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<document id="8AA8FCB0F314A966950B146BA5755D20" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a6" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14204330" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE66EC81-1BC3-4BA1-9E70-81D6F9FCAC59" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732278945151" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sidor, Christian A. &amp; Mann, Arjan" docDate="2024" docId="03A4C4271401114FFCA60C37FCB9FA87" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.23.6.85-93.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (6)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Aelurognathus tigriceps" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FF9DBC5F14021149FFF70944FFBFFFC9" masterDocTitle="The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913) (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia), with comments on sternal evolution in therapsids" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="85" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1732296578625" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5420725D34C09B8537E31A0E8F9DBC35">The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913) (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia), with comments on sternal evolution in therapsids</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F65D66E77BAAF36AD95A6F87338D5C42">Sidor, Christian A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DBE12BD757D520B91FC06A257805576A">Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, P. O. Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 - 1800 (United States of America) casidor @ uw. edu (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C08FE40B8BA0AA6880B3BCF2A949D5DB">Mann, Arjan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F2AD416FC182AE7E67962AFB7FD9FE6B">Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D. C. 20013 - 7012 (United States of America) &amp; Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 (United States of America)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="2E2D697FD6641317C7345DF5FE481AE0">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A4C4271401114FFCA60C37FCB9FA87" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4C4271401114FFCA60C37FCB9FA87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4C4271401114FFCA60C37FCB9FA87" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
<subSubSection id="C31726BA1401114AFCA60C37FA34FA47" box="[849,1419,1395,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB275311401114AFCA60C37FA34FA47" blockId="3.[849,1419,1395,1422]" box="[849,1419,1395,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
<heading id="D0FAC25D1401114AFCA60C37FA34FA47" box="[849,1419,1395,1422]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21401114AFCA60C37FA34FA47" authority="(Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Broom &amp; Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[849,1419,1395,1422]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Aelurognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigriceps">
<emphasis id="B979A9231401114AFCA60C37FBF4FA47" bold="true" box="[849,1099,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Aelurognathus tigriceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFBAD0C30FA3CFA47" author="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H." box="[1114,1411,1396,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" pagination="26 - 35" refId="ref6581" refString="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H. 1913. - On a new species of Scymnognathus (S. tigriceps). Annals of the South African Museum 12: 26 - 35." type="journal article" year="1913">Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31726BA1401114AFCDA0CEAFAE5FA0F" box="[813,1370,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB275311401114AFCDA0CEAFAE5FA0F" blockId="3.[813,1370,1454,1478]" box="[813,1370,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21401114AFCDA0CEAFA8EFA0F" authority="(Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Broom &amp; Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[813,1329,1454,1478]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Scymnognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigriceps">
<emphasis id="B979A9231401114AFCDA0CEAFBB2FA0F" box="[813,1037,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scymnognathus tigriceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFBED0CEAFA96FA0F" author="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H." box="[1050,1321,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" pagination="26 - 35" refId="ref6581" refString="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H. 1913. - On a new species of Scymnognathus (S. tigriceps). Annals of the South African Museum 12: 26 - 35." type="journal article" year="1913">Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: 26.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31726BA1401114AFCDA0CA4FA10F979" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB275311401114AFCDA0CA4FA10F979" blockId="3.[811,1457,1503,1713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
<smallCapsWord id="8D54E3ED1401114AFCDA0CA4FC30FA3C" baselines="1521,1521" box="[813,911,1504,1527]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D54E3ED1401114AFC640CA1FC4FFA3F" baselines="1522" box="[915,1008,1509,1526]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="material" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
. —
<materialsCitation id="3B657F6C1401114AFBEE0C9BFA16F979" collectionCode="NHCC" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" specimenCode="NHCC LB350" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBABDD4A1401114AFBEE0C9BFB11FA3E" box="[1049,1198,1503,1527]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">NHCC LB350</specimenCode>
