors mentioned the following six features to be important for assigning the taxon: (i) elytral discal setae each are inserted in the third interval separated from the third stria; (ii) the groove of the rounded humeral margin ends &quot;close to the 4th or 5th striae&quot; (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
and Arillo, 2010: 191, subgeneric diagnosis) and &quot;at the base of 6th interstriae&quot; (p. 190, species diagnosis), respectively; (iii) humeral setae of the elytral umbilicate series grouped and +/- equidistant; (iv) pronotal basolateral fovea poorly delimited; (v) pronotal laterobasal angles with carina well developed; vi) pronotal laterobasal angles formed oblique.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
Because the first five of these features are similarly developed in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthus</taxonomicName>
Stephens, 1828,
<bibRefCitation author="Ortuno, VM" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (Nouvelle serie)" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="189 - 192" title="Fossil carabids from Baltic amber - II - A new subgenus of Bembidion Latreille 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697656" volume="46" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
and Arillo (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
assume a close relationship of the fossil with this
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bembidion</taxonomicName>
subgenus. Character state (vi) was considered plesiomorphic by the authors, and because the apomorphic state 'pedunculated pronotal basal
<normalizedToken originalValue="margin’">margin'</normalizedToken>
is developed in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthus</taxonomicName>
the authors proposed a separate subgenus for the
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
Two extant
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bembidion</taxonomicName>
subgenera have been identified to be closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution," pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="533 - 576" title="Phylogeny of Bembidion and related ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidiina)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.015" volume="63" year="2012">Maddison 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and which should be therefore considered when discussing the probable relationships of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lindrochthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lindrochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lindrochthus</taxonomicName>
Maddison, 2012, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
Netolitzky, 1943. The former is monotypic and only includes
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. wickhami" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wickhami">B. wickhami</taxonomicName>
Hayward, 1897, a species endemic to north-western North America.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Lindrochthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lindrochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lindrochthus</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthus</taxonomicName>
&quot;by the less abruptly sinuate hind margin of the prothorax, and the reduced number of elytral striae&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution," pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="533 - 576" title="Phylogeny of Bembidion and related ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidiina)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.015" volume="63" year="2012">Maddison 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 570). The pronotal margin is, however, more markedly sinuate in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. wickhami" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wickhami">B. wickhami</taxonomicName>
than in the fossil
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
, and the latter possesses eight completely developed elytral striae (
<bibRefCitation author="Ortuno, VM" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (Nouvelle serie)" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="189 - 192" title="Fossil carabids from Baltic amber - II - A new subgenus of Bembidion Latreille 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697656" volume="46" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
and Arillo 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), which represents the plesiomorphic state.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
Netolitzky, 1943 (type species:
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. exquisitum" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="exquisitum">B. exquisitum</taxonomicName>
Andrewes, 1923 from the Central Himalaya) is a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bembidion</taxonomicName>
subgenus containing little more than ten species distributed in East and Southeast Asia (
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenz, W" journalOrPublisher="Published by the author, Tutzing" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" title="Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the world. Second edition." year="2005">Lorenz 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Toledano, L" journalOrPublisher="Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona (II serie), Sezione Scienze della vita" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="95 - 100" title="Checklist of the Bembidiina of China (ColeopteraCarabidae)." volume="18" year="2008">Toledano 2008</bibRefCitation>
, database of J.S.) and is considered to be the sister group of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthus</taxonomicName>
based on molecular data (
<bibRefCitation author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution," pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="533 - 576" title="Phylogeny of Bembidion and related ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidiina)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.015" volume="63" year="2012">Maddison 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
possess a moderately sinuate pronotal basal margin as developed in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
. Most noteworthy,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
shows all diagnostic features of the exoskeleton compared to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
. It is thus very likely that the fossil taxon
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Archaeophilochthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeophilochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Archaeophilochthus</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
. This assumption is further supported biogeographically as the flora and fauna of the Baltic amber forests is very similar to the modern biota of Indo-Malaya where
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
is distributed nowadays (
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfe, JA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="264 - 279" title="Some aspects of the plant geography of the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395198" volume="62" year="1975">Wolfe 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa," pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 581" title="On the Eocene age of Limodromus Motschulsky, 1850, with description of L. hoffeinsorum sp. n. from Baltic Amber (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Platynini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3974.4.8" volume="3974" year="2015">Schmidt 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Here, extant species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
inhabit cloud forests and
<normalizedToken originalValue="forest’s">forest's</normalizedToken>
edges and the adults can be found on the ground as well as on the mossy branches of shrubs and trees, even though these species lack the common features present among most of the arboreal ground beetles.
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="104" start="start">Therefore</pageBreakToken>
and in contrast to the suggestion of
<bibRefCitation author="Ortuno, VM" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (Nouvelle serie)" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="189 - 192" title="Fossil carabids from Baltic amber - II - A new subgenus of Bembidion Latreille 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697656" volume="46" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ortuño">Ortuno</normalizedToken>
and Arillo (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. christelae" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" rank="species" species="christelae">B. christelae</taxonomicName>
maybe had a semi-arboreal life style very similar to extant
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
species. On the other hand,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
is not defined by clear synapomorphies. Thus, a careful revision and character analysis of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
is needed before a well-funded taxonomic conclusions regarding the synonymization of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Archaeophilochthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeophilochthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Archaeophilochthus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philochthemphanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philochthemphanes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philochthemphanes</taxonomicName>
can be drawn.
