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<document id="2C6BEA4C88993373B6478FF1910B3BBD" ID-CLB-Dataset="21182" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c4e752c-bc86-4b72-94b0-c854a5d4ef23" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3995252" ID-ZooBank="69EA0294-F86A-4CE9-A4EC-C470611AA4E1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598056170603" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko &amp; Vårdal, Hege" docDate="2019" docId="EF030A01E44CFFDE23A4FAAFFC8840ED" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4615.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4615 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hoplocampa tadshikistanica Muche 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="133A7279E45AFFC92333FFB6FFDC4166" masterDocTitle="A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698845183448" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A10254404247DDF9561D6D5322E8C3C5">A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CA9518BED0799A7402EBB55324E13BC5">Liston, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AC53FCB69B102B64C443A361B1D78F28">Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C7F6D1306A1EEF637CAC505BC14B2326">Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="796941D1D94D70C85EDB9CAB4CE551E9">Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany. &amp; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5AEC0AB679427009475B201B66BAC889">Vårdal, Hege</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CA824F091E71E285B52B1219DEBDBD9B">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE- 10405 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: Hege. Vardal @ nrm. se</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44CFFDF23A4FAAFFD7E4455" box="[151,674,1305,1332]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDF23A4FAAFFD7E4455" blockId="22.[151,674,1305,1332]" box="[151,674,1305,1332]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="3C5D0C7BE44CFFDF23A4FAAFFD7E4455" bold="true" box="[151,674,1305,1332]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF23A4FAAFFD7E4455" authority="Muche, 1986" authorityName="Muche" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,674,1305,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23A4FAAFFD7E4455" bold="true" box="[151,674,1305,1332]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23A4FAAFFE244452" bold="true" box="[151,504,1305,1332]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hoplocampa tadshikistanica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44CFFDF22CCFAAFFD7E4455" author="Muche, W. H." box="[511,674,1305,1331]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref30512" refString="Muche, W. H. (1986) Hoplocampa tadshikistanica sp. n. aus Mittelasien (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Reichenbachia, Zeitschrift fur entomologische Taxonomie, 23 (36), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1986">Muche, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44CFFDF23A4FAEBFE9E4742" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDF23A4FAEBFD0B44F2" blockId="22.[151,1436,1372,1428]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA9C39E44CFFDF23A4FAEBFD0B44F2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitation id="E60B9D06E44CFFDF23A4FAEBFD604413" author="Muche, W. H." box="[151,700,1372,1397]" page="196" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1986">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF23A4FAEBFD604413" authority="Muche, 1986: 195 - 196" authorityName="Muche" authorityPageNumber="195 - 196" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,700,1372,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23A4FAEBFE1D4413" box="[151,449,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hoplocampa tadshikistanica</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44CFFDF22FBFAEAFD604413" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254435" box="[456,700,1372,1397]" county="Hissar Mountains" location="Type" municipality="Tadshik" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44CFFDF22FBFAEAFD604413" author="Muche, W. H." box="[456,700,1372,1397]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref30512" refString="Muche, W. H. (1986) Hoplocampa tadshikistanica sp. n. aus Mittelasien (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Reichenbachia, Zeitschrift fur entomologische Taxonomie, 23 (36), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1986">Muche, 1986: 195–196</bibRefCitation>
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.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44CFFDF21F4FAEAFCFB4413" box="[711,807,1372,1397]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44CFFDF201DFAE8FC9F4413" box="[814,835,1374,1397]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, examined, GBIF-GISHym2445, in ZMHUB.
<location id="6275EDCCE44CFFDF2614FAE8FA864410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44CFFDE23A4FAAFFC8840ED:6275EDCCE44CFFDF2614FAE8FA864410" box="[1319,1370,1374,1398]" county="Hissar Mountains" municipality="Tadshik" name="Type" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</location>
local- ity:
<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE44CFFDF23C3FACDFE9E44F2" box="[240,322,1403,1428]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tadshik</collectingMunicipality>
SSR,
<collectingCounty id="8E74C39BE44CFFDF22B0FACDFDE144F2" box="[387,573,1403,1428]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hissar Mountains</collectingCounty>
, Romit Gorge.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDF23A4FA74FE9E4742" blockId="22.[151,1437,1474,2041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23A4FA74FF0B44BA" bold="true" box="[151,215,1474,1500]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Note.</emphasis>
A slide preparation of two lancets and a lance, with the handwritten inscription by Muche “
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF263AFA74FE464766" authority="Muche" authorityName="Muche" authorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF263AFA74FE994766" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hoplocampa tadshikistanica</emphasis>
Muche
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44CFFDF2292FA50FDC44766" box="[417,536,1510,1536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44CFFDF212CFA50FDEE4766" box="[543,562,1510,1536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
” and a printed label “GBIF-GISHym2445” obviously does not belong to the male
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44CFFDF23E5F9BCFEE24742" box="[214,318,1546,1572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44CFFDE23F4F99BFB624079" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDF23F4F99BFBDA460E" blockId="22.[151,1437,1474,2041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23F4F99BFE3D472E" bold="true" box="[199,481,1581,1608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Additional description.</emphasis>
Body length: 2.3–3.0mm (after
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44CFFDF2062F998FC3A472F" author="Muche, W. H." box="[849,998,1582,1609]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref30512" refString="Muche, W. H. (1986) Hoplocampa tadshikistanica sp. n. aus Mittelasien (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Reichenbachia, Zeitschrift fur entomologische Taxonomie, 23 (36), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1986">Muche 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Clypeus widely and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour orange-brown. Head largely pale. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen largely black (terga 1–8); sides and underside pale except for dark anepimeron. Legs pale except for clearly blackened metatarsi and apices of metatibiae; in female other legs more or less similarly dark. Venation pale, except for slightly darkened base of pterostigma. Female: somewhat darker than the male. Black on head are small patch around ocelli, the postocellar area, and antenna more or less dorsally and apically. Dorsum of thorax entirely dark, except for yellow tegulae and nearly entire pronotum. Apex of valvula 3 darkened. Valvulae
<quantity id="A05216F2E44CFFDF20A0F8B0FC624646" box="[915,958,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
dorsal view less than 2 × as long as basal width. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44CFFDF2271F89CFE4A4622" box="[322,406,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURES 83–88" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1856,1881]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1435,170,1844]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 83–88. Lancets: 83, flava (DEI-GISHym83558). 84, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym31788). 85, minuta (DEI- GISHym83545). 86, tadshikistanica (DEI-GISHym31786). 87, testudinea (DEI-GISHym31790). 88, plagiata (DEI- GISHym83555)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995286/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
. Male: Head entirely pale except for small ocellar fleck. Mesoscutal lobes laterally slightly pale; posterior edge of mesoscutellum somewhat pale. Penis valve:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44CFFDF20ACF8F8FBDE460E" box="[927,1026,1870,1896]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDF23F4F8C4FD4546EA" blockId="22.[151,1437,1474,2041]" box="[199,665,1906,1932]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Total number of specimens examined: 3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44CFFDE23F4F823FE94419D" blockId="22.[151,1437,1474,2041]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF23F4F823FE5946D6" bold="true" box="[199,389,1941,1968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Similar species.</emphasis>
Externally, the most similar species is
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF2079F821FC7546D6" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[842,937,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF2079F821FC7546D6" box="[842,937,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Males of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF2714F820FB0946D6" authorityName="Muche" authorityYear="1986" box="[1063,1237,1942,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF2714F820FB0946D6" box="[1063,1237,1942,1968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">tadshikistanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily distinguished by their darkened metatarsi and apices of metatibiae from
