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<document id="FA376B51D2C91E42F5A45ADFFADBFA15" ID-DOI="10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16" ID-ISSN="1807-0205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5007725" ID-ZooBank="47A52D21-CEA1-490C-8FA7-89354010AF0E" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1624292736280" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Tennyson, Alan James Drummond &amp; Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo" docDate="2021" docId="03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89" docLanguage="en" docName="PapAvZool.61.e20216116.pdf" docOrigin="Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 61" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6844D5473582683DD13A9A75B001759F.4:PapAvZool.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="6844D5473582683DD13A9A75B001759F" docStyleName="PapAvZool.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Procellaria altirostris Tennyson &amp; Tomotani 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF97822F0167FFEBFFF19E3A7D56FF9A" masterDocTitle="A new fossil species of Procellaria (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Pliocene of New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1734981156989" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:title id="055F05EA61795DC4E09A6954873FC7D9">A new fossil species of Procellaria (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Pliocene of New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCB4CF1B958FD6E620E8F5D2EAD077D4">Tennyson, Alan James Drummond</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BA6058E68CF9ADB09881FB141C6A11E8">Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5A2559C090E6DA63F34FADDA17000462">Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="86CD66616C5AF7639D9C7CE07E1D4103">
<mods:date id="F2530F15F1AB1732750A65B49D56A7FF">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="5BEAA20062CDA21D58CD99CEF5309812">Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="D1262A9FB9AC1776934568EBDDF46CED">2021-01-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C8EA90628066C5D47E0F6AC231094635">61</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="06A63CF69E14F07C4A2553D72B48F67B" type="DOI">10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FF1F9FA07F92FE69" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0164FFE8FF1F9FA07F68FE29" box="[238,574,410,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FF1F9FA07F68FE29" blockId="3.[104,708,282,499]" box="[238,574,410,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FF1F9FA07C89FE29" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[238,479,410,435]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FF1F9FA07C89FE29" bold="true" box="[238,479,410,435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280164FFE8FE149FA07F68FE29" box="[485,574,410,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0164FFE8FF489F807F92FE69" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FF489F807F92FE69" blockId="3.[104,708,282,499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
http://zoobank.org/
<uri id="FF9647430164FFE8FE529F807F92FE69" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:
<uuid id="FFA171940164FFE8FF309FE07F92FE69" box="[193,708,474,499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">093F56E5-D07E-44C3-8E75-059C486CB222</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0164FFE8FFAF9C207FD8FDC9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FFAF9C207FD8FDC9" blockId="3.[94,718,538,595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FFAF9C207DB0FDA9" bold="true" box="[94,230,538,563]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology:</emphasis>
From the unusually deep premaxilla in comparison to other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FE3D9C007F6BFDC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[460,573,570,595]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FE3D9C007F6BFDC9" box="[460,573,570,595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0164FFE8FFAF9C40783EFC69" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FFAF9C407FC9FCE9" blockId="3.[93,720,634,883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FFAF9C407D82FD09" bold="true" box="[94,212,634,659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54BCF5E30164FFE8FFAF9C407D99FD09" box="[94,207,634,659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B6F411C0164FFE8FF2F9C407CE9FCC9" collectionCode="NMNZ" country="New Zealand" location="North Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Taranaki" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED16D3840164FFE8FF2F9C407C73FD09" box="[222,293,634,659]" collectionName="New Zealand, Wellington, Museum of New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">NMNZ</collectionCode>
S.46691; partial skeleton embedded, but largely exposed,in a concretion.Elements preserved: partial cranium (crushed) with premaxilla, furcula, both coracoids, right scapula, right humerus, both ulnae, right radius, synsacrum, left femur, both tibiotarsi, both tarsometatarsi but the left is missing both ends, one pedal phalange, and other fragments
</materialsCitation>
. The fossil is from a fully grown individual based on bone ossification (
<figureCitation id="133C57C40164FFE8FDA79D607FC2FCE9" box="[598,660,858,883]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[170,229,2010,2035]" captionTargetBox="[170,1493,525,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-131@2.[170,1493,525,1980]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Pliocene fossil petrel Procellaria altirostris sp. nov., holotype NMNZ S.46691.Photo: Jean-Claude Stahl (Te Papa).(1) cranium; (2) premaxilla; (3) furcula; (4) right scapula;(5) left coracoid;(6) right coracoid;(7a) proximal right humerus;(7b) distal right humerus;(8) left ulna;(9a) proximal right ulna;(9b) distal right ulna; (10) right radius; (11) synsacrum; (12a) proximal left femur; (12b) distal left femur; (13a) proximal left tibiotarsus; (13b) distal left tibiotarsus; (14) right tibiotarsus;(15) left tarsometatarsus;(16) right tarsometatarsus;(17) pedal phalange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007729/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF781BC90164FFE8FCEB9DBA7865FC03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5007733" box="[794,1331,896,921]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[794,853,896,921]" targetBox="[796,1415,206,863]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FCEB9DBA7865FC03" blockId="3.[794,1331,896,921]" box="[794,1331,896,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3. General location in Taranaki where the fossil was found.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FFAF9DA0783EFC69" blockId="3.[94,720,922,1235]" lastBlockId="3.[793,1418,954,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FFAF9DA07C52FC29" bold="true" box="[94,260,922,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54BCF5E30164FFE8FFAF9DA07DC1FC29" box="[94,151,922,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
Locality,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FEFD9DA07F75FC29" bold="true" box="[268,547,922,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type Horizon and Age:</emphasis>
Ohawe Beach, south
<collectingRegion id="49C385A30164FFE8FF539D807C54FC49" box="[162,258,954,979]" country="New Zealand" name="Taranaki" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taranaki</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8ED81D9A0164FFE8FEFB9D807CC3FC49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89:8ED81D9A0164FFE8FEFB9D807CC3FC49" box="[266,405,954,979]" country="New Zealand" name="North Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="Taranaki">North Island</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10164FFE8FE6F9D807F66FC49" box="[414,560,954,979]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10164FFE8FDCA9D807F99FC49" box="[571,719,954,979]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
Fossil Record Electronic Database Number Q21/F0175,
<figureCitation id="133C57C40164FFE8FFAF9DC07DC8FB89" box="[94,158,1018,1043]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[794,853,896,921]" captionTargetBox="[796,1415,206,863]" captionTargetId="figure-270@3.[794,1418,204,865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. General location inTaranaki where the fossil was found." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The fossil was found inside a marine mudstone concretion loose on the beach in 2015, and prepared by John Buchanan-Brown in the same year. The concretion is presumed to have eroded from an adjacent cliff in the Tangahoe Formation. This Formation is 3.0-3.4 Ma (local Waipipian stage,