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<subSubSection id="7BD21265ADB5F935DA20C3F620AD410C" pageNumber="930" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="18C4978443F197893919FA6AA36F514B" pageNumber="930">
<taxonomicName id="F9B103346C716460E84A3C708252B458" ID-CoL="DBH" authority="Major 1897" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nesomyidae Major 1897</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F209F904987319A8CECCAD39786D91A6" pageNumber="930" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F43B91B6E1BB7CF906A3C11746EE5B44" pageNumber="930">
<treatmentCitation id="FA759680D6665E5F24ACF931BEC390C8" author="Major" authority="Major 1897" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" journal="Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond." kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="718" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" title="Nesomyidae" volume="1897" year="1897">
<taxonomicName id="BBEF513961604449F4A7F798DCA94B78" ID-CoL="DBH" authority="Major 1897" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Nesomyidae
<bibRefCitation id="B2B9FBDD58F913C111E28B761BCDC71F" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222613" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1897. On the Malagasy rodent genus Brachyuromys; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the Muridae (Hesperomyinae, Microtinae, Murinae, and &quot; Spalacidae &quot;) with each other and with the Malagasy Nesomyinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 695 - 720." year="1897">Major 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="13A5DA82B4D73CB98A92B9B747443BC6" author="Major" journal="Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond." pageNumber="930" pagination="718" title="Nesomyidae" volume="1897" year="1897">Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897: 718</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7B80DF9FA3DE27C0E2B4C77EE9F9B3F1" pageNumber="930" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="97F1C0870170C483B5EAB02FDCB091E5" pageNumber="930">
<emphasis id="CA6EDA398BE95F44381D823E2FBF3973" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="930">Genera:</emphasis>
21 genera with 61 species in 6 subfamilies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85B43406CEC757CA9849CDE93383080A" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="0C592AD8793797D0839EFBCFAB563A04" authority="Roberts 1951" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cricetomyinae">
Cricetomyinae
<bibRefCitation id="514730E6A175F9415DAF1490C8CFDECD" author="Roberts, A." refId="ref306581" refString="Roberts, A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa. Trustees of &quot; The mammals of South Africa &quot; book fund, Johannesburg, 700 pp." year="1951">Roberts 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="374476E407085AEA4B0C08B7A060D7EF" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="F814A0B6040C5FD84D79089A8F4136DC" authority="Thomas 1909" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Beamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60C254604408483558F2CF408624D839" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Beamys</emphasis>
Thomas 1909
</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="732455DBA57B52903D698E1362BAE1D4" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="25CFC05EEA2B26C16E6D8A811EFD8FC9" authority="Waterhouse 1840" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Cricetomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B08206878A41DDFBE37BCC4314DBCCA" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Cricetomys</emphasis>
Waterhouse 1840
</taxonomicName>
(4 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8FEDEBA5DFF90F2ABC001624F0DACB4C" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="D0BB4AC118EFF551C9216AAC709E9E81" authority="Peters 1846" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Saccostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AF6D075098EB320E8C7706A30040941D" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Saccostomus</emphasis>
Peters 1846
</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32F3D3296E6C66B268A780A2C6974DFD" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="F6676F3D6EEC1E2392DD5939E2054EB2" pageNumber="930">Delanymyinae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5515DD28D3E43F480893BF5224EAA696" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="B0058D4ACF3F66DEB8FE4CFD23A935E6" authority="Hayman 1962" authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1962" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Delanymys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="32A7ED27FCDA9B84D8559578926BDAF2" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Delanymys</emphasis>
Hayman 1962
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="963595A5F3C79EE90C8208AD9003182C" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6FF25A3E5E3503AA53B6C2CF480A3F5A" authority="G. M. Allen 1939" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dendromurinae">
Dendromurinae G. M.
<bibRefCitation id="CD4336341680E27DBC25066A8F8B49B5" author="Allen, G. M." refId="ref4894" refString="Allen, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 83: 1 - 763." year="1939">Allen 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0086C4725CA8455B86C4CE82CFE73A24" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="648F4BC64B9E2EA62635BD98E073572C" authority="Smith 1829" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Dendromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5F751C641F63883C305DEF048992B39D" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Dendromus</emphasis>
Smith 1829
</taxonomicName>
(12 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E7A31C30256E9C9821BA67888D332EB" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="91C5D314F976E24D40C5A7B9FDA1D166" authority="F. Petter 1966" authorityName="F. Petter" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Dendroprionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CB3F32CF98EF260535FF60B07C408254" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Dendroprionomys</emphasis>
F. Petter 1966
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9137D96CFFF2229DF1CD08DF747431F1" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4AB9C7D3BFC4630A3574FD93418082DA" authority="Wagner 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Malacothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DC0BEB75E9BAA6A0C570C64AD0FA33" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Malacothrix</emphasis>
Wagner 1843
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C20CA886E6C0A3EC43CC76FA0900C87" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="958F5D6008D0D174F44C18330D16A2D2" authority="Dieterlen and Rupp 1978" authorityName="Dieterlen and Rupp" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Megadendromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="618AA1524A3E237055C003A13D4C5F99" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Megadendromus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B03EE5CD530DD90CC432C410E4AA0A29" author="Dieterlen, F. &amp; H. Rupp" refId="ref84895" refString="Dieterlen, F., and H. Rupp. 1978. Megadendromus nikolausi, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Dendromurinae; Rodentia), ein neuer Nager aus Athiopien. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 43: 129 - 143." year="1978">Dieterlen and Rupp 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C95C647B8BBFAE2660AAC4F840D806B" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="AB421FE00311F3EC504786773C3995F7" authority="Dollman 1910" authorityName="Dollman" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Prionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EF050541347D09914F89E3EC75CA2DAF" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Prionomys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE9757156C2CF4400FC0B520A5A7B85A" author="Dollman, G." refId="ref87495" refString="Dollman, G. 1910. Two new African mammals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 6: 226 - 230." year="1910">Dollman 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B13C5DFE924B6D20A9C2C0A20C736071" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="35F0C22FB078C39E626F2226CECDB411" authority="Peters 1846" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Steatomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E916F0499825BD96D4C7E7DE9EDA58B9" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Steatomys</emphasis>
Peters 1846
</taxonomicName>
(8 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B675AED652688C5727A26D0C857F2E73" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="281DF8C0ACFB0E0C7CE275DC557DF36D" authority="Vorontsov 1966" authorityName="Vorontsov" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mystromyinae">