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF20BAF80DFC3446B2" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[905,1000,1979,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF20BAF80DFC3446B2" box="[905,1000,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with completely pale legs. Lancets of these two species are quite similar, but the sawteeth of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44CFFDF203CF869FCB2469E" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[783,878,2015,2040]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44CFFDF203CF869FCB2469E" box="[783,878,2015,2040]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44CFFDF204CF868FC0F469E" box="[895,979,2014,2040]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
) are more acutely hooked, with a larger number of serrulae. We have not examined
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44DFFDE21BBFF2FFCE941D5" authorityName="Muche" authorityYear="1986" box="[648,821,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44DFFDE21BBFF2FFCE941D5" box="[648,821,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">tadshikistanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
penis valves, but if the drawing by
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44DFFDE27FDFF2FFAB641D5" author="Muche, W. H." box="[1230,1386,153,179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref30512" refString="Muche, W. H. (1986) Hoplocampa tadshikistanica sp. n. aus Mittelasien (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Reichenbachia, Zeitschrift fur entomologische Taxonomie, 23 (36), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1986">Muche (1986</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1) (reproduced here as
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44DFFDE22ADFF0BFE2341B1" box="[414,511,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
) is accurate, then they are clearly different from those of any of the other species which we treat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44DFFDE23F4FEB2FB624079" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,395]" box="[199,1214,260,287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44DFFDE23F4FEB2FE874079" bold="true" box="[199,347,260,287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plant: perhaps
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44DFFDE217AFEB3FD094079" box="[585,725,261,287]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cotoneaster" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44DFFDE217AFEB3FD094079" box="[585,725,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cotoneaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which the
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44DFFDE20A9FEB3FC174079" box="[922,971,261,287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
series was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44DFFDE23F4FE9EFC8840ED" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44DFFDE23F4FE9EFC4C4022" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,395]" box="[199,912,296,324]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44DFFDE23F4FE9EFEB84025" bold="true" box="[199,356,296,323]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tadshikistan (only known from the
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44DFFDE2036FE9FFCEA4025" box="[773,822,297,323]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
series).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44DFFDE23F4FEFAFC8840ED" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44DFFDE23F4FEFAFE164001" bold="true" box="[199,458,332,359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44DFFDE22E3FEFBFC8C40ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254303" collectingDate="1985-05-14" collectionCode="ZMHUB" collectorName="W. H. Muche" county="Romit Gorge" elevation="1600" location="Tadshikistan" municipality="Hissar Mts" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<location id="6275EDCCE44DFFDE22E3FEFBFDB94001" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44CFFDE23A4FAAFFC8840ED:6275EDCCE44DFFDE22E3FEFBFDB94001" box="[464,613,333,359]" county="Romit Gorge" municipality="Hissar Mts" name="Tadshikistan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tadshikistan</location>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44DFFDE215CFEFBFD4E4001" box="[623,658,333,359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym31786)
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44DFFDE20A9FEFBFC614001" box="[922,957,333,359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym31787),
<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE44DFFDE27FFFEFBFA964001" box="[1228,1354,333,359]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hissar Mts</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="8E74C39BE44DFFDE2666FEFBFF3D40ED" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Romit Gorge</collectingCounty>
,
<elevation id="EC875C24E44DFFDE23DEFEC7FEBA40ED" box="[237,358,369,395]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1600.0">
<quantity id="A05216F2E44DFFDE23DEFEC7FEE040ED" box="[237,316,369,395]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
,
<date id="13149DD7E44DFFDE2241FEC6FE2940ED" box="[370,501,368,395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1985-05-14">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE44DFFDE2241FEC6FE2940ED" box="[370,501,368,395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1985-05-14">14.05.1985</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E44DFFDE2101FEC7FD1740ED" box="[562,715,369,395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">W. H. Muche</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44DFFDE21E9FEC7FC9B40ED" box="[730,839,369,395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ZMHUB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

395
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<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23A4FC07FDA342AD" blockId="20.[151,639,945,972]" box="[151,639,945,972]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4FC07FDA342AD" bold="true" box="[151,639,945,972]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4FC07FE6942AA" bold="true" box="[151,437,945,972]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hoplocampa pectoralis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD228FFC07FDA342AD" author="Thomson, C. G." box="[444,639,945,971]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref32739" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). 1. H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp." type="book" year="1871">Thomson, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="E60B9D06E44EFFDD23A4FC43FD61456B" author="Thomson, C. G." box="[151,701,1013,1038]" page="203" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" year="1871">
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<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4FC43FE4E456B" box="[151,402,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hoplocampa pectoralis</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD21FDFC43FCF1456B" box="[718,813,1013,1037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD2008FC40FC93456B" box="[827,847,1014,1037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE44EFFDD2051FC43FC614568" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44EFFDC23A4FC07FF2D4091:6275EDCCE44EFFDD2051FC43FC614568" box="[866,957,1013,1038]" name="Gottland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gottland</location>
(sic!)
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,
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<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD2724FC43FBA6456B" bold="true" box="[1047,1146,1013,1037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD2724FC43FBA6456B" box="[1047,1146,1013,1037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD27BBFC40FB47456B" box="[1160,1179,1014,1037]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
here designated (DEI- GISHym17569, images: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4763851), in MZLU. Type locality:
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44EFFDD27E6FBA5FAF4454A" box="[1237,1320,1043,1068]" country="Sweden" name="Gotland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gotland</collectingRegion>
(
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)
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.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD23F4FB84FE88452D" box="[199,340,1074,1099]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD2268FB85FEB2452C" box="[347,366,1075,1098]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(NHRS-HEVA000003421, images: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4764835), in NHRS.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23A4FBE7FBF545C1" blockId="20.[151,1437,1013,1191]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD23A4FBE7FE5E450F" ID-CoL="4YLJ" authority="Oertzeni" authorityName="Oertzeni" box="[151,386,1105,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4FBE7FE5E450F" box="[151,386,1105,1129]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hoplocampa Oertzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic!]
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD22E1FBE4FD7C450F" author="Konow, F. W." box="[466,672,1105,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="187 - 193" refId="ref29531" refString="Konow, F. W. (1888) Zwei neue Blattwespenarten. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1888, 187 - 193." type="journal article" year="1888">Konow, 1888: 188</bibRefCitation>
, 190.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD21D9FBE7FC95450F" box="[746,841,1105,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD2065FBE4FCB2450F" box="[854,878,1106,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD205EFBE4FCA1450F" box="[877,893,1106,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, Karpathos,
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD273EFBE7FBAC450F" bold="true" box="[1037,1136,1105,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD273EFBE7FBAC450F" box="[1037,1136,1105,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD274FFBE4FB53450F" box="[1148,1167,1106,1129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
here designated (GBIF- GISHym3804, images: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4772125), in SDEI. Type locality: Karpathos (
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44EFFDD2670FBC6FA4E45EE" box="[1347,1426,1136,1160]" name="Greece" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Greece</collectingCountry>
).