, a scattered partial skeleton of a large individual preserving the preorbital portion of the skull and lower jaws, both humeri, the proximal half of the right femur, the posterior portion of the interclavicle, and sternum (
<tableCitation id="C68F408A1401114AFAA00F6BFA1EF98E" box="[1367,1441,1583,1607]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[133,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Representative measurements from the associated skeleton of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913) (NHCC LB350). All measurements are in millimeters. Symbols: ‡, estimated; *, measurement taken between proximal and distal articulation surfaces." pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Referral to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21401114AFC6E0F0DFBBFF9A8" baseAuthorityName="Broom &amp; Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[921,1024,1609,1633]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Scymnognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigriceps">
<emphasis id="B979A9231401114AFC6E0F0DFBBFF9A8" box="[921,1024,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">A. tigriceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on the presence of five to six tightly packed maxillary postcanine teeth, a tall and bulbous snout, massive dentary symphysis, and a lower level of pachyostosis around the antorbital and jugal compared to other rubidgeines (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFAF30FDDFA1DF979" author="KAMMERER C. F." box="[1284,1442,1688,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refId="ref6904" refString="KAMMERER C. F. 2016. - Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia). PeerJ 4: e 1608. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1608" type="journal volume" year="2016">Kammerer 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31726BA1401114FFCDA0F8EFCB9FA87" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB275311401114AFCDA0F8EFBABF823" blockId="3.[811,1457,1738,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D54E3ED1401114AFC600F8BFC7EF929" baselines="1756" box="[919,961,1743,1760]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D54E3ED1401114AFC3D0F8BFB98F929" baselines="1756" box="[970,1063,1743,1760]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="locality" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
. — Collected from locality L1, upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin. This locality is approximately 13 kilometers south-southeast of Mulilo (
<collectingRegion id="49C9BBD31401114AFABF0FBAFCC2F8F8" country="Zambia" name="Muchinga" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Muchinga Province</collectingRegion>
) and corresponds to locality 4 of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFB510E5DFA16F8F8" author="DRYSDALL A. R. &amp; KITCHING J. W." box="[1190,1449,1817,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref6826" refString="DRYSDALL A. R. &amp; KITCHING J. W. 1963. - A re-examination of the Karroo succession and fossil localities of part of the Upper Luangwa Valley. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Northern Rhodesia 1: 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1963">Drysdall &amp; Kitching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. Vertebrate fossils from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation generally imply a Lopingian age (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFB910E0AFA88F8AF" author="ANGIELCZYK K. D. &amp; STEYER J. - S. &amp; SIDOR C. A. &amp; SMITH R. M. H. &amp; WHATLEY R. L. &amp; TOLAN S." box="[1126,1335,1870,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" pagination="93 - 138" refId="ref6027" refString="ANGIELCZYK K. D., STEYER J. - S., SIDOR C. A., SMITH R. M. H., WHATLEY R. L. &amp; TOLAN S. 2014. - Permian and Triassic dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) faunas of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: taxonomic update and implications for dicynodont biogeography and biostratigraphy, in KAMMERER C. F., ANGIELCZYK K. D. &amp; FROBISCH J. (eds), Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida. Springer, New York: 93 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 6841 - 3 _ 7" type="book chapter" year="2014">
Angielczyk
<emphasis id="B979A9231401114AFB240E0BFABFF8AF" box="[1235,1280,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), but a more precise correlation for this locality will require the systematic review of historical specimens, given the updated biostratigraphic subdivisions recently proposed for the middle of the basin (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01401114AFADC0ED9FCDEF819" author="PEECOOK B. R. &amp; VIGLIETTI P. A. &amp; WHITNEY M. R. &amp; MCINTOSH J. A. &amp; LUNGMUS J. K. &amp; TOLAN S. &amp; SMITH R. M. H. &amp; KAMMERER C. F. &amp; SIDOR C. A. &amp; ANGIELCZYK K. D." pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refId="ref7283" refString="PEECOOK B. R., VIGLIETTI P. A., WHITNEY M. R., MCINTOSH J. A., LUNGMUS J. K., TOLAN S., SMITH R. M. H., KAMMERER C. F., SIDOR C. A. &amp; ANGIELCZYK K. D. 2020. - A new stratigraphic framework for the Permo-Triassic strata of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: upper Permian turnover and Middle-Upper Triassic vertebrate assemblages. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (Supplement 3): 266." type="journal volume" year="2020">
Peecook