Mystromyinae
<bibRefCitation id="664E606CB2417FD125355508AB1EE73D" author="Vorontsov, N. N." refId="ref376694" refString="Vorontsov, N. N. 1966. [Taxonomic position and a survey of the hamsters of the genus Mystromys Wagn. (Mammalia, Glires).] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 45: 436 - 446 (in Russian)." year="1966">Vorontsov 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9026CA0FBF61254989CCB11F38850F7C" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="07D238E7A07AA9B323A617B8F6492604" authority="Wagner 1841" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Mystromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D557C393A7EBEE05AB4D9A1E1009FD81" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Mystromys</emphasis>
Wagner 1841
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DCC21EA8D19B5B39DEA6C3DE92DB90DB" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="5090F730F26B517A8D7D543463591DCE" authority="Major 1897" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nesomyinae">
Nesomyinae
<bibRefCitation id="6DA36F31A7ECDFB5AFDC7FB19F448CF4" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222613" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1897. On the Malagasy rodent genus Brachyuromys; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the Muridae (Hesperomyinae, Microtinae, Murinae, and &quot; Spalacidae &quot;) with each other and with the Malagasy Nesomyinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 695 - 720." year="1897">Major 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DCF5753F3E620E24AD35C2D4F13A3BE4" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="1F89EAABFFE537DC8338E3942CD89EBF" authority="Günther 1875" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1875" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Brachytarsomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C45B0E7B2469309974F91044558EF8EA" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Brachytarsomys</emphasis>
Günther 1875
</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D81285BE90B8C064B251A1AA3AA6300" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="B591EE5BC6F4C81E102A6BCF6CE87E65" authority="Major 1896" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Brachyuromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A3D210304385AC7092DA6815D3DABBCB" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Brachyuromys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="80C3C8280B2CAE1CD9A00243DD51814B" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222579" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1896. Diagnoses of new mammals from Madagascar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 18: 319 - 325." year="1896">Major 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D669560FFF47867B7E84BD661E3ED0AA" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="7AB45534B454D8F15AB63FE8EADDB229" authority="Milne Edwards 1885" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1885" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Eliurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5639A346466D7A0145453944841A76C0" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Eliurus</emphasis>
Milne Edwards 1885
</taxonomicName>
(10 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A543ED755FD6C499E2F6763AAC4BB55" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="176DE84702F3C94F283225117950569E" authority="Major 1896" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Gymnuromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3B06779229BB4F9C78FC3B399CC6574" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Gymnuromys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B621D559FFA475CCB4D1FDA134D11E2C" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222579" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1896. Diagnoses of new mammals from Madagascar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 18: 319 - 325." year="1896">Major 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86B1A7381008FCD1D0B27F2E1694C980" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="E7E45219E6E39D800379E51580C5EB6C" authority="A. Grandidier 1869" authorityName="A. Grandidier" authorityYear="1869" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Hypogeomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAD87D2875C59D9159B8423C975D4077" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Hypogeomys</emphasis>
A. Grandidier 1869
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95E0C90184F5C3E0A6BD8C58B73B5573" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="85B26D398F933784B9FB1CDE5EE718BE" authority="Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier 1898" authorityName="Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Macrotarsomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42D0D8DFA4ECAB4E21F93DB0C2D75460" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Macrotarsomys</emphasis>
Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier 1898
</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A07C5B96A8402FBB63CD70B0108758B" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="650AC791E7813363E7250515809C543A" authority="Carleton and Goodman 1996" authorityName="Carleton and Goodman" authorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Monticolomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4130EBEAB5138436BA85AB3FAD9BB1CC" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Monticolomys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4143E1E0A332B84F08E5D7CF0A2FEF21" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; S. M. Goodman" refId="ref51718" refString="Carleton, M. D., and S. M. Goodman. 1996. Systematic studies of Madagascar's endemic rodents (Muroidea: Nesomyinae): A new genus and species from the Central Highlands. Fieldiana: Zoology, n. s., 85: 231 - 256." year="1996">Carleton and Goodman 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66D059FAFFA3BF888AB76307E397BA48" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="8A57AF12D9B2C5129267EA35E379A4F4" authority="Peters 1870" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Nesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7A9F158B5D06B9835920C6934C07B00" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Nesomys</emphasis>
Peters 1870
</taxonomicName>
(3 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40AA7CD4A1D2AAA793DBD36E2EAD24E7" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="2D9E47A7CFAB32ED7834A88EF94896E3" authority="Carleton and Goodman 1998" authorityName="Carleton and Goodman" authorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Voalavo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DD6569F35037887F460B75E57DDAB55D" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Voalavo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="341F874F9827A4BB8162507473E72636" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; S. M. Goodman" refId="ref51771" refString="Carleton, M. D., and S. M. Goodman. 1998. New taxa of nesomyine rodents (Muroidea: Muridae) from Madagascar's northern highlands, with taxonomic comments on previously described forms. Fieldiana: Zoology, n. s., 90: 163 - 200." year="1998">Carleton and Goodman 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6030F976F837CCB8E75F1C77E7F52242" pageNumber="930">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="B9327D9B0CB02D0472C4C805BEB727BC" authority="Roberts 1951" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Petromyscinae">
Petromyscinae
<bibRefCitation id="DF521B955ACD01003266CC08A23B3DE8" author="Roberts, A." refId="ref306581" refString="Roberts, A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa. Trustees of &quot; The mammals of South Africa &quot; book fund, Johannesburg, 700 pp." year="1951">Roberts 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="506304F8DEC0696BF7A70A382A551DF3" pageNumber="930">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="F19A22DD85894EA99B7DC2A434641848" authority="Thomas 1926" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1926" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Petromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="930" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5F9EEFBE90B187FB27BA26866198AFF6" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Petromyscus</emphasis>
Thomas 1926
</taxonomicName>
(4 species)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2B555EA05D406803F53513DB49A951E7" pageNumber="930" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4A5C637C062A4929FC7E558B6F02C48B" pageNumber="930">
<emphasis id="6010CED397535EA0D6CFE7B84BF22990" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="930">Discussion:</emphasis>