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E44EFFDD23F4FB38FE8845C1" box="[199,340,1166,1191]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44EFFDD2268FB39FEB245C0" box="[347,366,1167,1190]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(GBIF-GISHym3805), in SDEI. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD2053FB38FBF945C1" author="Enslin, E." box="[864,1061,1166,1191]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="203 - 309" refId="ref28473" refString="Enslin, E. (1914) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas III. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Beiheft 3, 203 - 309. [1914] https: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / Deutsche-Ent-Zeitschrift _ 1914 _ BH _ 0203 - 0309. pdf" type="journal article" year="1914">Enslin (1914: 247)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23A4FB62FC2F47F9" blockId="20.[151,1437,1236,2019]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4FB62FE6E4589" bold="true" box="[151,434,1236,1263]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Additional description.</emphasis>
Body length: 3.0–5.0mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour yellowish. Fore wing costa and Sc+R similarly coloured, and darker than M+Cu. Female: Antennal flagellum entirely black (most northern and central European specimens), or more or less pale below (most southern European specimens); scape and pedicel more or less fuscous above, pale below. Upper head mainly black, usually with a pair of pale flecks anterior of ocelli, and outer orbits more or less pale. Whole occiput dark. Tegula and pronotum except extreme anterior yellow. Coxae usually completely yellow, rarely black-flecked. Abdominal terga and sterna from completely yellow except for black base of tergum 1, to extensively black on terga 1–4(–5). Sterna usually completely yellow, but rarely extensively fuscous. Even in darkest specimens, downturned edges of all terga remain pale. Valvulae
<quantity id="A05216F2E44EFFDD2127FA43FDE34769" box="[532,575,1525,1551]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
dorsal view more than 2 × as long as basal width, gradually tapering; black. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44EFFDD23C5F9AFFE914755" box="[246,333,1561,1587]" captionStart="FIGURES 89–93" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1142,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 89–93. Lancets: 89, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym83550). 90–91, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym31789) complete, detail of tip. 92–93, cantoti (DEI-GISHym88748), complete, detail of tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995288/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
. Male: Antennal flagellum largely pale, basal flagellomeres more or less fuscous above; scape and pedicel entirely pale. Head capsule entirely pale except for a contiguous patch around ocelli, postocellar area, and area of occiput directly behind this. Legs completely yellow. Medial area of only tergum 1 black, or a distally tapering black vitta reaching maximally to tergum 7. Penis valve:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44EFFDD20BEF933FC2C47F9" box="[909,1008,1668,1695]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44EFFDD23F4F91FFDAA4635" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23F4F91FFD7B47A5" blockId="20.[151,1437,1236,2019]" box="[199,679,1705,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Total number of specimens examined: 37.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23F4F97AFD624781" blockId="20.[151,1437,1236,2019]" box="[199,702,1740,1767]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23F4F97AFE584781" bold="true" box="[199,388,1740,1767]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Similar species.</emphasis>
See under
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD2136F978FDB84781" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[517,612,1742,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD2136F978FDB84781" box="[517,612,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23F4F946FDAA4635" blockId="20.[151,1437,1236,2019]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23F4F946FE80466D" bold="true" box="[199,348,1776,1803]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plants:
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD22C7F947FDB7466D" box="[500,619,1777,1803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD22C7F947FDB7466D" box="[500,619,1777,1803]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Crataegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD2183F947FB87466D" author="Pschorn-Walcher, H. &amp; Altenhofer, E." box="[688,1115,1777,1803]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="273 - 327" refId="ref31090" refString="Pschorn-Walcher, H. &amp; Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327." type="journal article" year="2000">Pschorn-Walcher &amp; Altenhofer 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD275DF947FAD7466D" author="Liston, A. D." box="[1134,1291,1777,1803]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="82 - 97" refId="ref29888" refString="Liston, A. D. (2007) Notes on Palaearctic sawflies, with particular reference to the German fauna (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 56 (3 - 4), 82 - 97." type="journal article" year="2007">Liston (2007)</bibRefCitation>
thought that
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD23A4F8A3FED64649" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,266,1813,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4F8A3FED64649" box="[151,266,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">pectoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is attached to
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD229DF8A3FDE54649" box="[430,569,1813,1839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD229DF8A3FDE54649" box="[430,569,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD21F9F8A3FCBE4649" box="[714,866,1813,1839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monogyna">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD21F9F8A3FCBE4649" box="[714,866,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. monogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this was based only on observations on visits by adults to the respective inflorescences.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44EFFDC23F4F8EAFF2D4091" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44EFFDD23F4F8EAFCD44685" blockId="20.[151,1437,1236,2019]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23F4F8EAFEB84611" bold="true" box="[199,356,1884,1911]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southern and Central Europe, including the British Isles; North to
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44EFFDD2745F8EBFB3F4611" box="[1142,1251,1885,1911]" name="Denmark" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, and S.
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44EFFDD2671F8EBFA404611" box="[1346,1436,1885,1911]" name="Sweden" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sweden</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD23ACF837FEAC46FA" author="Taeger, A. &amp; Blank, S. M. &amp; Liston, A. D." box="[159,368,1921,1948]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="399 - 504" refId="ref32464" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. &amp; Liston, A. D. (2006) European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A Species Checklist for the Countries. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. &amp; Taeger, A. (Eds.), Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern, pp. 399 - 504." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Taeger
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23C7F834FEF846FD" box="[244,292,1921,1947]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
); Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD22CFF837FCAD46FD" author="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. &amp; Zinovjev, A. G." box="[508,881,1920,1947]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="395 - 415" refId="ref33281" refString="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. &amp; Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415." type="journal article" year="1995">Zhelochovtsev &amp; Zinovjev 1995</bibRefCitation>
), Transcaucasus, N.
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44EFFDD276BF837FB5546FD" box="[1112,1161,1921,1947]" name="Iran" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Iran</collectingCountry>
, Siberia (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD27C1F837FA4D46FD" author="Lacourt, J." box="[1266,1425,1921,1947]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 432" refId="ref29583" refString="Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432." type="journal article" year="1999">Lacourt 1999</bibRefCitation>
). A record from Sicily (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44EFFDD22A7F813FDB846D9" author="Liston, A. D. &amp; Jacobs, H. - J. &amp; Turrisi, G. F." box="[404,612,1957,1983]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="29 - 65" refId="ref29991" refString="Liston, A. D., Jacobs, H. - J. &amp; Turrisi, G. F. (2013) New data on the sawfly fauna of Sicily (Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Xyeloidea, Tenthredinoidea, Pamphilioidea, Cephoidea, Orussoidea). The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 149 (1), 29 - 65." type="journal article" year="2013">
Liston
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD22D4F810FDC646D9" box="[487,538,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) resulted from the misidentification of an unusually coloured female of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD23A4F87CFF2B4685" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,247,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD23A4F87CFF2B4685" box="[151,247,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see key, and under treatment of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44EFFDD2146F87CFD2B4685" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[629,759,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Tenthredo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44EFFDD2146F87CFD2B4685" box="[629,759,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FF2FFB2F41D5" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,503]" box="[199,1267,152,180]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2243FF2FFE1341D5" box="[368,463,153,179]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sweden</collectingCountry>
: published records:
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2187FF2EFD2641D5" box="[692,762,152,179]" country="Sweden" name="Skane" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Skåne</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44FFFDC203AFF2FFC6141D2" author="Benander, P." box="[777,957,153,180]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref27531" refString="Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1966">Benander 1966</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC20E2FF2FFBF141D5" box="[977,1069,153,179]" country="Sweden" name="Gotland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gotland</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44FFFDC270FFF2FFB3741D5" author="Thomson, C. G." box="[1084,1259,153,179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref32739" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). 1. H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp." type="book" year="1871">Thomson 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FF0BFDBA41B1" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,503]" box="[199,614,188,215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Material examined: Öland,
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2131FF0BFDBE41B1" box="[514,610,189,215]" country="Sweden" name="Gotland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gotland</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FF56FF2D4091" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,503]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FF56FE12419D" bold="true" box="[199,462,224,251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC22EBFF57FEEB4025" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254382" collectionCode="SDEI, ZSM" country="Germany" location="Baden-Wuerttemberg" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="27" specimenCount-female="18" specimenCount-male="9" stateProvince="Baden-Wuerttemberg">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC22EBFF57FD9B419D" box="[472,583,225,251]" name="Germany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Germany</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC2167FF57FD5A419D" box="[596,646,225,251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">18♀</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC21A3FF57FD69419D" box="[656,693,225,251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">9♂</specimenCount>
, 28.04–16.06;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2055FF57FBBC419D" box="[870,1120,225,251]" country="Germany" name="Baden-Wuerttemberg" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Baden-Wuerttemberg</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC275DFF57FB17419D" box="[1134,1227,225,251]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC27EAFF57FAF8419D" box="[1241,1316,225,251]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Berlin</collectingRegion>
; Branden- burg;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC23EAFEB3FEFD4079" box="[217,289,261,287]" country="Germany" name="Hessen" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hesse</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2218FEB3FDBB4079" box="[299,615,261,287]" country="Germany" name="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2142FEB3FCB94079" box="[625,869,261,287]" country="Germany" name="Rheinland-Pfalz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhineland-Palatinate</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC205CFEB3FC144079" box="[879,968,261,287]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Saxony</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC20E0FEB3FB984079" box="[979,1092,261,287]" country="Germany" name="Thueringen" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Thuringia</collectingRegion>
(DEI-GISHym83550) (
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC2661FEB3FA484079" box="[1362,1428,261,287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">SDEI</collectionCode>