<geologicalTimeScale id="F927CBEA0164FFE8FEEE9AA07CE6FB29" box="[287,432,1178,1203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">late Pliocene</geologicalTimeScale>
, Piacenzian;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00164FFE8FDCD9AA07F9AFB29" author="McKee, J." box="[572,716,1178,1203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="63 - 91" refId="ref3877" refString="McKee, J. 1994. Geology and vertebrate palaentology of the Tangahoe Formation, SouthTaranaki Coast, New Zealand. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publications B, 80: 63 - 91." type="journal article" year="1994">McKee, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00164FFE8FF919A807C4AFB49" author="Naish, T. R. &amp; Wehland, F. &amp; Wilson, G. S. &amp; Browne, G. H. &amp; Cook, R. A. &amp; Morgans, H. E. G. &amp; Rosenberg, M. &amp; King, P. R. &amp; Smale, D. &amp; Nelson, C. S. &amp; Kamp, P. J. J. &amp; Ricketts, B." box="[96,284,1210,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 196" refId="ref3913" refString="Naish, T. R.; Wehland, F.; Wilson, G. S.; Browne, G. H.; Cook, R. A.; Morgans, H. E. G.; Rosenberg, M.; King, P. R.; Smale, D.; Nelson, C. S.; Kamp, P. J. J. &amp; Ricketts, B. 2005. An integrated sequence stratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental, and chronostratigraphic analysis of the Tangahoe Formation, southern Taranaki coast, with implications for mid-Pliocene (c. 3.4 - 3.0 Ma) glacioeustatic sea-level changes. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 35: 151 - 196." type="journal article" year="2005">
Naish
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FF529A807D8BFB49" box="[163,221,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.,</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00164FFE8FED49A807CA9FB49" author="Thomas, D. B. &amp; Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Scofield, R. P. &amp; Heath, T. A. &amp; Pett, W. &amp; Ksepka, D. T." box="[293,511,1210,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="20201497" refId="ref4323" refString="Thomas, D. B.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Scofield, R. P.; Heath, T. A.; Pett, W. &amp; Ksepka, D. T. 2020. Ancient crested penguin constrains timing of recruitment into seabird hotspot. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287: 20201497." type="journal article" year="2020">
Thomas
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FE759A807CE8FB49" box="[388,446,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.,</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Such concretions are thought to have formed on the ocean floor at a depth of up to
<quantity id="4CFFE6A40164FFE8FC849DE07EFAFC69" box="[885,940,986,1011]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
or more (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00164FFE8FBE49DE07808FC69" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A." box="[1045,1374,986,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref4251" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A. 2018. A new species of Pliocene shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand. Tuhinga, 29: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2018">Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0164FFEFFCEB9A207F9FF929" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFEFFCEB9A207F9FF929" blockId="3.[794,1420,1050,1235]" lastBlockId="4.[170,795,1082,2131]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FCEB9A207951FBA9" bold="true" box="[794,1031,1050,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Generic attribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FBFE9A2079BAFBA9" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[1039,1260,1050,1075]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FBFE9A2079BAFBA9" box="[1039,1260,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280164FFE8FB029A20781CFBA9" box="[1267,1354,1050,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FC759A007EA3FBC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[900,1013,1082,1107]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FC759A007EA3FBC9" box="[900,1013,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it is a large petrel falling in the size range of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FC2B9A6079F4FBE9" box="[986,1186,1114,1139]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FC2B9A60791DFBE9" box="[986,1099,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and outside the size range of every other recent genus in
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FB3A9A4078DEFB09" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1888" box="[1227,1416,1146,1171]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Procellariiformes</taxonomicName>
: all recent
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FC7B9AA07976FB29" box="[906,1056,1178,1203]" class="Aves" family="Diomedeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Diomedeidae</taxonomicName>
are larger and all
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FB009AA078DFFB29" box="[1265,1417,1178,1203]" class="Aves" family="Hydrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hydrobatidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FCA99A807954FB49" authorityName="G.R.Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[856,1026,1210,1235]" class="Aves" family="Pelecanoididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pelecanoididae</taxonomicName>
are smaller. Within the family
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF5B9A007C6AFBC9" box="[170,316,1082,1107]" class="Aves" family="Procellaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procellaridae</taxonomicName>
, birds in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE3E9A007F16FBC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[463,576,1082,1107]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE3E9A007F16FBC9" box="[463,576,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus are the largest, with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE209A607E40FBE9" authority="Richmond, 1905" authorityName="Richmond" authorityYear="1905" box="[465,790,1114,1139]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Macronectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE209A607F0FFBE9" box="[465,601,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Macronectes</emphasis>
Richmond, 1905
</taxonomicName>
, which is similar in size to some albatross taxa. Based on the narrow and deep beak, the strongly hooked premaxilla and the prominent
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE129A807FC9FB49" box="[483,671,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pila supranasalis,</emphasis>
the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF5B9AE07C4DFB69" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[170,283,1242,1267]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF5B9AE07C4DFB69" box="[170,283,1242,1267]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from almost all other genera within the
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE3E9AC07F37FA89" box="[463,609,1274,1299]" class="Aves" family="Procellaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procellaridae</taxonomicName>
; the exceptions being
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF029B207F62FAA9" authority="Bonaparte, 1856" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1856" box="[243,564,1306,1331]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF029B207C25FAA9" box="[243,371,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pterodroma</emphasis>
Bonaparte, 1856
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFD9E9B207E4CFAA9" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1936" box="[623,794,1306,1331]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pseudobulweria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD9E9B207E4CFAA9" box="[623,794,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudobulweria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mathews, 1936. Generally,
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE289B007F0FFAC9" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1856" box="[473,601,1338,1363]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE289B007F0FFAC9" box="[473,601,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pterodroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa have a narrower and shorter beak than