<paragraph id="44CEA0CF820304BEC84B822E790C2475" pageNumber="930">
Although a
<taxonomicName id="B59B34373C329073E58EB5DE1B755AF9" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nesomyidae</taxonomicName>
per se had been earlier recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="49C5A18A8A1D4D04A281107C154EC8E6" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F8991991A5C213F40DD17D61E408F1CC" author="Weber, M." refId="ref385811" refString="Weber, M. 1904. Die saugetiere. Einfuhrung in die anatomie und systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia. G. Fischer, Jena, xi + 866 pp." year="1904">Weber (1904)</bibRefCitation>
, and later
<bibRefCitation id="C86192F525CCB59B629140D69C279628" author="Chaline, J. &amp; P. Mein &amp; F. Petter" refId="ref57068" refString="Chaline, J., P. Mein, and F. Petter. 1977. Les grandes lignes d'une classification evolutive des Muroidea. Mammalia, 41: 245 - 252." year="1977">Chaline et al. (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, theirs was essentially a grouping of the indigenous Malagasy rodents as already identified by
<bibRefCitation id="E8FD09F33ABCAEA88B8E29D612533971" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222613" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1897. On the Malagasy rodent genus Brachyuromys; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the Muridae (Hesperomyinae, Microtinae, Murinae, and &quot; Spalacidae &quot;) with each other and with the Malagasy Nesomyinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 695 - 720." year="1897">Major (1897</bibRefCitation>
; Chaline et al. also included the otomyines, a clade clearly allied with murids—see those accounts). Although differing in contents, the family composition observed here owes its conceptual roots to
<bibRefCitation id="25BAF193F6BF8C1EF9347F99CF3345BA" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205495" refString="Lavocat, R. 1973. Les rongeurs du Miocene d'Afrique Orientale. Memoires et Travaux de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Montpellier, 1: 1 - 284." year="1973">Lavocat (1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="836943BA1B474376FE26B521A4BD3144" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205553" refString="Lavocat, R. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. Pp. 69 - 89, in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 641 pp." year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
), who identified a number of small but morphologically well-defined groups as relicts of a middle Tertiary (late Oligocene-early Miocene?) cricetodontine presence in Africa and expanded the definition of
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to embrace their diverse descendants (also see
<bibRefCitation id="E6A3152948589E1A8093E7405D4A2949" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; G. G. Musser" refId="ref52182" refString="Carleton, M. D., and G. G. Musser. 1984. Muroid rodents. Pp. 289 - 379, in Orders and families of Recent mammals of the world (S. Anderson and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, 686 pp." year="1984">Carleton and Musser, 1984:344</bibRefCitation>
). The results of DNA hybridization and mitochondrial and nuclear gene-sequence studies, although not wholly concordant, have supplied some empirical basis for Lavocat’s view of
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, associating
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,
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,
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, and
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in a monophyletic lineage basal to other muroid taxa representing
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and
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(
<bibRefCitation id="17D5DCCF2C40B86919365645BDEA91D8" author="Dubois, J. - Y. &amp; D. Rakotondravony &amp; C. Hanni &amp; P. Sourouille &amp; F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref88889" refString="Dubois, J. - Y., D. Rakotondravony, C. Hanni, P. Sourouille, and F. M. Catzeflis. 1996. Molecular evolutionary relationships of three genera of Nesomyinae, endemic rodent taxa from Madagascar. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 239 - 259." year="1996">DuBois et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5786EE2D1E56C1C8965FA7ABA3ED729B" author="Jansa, S. A. &amp; S. M. Goodman &amp; P. K. Tucker" refId="ref172368" refString="Jansa, S. A., S. M. Goodman, and P. K. Tucker. 1999. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the native rodents of Madagascar (Muridae: Nesomyinae): A test of the single-origin hypothesis. Cladistics, 15: 253 - 270." year="1999">Jansa et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EE08447B43C259A9E55411EC9EF0A581" author="Michaux, J. &amp; F. Catzeflis" refId="ref240457" refString="Michaux, J., and F. Catzeflis. 2000. The bushlike radiation of muroid rodents is exemplified by the molecular phylogeny of the LCAT nuclear gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17: 280 - 293." year="2000">Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="885EB4CD2BB92C7372C17C5E0820D923" author="Michaux, J. &amp; A. Reyes &amp; F. Catzeflis" refId="ref240856" refString="Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001 b. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: Molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (11): 2017 - 2031." year="2001">
Michaux et al., 2001
<emphasis id="339C214153AAB0C560D449C2026B3B0D" italics="true" pageNumber="930">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0B94460FBBC862F3624901730C90D85" pageNumber="930">
Fossil representatives of
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, as construed here, date from the early Miocene of Africa (see individual subfamily comments), with extinct taxa such as
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<emphasis id="ACBF2D666BA2FFBFC1C61B8F1D663DB7" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Notocricetodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4D47A1B57E17AF405932C04F46352885" authorityName="Lavocat" authorityYear="1973" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Protarsomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0817DB7A15C3E7C451ED207585F73EF2" italics="true" pageNumber="930">Protarsomys</emphasis>
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(Afrocricetodontinae
<emphasis id="82DF708D9324105328586BAAFC34907E" italics="true" pageNumber="930">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E65AAF7ACD0524BDC4B0F94570746287" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205495" refString="Lavocat, R. 1973. Les rongeurs du Miocene d'Afrique Orientale. Memoires et Travaux de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Montpellier, 1: 1 - 284." year="1973">Lavocat, 1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="788E8EF7652443D133764E148B466F47" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205553" refString="Lavocat, R. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. Pp. 69 - 89, in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 641 pp." year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
) variously implicated in the origin of several of the living genera and-or subfamilies. The paleontological argument for such phyletic links remains sketchy and the hard evidence from critical middle Tertiary beds is scanty. Such Tertiary discoveries nonetheless continue to emerge from Africa and will help much to illuminate the validity of a family
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upon their critical study. The alternative possibility obviously demands attention: do the subfamilies associated here form a polyphyletic wastebasket for the remnants of early evolutionary branches within other major radiations of Muroidea, by implication
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or
<taxonomicName id="3565D9D1F462F3461CCA2F1A20BA54CC" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
? This is the considered view of
<bibRefCitation id="FFEB0CE9B5294068F9F4BD69DFCBCCBC" author="Tong, H. &amp; J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref357989" refString="Tong, H., and J. - J. Jaeger. 1993. Muroid rodents from the Middle Miocene Fort Ternan locality (Kenya) and their contribution to the phylogeny of muroids. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 229 (1 - 3): 51 - 73." year="1993">Tong and Jaeger (1993:56)</bibRefCitation>
regarding Lavocat’s expansive concept of
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. Mustering evidence to tease apart these hypotheses will require denser taxonomic sampling in molecular studies and broader appeal to organ systems other than the dentition in morphological investigations
</paragraph>
.