) (
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC23ACFE9FFF3F4025" box="[159,227,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">SDEI</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC23C3FE9FFEEC4025" box="[240,304,297,323]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC2270FE9FFC894025" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254327" box="[323,853,297,323]" collectionCode="SDEI" country="Greece" location="Greece" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2270FE9FFE454025" box="[323,409,297,323]" name="Greece" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Greece</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC2296FE9FFE144025" box="[421,456,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC22E2FE9FFE284025" box="[465,500,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym80337) (
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC203BFE9FFC924025" box="[776,846,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">SDEI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. *
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC205EFE9FFB834001" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254347" collectingDate="2012-03-05" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="Blank &amp; Jacobs &amp; Liston &amp; Taeger" country="Portugal" elevation="180" latitude="40.5014" location="Nelas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="7.82295" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Viseu">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC205EFE9FFC0A4025" box="[877,982,297,323]" name="Portugal" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Portugal</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC20D2FE9FFBFA4025" box="[993,1062,297,323]" country="Portugal" name="Viseu" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Viséu</collectingRegion>
;
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC2700FE9FFB844025" box="[1075,1112,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE44FFFDC2755FE9FFB7B4025" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44EFFDC23A4FC07FF2D4091:6275EDCCE44FFFDC2755FE9FFB7B4025" box="[1126,1191,297,323]" country="Portugal" latitude="40.5014" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="7.82295" name="Nelas" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="Viseu">Nelas</location>
<quantity id="A05216F2E44FFFDC279CFE9FFB364025" box="[1199,1258,297,323]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
SE,
<elevation id="EC875C24E44FFFDC2617FE9FFA4B4025" box="[1316,1431,297,323]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="180.0">
<quantity id="A05216F2E44FFFDC2617FE9FFAB14025" box="[1316,1389,297,323]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="180.0">180 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, +
<geoCoordinate id="029EDDD0E44FFFDC2395FEFAFEEF4001" box="[166,307,332,359]" degrees="40.50140" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="40.5014">40.50140°N</geoCoordinate>
-
<geoCoordinate id="029EDDD0E44FFFDC2270FEFAFE1D4001" box="[323,449,332,359]" degrees="7.82295" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="7.82295">7.82295°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="13149DD7E44FFFDC22FDFEFAFD8E4001" box="[462,594,332,359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2012-03-05">
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,
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&amp;
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(
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10 NE, +
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,
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, Res- mo N,
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E44FFFDC2299FE23FE2A40C9" box="[426,502,405,431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Liston</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E44FFFDC2130FE23FD9840C9" box="[515,580,405,431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Prous</collectorName>
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<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2012FE23FC5D40C9" box="[801,897,405,431]" country="Sweden" name="Gotland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gotland</collectingRegion>
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(NHRS-HEVA000003421), leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E44FFFDC261CFE23FA4040C9" box="[1327,1436,405,431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Boheman</collectorName>
(
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<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC2235FE0FFDC740B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254324" box="[262,539,441,467]" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Switzerland" location="Switzerland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2235FE0FFE4840B5" box="[262,404,441,467]" name="Switzerland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC22ADFE0FFE1E40B5" box="[414,450,441,467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC22E1FE0FFDCF40B5" box="[466,531,441,467]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC2114FE0FFF314091" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254425" collectingDate="2010-06-18" collectionCode="SDEI" country="United Kingdom" location="Edgehead" municipality="Gorebridge" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2114FE0FFD8840B5" box="[551,596,441,467]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">UK</collectingCountry>
: Scotland:
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<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE44FFFDC2034FE0FFC5040B5" box="[775,908,441,467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gorebridge</collectingMunicipality>
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<location id="6275EDCCE44FFFDC20AAFE0FFBD140B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44EFFDC23A4FC07FF2D4091:6275EDCCE44FFFDC20AAFE0FFBD140B5" box="[921,1037,441,467]" country="United Kingdom" municipality="Gorebridge" name="Edgehead" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Edgehead</location>
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(DEI-GISHym19234) (
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

226
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[Far East],
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Terr.,
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<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23A4FD78FF0B438E" bold="true" box="[151,215,718,744]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Note.</emphasis>
The characters in the key, and our illustrations, are from specimens collected in the Russian Far East. According to
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44FFFDC2220FD44FE0C426A" author="Zinovjev, A. G." box="[275,464,754,780]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="31 - 35" refId="ref33350" refString="Zinovjev, A. G. (1993) Two new species of Nematinae (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Russian Entomological Journal, 2 (2), 31 - 35." type="journal article" year="1993">Zinovjev (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, the specimens from
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC21F2FD44FC52426A" box="[705,910,754,780]" country="Russia" name="Sverdlovsk" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sverdlovsk oblast</collectingRegion>
[W. Palaearctic] differ from Far Eastern ones, in having a shorter ovipositor (the lower end of the range given below), and slight [unspecified] differences in the male genitalia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44FFFDC23F4FCEBFC874463" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FCEBFC6542A6" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FCEBFE3D421E" bold="true" box="[199,481,861,888]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Additional description.</emphasis>
Body length:
<quantity id="A05216F2E44FFFDC21B5FCE8FCD0421E" box="[646,780,862,888]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="3.55" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.8mm</quantity>
. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour yellowish. Female: Valvula 3 and valvifer 2 combined length in lateral view 1.03–1.31 as long as metafemur without trochantellus. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44FFFDC22C5FC10FD9742A6" box="[502,587,934,960]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
. Male: penis valve:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44FFFDC2002FC10FC6942A6" box="[817,949,934,960]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 98–99</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FC7CFD444282" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" box="[199,664,970,996]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Total number of specimens examined: 9.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FC5BFD4F45DA" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FC5BFE59456E" bold="true" box="[199,389,1005,1032]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Similar species.</emphasis>
Superficially similar to
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2193FC58FD35456E" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[672,745,1006,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2193FC58FD35456E" box="[672,745,1006,1032]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially in coloration, from which it is externally distinguishable only in the female sex: see key. The lancet of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2011FBA4FC48454A" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[802,916,1042,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2011FBA4FC48454A" box="[802,916,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44FFFDC2096FBA4FC26454A" box="[933,1018,1042,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
) is narrower in relation to its length than that of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2217FB80FEB14536" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[292,365,1078,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2217FB80FEB14536" box="[292,365,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44FFFDC224DFB80FE094537" box="[382,469,1078,1105]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC212FFB80FD524536" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[540,654,1078,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC212FFB80FD524536" box="[540,654,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has rows of ctenidial teeth on annuli ca. 1–7 (
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2798FB80FB284536" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1195,1268,1078,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2798FB80FB284536" box="[1195,1268,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: rows of teeth only on basal 2–3 annuli). The penis valve of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2193FBECFCCE4512" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[672,786,1114,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2193FBECFCCE4512" box="[672,786,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E44FFFDC2012FBECFC784512" box="[801,932,1114,1140]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 97–98</figureCitation>
) differs markedly in the profile of the valviceps and some details, such as the gap in the dorsal sclerotised strut just anterior of the valviceps apex, from all other West Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC22ADFB14FDED45DA" box="[414,561,1186,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC22ADFB14FDED45DA" box="[414,561,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hoplocampa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FB73FC874463" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FB73FE874586" bold="true" box="[199,347,1221,1248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plants: unknown, but
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44FFFDC21A5FB70FC8C4586" author="Zinovjev, A. G." box="[662,848,1222,1248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="31 - 35" refId="ref33350" refString="Zinovjev, A. G. (1993) Two new species of Nematinae (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Russian Entomological Journal, 2 (2), 31 - 35." type="journal article" year="1993">Zinovjev (1993)</bibRefCitation>
considered that these could be
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2784FB70FADA4586" box="[1207,1286,1222,1248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2784FB70FADA4586" box="[1207,1286,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sorbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; perhaps
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC23E0FB5DFE944462" box="[211,328,1258,1285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibirica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23E0FB5DFE944462" box="[211,328,1258,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. sibirica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Urals, and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E44FFFDC2127FB5DFD7A4462" box="[532,678,1259,1285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amurensis">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC2127FB5DFD7A4462" box="[532,678,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. amurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Far East.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE44FFFDC23F4FABBFF2D44DE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FABBFB30444E" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" box="[199,1260,1293,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FABBFEB8444E" bold="true" box="[199,356,1293,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2258FAB8FE67444E" box="[363,443,1294,1320]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Russia</collectingCountry>
. Northern Urals (
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC21B1FAB8FC89444F" box="[642,853,1294,1321]" country="Russia" name="Sverdlovsk" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sverdlovsk oblast</collectingRegion>
), and the Far East (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E44FFFDC2702FAB8FB03444E" author="Zinovjev, A. G." box="[1073,1247,1294,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="31 - 35" refId="ref33350" refString="Zinovjev, A. G. (1993) Two new species of Nematinae (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Russian Entomological Journal, 2 (2), 31 - 35." type="journal article" year="1993">Zinovjev 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FA84FC9E442A" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" box="[199,834,1330,1357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC2243FA84FE13442A" box="[368,463,1330,1356]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sweden</collectingCountry>