<emphasis id="B979A9231401114AFA760EDAFA0FF87C" box="[1409,1456,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Detailed locality information is available from the NHCC or by contacting C.A.S.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7225B91406114DFF740F5FFD65F9B9" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" startId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" targetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21406114DFE2C0F5FFCC2F9E5" authority="(Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Broom &amp; Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[475,893,1563,1580]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Aelurognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigriceps">
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFE2C0F5FFD20F9E5" box="[475,671,1563,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">Aelurognathus tigriceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01406114DFD5F0F5FFCC6F9E5" author="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H." box="[680,889,1563,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" pagination="26 - 35" refId="ref6581" refString="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H. 1913. - On a new species of Scymnognathus (S. tigriceps). Annals of the South African Museum 12: 26 - 35." type="journal article" year="1913">Broom &amp; Haughton,1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(NHCC LB350). Specimen in:
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFB830F5FFB3EF9E5" bold="true" box="[1140,1153,1563,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFB020F5FFABDF9E5" bold="true" box="[1269,1282,1563,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFA850F5FFA3FF9E5" bold="true" box="[1394,1408,1563,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
, posterior view;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFF130F76FF4DF98A" bold="true" box="[228,242,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFD510F76FD0CF98A" bold="true" box="[678,691,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFD2B0F76FD56F98A" bold="true" box="[732,745,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
, and to the left in
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFC890F76FC33F98A" bold="true" box="[894,908,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
. Dorsal is to the top of the page in
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFB590F76FB03F98A" bold="true" box="[1198,1212,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFAB40F76FAE0F98A" bold="true" box="[1347,1375,1586,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">bm</emphasis>
, possible bite mark;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFF2C0F0DFF4FF993" bold="true" box="[219,240,1609,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">c1</emphasis>
, facet for articulation of first rib;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFE0C0F0DFDAEF993" bold="true" box="[507,529,1609,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">c2</emphasis>
, facet for articulation of second rib;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFCCE0F0DFCF0F993" bold="true" box="[825,847,1609,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">c3</emphasis>
, facet for articulation of third rib;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFBA80F0DFBD0F993" bold="true" box="[1119,1135,1609,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">fs</emphasis>
, facet for articulation of first sternebra;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFF730F1BFF2BF9B9" bold="true" box="[132,148,1631,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">ic</emphasis>
, interclavicle;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFEFC0F1BFEA9F9B9" bold="true" box="[267,278,1631,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">k</emphasis>
, weathered ventral keel;
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFE100F1BFE47F9B9" bold="true" box="[487,504,1631,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">st</emphasis>
, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311406114DFF730F96FEBFF925" blockId="4.[130,777,1715,2028]" box="[132,256,1746,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFF730F96FEBFF925" box="[132,256,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">Interclavicle</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311406114CFF730FB6FE2BFB26" blockId="4.[130,777,1715,2028]" lastBlockId="5.[130,777,822,1263]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">
<figureCitation id="133669B41406114DFF730FB6FF58F8C4" box="[132,231,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="4" pageNumber="87">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
shows the sternum and interclavicle of NHCC LB
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ventral view.The interclavicle lies superficial to the sternum, and has been displaced slightly anterolaterally as evidenced by a shallow impression on the ventral surface of the sternum that indicates their contact surface in life. The caudal portion of the interclavicle is relatively flat, with its lateral margins tapering posteriorly to form a blunted V-shape. Interestingly, this shape contrasts the condition depicted for
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21406114DFD850E95FC61F904" authority="Haughton, 1924" authorityName="Haughton" authorityYear="1924" box="[626,990,1714,2027]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Aelurognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979A9231406114DFD850E95FCBAF822" box="[626,773,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">Aelurognathus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01406114DFCDA0FF6FC61F904" author="HAUGHTON S. H." box="[813,990,1714,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" pagination="499 - 517" refId="ref6871" refString="HAUGHTON S. H. 1924. - On some gorgonopsian skulls in the collection of the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 12: 499 - 517." type="journal article" year="1924">Haughton, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
