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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.739.23675" ID-PMC="PMC5904442" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-739-107" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6C66B357503BE27B7070200EFFCDE846" ID-PubMed="29674884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1222431" ID-ZooBank="D1679384881D4263B885375CA73F141E" ModsDocID="1313-2970-739-107" checkinTime="1519342735240" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Karpinski, Lech, Szczepanski, Wojciech T., Boldgiv, Bazartseren &amp; Walczak, Marcin" docDate="2018" docId="24E2543D8055407F6438C50EA6492EF7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 739: 107-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 739" docPubDate="2018-02-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.739.23675" docTitle="Mesosa myops" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="6C66B357503BE27B7070200EFFCDE846" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="6C66B357503BE27B7070200EFFCDE846" masterDocTitle="New data on the longhorn beetles of Mongolia with particular emphasis on the genus Eodorcadion Breuning, 1947 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="107" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1668165465573" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New data on the longhorn beetles of Mongolia with particular emphasis on the genus Eodorcadion Breuning, 1947 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Karpinski, Lech</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40 - 007 Katowice, Poland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lechkarpinski@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Szczepanski, Wojciech T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-519X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40 - 007 Katowice, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Boldgiv, Bazartseren</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-8142</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Ecology Group, Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj 1, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia &amp; Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Walczak, Marcin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40 - 007 Katowice, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2018-02-22</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>739</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>107</mods:start>
<mods:end>150</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.739.23675</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.739.23675</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-739-107</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D1679384881D4263B885375CA73F141E</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6C66B357503BE27B7070200EFFCDE846</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1222431</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<subSection pageId="20" pageNumber="127" type="results">
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="141119031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24E2543D8055407F6438C50EA6492EF7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24E2543D8055407F6438C50EA6492EF7" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName LSID="24E2543D-8055-407F-6438-C50EA6492EF7" authority="(Dalman, 1817)" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Mesosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesosa myops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myops">Mesosa myops (Dalman, 1817)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 5. Photos of longhorn beetles specimens collected during the expedition to Mongolia in 2015: A Aegomorphus obscurior (male) B Mesosa myops (male) C M. myops (female) D Monochamus impluviatus impluviatus (male) E M. impluviatus impluviatus (female) F Monochamus sutor longulus (female) G Monochamus sartor urussovii (male) H Agapanthia pilicornis pilicornis (male)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187658" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Figs 5B, C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">, 16A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="127" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-08-02" collectingDateMax="2016-03" collectingDateMin="2015-08-02" elevation="930" latitude="49.083332" location="Selenge Aimag" longLatPrecision="1106" longitude="107.28333" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="5">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24E2543D8055407F6438C50EA6492EF7:F83EDD377E48C09CFB780F09EC339EEA" latitude="49.083332" longLatPrecision="1106" longitude="107.28333" name="Selenge Aimag">Selenge Aimag</location>
:
<locationDeviation location="Zuunkharaa">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
NE of Zuunkharaa
</locationDeviation>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.083332">49°05'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="107" direction="east" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="107.28333">107°17'E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" unit="m" value="930.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" unit="m" value="930.0">930 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingDate value="2015-08-02">02 VIII 2015</collectingDate>
, numerous larvae and pupae,
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula platyphylla" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="platyphylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Betula platyphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, leg. LK, WTS, MW; (
<collectingDate value="2016-03">III 2016</collectingDate>
, ex larva),
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, leg. MW; (
<collectingDate value="2015-08-02" valueMax="2015-08-10" valueMin="2015-08-02">02-10 VIII 2015</collectingDate>
, ex pupa),
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">5♀♀</specimenCount>
, leg. WTS; (
<collectingDate value="2015-08-05">05 VIII 2015</collectingDate>
, ex pupa),
<specimenCount type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, leg. LK
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="127" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
This species is distributed from Eastern Europe (where it reaches eastern Poland) through Siberia, including northern Mongolia and China, to the Far East and Japan (
<bibRefCitation author="Sama, G" journalOrPublisher="Kabourek, Zlin" pageId="25" pageNumber="132" refId="B61" refString="Sama, G, 2002. Atlas of the Cerambycidae of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Vol. 1. Northern, Western, Central and Eastern Europe British isles and Continental Europe from France (excl. Corsica) to Scandinavia and Urals. Kabourek, Zlin" title="Atlas of the Cerambycidae of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Vol. 1. Northern, Western, Central and Eastern Europe British isles and Continental Europe from France (excl. Corsica) to Scandinavia and Urals." year="2002">Sama 2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Danilevsky, ML" journalOrPublisher="HSC, Moscow" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" publicationUrl="http://cerambycidae.net/catalog.pdf" refId="B11" refString="Danilevsky, ML, 2017a. Catalogue of Palaearctic Cerambycoidea. [Updated: 15.02.2017] http://cerambycidae.net/catalog.pdf" title="Catalogue of Palaearctic Cerambycoidea. [Updated: 15.02.2017]" url="http://cerambycidae.net/catalog.pdf" year="2017 a">Danilevsky 2017a</bibRefCitation>
). It is listed in the Annexes of the European Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), and therefore, it is strictly protected in the entire European Union. However, in the centre of its range (including Mongolia),
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered to be a common species and it is often numerously found in this region (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9581-9" author="Mueller, J" journalOrPublisher="Elytra" pageId="25" pageNumber="132" refId="B49" refString="Mueller, J, Jarzabek-Mueller, A, Bussler, H, 2013. Some of the rarest European saproxylic beetles are common in the wilderness of Northern Mongolia - Journal of Insect Conservation 17(5): 989-1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9581-9" title="Some of the rarest European saproxylic beetles are common in the wilderness of Northern Mongolia - Journal of Insect Conservation 17 (5): 989 - 1001." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9581-9" year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