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE069B607F3EFAE9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[503,616,1370,1395]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE069B607F3EFAE9" box="[503,616,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa; moreover, as in all
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFEF79B407C2AFA09" box="[262,380,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFEF79B407C2FFA09" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[262,377,1402,1427]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procellaria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the fossil has a longer humerus than ulna, while
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFEDD9BA07CFAFA29" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1856" box="[300,428,1434,1459]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFEDD9BA07CFAFA29" box="[300,428,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pterodroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa have longer ulnae than humeri (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFF1D9B807F14FA49" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A." box="[236,578,1466,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref4251" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A. 2018. A new species of Pliocene shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand. Tuhinga, 29: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2018">Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD769B807E4FFA49" box="[647,793,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">apertura nasi</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF5B9BE07DB0FA69" box="[170,230,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ossea</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFEE49BE07C96FA69" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1936" box="[277,448,1498,1523]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pseudobulweria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFEE49BE07C96FA69" box="[277,448,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudobulweria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller than in
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFD599BE07E4FFA69" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[680,793,1498,1523]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD599BE07E4FFA69" box="[680,793,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa; moreover, the proximal end of the humerus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF5B98207C03F9A9" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1936" box="[170,341,1562,1587]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pseudobulweria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF5B98207C03F9A9" box="[170,341,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudobulweria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa lack the tubercle on the cranial surface of the ventral margin in the bicipital area (Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018).The shape of the
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFDBB98607E4CF9E9" box="[586,794,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">apertura nasi ossea</emphasis>
and this humeral tubercle of the fossil are features found in
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF3498A07C60F929" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[197,310,1690,1715]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF3498A07C60F929" box="[197,310,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFE8798A07FE9F929" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A." box="[374,703,1690,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref4251" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Mannering, A. A. 2018. A new species of Pliocene shearwater (Aves: Procellariidae) from New Zealand. Tuhinga, 29: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2018">Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF781BC90164FFE8FFAF9AC07C0BFAA9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[94,144,1274,1299]" targetBox="[94,1385,1366,2122]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FFAF9AC07C0BFAA9" blockId="3.[94,1417,1274,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of skeletal elements of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FD449AC07E47FA89" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[693,785,1274,1299]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FD449AC07E47FA89" bold="true" box="[693,785,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280164FFE8FCE49AC07E00FA89" box="[789,854,1274,1299]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, compared with measurements of other
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FB529AC0786AFA89" box="[1187,1340,1274,1299]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FB529AC079A1FA89" bold="true" box="[1187,1271,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procellaria</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
For measurement details,see Methods.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410164FFE8FF6D9B6C7833F7D0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="F907B9E101640014FFAF9B6C783FF7D0" box="[94,1385,1366,2122]" gridcols="7" gridrows="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9B6C783FFAF0" box="[94,1385,1366,1386]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF9B6C7C71FAF0" box="[94,295,1366,1386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Measurement</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FEA99B6C7C94FAF0" box="[344,450,1366,1386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">NMNZ S.46691</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FE089B6C7F23FAF0" box="[505,629,1366,1386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FE0C9B6C7F24FAF0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[509,626,1366,1386]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FE0C9B6C7F24FAF0" bold="true" box="[509,626,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.aequinoctialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FD479B6C7E64FAF0" box="[694,818,1366,1386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FD309B6C7E70FAF0" authorityName="Falla" authorityYear="1946" box="[705,806,1366,1386]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westlandica">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FD309B6C7E70FAF0" bold="true" box="[705,806,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.westlandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FC869B6C7EBDFAF0" box="[887,1003,1366,1386]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FC8F9B6C7EB5FAF0" box="[894,995,1366,1386]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conspicilata">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FC8F9B6C7EB5FAF0" bold="true" box="[894,995,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.conspicilata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FBC19B6C79FAFAF0" box="[1072,1196,1366,1386]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FBBD9B6C79C6FAF0" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[1100,1168,1366,1386]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FBBD9B6C79C6FAF0" bold="true" box="[1100,1168,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.cinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9B6C783FFAF0" box="[1261,1385,1366,1386]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20164FFE8FB0C9B6C780FFAF0" authorityName="G. R. Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[1277,1369,1366,1386]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