byBroom (1930: fig. 2), where the posterior margin of the interclavicle was indicated as being broadly curved. Based on the impression on the sternum, we believe the posterior end of the interclavicle would have been more pointed in life, as shown in the reconstruction of this element (
<figureCitation id="133669B41406114DFCC20E16FC3AF8A5" box="[821,901,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1065,1082]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,219,1018]" captionTargetId="figure-620@6.[698,1267,213,752]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Sternal variation in gorgonopsians: A, reconstructed sternum and associated elements in Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913) (NHCC LB350) in ventral view. The anterior portion of the interclavicle is reconstructed on the basis of cf. Arctops sp. (NHCC LB396) and the sternebrae are based on the reconstruction of Gorgonops torvus Owen, 1876 (SAM-PK-K10591) by Bendel et al. (2022). Only the ribs articulating with the sternum are shown; B, sternum of Gorgonops torvus in ventral view; C, sternum of Lycaenops ornatus Broom, 1925 in dorsal view; D, Cyonosaurus sp. in ventral view (based on USNM PAL 412381). Abbreviations: c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; ic, interclavicle; r1, first rib; r2, second rib; r3, third rib; s3, third sternebra. Drawings not to scale. Credits: B, redrawn from Bendel et al. 2022; C, redrawn from Broom 1930." pageId="4" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Anteriorly, the interclavicle in NHCC LB350 tapers towards its “neck”, which separates the anterior and posterior portions of the bone and features the base of an elongate ventral keel, unfortunately weathered off to a large extent in the current specimen. However, the outline of the keel shows that its lateral margins were subparallel and it had a slightly broader anterior end. The right flank of the interclavicle is dislocated and separated from the rest of the interclavicle by a long, matrix-filled longitudinal crack. Other damage includes several oval to irregularly shaped marks scattered across both sides of the interclavicle and sternum that we interpret as bite marks, likely due to scavenging. The ventral surface of the interclavicle shows a pattern of very fine radiating lines that diverge posteriorly. Its dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFDBD0D71FD26FB86" box="[586,665,1077,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
) is mostly obscured by matrix and a fragmentary right posterior coracoid, but based on what is seen in cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21407114CFDC70D31FD1EFB46" box="[560,673,1141,1167]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Arctops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFDC70D31FDC4FB46" box="[560,635,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Arctops</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(NHCC LB396) and other gorgonopsians, one might expect more substantial striations to be present on the interclavicle where it contacted the sternum.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFF72099FFDE1FEF9" blockId="5.[133,775,219,304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
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1. — Representative measurements from the associated skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21407114CFF6B09B6FDE2FECA" authority="(Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Broom &amp; Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[156,605,242,259]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Aelurognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigriceps">
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFF6B09B6FED5FECA" box="[156,362,242,259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Aelurognathus tigriceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFE8009B6FDE7FECA" author="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H." box="[375,600,242,259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="26 - 35" refId="ref6581" refString="BROOM R. &amp; HAUGHTON S. H. 1913. - On a new species of Scymnognathus (S. tigriceps). Annals of the South African Museum 12: 26 - 35." type="journal article" year="1913">Broom &amp; Haughton, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(NHCC LB350). All measurements are in millimeters. Symbols:
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFDF3084CFDB1FED0" bold="true" box="[516,526,264,281]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">‡</emphasis>
, estimated;
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFD8A084CFD3AFED0" bold="true" box="[637,645,264,281]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">*</emphasis>
, measurement taken between proximal and distal articulation surfaces.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFF71082FFD6DFD2C" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<table id="F90D87911407EEB6FF71082FFCBEFD2C" box="[134,769,363,741]" gridcols="2" gridrows="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF71082FFCBEFEB6" box="[134,769,363,383]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<th id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF71082FFE58FEB6" box="[134,487,363,383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Skeleton</th>