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.Arg. (
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1875: 453, 458)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="21E71EFC4530A8D7F3D3E0FF3BC1383A" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F690E33E05AA93B71417B23F580CE49" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<figureCitation id="E36A6D310DCFFB82ED1AC2C45DCC9B6E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Species of Malanea from the Atlantic Forest. A - B. M. evenosa (Cardoso 1417). A. Lower surface of leaf with domatia. B. Inflorescence. C - F. M. forsteronioides. C. Lower surface of leaf (Hoehne 3547). D. Stipule (Furlan 1238). E. Inflorescence (Furlan 1238). F. Fruits (Bernacci 1137). G - K. M. harleyi. G. Habit (Carvalho 1364). H. Lower surface of leaf (Thomas 10378). I. Stipule (Mattos-Silva 3929). J. Inflorescence (Thomas 9494). K. Fruits (Thomas 10378). L - P. M. macrophylla. L. Habit (Silva 218). M. Lower surface of leaf (Kollmann 2109). N. Stipule (Bayman 211). O. Flower (Cardoso 1591). P. Fruits (Viana 408)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.103395.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/892842" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Fig. 2C-F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D824934C1F041CB0894A0030EDAFE658" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FF6E19E19741386C20D0983A9121C24C" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicName id="9997DC1B11857C8377852DE5C9C297A4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Malanea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Malanea forsteronioides subsp. var. var. pilosa" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="forsteronioides" subSpecies="var." variety="pilosa">Malanea forsteronioides var. pilosa</taxonomicName>
Standl. (
<bibRefCitation id="F5017AA9BF27F6242A2BF012F37F53B0" author="Standley, PC" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical series" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" pagination=": 365" refId="B37" refString="Standley, PC, 1931. Studies of the American Plants - V. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical series 8 (5): 365" title="Studies of the American Plants - V." volume="8" year="1931">Standley 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 365) - Type: BRAZIL -
<emphasis id="64BDCE43FA82B0D7B09D9851184A69CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<normalizedToken id="0F9BBB2FA5F214EF984B534DC02B9548" originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
• Paraty, &quot;ad rivulam scandens&quot;; 30 Dec. 1911;
<emphasis id="346524403676FA12DE1A5EC746282227" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Dusen 13769</emphasis>
; holotype: S [S16-54156].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BE761FE8A3A41ABEC201E6ED207450EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F41A79A6EF9729C28CC6D7C586CA5FCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<typeStatus id="56225D3C5286FE1ACB7625DC8601DD53">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDA18E23595713DD802730B929E7C855" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<materialsCitation id="C20525781B3FCD31A60300B205DEDAB9" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="BRAZIL" location="Sao Paulo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry id="7BC338C07895B515199ABB6798EF6FA1" name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
-
<emphasis id="3EC1FB9632195B05B5F45519FE0E193D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<collectingRegion id="77AE7FBE2809600639C6259843548144" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo">
<normalizedToken id="D71F8D0178A2397010544EE47563245F" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo
</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• s.l.; s.d.;
<emphasis id="F3030CC120482DABAC5FC3EBAD099A94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Burchell 3770</emphasis>
;
<typeStatus id="C591473CC1F1DF625B687C8FFA7E6671">lectotype</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="15DD5F682C9A6E67B9EFC3E8AEE1E01A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">designated here</emphasis>
): BR [BR0000005314782]; isolectotypes: G frag. [G00237736], K [K000432743]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="713E6A3F39FB04EBE68EA5C69DE31DE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="description">
<paragraph id="7C9D44870A6D59422A4AA136AF96DF65" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DD457F65C3C2ABCBDC8BB36F9AAD58E" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
Scandent shrub 2-3 m tall; branchlets greyish brown, glabrous to hirsute when young. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 4-8
<normalizedToken id="E26C3F16C643A7A601E3838CC7AB332B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-2 mm, acute to acuminate, tomentose outside, trichomes long, stiff. Leaves with petioles 5-8 mm long, densely hirsute-hispid; blades oblong-lanceolate, narrow lanceolate to narrow elliptic, 4.5-7
<normalizedToken id="2972C6DC523FCBD608BA0E5C01C99FB5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.2-3 cm, obtuse at base, acuminate at apex, margin flat, chartaceous, discolour, glabrous or with hirsute trichomes on primary vein above, tomentose below; secondary veins 4-6 on each side of the midrib, impressed above, prominent below, tertiary veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence spiciform, 2.5-3 cm long, 1 per axil, glomerules 4-5(-7) with 3-4 flowers each, peduncle 0.5-1 mm long, hirsute; bracts lanceolate, ca 2 mm long, externally hairy, ciliated; bracteoles narrowly triangular, 0.2-0.27(-4) mm long, sericeous. Flower buds sericeous. Calyx lobed, lobes unequal, the two larger 2-3 mm long, the two smaller 1-2.5 mm, externally hirsute. Corolla white, tube 2.6-3.5 mm long, externally glabrescent, internally lanate; lobes rounded to acute, 2.1-3.1 mm long, externally tomentose, internally puberulent or lanate close to the mouth. Stamens with filaments 1.8-2 mm long; anthers 1-1.2 mm long. Style 2-2.3 mm long. Fruits fusiform, 8.6-9.5
<normalizedToken id="848F98DA6388D6F62C2259BDC64D457B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.8-5.2 mm long, reddish to purple, glabrous; persistent calyx lobes hirsute.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC4F738AFC150C0BFB8696954F18CC3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1E580C67E1E2AE6B4C5489D00EE27C78" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="778E57F28F8BCDE7BCB9D7AD333BDC33" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
Endemic to Brazil, it occurs from
<normalizedToken id="48D0EF258C251CFFC2A2BD7E8D4CD05E" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo to Santa Catarina, along the eastern coast of Brazil (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C6D150ABF1E201082425722C4D0FC16F" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical distribution of the species of Malanea in Atlantic Forest based on georeferenced localities of herbarium specimens. A. M. evenosa (yellow circles) and M. forsteronioides (pink diamonds). B. M. macrophylla (blue circles). C. M. harleyi (turquoise diamonds) and M. martiana (orange circles). D. M. revolutifolia (red diamonds) and M. spicata (green circles)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.103395.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/892841" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">1A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6124A58FF569E6843A1E41B7DD152A12" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="2E5C0A03D9BF2BC190CF84B2A8FF3EAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB9C5A830FD6AF362FA57DCD406E323C" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Known only from submontane moist forests in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EF190991845920473E551BBE2A67553" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="068B8EEC68536456F068A72A5B4B4F84" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="156D6451D59CB85B40D55626398CD5D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Flowers from October to December; fruits in January, April, and from July to September.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3E8DC33469574FE928243646FA866189" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C6C310D2C5B2C91BDD2FE5435CD11E91" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D4F59E0478C026861B9A31DB18780594" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
The epithet
<emphasis id="DF6A51A6B1F2CFC66A66B12AA3C89938" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">forsteronioides</emphasis>
refers to the similarity of this species with species of
<taxonomicName id="01F9C7822757E43F3E055277DC1C0069" authorityName="G.F.W.Meyer" authorityYear="1818" class="Dicotyledones" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Forsteronia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Forsteronia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24314AD4D018AF840CE9E6CC82C10B08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Forsteronia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Mey. (