<emphasis id="B97397530164FFE8FB0C9B6C780FFAF0" bold="true" box="[1277,1369,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P.parkinsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9B4F783FFA3D" box="[94,1385,1397,1447]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF9B4F7C71FA3D" box="[94,295,1397,1447]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">skull min.intraorbital width</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA99B4F7C94FA3D" box="[344,450,1397,1447]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE089B4F7F23FA3D" box="[505,629,1397,1447]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.24 ± 0.09 (50)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD479B4F7E64FA3D" box="[694,818,1397,1447]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.4 ± 0.12(35)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC869B4F7EBDFA3D" box="[887,1003,1397,1447]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.57 ± 0.22 (7)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC19B4F79FAFA3D" box="[1072,1196,1397,1447]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.76 ± 0.10 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9B4F783FFA3D" box="[1261,1385,1397,1447]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.4 ± 0.15 (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9B88783FFA7F" box="[94,1385,1458,1509]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF9B887C71FA7F" box="[94,295,1458,1509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">premaxilla max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA99B887C94FA7F" box="[344,450,1458,1509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">55.56</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE089B887F23FA7F" box="[505,629,1458,1509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">62.22 ± 0.34 (32)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD479B887E64FA7F" box="[694,818,1458,1509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">59.62 ± 0.36 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC869B887EBDFA7F" box="[887,1003,1458,1509]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">57.22 (1)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC19B8879FAFA7F" box="[1072,1196,1458,1509]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">57.15 ± 0.26 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9B88783FFA7F" box="[1261,1385,1458,1509]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">49.48 ± 0.57 (15)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9BD5783FF999" box="[94,1385,1519,1539]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF9BD57C71F999" box="[94,295,1519,1539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">depth</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA99BD57C94F999" box="[344,450,1519,1539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.52</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE089BD57F23F999" box="[505,629,1519,1539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.96 ± 0.08 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD479BD57E64F999" box="[694,818,1519,1539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.12 ± 0.11 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC869BD57EBDF999" box="[887,1003,1519,1539]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.95 (1)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC19BD579FAF999" box="[1072,1196,1519,1539]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.95 ± 0.07 (38)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9BD5783FF999" box="[1261,1385,1519,1539]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.81 ± 0.13 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9834783FF9B8" box="[94,1385,1550,1570]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF98347C71F9B8" box="[94,295,1550,1570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">width</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA998347C94F9B8" box="[344,450,1550,1570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.5</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0898347F23F9B8" box="[505,629,1550,1570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.76 ± 0.13 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4798347E64F9B8" box="[694,818,1550,1570]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.7 ± 0.17 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8698347EBDF9B8" box="[887,1003,1550,1570]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.23 (1)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1983479FAF9B8" box="[1072,1196,1550,1570]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.42 ± 0.13 (38)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9834783FF9B8" box="[1261,1385,1550,1570]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">11.98 ± 0.21 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9817783FF9DB" box="[94,1385,1581,1601]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF9817783FF9DB" box="[94,1385,1581,1601]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">coracoid</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9871783FF9C5" box="[94,1385,1611,1631]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF98717C71F9C5" box="[94,295,1611,1631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA998717C94F9C5" box="[344,450,1611,1631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">41.99</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0898717F23F9C5" box="[505,629,1611,1631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">37.93 ± 0.20 (27)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4798717E64F9C5" box="[694,818,1611,1631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">39.12 ± 0.15 (33)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8698717EBDF9C5" box="[887,1003,1611,1631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">38.92 ± 0.86 (2)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1987179FAF9C5" box="[1072,1196,1611,1631]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">36.15 ± 0.15 (35)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9871783FF9C5" box="[1261,1385,1611,1631]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">33.35 ± 0.28 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9850783FF907" box="[94,1385,1642,1693]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF98507C71F907" box="[94,295,1642,1693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">humerus max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA998507C94F907" box="[344,450,1642,1693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">143.22</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0898507F23F907" box="[505,629,1642,1693]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">150.71 ± 0.62 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4798507E64F907" box="[694,818,1642,1693]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">149.65 ± 0.48 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8698507EBDF907" box="[887,1003,1642,1693]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">151.22 ± 1.59 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1985079FAF907" box="[1072,1196,1642,1693]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">136.76 ± 0.44 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9850783FF907" box="[1261,1385,1642,1693]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">130.06 ± 0.74 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF989D783FF921" box="[94,1385,1703,1723]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF989D7C71F921" box="[94,295,1703,1723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">proximal width</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA9989D7C94F921" box="[344,450,1703,1723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32.26</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE08989D7F23F921" box="[505,629,1703,1723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32.34 ± 0.16 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD47989D7E64F921" box="[694,818,1703,1723]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32.37 ± 0.15 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC86989D7EBDF921" box="[887,1003,1703,1723]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31.77 ± 0.36 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1989D79FAF921" box="[1072,1196,1703,1723]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30.54 ± 0.15 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C989D783FF921" box="[1261,1385,1703,1723]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">28.19 ± 0.17 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF98FC783FF940" box="[94,1385,1734,1754]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF98FC7C71F940" box="[94,295,1734,1754]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">distal width</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA998FC7C94F940" box="[344,450,1734,1754]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">17.68</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0898FC7F23F940" box="[505,629,1734,1754]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">17.49± 0.07 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4798FC7E64F940" box="[694,818,1734,1754]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">17.12 ± 0.08 (36)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8698FC7EBDF940" box="[887,1003,1734,1754]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">17.77± 0.22 