<th id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD81082FFCBEFEB6" box="[630,769,363,383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFD81082FFCBEFEB6" bold="true" box="[630,769,363,383]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Mesurements</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF7108CAFCBEFE6B" box="[134,769,398,418]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF7108CAFE58FE6B" box="[134,487,398,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Skull preorbital length</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD8108CAFCBEFE6B" box="[630,769,398,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">167‡</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF7108F6FCBEFE0F" box="[134,769,434,454]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF7108F6FCBEFE0F" box="[134,769,434,454]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Humerus (left)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF71088EFCBEFE17" box="[134,769,458,478]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF71088EFE58FE17" box="[134,487,458,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">length*</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD81088EFCBEFE17" box="[630,769,458,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">211</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF7108A6FCBEFE3F" box="[134,769,482,502]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF7108A6FE58FE3F" box="[134,487,482,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">width across distal epicondyles</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD8108A6FCBEFE3F" box="[630,769,482,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">97</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF7108BEFCBEFDC7" box="[134,769,506,526]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF7108BEFE58FDC7" box="[134,487,506,526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">minimum midshaft diameter</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD8108BEFCBEFDC7" box="[630,769,506,526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710B59FCBEFDF8" box="[134,769,541,561]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710B59FCBEFDF8" box="[134,769,541,561]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Humerus (right)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710B71FCBEFD80" box="[134,769,565,585]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710B71FE58FD80" box="[134,487,565,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">length*</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810B71FCBEFD80" box="[630,769,565,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">214</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710B09FCBEFDA8" box="[134,769,589,609]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710B09FE58FDA8" box="[134,487,589,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">width across distal epicondyles</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810B09FCBEFDA8" box="[630,769,589,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">112</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710B22FCBEFDB3" box="[134,769,614,634]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710B22FE58FDB3" box="[134,487,614,634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">minimum midshaft diameter</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810B22FCBEFDB3" box="[630,769,614,634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">23</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710BCDFCBEFD54" box="[134,769,649,669]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710BCDFCBEFD54" box="[134,769,649,669]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Femur</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710BE5FCBEFD7C" box="[134,769,673,693]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710BE5FE58FD7C" box="[134,487,673,693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">midshaft diameter, transverse</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810BE5FCBEFD7C" box="[630,769,673,693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710BFDFCBEFD04" box="[134,769,697,717]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710BFDFE58FD04" box="[134,487,697,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">midshaft diameter, anteroposterior</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810BFDFCBEFD04" box="[630,769,697,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D77731407EEB6FF710B95FCBEFD2C" box="[134,769,721,741]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FF710B95FE58FD2C" box="[134,487,721,741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">head transverse width</td>
<td id="76EC1E0F1407EEB6FD810B95FCBEFD2C" box="[630,769,721,741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">57</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFF730C50FF63FAE7" blockId="5.[132,220,1300,1326]" box="[132,220,1300,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
<heading id="D0FAC25D1407114CFF730C50FF63FAE7" box="[132,220,1300,1326]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" reason="8">
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFF730C50FF63FAE7" box="[132,220,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Sternum</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFF730C70FD40F825" blockId="5.[130,777,1332,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
The sternum of
<collectionCode id="ED1CEDF41407114CFED40C70FECBFA87" box="[291,372,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">NHCC</collectionCode>
LB350 measures
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in maximum anterior-posterior length and
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transversely.Its outline is best observed in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFE4B0C30FDB3FA47" box="[444,524,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), where it is shield-like, with a broad anterior portion that tapers, albeit irregularly, posteriorly. Most of the dorsal surface of the sternum forms a relatively shallow concave, or dish-shaped, surface. In lateral view (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFF320CB7FEA4F9C7" box="[197,283,1523,1550]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