: not recorded, and not expected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E44FFFDC23F4FAE3FF2D44DE" blockId="21.[151,1437,718,1464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E44FFFDC23F4FAE3FE124416" bold="true" box="[199,462,1365,1392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC22EBFAE0FBEF4416" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254395" box="[472,1075,1365,1393]" country="Russia" location="Primorskiy Kray" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="8" stateProvince="Primorskiy">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E44FFFDC22EBFAE0FDF54416" box="[472,553,1366,1392]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E44FFFDC2104FAE0FD214417" box="[567,765,1366,1393]" country="Russia" name="Primorskiy" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Primorskiy Kray</collectingRegion>
;
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC2038FAE0FCF34416" box="[779,815,1366,1392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="female">8♀</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym83552)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE44FFFDC270EFAE0FF3144DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254424" collectingDate="1993-05-29" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="A. Taeger" country="Russia" latitude="44.76667" location="Gordeyevskaya Mt." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="134.21667" municipality="Chuguyevka" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Primorskiy Kray">
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE44FFFDC270EFAE0FBBC4416" box="[1085,1120,1366,1392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym83553), Sa- marka
<quantity id="A05216F2E44FFFDC23D9FACCFEE944F2" box="[234,309,1402,1428]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
N,
<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE44FFFDC225BFACCFE2744F2" box="[360,507,1402,1428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chuguyevka</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE44FFFDC2139FACCFD2F44F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E44FFFDC23A4FD93FF2D44DE:6275EDCCE44FFFDC2139FACCFD2F44F3" box="[522,755,1402,1429]" country="Russia" latitude="44.76667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="134.21667" municipality="Chuguyevka" name="Gordeyevskaya Mt." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="Primorskiy Kray">Gordeyevskaya Mt.</location>
, +
<geoCoordinate id="029EDDD0E44FFFDC2022FACCFC4244F2" box="[785,926,1402,1428]" degrees="44.76667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="44.76667">44.76667°N</geoCoordinate>
+
<geoCoordinate id="029EDDD0E44FFFDC208BFACCFB8E44F2" box="[952,1106,1402,1428]" degrees="134.21667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="1" value="134.21667">134.21667°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="13149DD7E44FFFDC2751FACFFB3A44F2" box="[1122,1254,1401,1428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1993-05-29">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE44FFFDC2751FACFFB3A44F2" box="[1122,1254,1401,1428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1993-05-29">29.05.1993</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E44FFFDC261AFACCFA4044F3" box="[1321,1436,1402,1429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. Taeger</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E44FFFDC23ACFA28FF3844DE" box="[159,228,1438,1464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">SDEI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

337
data/EF/03/0A/EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
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<mods:title id="8C18DF58687E3E109E977B1FF0BD1FE3">A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="022EC141817242576C6FB627275A5EB9">Vårdal, Hege</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7EB0DD30161A323DA78FAAF2F1B4637F">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE- 10405 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: Hege. Vardal @ nrm. se</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="237548F7E9628A36D572F372403F6112">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="24990533CA9E12905E57DDA28167C710">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D8813A5141732D9E7A1029E8B97DE442">4615</mods:number>
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<treatment id="EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332741" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167293064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332741" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE451FFC223A4FF2FFDF841D5" box="[151,548,153,180]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223A4FF2FFDF841D5" blockId="11.[151,548,153,180]" box="[151,548,153,180]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="3C5D0C7BE451FFC223A4FF2FFDF841D5" bold="true" box="[151,548,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC223A4FF2FFDF841D5" authority="Benson, 1933" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,548,153,180]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223A4FF2FFDF841D5" bold="true" box="[151,548,153,180]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223A4FF2FFEAB41D5" bold="true" box="[151,375,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hoplocampa ariae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E451FFC2224CFF2CFDF841D5" author="Benson, R. B." box="[383,548,153,180]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="255 - 260" refId="ref27550" refString="Benson, R. B. (1933) Four new species of nematine sawflies from Britain (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Stylops, 2 (2), 255 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1993. tb 00962. x" type="journal article" year="1933">Benson, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE451FFC223A4FF68FDA94377" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223A4FF68FE8E4073" blockId="11.[151,1436,221,277]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA9C39E451FFC223A4FF68FE8E4073" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<treatmentCitation id="E60B9D06E451FFC223A4FF68FD374190" author="Benson, R. B." box="[151,747,221,246]" page="256" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="1933">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC223A4FF68FD374190" authority="Benson, 1933: 255 - 256" authorityName="Benson" authorityPageNumber="255 - 256" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,747,221,246]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae" subGenus="Hoplocampa">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223A4FF68FEC64190" box="[151,282,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hoplocampa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2221AFF68FE704190" box="[297,428,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hoplocampa</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22289FF68FE334193" box="[442,495,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE451FFC222C5FF68FD374190" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254406" box="[502,747,221,246]" country="United Kingdom" location="England" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E451FFC222C5FF68FD374190" author="Benson, R. B." box="[502,747,221,246]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="255 - 260" refId="ref27550" refString="Benson, R. B. (1933) Four new species of nematine sawflies from Britain (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Stylops, 2 (2), 255 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1993. tb 00962. x" type="journal article" year="1933">Benson, 1933: 255–256</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E451FFC221C0FF6BFC8D4190" box="[755,849,221,246]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC2206BFF68FCB74193" box="[856,875,222,245]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, not examined, in BMNH. Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC22623FF6BFABB4190" box="[1296,1383,221,246]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">England</collectingCountry>
, Sur- rey, Box Hill.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223A4FEF4FDA94377" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223A4FEF4FE70403B" bold="true" box="[151,428,322,349]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Additional description.</emphasis>
Body length:
<quantity id="A05216F2E451FFC2217EFEF4FD0C403B" box="[589,720,322,349]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6.5mm</quantity>
. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale colour creamywhite to testaceous. Female: the following may be more or less fuscous, or black: antenna above, sunken parts of meso- and metapostnotum, tarsi, apex of metatibia, apex of valvula 3. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC22734FE3DFB8640C3" box="[1031,1114,395,421]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
. Male: the following may be more or less fuscous, or black: anterior of median mesoscutal lobe, meso- and metapostnotum, tarsi, apex of metatibia, basal and apical margins of abdominal terga 1–3, sometimes also a spot in middle of these terga, and a small lateral spot each side. Penis valve:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC2212DFE41FDAD4377" box="[542,625,503,529]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE451FFC223F4FDADFBFD42FB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223F4FDADFD414353" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" box="[199,669,539,565]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Total number of specimens examined: 10.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223F4FD88FA9C421F" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223F4FD88FE5E433F" bold="true" box="[199,386,574,601]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Similar species.</emphasis>
Most similar are
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22162FD89FCEF433F" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[593,819,575,601]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22162FD89FCEF433F" box="[593,819,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hoplocampa alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC2205EFD89FC01433F" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[877,989,575,601]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2205EFD89FC01433F" box="[877,989,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see key, and under
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC227FCFD89FACB433F" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1231,1303,575,601]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC227FCFD89FACB433F" box="[1231,1303,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Very pale specimens of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22206FDD2FE4E431B" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[309,402,612,637]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22206FDD2FE4E431B" box="[309,402,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from southern Europe, are also similar, but in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22087FDD2FBCD431B" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[948,1041,612,637]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22087FDD2FBCD431B" box="[948,1041,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the radius is darker than the other venation, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222B6FD3EFE1C43C7" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[389,448,648,673]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222B6FD3EFE1C43C7" box="[389,448,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222C5FD31FDE243C7" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[502,574,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222C5FD31FDE243C7" box="[502,574,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all venation is equally pale. The lancet of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22724FD3EFB8E43C7" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[1047,1106,648,673]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22724FD3EFB8E43C7" box="[1047,1106,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC22751FD31FB6F43C7" box="[1122,1203,647,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
) is closely similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC223DAFD1DFEED43A3" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[233,305,683,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223DAFD1DFEED43A3" box="[233,305,683,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC22272FD1DFE4F43A3" box="[321,403,683,709]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222E7FD1AFDED43A3" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[468,561,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222E7FD1AFDED43A3" box="[468,561,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">crataegi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC22171FD1DFD4A43A3" box="[578,662,683,709]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
), but the ventralmost ctenidial tooth on the middle annuli is situated more dorsally in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22267FD66FE53438F" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[340,399,720,745]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22267FD66FE53438F" box="[340,399,720,745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222DBFD79FDEC438F" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[488,560,719,745]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222DBFD79FDEC438F" box="[488,560,719,745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The most reliable difference between the lancets of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22749FD66FB69438F" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[1146,1205,720,745]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22749FD66FB69438F" box="[1146,1205,720,745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC227D8FD79FA87438F" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[1259,1371,719,745]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC227D8FD79FA87438F" box="[1259,1371,719,745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the presence of ctenidial teeth on annular sutures ca.