<taxonomicName id="C9FBCFB305C8BEBD8D5470613A991638" authorityName="G.F.W.Meyer" authorityYear="1818" class="Dicotyledones" family="Apocynaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="17F44EAFEDD86D7C91736A423B7834BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="preliminary iucn conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="3BA530B300F42686DFB0B5D9E7E87F72" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB9B7EC8C9C8253E28EDA3767F4B6198" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
Near Threatened (NT). The extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated as 135,845 km² qualifying the species as Least Concern (LC). The area of occupancy (AOO) was evaluated as 68 km², falling into the Endangered (EN) category (
<bibRefCitation id="91AF5F34DC926266E291C6AC06ED7087" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109" author="Bachman, S" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" pagination="117 - 126" refId="B5" refString="Bachman, S, Moat, J, Hill, AW, de la Torre, J, Scott, B, 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCat: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109" title="Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCat: geospatial conservation assessment tool." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109" volume="150" year="2011">Bachman et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="01491401EEEC65853BB7D2A7F177ADAE" author="Hochreutiner, BPG" journalOrPublisher="Revista Geonordeste" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and-criteria" refId="B20" refString="2012. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and-criteria" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and-criteria" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E6397AD6463DAF48495DB29196559D00" author="Hochreutiner, BPG" journalOrPublisher="Revista Geonordeste" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B21" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="43EDD0377787D589951C0132A29CBFE7" authorityName="Muell. Arg. (Mueller" authorityYear="1875" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Malanea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Malanea forsteronioides" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsteronioides">
<emphasis id="A79E4610945CE99966AAF57AC543E99D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Malanea forsteronioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs mainly on the coast of the Southeast portion of the Atlantic Forest. Although this area had an increase in tourism and an expansion of private houses for occasional use (
<bibRefCitation id="AF4140D9EAC61C8661D1EC4E3ABE4948" author="Sabino, AL" journalOrPublisher="Biological Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" refId="B34" refString="Sabino, AL, 2012. Turismo e expansao de domicios particulares para uso ocasional no litoral do sudeste do Brasil. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil." title="Turismo e expansao de domicios particulares para uso ocasional no litoral do sudeste do Brasil. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil." year="2012">Sabino 2012</bibRefCitation>
), with impacts on the surrounding biodiversity, the species occupies more than ten locations. For this reason, we consider it as Near Threatened (NT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E135E6B189E15EF42012646192DE1E1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="notes">
<paragraph id="02AD0F43CDA24C9207B0010B101540E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15933DD5A433E154FAB15051F230C28F" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<bibRefCitation id="4FAE74D5273D4E328C2680FBD6899C84" author="Mueller, J" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Geografia" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" refId="B28" refString="Mueller, J, 1875. Malanea. Flora, oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung, Regensburg, 58: 453, 457-458." title="Malanea. Flora, oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung, Regensburg, 58: 453, 457 - 458." year="1875">
<normalizedToken id="20A31F2FB05E7D984DDB6D230139B212" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
(1875
</bibRefCitation>
: 453) described
<taxonomicName id="F1D66E666475BB76C354137A60FD1654" authorityName="Muell. Arg. (Mueller" authorityYear="1875" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Malanea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Malanea forsteronioides" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsteronioides">
<emphasis id="6AD6082453EE65EA18E4647D2B0FC748" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Malanea forsteronioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and cited the gathering
<emphasis id="7AE515F0EB164566111D079A914C6214" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Burchell 3770</emphasis>
. Three specimens of this gathering were found in BR, G, K. The lectotype here designated is the specimen in BR, with barcode BR0000005314782, because it has an annotation handwritten by
<normalizedToken id="10538B86880D7B418B56BF2401F60249" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, as well as leaves, buds, and flowers in good condition, which allows a precise application of the name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38A07C953E74450BAD0412261E8B7110" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="comments">
<paragraph id="CD48A7BE9101DCAC472AAE362A785227" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Comment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A85F7A25B8281400CC9A9411C6D9226" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<bibRefCitation id="63823BD3F336136B2048DA3D736CAA36" author="Barbosa, MRV" editor="Wanderley, MGL" journalOrPublisher="5. Instituto de Botanica, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" pagination="362 - 363" refId="B6" refString="Barbosa, MRV, 2007. Malanea. In: Wanderley, MGL, Shepherd, GJ, Melhem, TS, Guilietti, AM, Eds., Flora fanerogamica do Estado de Sao Paulo, vol. 5. Instituto de Botanica, Sao Paulo: 362 - 363" title="Malanea." volumeTitle="Flora fanerogamica do Estado de Sao Paulo, vol." year="2007">Barbosa (2007)</bibRefCitation>
indicated heterostyly in
<taxonomicName id="21C08400F1B05FB9851D6ADDFEBCE302" authorityName="Muell. Arg. (Mueller" authorityYear="1875" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Malanea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Malanea forsteronioides" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsteronioides">
<emphasis id="37CC50E801B66CE9E46FABC78AD37941" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Malanea forsteronioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was corroborated here. However, we emphasize that long-styled individuals are more abundant than short-styled individuals in the specimens analysed. However, the size of the corolla, androecium, and style do not show great variation between the two flower forms. Only the size of the bracteoles and calyx lobes vary, being slightly larger in long-styled individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D38C31A23C0131BEDC706C7B53E48E85" pageId="0" pageNumber="257" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3B45550C2EA4325BB7E5115013D763B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78BAD08278B469354C88BBBB9D3AFAB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<collectingCountry id="2596FF02E82D6319B4ABA8710CCA5E8A" name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
-
<emphasis id="D5F828C079421D2FE62BEB2FEA380008" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<normalizedToken id="EF8AE2208D917A730E3CC3BFDD1FC604" originalValue="Paraná">
<collectingRegion id="4710853110CFC86B3F216CB1AAA58B52" country="Brazil" name="Parana">Parana</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
• Antiga estrada para
<normalizedToken id="C06F25CC9EDFBA2F8923943E6FC176B7" originalValue="Superaqui-Guaraqueçaba">Superaqui-Guaraquecaba</normalizedToken>
;
<date id="F49AC825ECD3B78DB32ADED4AE05B7E6" value="1989-03-23">23 Mar. 1989</date>
; fr.;
<emphasis id="0C0F82F157618EE0B23D96A5F80110A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Caetano Filho s.n.</emphasis>
; RB • Jacarezinho, Jacarehy;
<date id="319E3BA64587C9E7A5C89E47B273C1E5" value="1914-09-02">2 Sep. 1914</date>
; fb., fl.;
<emphasis id="1351D418BD9AD8C088C2C985A28879C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Standley s.n</emphasis>
; NY •
<normalizedToken id="141557F9CE9A77D9EA523DDD72F3463D" originalValue="Paranaguá">Paranagua</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="1B6475E90447586E9032AD9E2A2088C6" originalValue="Caiobá">Caioba</normalizedToken>
, Morro do Bio;
<geoCoordinate id="E63E454F877FA3DEEF860A2493FC9448" degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="13" value="-25.520277">
25°31
<normalizedToken id="1AA7E2F713FAA16326C68CBE06DDE231" originalValue="’13”">'13&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6EDC438754C1441C917D88C142596153" degrees="48" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-48.509167">
48°30
<normalizedToken id="B55E4795E71003CB32638FAB9BA05088" originalValue="’33”">'33&quot;</normalizedToken>
W
</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="24FE3DD75D49CD30C927AE1B66EBF006" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
;
<date id="8695C94737876546F1EEB0EE27A095AD" value="1965-11-01">1 Nov. 1965</date>
; fb.;.