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC198FC79FAF940" box="[1072,1196,1734,1754]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16.4 ± 0.05 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C98FC783FF940" box="[1261,1385,1734,1754]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15.04 ± 0.10(18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF98DF783FF963" box="[94,1385,1765,1785]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF98DF7C71F963" box="[94,295,1765,1785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">shaft width</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA998DF7C94F963" box="[344,450,1765,1785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.44</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0898DF7F23F963" box="[505,629,1765,1785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.58 ± 0.05 (28)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4798DF7E64F963" box="[694,818,1765,1785]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.44 ± 0.05 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8698DF7EBDF963" box="[887,1003,1765,1785]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.38 ± 0.07 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC198DF79FAF963" box="[1072,1196,1765,1785]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.41 ± 0.05 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C98DF783FF963" box="[1261,1385,1765,1785]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6.52 ± 0.06 (18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9939783FF8AC" box="[94,1385,1795,1846]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF99397C71F8AC" box="[94,295,1795,1846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ulna max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA999397C94F8AC" box="[344,450,1795,1846]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">138.53</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0899397F23F8AC" box="[505,629,1795,1846]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">151.13 ± 0.50 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4799397E64F8AC" box="[694,818,1795,1846]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">149.91 ± 0.50 (37)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8699397EBDF8AC" box="[887,1003,1795,1846]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">149.84 ± 0.67 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1993979FAF8AC" box="[1072,1196,1795,1846]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">135.09 ± 0.47 (36)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9939783FF8AC" box="[1261,1385,1795,1846]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">131.29 ± 0.84 (18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF997B783FF8E9" box="[94,1385,1857,1907]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF997B7C71F8E9" box="[94,295,1857,1907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">radius max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA9997B7C94F8E9" box="[344,450,1857,1907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">132.95</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE08997B7F23F8E9" box="[505,629,1857,1907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">147.57 ± 0.53 (29)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD47997B7E64F8E9" box="[694,818,1857,1907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">146.33 ± 0.52 (36)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC86997B7EBDF8E9" box="[887,1003,1857,1907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">146.08 ± 0.37 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1997B79FAF8E9" box="[1072,1196,1857,1907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">131.51± 0.45 (36)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C997B783FF8E9" box="[1261,1385,1857,1907]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">128.19 ± 0.81 (18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9944783FF82B" box="[94,1385,1918,1969]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF99447C71F82B" box="[94,295,1918,1969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">femur max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA999447C94F82B" box="[344,450,1918,1969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50.05</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0899447F23F82B" box="[505,629,1918,1969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50.64 ± 0.30 (28)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4799447E64F82B" box="[694,818,1918,1969]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50.9 ± 0.22 (31)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8699447EBDF82B" box="[887,1003,1918,1969]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50.52 ± 0.67 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1994479FAF82B" box="[1072,1196,1918,1969]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48.62 ± 0.24 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9944783FF82B" box="[1261,1385,1918,1969]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">42.28 ± 0.48 (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF9981783FF874" box="[94,1385,1979,2030]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF99817C71F874" box="[94,295,1979,2030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">tibiotarsus max.length incl.cnemial crest</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA999817C94F874" box="[344,450,1979,2030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">116.56</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0899817F23F874" box="[505,629,1979,2030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">114.01 ± 0.52 (27)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4799817E64F874" box="[694,818,1979,2030]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">111.86 ± 0.40 (31)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8699817EBDF874" box="[887,1003,1979,2030]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">114.48 ± 0.65 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1998179FAF874" box="[1072,1196,1979,2030]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">109.94 ± 0.35 (32)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C9981783FF874" box="[1261,1385,1979,2030]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">94.89 ± 0.70 (14)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF99C3783FF797" box="[94,1385,2041,2061]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF99C37C71F797" box="[94,295,2041,2061]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">max.length excl.cnemial crest</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA999C37C94F797" box="[344,450,2041,2061]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">99.53</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE0899C37F23F797" box="[505,629,2041,2061]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">99.5 ± 0.40 (30)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD4799C37E64F797" box="[694,818,2041,2061]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">96.94 ± 0.33 (35)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC8699C37EBDF797" box="[887,1003,2041,2061]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">99.43 ± 0.69 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC199C379FAF797" box="[1072,1196,2041,2061]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">95.54 ± 0.33 (35)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C99C3783FF797" box="[1261,1385,2041,2061]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">82.36 ± 0.67 (14)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3537490301640014FFAF962D783FF7D0" box="[94,1385,2071,2122]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76E6207F01640014FFAF962D7C71F7D0" box="[94,295,2071,2122]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">tarsometatarsus max.length</th>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FEA9962D7C94F7D0" box="[344,450,2071,2122]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">64.82</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FE08962D7F23F7D0" box="[505,629,2071,2122]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">65.99 ± 0.31 (30)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FD47962D7E64F7D0" box="[694,818,2071,2122]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">63.65 ± 0.26 (34)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FC86962D7EBDF7D0" box="[887,1003,2071,2122]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">65.33 ± 0.16 (4)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FBC1962D79FAF7D0" box="[1072,1196,2071,2122]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">61.66 ± 0.22 (35)</td>