<quantity id="A05216F2E451FFC2218DFD45FCD8426B" box="[702,772,755,781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 in</quantity>
the former, and on ca.
<quantity id="A05216F2E451FFC22735FD45FB91426B" box="[1030,1101,755,781]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="0.254" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="4.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.0">1–7 in</quantity>
the latter. The penis valves of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC223A4FCAEFF0E4257" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,210,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223A4FCAEFF0E4257" box="[151,210,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC223D2FCA1FEEE4254" box="[225,306,791,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC2225CFCA1FE034257" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[367,479,791,817]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2225CFCA1FE034257" box="[367,479,791,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC222DEFCA1FDB04257" box="[493,620,791,817]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 98–99</figureCitation>
) are clearly different in overall shape, and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22774FCAEFB5E4257" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[1095,1154,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22774FCAEFB5E4257" box="[1095,1154,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a group of long setae on the apex of the valviceps, which are absent in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC2218DFC8DFCF24233" authorityName="Zinovjev" authorityYear="1993" box="[702,814,827,853]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantoma">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2218DFC8DFCF24233" box="[702,814,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">phantoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The penis valves of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC2272EFC8AFB844233" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[1053,1112,828,853]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2272EFC8AFB844233" box="[1053,1112,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC227BDFC8DFB0A4233" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1166,1238,827,853]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC227BDFC8DFB0A4233" box="[1166,1238,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E451FFC227D6FC8DFAEB4233" box="[1253,1335,827,853]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
) are also similar, but
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC2222EFCD6FE84421F" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1933" box="[285,344,864,889]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariae">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC2222EFCD6FE84421F" box="[285,344,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more obtuse valviceps apex and larger group of apical setae, which are also longer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223F4FC34FBFD42FB" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" box="[199,1057,898,925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223F4FC34FE8442FB" bold="true" box="[199,344,898,925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plant:
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222D1FC35FBC142FB" authority="(Pschorn-Walcher &amp; Altenhofer 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Pschorn-Walcher &amp; Altenhofer" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[482,1053,899,925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aria">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222D1FC35FDB942FB" box="[482,613,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sorbus aria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E451FFC22140FC35FBC942FB" author="Pschorn-Walcher, H. &amp; Altenhofer, E." box="[627,1045,899,925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="273 - 327" refId="ref31090" refString="Pschorn-Walcher, H. &amp; Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327." type="journal article" year="2000">Pschorn-Walcher &amp; Altenhofer 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE451FFC223F4FC10FD9445DB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223F4FC10FED2456F" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223F4FC10FEBD42A7" bold="true" box="[199,353,934,961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Central Europe,
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC22115FC11FD5F42A7" box="[550,643,935,961]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">England</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC2218CFC11FCD242A7" box="[703,782,935,961]" name="Ireland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ireland</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E451FFC2202CFC11FC2A42A4" author="Taeger, A. &amp; Blank, S. M. &amp; Liston, A. D." box="[799,1014,935,962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="399 - 504" refId="ref32464" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. &amp; Liston, A. D. (2006) European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A Species Checklist for the Countries. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. &amp; Taeger, A. (Eds.), Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern, pp. 399 - 504." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Taeger
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22045FC1EFC7542A7" box="[886,937,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC22787FC11FACD42A7" box="[1204,1297,935,961]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sweden</collectingCountry>
: no records, but might occur on naturalised
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC222CCFC7DFD594283" baseAuthorityName="Pschorn-Walcher &amp; Altenhofer" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[511,645,971,997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aria">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC222CCFC7DFD594283" box="[511,645,971,997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sorbus aria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or potentially on the related, native
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC22701FC7DFB154283" box="[1074,1225,971,997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC22701FC7DFB154283" box="[1074,1225,971,997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC227EAFC7DFA8B4283" box="[1241,1367,971,997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rupicola">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC227EAFC7DFA8B4283" box="[1241,1367,971,997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. rupicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E451FFC226B4FC7DFEDB456F" authorityName="Hedl" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="norvegica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC226B4FC7DFEDB456F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. norvegica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E451FFC223F4FBA4FD9445DB" blockId="11.[151,1437,322,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E451FFC223F4FBA4FE16454B" bold="true" box="[199,458,1042,1069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE451FFC222E7FBA5FEE34537" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254360" collectingDate="2004-05-14" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="Liston" country="Germany" location="Trimburg" municipality="Trimbach" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Bayern">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC222E7FBA5FD9D454B" box="[468,577,1043,1069]" name="Germany" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Germany</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E451FFC2217DFBA5FD75454B" box="[590,681,1043,1069]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC2218BFBA5FD07454B" box="[696,731,1043,1069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym19230),
<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE451FFC220DFFBA5FB87454B" box="[1004,1115,1043,1069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Trimbach</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE451FFC2275BFBA5FB09454B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB:6275EDCCE451FFC2275BFBA5FB09454B" box="[1128,1237,1043,1069]" country="Germany" municipality="Trimbach" name="Trimburg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Bayern">Trimburg</location>
,
<date id="13149DD7E451FFC227D7FBA4FAB9454B" box="[1252,1381,1042,1069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2004-05-14">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE451FFC227D7FBA4FAB9454B" box="[1252,1381,1042,1069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2004-05-14">14.05.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E451FFC223A4FB81FF034537" box="[151,223,1079,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Liston</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E451FFC223C0FB81FEEB4537" box="[243,311,1079,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SDEI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE451FFC2227DFB81FEC54513" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254371" collectingDate="2004-05-24" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="NW Regensburg" country="Germany" location="Deuerling" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3">
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC2227DFB81FEAD4537" box="[334,369,1079,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
(including DEI-GISHym19229, 83551),
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E451FFC22067FB81FBCA4537" box="[852,1046,1079,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">NW Regensburg</collectorName>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE451FFC22715FB81FB454537" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB:6275EDCCE451FFC22715FB81FB454537" box="[1062,1177,1079,1105]" country="Germany" name="Deuerling" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Deuerling</location>
,
<date id="13149DD7E451FFC2279AFB80FAF64537" box="[1193,1322,1078,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2004-05-24">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE451FFC2279AFB80FAF64537" box="[1193,1322,1078,1105]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2004-05-24">24.05.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. Lis- ton (
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E451FFC223FEFBEDFECD4513" box="[205,273,1115,1141]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SDEI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE451FFC22215FBEDFEB345FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254414" collectingDate="2009-06-17" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Italy" location="Lago della Rovina" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="3">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC22215FBEDFE824513" box="[294,350,1115,1141]" name="Italy" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Italy</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC22258FBEDFE524513" box="[363,398,1115,1141]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC222ABFBEDFE604513" box="[408,444,1115,1141]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
(BC-ZSM-HYM06414–06415, 07203–07204),
<locationDeviation id="76A7A235E451FFC220D3FBEDFB6F4513" box="[992,1203,1115,1141]" location="Cuneo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<quantity id="A05216F2E451FFC220D3FBEDFBF64513" box="[992,1066,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="km" value="26.0">26 km</quantity>
SW Cuneo
</locationDeviation>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE451FFC227F2FBEDFA444513" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB:6275EDCCE451FFC227F2FBEDFA444513" box="[1217,1432,1115,1141]" country="Italy" name="Lago della Rovina" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lago della Rovina</location>
,
<date id="13149DD7E451FFC223A4FBC9FECA45FF" box="[151,278,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2009-06-17">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE451FFC223A4FBC9FECA45FF" box="[151,278,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2009-06-17">17.06.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E451FFC2221BFBC9FEBB45FF" box="[296,359,1151,1177]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE451FFC2224EFBC9FD9845DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254372" collectingDate="1953-06-06" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="R. B. Benson" country="United Kingdom" location="Aston Clinton" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Buckinghamshire">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E451FFC2224EFBC9FD9D45FF" box="[381,577,1151,1177]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC2217CFBC9FDAE45FF" box="[591,626,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE451FFC2214FFBC9FD4345FF" box="[636,671,1151,1177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym83574), England,