et al. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). This species is polyphagous on a large number of deciduous trees and shrubs. Its larval development usually takes two years. The pupation of the larvae takes place in the summer. After emerging from the pupae, the adult beetles emerge from their pupal cells from July to September; afterwards they probably overwinter in leaf litter. The imagines occur throughout entire warm season from May to September (
<bibRefCitation author="Cherepanov, AI" journalOrPublisher="Oxonian Press, New Delhi" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" refId="B4" refString="Cherepanov, AI, 1990c. . Cerambycidae of northern Asia. Vol. 3, Lamiinae Part I. Oxonian Press, New Delhi" title=". Cerambycidae of northern Asia. Vol. 3, Lamiinae Part I." year="1990 c">Cherepanov 1990c</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
Several dozen larvae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">16B</figureCitation>
), some pupae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">16C, D</figureCitation>
) and newly emerged imagines (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">16A</figureCitation>
) were observed under the bark (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Field photos of immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A shrub of Caragana bungei, the host plant of Anoplistes and Chlorophorus species B Caragana leucophloea shrubs in semi-desert, the habitat of Anoplistes halodendri minutus C cross-section of larval feeding grounds of Anoplistes halodendri in Caragana stem D adults emergence holes of Anoplistes halodendri E larva of Saperda similis in its pupal cell F riverbank in light taiga, the habitat of S. similis G larva of Saperda scalaris H thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk, the microhabitat of S. scalaris and Mesosa myops." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187662" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">9H</figureCitation>
) of rather thin broken
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula platyphylla" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="platyphylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Betula platyphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5-20 cm in diameter) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">16E</figureCitation>
) in the light taiga habitat (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 7. Field photos of immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A larches in forest steppe, the habitat of Lepturalia nigripes rufipennis B larva of L. nigripes in a birch stump C site in light taiga, the habitat of L. nigripes rufipennis and Agapanthia pilicornis pilicornis D site in forest steppe, the habitat of Clytus arietoides, Monochamus impluviatus impluviatus and M. sutor longulus E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of inter alia Xylotrechus hircus and Aegomorphus obscurior F birches in light taiga, the habitat of X. hircus, A. obscurior, Saperda scalaris hieroglyphica and Mesosa myops G larva of Xylotrechus pantherinus H larva of X. pantherinus deep in the wood of a standing willow trunk." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187660" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">7F</figureCitation>
) at the beginning of August. Several emergence holes of adults were also found on both branches and stems (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 16. Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species: A newly emerged male of Mesosa myops B larva of M. myops C one of the last pupal instars of M. myops D pupa of M. myops in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk E broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of M. myops F adults emergence holes of M. myops G Stictoleptura variicornis on Chamaenerion angustifolium H Leptura annularis on Chamaenerion angustifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">16F</figureCitation>
). The same material was additionally inhabited by larvae of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gebler" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Xylotrechus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylotrechus hircus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hircus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Xylotrechus hircus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pic" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Aegomorphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aegomorphus obscurior" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurior">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Aegomorphus obscurior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Saperda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saperda scalaris" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scalaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Saperda scalaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1224584" doi="10.3897/zookeys.739.23675.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/187670" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" start="Figure 16" startId="F17">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Field photos of imagines in nature, their immature stages and habitats of typical Mongolian cerambycid species:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">A</emphasis>
newly emerged male of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Mesosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesosa myops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Mesosa myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">B</emphasis>
larva of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">C</emphasis>
one of the last pupal instars of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">D</emphasis>
pupa of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in thick layer of cambium under the bark of broken birch trunk
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">E</emphasis>
broken trunk of the birch in light taiga, the microhabitat of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">F</emphasis>
adults emergence holes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. myops" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="myops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">M. myops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Stictoleptura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stictoleptura variicornis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Stictoleptura variicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rosaceae" genus="Chamaenerion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamaenerion angustifolium" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Chamaenerion angustifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1801" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Leptura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptura annularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annularis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="127">Leptura annularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rosaceae" genus="Chamaenerion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chamaenerion angustifolium" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustifolium">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taxon classification Animalia Carnivora Canidae</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon sp.</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Referred material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A right ulna, DMR-KS-05-04-11-34; a right femur, DMR-KS-05-04-28-13.</paragraph>
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DMR-KS-05-04-11-34 is a half proximal ulna preserving complete parts from the olecranon to the midshaft (Fig. 6E, F). The olecranon tuber is
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. The upper margin of the olecranon is concave and possesses a slightly higher posterior part that extends laterally. The anconeal process is distinct. The medial and lateral coronoid processes diverge laterally (Fig. 6F). The trochlear notch is deep, forming nearly a semicircular surface for articulation (Fig. 6E).