<td id="76E6207F01640014FB1C962D783FF7D0" box="[1261,1385,2071,2122]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">54.53 ± 0.45 (15)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF781BC90163FFEFFF5B9D9F7CEBFB84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007735" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5007735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007735/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[170,229,933,958]" targetBox="[173,1492,207,900]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFF5B9D9F7CEBFB84" blockId="4.[170,1494,933,1054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 4. Principal component analysis for the skeletal measurements of the three
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC969D9F7EAFFC24" box="[871,1017,933,958]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC969D9F7EEDFC24" bold="true" box="[871,955,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that are most similar in morphology to the new species:
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF5D9DFF7CFEFC44" bold="true" box="[172,424,965,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF5D9DFF7C7AFC44" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[172,300,965,990]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">P.aequinoctialis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFEC49DFF7CFEFC44" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[309,424,965,990]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conspicillata">P.conspicillata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE219DFF7F13FC44" bold="true" box="[464,581,965,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE219DFF7F17FC44" authorityName="Falla" authorityYear="1946" box="[464,577,965,990]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westlandica">P.westlandica</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(A) Biplot of the first and second principal component scores. (B) Projection of the principal component vectors (loadings) of the tested parameters onto the PC1-PC2 biplot.Colours represent the different species:
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC219DDF7918FC64" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[976,1102,997,1022]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC219DDF7918FC64" bold="true" box="[976,1102,997,1022]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P.aequinoctialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= green;
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFB6C9DDF7859FC64" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1181,1295,997,1022]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conspicillata">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFB6C9DDF7859FC64" bold="true" box="[1181,1295,997,1022]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P.conspicillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= blue;
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFAA29DDF7897FC64" authorityName="Falla" authorityYear="1946" box="[1363,1473,997,1022]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westlandica">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFAA29DDF7897FC64" bold="true" box="[1363,1473,997,1022]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P.westlandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= yellow;
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF189A3F7C12FB84" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[233,324,1029,1054]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF189A3F7C12FB84" bold="true" box="[233,324,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P.altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280163FFEFFEB99A3F7CD0FB84" box="[328,390,1029,1054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
= red.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0163FFEFFF5B98E07821FAC9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFF5B98E07C71F809" blockId="4.[170,795,1082,2131]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0F0FC2D0163FFEFFF5B98E07E4CF969" box="[170,794,1754,1779]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF5B98E07CE3F969" bold="true" box="[170,437,1754,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Differential diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE4E98E07FCBF969" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[447,669,1754,1779]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE4E98E07FCBF969" box="[447,669,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280163FFEFFD5698E07E56F969" box="[679,768,1754,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is
</heading>
identified as a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFDFD98C07F90F889" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1888" box="[524,710,1786,1811]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Procellariiformes</taxonomicName>
by the beak having a sharply hooked tip, lateral furrows rostral of the nostrils (nasolabial grooves) and marked
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD3099007C75F8E9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">supraorbital fossae</emphasis>
for nasal glands (
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE1899607FB5F8E9" box="[489,739,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">fossa glandulae nasalis</emphasis>
),
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD0699607E4CF8E9" box="[759,794,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">i.e.,</emphasis>
salt glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFF2199A07821FAC9" blockId="4.[170,795,1082,2131]" lastBlockId="4.[868,1496,1082,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF2199A07CF9F829" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[208,431,1946,1971]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF2199A07CF9F829" box="[208,431,1946,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280163FFEFFE4B99A07F45F829" box="[442,531,1946,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is most similar to the White-Chinned Petrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFE3499807F2BF849" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[453,637,1978,2003]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFE3499807F2BF849" box="[453,637,1978,2003]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Spectacled Petrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFF0B99E07CCEF869" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[250,408,2010,2035]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conspicillata">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFF0B99E07CCEF869" box="[250,408,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. conspicillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Westland Petrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFD6899E07D9FF789" authorityName="Falla" authorityYear="1946" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westlandica">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFD6899E07D9FF789" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. westlandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Compared with these taxa, the new species has a deeper and shorter premaxilla, a larger coracoid and shorter wings, while its legs are a similar size. It is slightly larger than the Grey Petrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFB669A0079ADFBC9" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[1175,1275,1082,1107]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFB669A0079ADFBC9" box="[1175,1275,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. cinerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and notably larger than the Black Petrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFBAD9A6079B5FBE9" authorityName="G. R. Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[1116,1251,1114,1139]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFBAD9A6079B5FBE9" box="[1116,1251,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. parkinsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The Grey Petrel also differs in having a more slender beak (width and depth relative to length) than all other members of the genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC969A80797AFB49" box="[871,1068,1210,1235]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC969A807E8EFB49" box="[871,984,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