<emphasis id="ABF7BBB7715F1BFD993C1A742402BA35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Hatschbach 13070</emphasis>
; NY. -
<emphasis id="A30B3EB1E3C82EE0618F14D2CEDE6953" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<collectingRegion id="232443CD320F6322E318227AF70835AA" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• Arraial do Cabo, Ilha do Farol;
<date id="3ABDC6DA11F1C6AFC5FA1B8CFEE822DB" value="2013-10-30">30 Oct. 2013</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="AB51FA5F44E1D99CB2098AFA3416C022" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Uller s.n.</emphasis>
; RB • Paraty, Pico do
<normalizedToken id="EF13631A28DFBC88E70B539363C4F18F" originalValue="cairuçú">cairucu</normalizedToken>
- acesso pela praia negra;
<date id="63C0575283683AAC6127AD54879C3A19" value="1990-11-25">25 Nov. 1990</date>
; fl.;
<emphasis id="0466202F640D507B498BB9299EBFC9B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Farney 2548</emphasis>
; RB • Rio de Janeiro, Serra da Tijuca;
<date id="1DFE6BFD52A922FAB07ACBF2FC63813F" value="1932-01">Jan. 1932</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="AC65FAA1B48C15179AC8936D30E33697" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Brade 11319</emphasis>
; NY. -
<emphasis id="4E47752FB59FCF1C55C8049537D7D6C4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<collectingRegion id="08809D93AEEE960C97741889E9A8BEDE" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
•
<normalizedToken id="CD454C93AB5B949DAF1388FB7C976D93" originalValue="Florianópolis">Florianopolis</normalizedToken>
, Ilha de Santa Catarina,
<normalizedToken id="3DA825206129DCFFAF04D3F0686B45F6" originalValue="Jureré">Jurere</normalizedToken>
;
<date id="105B5D5592416FE41146B42A665C3140" value="1970-02-23">23 Feb. 1970</date>
; fr.;
<emphasis id="46691828333241FCCB8D61DA9DC77626" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Klein 8606</emphasis>
; NY •
<normalizedToken id="434B4C9D5BA5D95FA7DB7CCB59E9E21C" originalValue="Itapoá">Itapoa</normalizedToken>
, Reserva Volta Velha;
<geoCoordinate id="DC1AE2396032F00148C9AB054C0A064B" degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-26.25">26°15'S</geoCoordinate>
, 48°65'W;
<date id="4DA6BF2588C89CAE2247B5396A7E7C8A" value="1998-01-09">9 Jan. 1998</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="FE0479B7CA3846758C1A63552EFE99A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Canha s.n.</emphasis>
; NY • Vargem do
<normalizedToken id="D9B5AF4195198885A2C0418E98EF648C" originalValue="Macário">Macario</normalizedToken>
, Governador Celso Ramos;
<date id="4C4BF86324EF1CE9CF982C71EC8DA550" value="1971-11-18">18 Nov. 1971</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="F72556EA5969D451D8225A736D2D7776" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Klein 9955</emphasis>
; NY. -
<emphasis id="504894C04C897A1A940AED1B415B8F81" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">
<collectingRegion id="995F232DA4F0170E14366799617DE7A1" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo">
<normalizedToken id="6FF5418238090708865A5A496531E5D9" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo
</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• Alto da Serra,
<normalizedToken id="6C94C337BA76D2433D85CCF255A41F66" originalValue="Estação">Estacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BC0295D1B5DF9C065E6BFA8535CAF5B7" originalValue="Ecológica">Ecologica</normalizedToken>
;
<date id="8A2744722C0DC5A39A6947EA0618E2F6" value="1919-12-08">8 Dec. 1919</date>
; fb., fl.;
<emphasis id="925D1E52D3B837B4216D91E0CD8DEBFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Hoehne 3547</emphasis>
; SP • Antiga
<normalizedToken id="84EEAAAD64F159CA7A7306B3A10B402B" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo - Santos, Alto da Serra;
<date id="2C3582703C758C6FE3578E330044BF0E" value="1961-10-14">14 Oct. 1961</date>
; fb., fl.;
<emphasis id="AC5F0BA079663A0450F9C6A6EB0E5084" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Pereira 5932</emphasis>
; RB • Biritiba Mirim,
<normalizedToken id="1DFA2365750896443370B293D61F9836" originalValue="Estação">Estacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="67733486CF40AD5E4401770C57047685" originalValue="Ecológica">Ecologica</normalizedToken>
de
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;
<geoCoordinate id="62BF656D20D24679199D6FC175A8DFA6" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.633333">23°38'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8E4981D6AF214471BF5E5FAC4A5F1AAA" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-45.883335">45°53'W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="AB83128085B55810B399AAD743F4B2FF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
;
<date id="A3BD521C581B487A491360FFCBE999D0" value="1983-11-14">14 Nov. 1983</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="70E9D783AC03EB2A378F95A11285A52D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Custodio-Filho 1839</emphasis>
; NY, SP • Parelheiros,
<normalizedToken id="4BAC2E57E4348A28D28744C8C093BF5E" originalValue="Sítio">Sitio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="48D2F74BEF769AEE751FB8A03F3BDD3F" originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
esquerda na Estrada Eng. Marsilac;
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23°53
<normalizedToken id="EA4EE98A2781C4448EFEB6C710577769" originalValue="’46”">'46&quot;</normalizedToken>
S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5851986C00C094F7AA53FD39DE9D02A3" degrees="46" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-46.72778">
46°43
<normalizedToken id="449B1C3E2EE64E4F66E463EA8FC2F3A1" originalValue="’40”">'40&quot;</normalizedToken>
W
</geoCoordinate>
;
<date id="5116CF142C7F43A2190157CB3324985A" value="1995-02-14">14 Feb. 1995</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="4213EEECF50283F8C4956CBA385D227E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Godoy 373</emphasis>
; SP [
<accessionNumber id="54D5A665CC754395352BAD3BD24E2954" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/SP300813">SP300813</accessionNumber>
] •
<normalizedToken id="3288CBE6EA8135FCF10C140A051560D4" originalValue="Pariquera-Açu">Pariquera-Acu</normalizedToken>
, Propriedade de
<normalizedToken id="01A3E6FB60EF5DD41C6166991D17113A" originalValue="Antônio">Antonio</normalizedToken>
Povinski;
<date id="1584BE3B8D960A3711EB8067B9A2827F" value="1995-09-29">29 Sep. 1995</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="C1937892E9E8B7D5A14CC369E2BC3B14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Ivanauskas 419</emphasis>
; RB •
<normalizedToken id="17497EC1F0DA5135CDA80D54BF3D359B" originalValue="Pariquera-Açu">Pariquera-Acu</normalizedToken>
, Rodovia para Cananeia, Fazenda Esteiro do Morro de F. Capobianco;
<date id="ACFDF749F27A6828D43CAD7BCE1B59FC" value="1995-01-12">12 Jan. 1995</date>
; fr.;
<emphasis id="4D60D9DBBAB4F63212E7FE62E168475F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Bernacci 1137</emphasis>
; IAC • Peruibe;
<date id="37E652BE03F9CAB09E621D6804B50153" value="1990-10-23">23 Oct. 1990</date>
; fl.;
<emphasis id="F37851C1C21167FBD67DA205A440BE46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Furlan 1238</emphasis>
; HRCB •
<normalizedToken id="D1DEDA12F5D2026F3ADFD5DDF66A996A" originalValue="Peruíbe">Peruibe</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="11041E1D8C7CACACB424E81091742396" originalValue="Estação">Estacao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9EC83F5FA8378AA66AE98D9F75218C56" originalValue="Ecológica">Ecologica</normalizedToken>