), the ventral surface of its rib-bearing portion is angled slightly ventrally, which gives the sternum a slightly concave ventral surface when viewed from the side. As preserved, the element is not perfectly symmetrical, with most asymmetry concentrated about the outline of the costal facets. The anterior margin of the sternum is oriented transversely and is slightly thickened at the midline. This thickening continues onto the dorsal surface of the sternum for a short distance, but then flattens out both posteriorly and laterally. Overall, the element is thin dorsoventrally near its center (
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFD7C0E57FD23F8E5" box="[651,668,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CF5D8D41407114CFD560E56FD44F8E4" box="[673,763,1810,1837]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
), but is thickened to varying degrees around its perimeter, with the thickest area occurring posteriorly (
<quantity id="4CF5D8D41407114CFDCF0E16FD31F8A4" box="[568,654,1874,1901]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
). In dorsal view, the anterolateral corners of the sternum are slightly raised and lack finished bone surface. Several authors have suggested that these corners likely contacted the coracoids in life (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFF410E96FEFFF825" author="BROOM R." box="[182,320,2002,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="345 - 371" refId="ref6536" refString="BROOM R. 1930. - On the structure of the mammal-like reptiles of the sub-order Gorgonopsia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 218: 345 - 371. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 92223" type="journal article" year="1930">Broom 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFEB90E95FE5FF825" author="COLBERT E. H." box="[334,480,2001,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="357 - 404" refId="ref6755" refString="COLBERT E. H. 1948. - The mammal-like reptile Lycaenops. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 89: 357 - 404." type="journal article" year="1948">Colbert 1948</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFE190E95FD4FF825" author="SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL D." box="[494,752,2001,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref7648" refString="SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL D. 1989. - Theriodontia I, in WELLNHOFER P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Part 17 B. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart: 1 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1989">Sigogneau-Russell 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFCB4099CFA2CFBE6" blockId="5.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
Three well-defined costal articulations are present on each side of the caudal half of the sternum, with those on the left side being better preserved (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFBAE0853FB10FEFB" box="[1113,1199,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). The first costal facet is the smallest and is positioned at the boundary between the broad anterior portion of the sternum and where it begins to taper. On both sides, the second costal facet has a pocket of unfinished bone adjacent to it, suggesting this is a natural feature. The third costal facet is the best ossified and saddleshaped, with a parallelogram-like outline. The anatomy preserved suggests that all three were mobile joints, not synarthroses. In dorsal or ventral views (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFB6B0B53FAB5FDF8" box="[1180,1290,535,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
), a semicircular notch is present just posterior to each costal facet, with the anterior two having a sloping surface of finished bone, such that their ventral margin is lateral to their dorsal margin. The third notch is a deep, roughly triangular fossa of unfinished bone with a raised rim (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFBC30BF2FB37FD19" box="[1076,1160,694,720]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
), unlike the preceding two notches that blend into the dorsal surface of the sternum.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFCD90BB2FBB9FCD9" author="BENDEL E. - M. &amp; KAMMERER C. F. &amp; LUO Z. - X. &amp; SMITH R. M. H. &amp; FROBISCH J." box="[814,1030,758,784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" refId="ref6211" refString="BENDEL E. - M., KAMMERER C. F., LUO Z. - X., SMITH R. M. H. &amp; FROBISCH J. 2022. - The earliest segmental sternum in a Permian synapsid and its implications for the evolution of mammalian locomotion and ventilation. Scientific Reports 12: 13472. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 022 - 17492 - 6" type="journal volume" year="2022">
Bendel
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFC880BB3FC0BFCD9" box="[895,948,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2022)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the third rib articulated on a facet shared between the sternum and the first sternebra in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D0EB21407114CFCBE0A72FBFAFC86" authority="Owen, 1876" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1876" box="[841,1093,821,848]" family="Gorgonopidae" genus="Gorgonops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFCBE0A72FC0BFC99" box="[841,948,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Gorgonops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFC4C0A72FBFAFC86" author="OWEN R." box="[955,1093,821,848]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="352 - 363" refId="ref7212" refString="OWEN R. 1876. - Evidences of theriodonts in Permian deposits elsewhere than in South Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32: 352 - 363." type="journal article" year="1876">Owen, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the arrangement seen in modern mammals and would make sense based on developmental studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFC0E0A31FBC8FC59" author="CHEN J. M." box="[1017,1143,885,912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="130 - 149" refId="ref6713" refString="CHEN J. M. 1953. - Studies on the morphogenesis of the mouse sternum. III. Experiments on the closure and segmentation of the sternal bands. Journal of Anatomy 87 (2): 130 - 149." type="journal article" year="1953">Chen 1953</bibRefCitation>