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E451FFC2272CFBC9FB3445FF" box="[1055,1256,1151,1177]" country="United Kingdom" name="Buckinghamshire" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Buckinghamshire</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="6275EDCCE451FFC227C7FBC9FA4445FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E451FFC223A4FF2FFD9445DB:6275EDCCE451FFC227C7FBC9FA4445FF" box="[1268,1432,1151,1177]" country="United Kingdom" name="Aston Clinton" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Buckinghamshire">Aston Clinton</location>
,
<date id="13149DD7E451FFC223A4FB14FEC445DB" box="[151,280,1186,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1953-06-06">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE451FFC223A4FB14FEC445DB" box="[151,280,1186,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1953-06-06">06.06.1953</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E451FFC22260FB15FE3545DB" box="[339,489,1187,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">R. B. Benson</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E451FFC222CBFB15FDE045DB" box="[504,572,1187,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SDEI</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

344
data/EF/03/0A/EF030A01E456FFC423A4FA37FDC643A9.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
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<mods:mods id="E629C13F6D689809B0C326AE8101A68B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="6759FF464DC9572EC57D6F9745ACCD28">A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1BD39515601F8835D6787BB2DF2B96F3">Liston, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2968D5F4404EF4AE1843CFBCF84492F4">Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="02EFB5FFB39DC230768F37284F40AD07">Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany. &amp; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="87BD723AE08F1F74BB84C859BE1A0212">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE- 10405 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: Hege. Vardal @ nrm. se</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE456FFC523A4FA37FDEB44FD" box="[151,567,1409,1436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E456FFC523A4FA37FDEB44FD" blockId="12.[151,567,1409,1436]" box="[151,567,1409,1436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="3C5D0C7BE456FFC523A4FA37FDEB44FD" bold="true" box="[151,567,1409,1436]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC523A4FA37FDEB44FD" authority="Chevin, 1986" authorityName="Chevin" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,567,1409,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantoti">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523A4FA37FDEB44FD" bold="true" box="[151,567,1409,1436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523A4FA37FE5044FD" bold="true" box="[151,396,1409,1436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hoplocampa cantoti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E456FFC522A7FA37FDEB44FD" author="Chevin, H." box="[404,567,1409,1435]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref28132" refString="Chevin, H. (1986) Hoplocampa cantoti, espece nouvelle proche d' H. chrysorrhoea (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 42, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1986">Chevin, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE456FFC523A4FA73FD2D479E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E456FFC523A4FA73FED2449D" blockId="12.[151,1436,1476,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA9C39E456FFC523A4FA73FED2449D" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitation id="E60B9D06E456FFC523A4FA73FD9544BB" author="Chevin, H." box="[151,585,1476,1501]" page="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1986">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC523A4FA73FD9544BB" authority="Chevin, 1986: 21 - 23" authorityName="Chevin" authorityPageNumber="21 - 23" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,585,1476,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantoti">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523A4FA73FEBB44BB" box="[151,359,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hoplocampa cantoti</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE456FFC5225CFA72FD9544BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254333" box="[367,585,1476,1501]" collectorName="de Dreux." country="France" location="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E456FFC5225CFA72FD9544BB" author="Chevin, H." box="[367,585,1476,1501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref28132" refString="Chevin, H. (1986) Hoplocampa cantoti, espece nouvelle proche d' H. chrysorrhoea (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 42, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1986">Chevin, 1986: 21–23</bibRefCitation>
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.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E456FFC52167FA72FD6E44BB" box="[596,690,1476,1501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE456FFC52189FA70FD1144BB" box="[698,717,1478,1501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, not examined, in CBGP. Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E456FFC5275CFA70FB6B44BB" box="[1135,1207,1478,1501]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">France</collectingCountry>
, Eure-et-Loir, forêt
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E456FFC526B7FA72FED2449D" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">de Dreux.</collectorName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E456FFC523A4F99FFD2D479E" blockId="12.[151,1437,1577,2001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523A4F99FFE764722" bold="true" box="[151,426,1577,1604]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Additional description.</emphasis>
Body length:
<quantity id="A05216F2E456FFC52174F99FFD454722" box="[583,665,1577,1604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5mm</quantity>
. Clypeus broadly and shallowly emarginate. Female: Scape and pedicel black, underside of flagellum reddish. More or less gena, malar space and supraclypeal area pale (whitish). Metacoxa black with ventro-apical edge pale. Trochanters and femora entirely reddish. Valvula 3 black. The Swiss and Bulgarian specimens have pronotum, tegulae, and abdomen entirely black, whereas in the French specimens [according to original description] tegulae and posterior angles of pronotum are reddish, and underside of abdomen slightly reddish. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E456FFC5229DF968FDF2479E" box="[430,558,1758,1784]" captionStart="FIGURES 89–93" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1142,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 89–93. Lancets: 89, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym83550). 90–91, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym31789) complete, detail of tip. 92–93, cantoti (DEI-GISHym88748), complete, detail of tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995288/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 92–93</figureCitation>
. Male: unknown.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6715BB17E456FFC523F4F8B4FD41467A" blockId="12.[151,1437,1577,2001]" box="[199,669,1794,1820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Total number of specimens examined: 10.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E456FFC523F4F893FF3046B7" blockId="12.[151,1437,1577,2001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523F4F893FEA34626" bold="true" box="[199,383,1829,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Similar species.</emphasis>
Based on external characters, could be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC520E4F891FBF94626" baseAuthorityName="Christ" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[983,1061,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC520E4F891FBF94626" box="[983,1061,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">minuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC52701F890FB144626" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1074,1224,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysorrhoea">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC52701F890FB144626" box="[1074,1224,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">chrysorrhoea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC527C0F890FAB74626" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[1267,1387,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC527C0F890FAB74626" box="[1267,1387,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fulvicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: see key. The lancet (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E456FFC5227EF8FCFE414602" box="[333,413,1866,1892]" captionStart="FIGURES 89–93" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1142,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 89–93. Lancets: 89, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym83550). 90–91, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym31789) complete, detail of tip. 92–93, cantoti (DEI-GISHym88748), complete, detail of tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995288/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
) has a highly distinctive shape, among W. Palaearctic species resembling only
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC52635F8FCFA404602" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1286,1436,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysorrhoea">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC52635F8FCFA404602" box="[1286,1436,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">chrysorrhoea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E456FFC52393F8D8FF2946EE" box="[160,245,1902,1928]" captionStart="FIGURES 89–93" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1142,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[165,1423,170,1130]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 89–93. Lancets: 89, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym83550). 90–91, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym31789) complete, detail of tip. 92–93, cantoti (DEI-GISHym88748), complete, detail of tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995288/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
). As illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E456FFC522FFF8D8FDAE46EF" author="Chevin, H." box="[460,626,1902,1929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref28132" refString="Chevin, H. (1986) Hoplocampa cantoti, espece nouvelle proche d' H. chrysorrhoea (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 42, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1986">Chevin (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, we found differences between these two species in the gross morphology of the lancets: narrower in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC522CAF824FD5346CA" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[505,655,1938,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysorrhoea">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC522CAF824FD5346CA" box="[505,655,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">chrysorrhoea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and apex curved somewhat upwards in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC52768F824FB2D46CA" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1115,1265,1938,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysorrhoea">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC52768F824FB2D46CA" box="[1115,1265,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">chrysorrhoea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but straight in
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E456FFC523A4F801FF3946B6" authorityName="Chevin" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,229,1975,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantoti">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E456FFC523A4F801FF3946B6" box="[151,229,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">cantoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FF2EFC954025" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4FF2EFE8741D5" bold="true" box="[199,347,152,179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plants: not known for certain. The Bulgarian specimens were mostly swept from
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC42678FF2FFF3141B0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC42678FF2FFF3141B0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Prunus spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and sometimes from
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC422DAFF0BFDAB41B0" baseAuthorityName="Velbinger" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[489,631,188,214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="domestica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC422DAFF0BFDAB41B0" box="[489,631,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. domestica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growing among these.