da
<normalizedToken id="2B29335415926383733F416C569CCC61" originalValue="Juréia">Jureia</normalizedToken>
;
<date id="6035D42845A2B3C1D4ACDD67AC07EC81" value="1990-10">Oct. 1990</date>
; fb.;
<emphasis id="5020E49E3D3E121A2B6F346ACDC3E371" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Sobral 6868</emphasis>
; HRCB • Praia Grande;
<date id="93FA6AC376714DDF5F55EE3B8F541CC2" value="1998-10-26">26 Oct. 1998</date>
; fl.;
<emphasis id="A9C790473E788B98C53A131550F0F38A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="257">Loefgren 4146</emphasis>
; SP.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

136
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<paragraph id="CEAA22DD043132A3EE2B2B6B2A5DFD41" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Staphylinidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="234F791BC9C60BBD07CCE36B00CF95C3" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="726BB27B9F5BA9A714072CECA8A5E2BD" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="F3A7A3AA2930A9C1C6EF92135112548E" ID-CoL="BMYV" authority="Klimaszewski, 1984" authorityName="Klimaszewski" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocularis" subGenus="Echochara">Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis Klimaszewski, 1984</taxonomicName>
Figs 17-24
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9FDE8441B3890FA76F012213AE7CCA02" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="36DEE9CBCB162D9E60A2B38068E37FCC" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="7D5A3CC2F33D121569803EA8293E32CD" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocularis" subGenus="Echochara">Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis</taxonomicName>
(For diagnosis, see
<bibRefCitation id="F7DADC94DC64243CFCC8BB8FC35B910C" author="Klimaszewski, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society" pageId="107" pageNumber="192" url="10.4039/entm116129fv" year="1984">Klimaszewski 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E349ACF7FA8D71DC8CC4B402247698DE" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7B56C4DCC0BF93A54A93F1AB6E0DF53E" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CDE1D673DFFB2F5EB12116584E04423C" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
Canada, New Brunswick, Kent Co., Kouchibouguac N.P.,
<geoCoordinate id="1301BBA6D42769429C90BB60524F20F6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="46.8072">46.8072°N</geoCoordinate>
,
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, 21.V.2015, R.P. Webster // Margin field/Jack pine forest, in litter in entrance to
<taxonomicName id="99624D609CB6DDAA6D1AC4D5F6143882" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Marmota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmota monax" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monax">Marmota monax</taxonomicName>
burrow (1 ♀, RWC). York Co., Keswick Ridge,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="E356BBB55CA6AAA78C1D4ADA7A4173AF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-66.8781">66.8781°W</geoCoordinate>
, 25.V.2015, R.P. Webster // Margin field/hardwood forest, in litter in entrance to
<taxonomicName id="AC522F1F314FA15CC25D92DFD4FBA120" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Marmota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmota monax" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monax">Marmota monax</taxonomicName>
burrow (1 ♀, RWC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="559C3E06B5F0F88C07CBCE34A3873FAD" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="natural history">
<paragraph id="0DF0FC332C3036803C19C64F616CBF7D" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="506FCFBD0596687D2BCA3FE6CCD1D236" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
This species has been found in entrances of fox (
<taxonomicName id="CC09504D015D617F3AE6A170060027E6" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vulpes" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
sp.) and woodchuck (
<taxonomicName id="CA2D19DD7AACD9EB74FFCEDF8EB2CC71" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Marmota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marmota monax" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monax">Marmota monax</taxonomicName>
(L.)) burrows in early spring (April to June) (
<bibRefCitation id="C73C9AC3525BA71AE80605738336BB39" author="Klimaszewski, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society" pageId="107" pageNumber="192" url="10.4039/entm116129fv" year="1984">Klimaszewski 1984</bibRefCitation>
), and in caves (
<bibRefCitation id="4B5426E3CBD7ADF87F23EA16B35A7721" author="Klimaszewski, J" journalOrPublisher="Quaestiones Entomologicae" pageId="107" pageNumber="192" pagination="51 - 113" title="A review of the cavernicolous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of eastern North America: Part I. Aleocharinae." volume="22" year="1986">Klimaszewski and Peck 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Adults were taken from moist soil and grass roots near the burrow entrances, and in carrion in caves. The two specimens from NB were found in similar burrow habitats during May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DFEF79874AD73C6176512925BAEF1D84" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="distribution in canada and alaska">
<paragraph id="CE7F5401CED5C19AE06ACA291B95568B" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Distribution in Canada and Alaska.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="914DC755B89294FED1D70F645C930292" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
MB, ON, QC, NB (
<bibRefCitation id="DE4AB9CD18C11CCEB0396985D97A4F44" author="Klimaszewski, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society" pageId="107" pageNumber="192" url="10.4039/entm116129fv" year="1984">Klimaszewski 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="43C12B054ADE97D1EC66F65ABD6C83F6" author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="109, Sofia-Moscow" pageId="106" pageNumber="191" title="Checklist of beetles (Coleoptera) of Canada and Alaska. Pensoft Series Faunistica No." year="2013">Bousquet et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="97ECDF842D26C2AE87D953869C04DE47" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<paragraph id="BC755CD786B3D214067CCE3F58E61809" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
Figures 17-24.
<taxonomicName id="76CF5F2A6CBA7A9AADD8390E4EEE6F62" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocularis" subGenus="Echochara">Aleochara (Echochara) ocularis</taxonomicName>
Klimaszewski: 17 habitus in dorsal view 18 median lobe of aedeagus in dorsal view 19 median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view 20 male tergite VIII 21 male sternite VIII 22 female tergite VIII 23 female sternite VIII 24 spermatheca 19, 18, 24 modified from
<bibRefCitation id="B3BCD7CEED8FE7D1B9BBA51A75986711" author="Klimaszewski, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society" pageId="107" pageNumber="192" url="10.4039/entm116129fv" year="1984">Klimaszewski (1984)</bibRefCitation>
. Scale bar of habitus = 1 mm; remaining scale bars = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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