show minor sexual dimorphism in size, with males averaging a little larger (Marchant &amp; Higgins, 1990;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFC589AC07919FA89" author="Warham, J." box="[937,1103,1274,1299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref4388" refString="Warham, J. 1990. The petrels: their ecology and breeding systems. London, A. &amp; C. Black." type="book" year="1990">Warham, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). However, regardless of the sex of the fossil, it still falls outside the range of variation seen in other species (
<tableCitation id="C6857EFA0163FFEFFBF29B007902FAC9" box="[1027,1108,1338,1363]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[94,144,1274,1299]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of skeletal elements of the holotype of P.altirostris sp.nov., compared with measurements of other Procellaria species.For measurement details,see Methods." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C57C40163FFEFFB919B0079CAFAC9" box="[1120,1180,1338,1363]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[170,229,2010,2035]" captionTargetBox="[170,1493,525,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-131@2.[170,1493,525,1980]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Pliocene fossil petrel Procellaria altirostris sp. nov., holotype NMNZ S.46691.Photo: Jean-Claude Stahl (Te Papa).(1) cranium; (2) premaxilla; (3) furcula; (4) right scapula;(5) left coracoid;(6) right coracoid;(7a) proximal right humerus;(7b) distal right humerus;(8) left ulna;(9a) proximal right ulna;(9b) distal right ulna; (10) right radius; (11) synsacrum; (12a) proximal left femur; (12b) distal left femur; (13a) proximal left tibiotarsus; (13b) distal left tibiotarsus; (14) right tibiotarsus;(15) left tarsometatarsus;(16) right tarsometatarsus;(17) pedal phalange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007729/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C57C40163FFEFFB549B0079B7FAC9" box="[1189,1249,1338,1363]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[170,229,933,958]" captionTargetBox="[173,1492,207,900]" captionTargetId="figure-533@4.[170,1493,204,903]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Principal component analysis for the skeletal measurements of the three Procellaria species that are most similar in morphology to the new species: P.aequinoctialis, P.conspicillataand P.westlandica. (A) Biplot of the first and second principal component scores. (B) Projection of the principal component vectors (loadings) ofthe tested parametersonto the PC1-PC2 biplot.Coloursrepresent the differentspecies:P.aequinoctialis = green;P.conspicillata = blue;P.westlandica = yellow;P.altirostris sp.nov.= red." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007735/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
, Appendix 2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0163FFEFFC949B4079B3FA09" box="[869,1253,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFC949B4079B3FA09" blockId="4.[868,1496,1082,1715]" box="[869,1253,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC949B40794AFA09" bold="true" box="[869,1052,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Measurements:</emphasis>
see
<tableCitation id="C6857EFA0163FFEFFBBA9B4079CFFA09" box="[1099,1177,1402,1427]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[94,144,1274,1299]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of skeletal elements of the holotype of P.altirostris sp.nov., compared with measurements of other Procellaria species.For measurement details,see Methods." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C57C40163FFEFFB549B407988FA09" box="[1189,1246,1402,1427]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[94,153,2106,2131]" captionTargetBox="[94,1417,204,2076]" captionTargetId="figure-1@1.[94,1417,204,2076]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Plate illustrating how each bone element was measured." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5007727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5007727/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0163FFEFFC949B8078E8F929" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFC949B8078E8F929" blockId="4.[868,1496,1082,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC949B807EABFA49" bold="true" box="[869,1021,1466,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution:</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54BCF5E30163FFEFFBC39B8079C1FA49" box="[1074,1175,1466,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is the only known specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC709BE0790DFA69" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[897,1115,1498,1523]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC709BE0790DFA69" box="[897,1115,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280163FFEFFB919BE079E2FA69" box="[1120,1204,1498,1523]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
All members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC949BC07E80F989" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[869,982,1530,1555]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC949BC07E80F989" box="[869,982,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
travel thousands of kilometres at sea when foraging and/or migrating (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFB6898207866F9A9" author="Brooke, M." box="[1177,1328,1562,1587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3618" refString="Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford, Oxford University Press." type="book" year="2004">Brooke, 2004</bibRefCitation>
), so we expect that
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC6B98007923F9C9" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" box="[922,1141,1594,1619]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC6B98007923F9C9" box="[922,1141,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280163FFEFFB8D98007987F9C9" box="[1148,1233,1594,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
had similar behaviours and would have ranged widely in the seas around proto –
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10163FFEFFC8D98407947F909" box="[892,1041,1658,1683]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and probably been a long-distance migrant like other members of this genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFAEF98A078E2F929" author="Brooke, M." box="[1310,1460,1690,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3618" refString="Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford, Oxford University Press." type="book" year="2004">Brooke, 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D18CA0163FFEEFBA198C07C31FB89" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEFFBA198C079BFF889" blockId="4.[1104,1257,1786,1811]" box="[1104,1257,1786,1811]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0F0FC2D0163FFEFFBA198C079BFF889" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1104,1257,1786,1811]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFBA198C079BFF889" bold="true" box="[1104,1257,1786,1811]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410163FFEEFC7A99007F99FE89" blockId="4.[868,1495,1850,2131]" lastBlockId="5.[93,720,218,1043]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The discovery of a well-preserved specimen of a
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20163FFEFFC9499607E80F8E9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[869,982,1882,1907]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530163FFEFFC9499607E80F8E9" box="[869,982,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
petrel from the Pliocene adds important new knowledge about the history of this genus. Only two previous studies have identified this genus in Pliocene deposits and those were disarticulated remains: a single partial humerus from the early Pliocene of
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10163FFEFFABD99E07880F869" box="[1356,1494,2010,2035]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFC9C99C07EA8F789" author="Olson, S. L." box="[877,1022,2042,2067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="147 - 164" refId="ref4044" refString="Olson, S. L. 1985 a. An early Pliocene marine avifauna from Duinefontein, Cape Province, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 95: 147 - 164." type="journal article" year="1985">Olson,1985a</bibRefCitation>
) and three bones from the early Pliocene of