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The right femur preserves a complete proximal part and broken shaft (Fig. 6G, H). The greater trochanter is as high as the upper surface of the rounded femoral head. The intertrochanteric crest is straight and nearly oriented vertically (Fig. 6H). The upper border of the neck is flat. The lesser trochanter projects anteriorly and is situated at about 1.5 cm below the femoral head.</paragraph>
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The proximal ulna of canids is characterized by a bilobed and laterally compressed olecranon process, well-developed anconeal and lateral coronoid processes, and a laterally compressed shaft. The proximal crest of the olecranon is grooved anteriorly, but enlarged and rounded posteriorly (
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).
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suggested that in medial view the posteroproximal tuberosity of the olecranon of
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is more proximally developed than in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon</taxonomicName>
. The posteroproximal tuberosity of the Khok Sung ulna is as developed as that of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, based on our comparisons with extant specimens, the Khok Sung canid ulna resembles that of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
because the olecranon bends more medially and the posterior border of the olecranon is straighter than those observed in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
. The Khok Sung specimen is slightly smaller than the recent
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
(Tab. 3). However, it is much smaller than recent and fossil
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
, as well as the paleosubspecies
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
(Tab. 3).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Table 3. Measurements (in millimetres) of ulnae and femurs of Khok Sung and other extant and fossil canids. * indicates a subadult individual. Metrical data of fossil canids are from
<bibRefCitation author="Baryshnikov, GF" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Theriology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="77 - 120" title="Pleistocene Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Paleolithic Kurado caves in the Caucasus." url="10.15298/rusjtheriol.11.2.01" volume="11" year="2012">Baryshnikov (2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Baryshnikov, GF" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Theriology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="65 - 83" title="Late Pleistocene Canidae remains from Geographical Society Cave in Russian Far East." volume="14" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Ulna</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Specimen no.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Taxa</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Age</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Locality</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">LO</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">DPA</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">SDO</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">BPC</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">NMW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">NHMP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">NMW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Femur</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Specimen no.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Taxa</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Age</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Locality</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Bp</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">Dp</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">DC</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">SD</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">NMW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">NMW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ZIN</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="alpinus" subspecies="caucasicus">Cuon alpinus caucasicus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Living canids generally show a typical morphology of the proximal femur, characterized by their relatively vertical intertrochanteric crests, prominent lesser trochanter with the sharp crest extending downward along the shaft, moderately-sized greater trochanter, and slender shaft (
<bibRefCitation author="France, D" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" title="Human and nonhuman bone identification: A color atlas." year="2009">France 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tong, H" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="335 - 360" title="New remains of Canischiliensis (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Shanshenmiaozui, a Lower Pleistocene site in Yangyuan, Hebei." volume="50" year="2012">Tong et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
, the lateral side of the caput femoris is obliquely prolonged towards the trochanteric fossa. The upper border of the neck is concave and shorter than those in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ripoll, MP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Archaeological Science" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="437 - 450" title="Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: new remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region." url="10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.008" volume="37" year="2010">Ripoll et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). The femur DMR-KS-05-04-28-13 is canid-sized (Tab. 3) and is comparable in morphology to
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
. For instance, the intertrochanteric crest is more oblique and straighter (nearly vertical and curved in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
), the caput femoris is round, and the upper border of the neck is long and flat (
<bibRefCitation author="Ripoll, MP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Archaeological Science" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="437 - 450" title="Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: new remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region." url="10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.008" volume="37" year="2010">Ripoll et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Because</pageBreakToken>
the Khok Sung ulna and femur morphologically match better
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon alpinus" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">Cuon alpinus</taxonomicName>
than
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis lupus" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">Canis lupus</taxonomicName>
, we identify these two postcranial specimens as belonging to
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cuon" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cuon</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>