). However, a corresponding inference in
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LB350 seems difficult given the wide separation of the third costal facet from the relatively narrow and posteriorly-facing sternebral articulation surface. In other words, the first sternebra would need to be very wide in order for it to share the third rib articulation with the sternum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114CFCB40D71FB96FA04" blockId="5.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
At the caudal end of the sternum, the articulation for the anteriormost sternebra has a complex shape. In ventral view (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFCC10D30FC37FB46" box="[822,904,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
), it can be seen to be formed by two faces that meet at a very high angle. In posterior view (
<figureCitation id="133669B41407114CFB210DD0FA96FB66" box="[1238,1321,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[131,142,1563,1580]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[698,1267,776,1339]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom &amp; Haughton,1913) (NHCC LB350). Specimen in: A, ventral view;B, dorsal view; C, posterior view; D, left lateral view. Anterior is to the top of the page in A and B, and to the left in D. Dorsal is to the top of the page in C. Abbreviations: bm, possible bite mark;c1, facet for articulation of first rib; c2, facet for articulation of second rib; c3, facet for articulation of third rib; fs, facet for articulation of first sternebra; ic, interclavicle; k, weathered ventral keel; st, sternum. Scale bar: 2 cm." pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
), the articulation surface as a whole is subrectangular in outline, with a rounded ventral margin, but each face is gently convex. There is no indication of a distinct articular surface for a costal cartilage, as implied by the reconstruction of
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<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFAB40C50FA11FAE7" box="[1347,1454,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Gorgonops</emphasis>
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by
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Bendel
<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFC560C71FC6AFA87" box="[929,981,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2022
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2B).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C08C01407114CFB7A0C70FA95FA87" author="BROOM R." box="[1165,1322,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88" pagination="345 - 371" refId="ref6536" refString="BROOM R. 1930. - On the structure of the mammal-like reptiles of the sub-order Gorgonopsia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 218: 345 - 371. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 92223" type="journal article" year="1930">Broom (1930)</bibRefCitation>
inferred the presence of an additional element posterior to the sternum in his reconstruction of the pectoral girdle of
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<emphasis id="B979A9231407114CFAE20C30FA17FA47" box="[1301,1448,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">Aelurognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the prominent thickness of this region in
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LB350 supports his deduction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB275311407114FFCB40C97FCB9FA87" blockId="5.[811,1458,216,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[132,775,1268,1358]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">
The sternum of non-mammalian therapsids is often shown in ventral view, as it represents the external surface of the element, but this view affords relatively less anatomical detail than the dorsal view because the rib articulation surfaces generally point posterodorsolaterally. However, the semicircular notches posterior to each facet can remain prominent in ventral view. In
<collectionCode id="ED1CEDF41407114CFC020FD7FBF7F964" box="[1013,1096,1683,1709]" pageId="5" pageNumber="88">NHCC</collectionCode>
LB350, the ventral surface of the sternum bears fine lines that radiate out from the center of the element. In addition, a striking feature is the well-developed anteroventral depression for the articulation of the interclavicle, which seems to have escaped notice in the gorgonopsian literature, if it is indeed a widespread feature. The surface of this depression is smooth, at least in the area where it is not covered by the interclavicle. On the left side, from the first costal articulation to the anterolateral corner, the sternum is fractured and displaced slightly dorsally. A gentle longitudinal ridge connects the depression for the interclavicle to the sternebral articulation along the midline. To either side of this ridge, the ventral surface of the sternum is relatively flat, but forms a thickened rim adjacent to the costal facets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>