<collectingRegion id="49C385A30163FFEFFC959620795EF7A9" box="[868,1032,2074,2099]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10163FFEFFBE196207969F7A9" box="[1040,1087,2074,2099]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFBB896207830F7A9" author="Olson, S. L. &amp; Rasmussen, P. C." box="[1097,1382,2074,2099]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="233 - 365" refId="ref4104" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Rasmussen, P. C. 2001. Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. In: Ray, C. R. &amp; Bohaska, D. J. (Eds.). Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 233 - 365." type="book chapter" year="2001">Olson &amp; Rasmussen, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). No older fossils of the genus are known (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00163FFEFFB4D96007805F7C9" author="Olson, S. L." box="[1212,1363,2106,2131]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="79 - 238" refId="ref4080" refString="Olson, S. L. 1985 b. The fossil record of birds. Avian Biology, 8: 79 - 238." type="journal article" year="1985">Olson, 1985b</bibRefCitation>
). Otherwise only much younger (Holocene) fossils have been documented (
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFF329EC07DBBFE89" box="[195,237,250,275]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e.g.,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFF009EC07CC9FE89" author="Tennyson, A. J. D." box="[241,415,250,275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="269 - 294" refId="ref4223" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. 2020. Holocene bird bones found at the subantarctic Auckland Islands. Notornis, 67: 269 - 294." type="journal article" year="2020">Tennyson, 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFE579EC07F93FE89" author="Worthy, T. H. &amp; Jouventin, P." box="[422,709,250,275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="39 - 65" refId="ref4412" refString="Worthy, T. H. &amp; Jouventin, P. 1999. The fossil avifauna of Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology, 89: 39 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">Worthy &amp; Jouventin, 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410162FFEEFF759F207F7CFE49" blockId="5.[93,720,218,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
This lack of a good fossil record for the genus has impaired more detailed analyses of its evolution.Our description of a Pliocene
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFED19F607CC7FEE9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[288,401,346,371]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFED19F607CC7FEE9" box="[288,401,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provides further evidence to support the phylogeny proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFE059F407DF1FE29" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref4183" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, M. 2004. Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104: 125 - 147." type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, which suggested that crown-group
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFDAC9FA07F98FE29" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[605,718,410,435]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFDAC9FA07F98FE29" box="[605,718,410,435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa were already present in the Miocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410162FFEEFF759FE07FEFFCA9" blockId="5.[93,720,218,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
While we can only speculate on the functional significance of the minor skeletal differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFD7D9FC07DC9FDA9" authority="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani, 2021" authorityName="Tennyson &amp; Tomotani" authorityYear="2021" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altirostris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFD7D9FC07DC9FDA9" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. altirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2402A280162FFEEFF559C207DA1FDA9" box="[164,247,538,563]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and other members of the genus, the fossil species probably had similar feeding strategies to living
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFF919C607D8EFDE9" box="[96,216,602,627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFF919C607D82FDE9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[96,212,602,627]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procellaria</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For example, surface feeding and shallow diving, with a diet consisting mainly of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFED99CA07C95FD29" author="Brooke, M." box="[296,451,666,691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref3618" refString="Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford, Oxford University Press." type="book" year="2004">Brooke, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). When compared with other
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFF529C807C4CFD49" box="[163,282,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFF529C807C40FD49" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[163,278,698,723]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procellaria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the relatively short wings, particularly the short ulna compared with the humerus length, suggest that it may have been less of a glider (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFDDF9CC07F93FC89" author="Kuroda, N." box="[558,709,762,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="171 - 177" refId="ref3765" refString="Kuroda, N. 1955. On the osteology of the gadfly-petrels, Pterodroma. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 28: 171 - 177." type="journal article" year="1955">Kuroda, 1955</bibRefCitation>
), perhaps using diving more often as a feeding strategy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB84B410162FFEEFF759D007C31FB89" blockId="5.[93,720,218,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Finally, while
<collectingCountry id="F3100BD10162FFEEFED09D007CEFFCC9" box="[289,441,826,851]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
today is the worldwide centre of diversity for species of procellariiforms, including
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFF489D407F3FFC09" authority="(Dickinson &amp; Remsen, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Dickinson &amp; Remsen" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[185,617,890,915]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFF489D407C7CFC09" box="[185,298,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procellaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFEC69D407F35FC09" author="Dickinson, E. C. &amp; Remsen, J. V." box="[311,611,890,915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref3637" refString="Dickinson, E. C. &amp; Remsen, J. V. 2013. The Howard &amp; Moore complete checklist of the birds of the World. 4. ed. London, Edition. A. &amp; C. Black." type="book" year="2013">Dickinson &amp; Remsen, 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the new Pliocene fossil is the only evidence of
<taxonomicName id="4C0730C20162FFEEFDFA9DA07F2AFC29" baseAuthorityName="Dickinson &amp; Remsen" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[523,636,922,947]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Procellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFDFA9DA07F2AFC29" box="[523,636,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Procellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
petrels being present in the country prior to the Late Pleistocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9636B00162FFEEFF959DE07C59FC69" author="Gill, B. J. &amp; Bell, B. D. &amp; Chambers, G. K. &amp; Medway, D. G. &amp; Palma, R. L. &amp; Scofield, R. P. &amp; Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Worthy, T. H." box="[100,271,986,1011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref3680" refString="Gill, B. J.; Bell, B. D.; Chambers, G. K.; Medway, D. G.; Palma, R. L.; Scofield, R. P.; Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Worthy, T. H. 2010. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington, Te Papa Press." type="book" year="2010">
Gill
<emphasis id="B97397530162FFEEFF629DE07D98FC69" box="[147,206,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.,</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) and demonstrates a longer history for the genus in the region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>