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC4204CFF0AFBFE41B1" author="Chevin, H." box="[895,1058,188,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref28132" refString="Chevin, H. (1986) Hoplocampa cantoti, espece nouvelle proche d' H. chrysorrhoea (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 42, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1986">Chevin (1986)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC42678FF0BFF2B419C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mahaleb">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC42678FF0BFF2B419C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Prunus mahaleb</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a characteristic component of the woody vegetation of the two known French localities. Howev- er,
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC4238AFEB3FEAC4078" box="[185,368,260,286]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mahaleb">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC4238AFEB3FEAC4078" box="[185,368,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Prunus mahaleb</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not seen close to the Bulgarian localities, and is not recorded at the Swiss locality (infoflora 2017). Therefore, we suppose that the host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC421A6FE9FFC9F4024" box="[661,835,297,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC421A6FE9FFC9F4024" box="[661,835,297,322]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Prunus spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE457FFC423F4FEFAFDC643A9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FEFAFEE440ED" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4FEFAFEBD4001" bold="true" box="[199,353,332,359]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC42258FEFAFE174000" box="[363,459,332,358]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E457FFC422EDFEFBFD484001" box="[478,660,332,359]" country="Bulgaria" name="Varna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Varna Province</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC42198FEFBFD2B4001" box="[683,759,333,359]" name="France" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">France</collectingCountry>
(Départements Eure-et-Loire, Indre-et-Loire),
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC42625FEFAFA404000" box="[1302,1436,332,358]" name="Switzerland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E457FFC423ACFEC7FEF740ED" box="[159,299,369,395]" country="Switzerland" name="Jura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Canton Jura</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FE23FCE840C8" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,719]" box="[199,820,404,431]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC4225FFE22FE1540C8" box="[364,457,404,430]" name="Sweden" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sweden</collectingCountry>
: not recorded, and not expected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FE0EFDC643A9" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4FE0EFE1B40B5" bold="true" box="[199,455,440,467]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
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:
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(DEI-GISHym84161),
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S,
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</date>
, leg.
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&amp;
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(
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;
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC421DBFE6BFD63437D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254384" collectingDate="2018-04-03" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="Liston &amp; Prous" country="Bulgaria" elevation="100" location="Tsonevo" longitude="42.982" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC421DBFE6BFCD74091" box="[744,779,477,503]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym88748),
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<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC427B0FE6AFB694091" box="[1155,1205,476,503]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
S,
<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC427ECFE6BFAFE4091" box="[1247,1314,477,503]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="100.0">
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC4228DFDB6FDDA437C" box="[446,518,512,538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liston</collectorName>
&amp;
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(
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;
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC421FAFDB6FD634359" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254306" collectingDate="2018-04-05" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="Liston &amp; Prous" country="Bulgaria" elevation="50" location="Dolni Chiflik" longitude="42.983" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC421FAFDB6FD30437D" box="[713,748,512,539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
(DEI-GISHym88769),
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<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC427BEFDB6FB63437C" box="[1165,1215,512,538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="2.0">2km</quantity>
SE,
<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC427C1FDB6FAFA437D" box="[1266,1318,512,539]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="50.0">
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,
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC4228DFD92FDDA4358" box="[446,518,548,574]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liston</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC42115FD93FDBA4359" box="[550,614,549,575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Prous</collectorName>
(
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<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC421FAFD93FD194305" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254335" collectingDate="2018-04-13" collectionCode="SDEI" collectorName="Liston &amp; Prous" country="Bulgaria" elevation="50" location="Dolni Chiflik" longitude="42.983" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
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(DEI-GISHym88854),
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SE,
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC422F2FDFEFDD54304" box="[449,521,584,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liston</collectorName>
&amp;
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(
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<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC42057FDFEFC4A4305" box="[868,918,584,611]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
S,
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC423A4FDDAFF0343E0" box="[151,223,620,646]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liston</collectorName>
&amp;
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(
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. *
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,
<collectingMunicipality id="8771216DE457FFC4271BFDDAFAF543E0" box="[1064,1321,620,646]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gemeinde Montmelon</collectingMunicipality>
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Oeu- ches,
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asl
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, +
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,
<date id="13149DD7E457FFC421BBFD27FCD543CD" box="[648,777,657,683]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2009-04-22">
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, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC42074FD27FC7843CD" box="[839,932,657,683]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. Peter</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E457FFC42087FD27FC2D43CD" box="[948,1009,657,683]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
[locality confirmed by the collector: differs slightly from that on label].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

233
data/EF/03/0A/EF030A01E457FFC423A4FC96FC2D46EE.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
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<mods:identifier id="0EA77D3EDF2FFA8CC26DA08EFCE0978F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EF030A01E457FFC423A4FC96FC2D46EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332745" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167293060" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332745" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF030A01E457FFC423A4FC96FC2D46EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF030A01E457FFC423A4FC96FC2D46EE" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE457FFC423A4FC96FCF4425C" box="[151,808,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423A4FC96FCF4425C" blockId="13.[151,808,800,827]" box="[151,808,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="3C5D0C7BE457FFC423A4FC96FCF4425C" bold="true" box="[151,808,800,827]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC423A4FC96FCF4425C" authority="Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980" authorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,808,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaemespili">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423A4FC96FCF4425C" bold="true" box="[151,808,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423A4FC96FE32425D" bold="true" box="[151,494,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hoplocampa chamaemespili</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC422C5FC96FCF4425C" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." box="[502,808,800,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref30309" refString="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1980">Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE457FFC423A4FCD3FF664512" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423A4FCD3FD8642FD" blockId="13.[151,1436,868,924]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA9C39E457FFC423A4FCD3FD8642FD" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="E60B9D06E457FFC423A4FCD3FCFC421B" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." box="[151,800,868,893]" page="225" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1980">
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC423A4FCD3FCFC421B" authority="Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980: 222 - 225" authorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" authorityPageNumber="222 - 225" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,800,868,893]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaemespili">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423A4FCD3FE6B421B" box="[151,439,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hoplocampa chamaemespili</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC4228EFCD2FCFC421B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254375" box="[445,800,868,893]" collectorName="Monte Lastroni SE" country="Italy" location="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC4228EFCD2FCFC421B" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." box="[445,800,868,893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref30309" refString="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1980">Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980: 222–225</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E457FFC4201BFCD2FC5A421B" box="[808,902,868,893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC420B8FCD3FC42421A" box="[907,926,869,892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, not examined, in MSNV. Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC4260BFCD2FABB421B" box="[1336,1383,868,893]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Italy</collectingCountry>
,Alpi Carniche, Sappada,
<collectorName id="CA5FDEC1E457FFC422A1FC32FD8A42FD" box="[402,598,899,924]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Monte Lastroni SE</collectorName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423A4FC7FFF664512" blockId="13.[151,1437,969,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423A4FC7FFE784282" bold="true" box="[151,420,969,996]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Additional description</emphasis>
. Body length: 5.5–6.0mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour orange-brown. Anterior of median mesoscutal lobes broadly black. Inner and outer areas of lateral mesoscutal lobes broadly black (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4220CFBA4FE4F454A" box="[319,403,1041,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–76" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1675,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 71–76. 71, fulvicornis ♀ (DEI-GISHym21046) head and thorax. 72, crataegi ♀ (DEI-GISHym83583) mesoscutel- lum. 73, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) head. 74, chamaemespili ♀ (BC-ZSM-HYM11306) head. 75, chamaemespili ♀ (BC- ZSM-HYM11306) mesoscutum. 76, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) mesoscutum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995282/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
). Mesoscutellum largely pale, appendage entirely black. Female: dorsum of abdominal terga 1–6 black. Valvula
<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC4225DFB80FE444536" box="[366,408,1078,1104]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
lateral view pale, dorso-apically more or less black. Lancet:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4270CFB80FB4D4536" box="[1087,1169,1078,1104]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
. Male: penis valve:
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC42643FB80FF6A4512" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE457FFC423F4FBC8FF354722" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FBC8FD5245FE" blockId="13.[151,1437,969,1284]" box="[199,654,1150,1176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Total number of specimens examined: 9.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4FB17FCA44462" blockId="13.[151,1437,969,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4FB17FEA345DA" bold="true" box="[199,383,1185,1212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Similar species.</emphasis>
Only
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC422F0FB14FD6B45DA" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[451,695,1186,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC422F0FB14FD6B45DA" box="[451,695,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hoplocampa plagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC420CEFB15FB1A45DA" authorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" authorityYear="1980" box="[1021,1222,1186,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaemespili">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC420CEFB15FB1A45DA" box="[1021,1222,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. chamaemespili</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In direct comparison, they can
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC42207FB70FE594586" box="[308,389,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">usually</emphasis>
be distinguished as follows [but see notes under
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC42087FB70FBCD4586" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[948,1041,1222,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC42087FB70FBCD4586" box="[948,1041,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">plagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a very dark colour form of that species, only known from
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC4228CFB5CFDD74462" box="[447,523,1258,1284]" name="France" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">France</collectingCountry>
(Massif Central and Pyrenees)]:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423A4FA99FA404419" blockId="13.[151,1437,1326,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
- Lateral mesoscutal lobe with internal and external black areas (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4207AFA98FC4E4422" box="[841,914,1326,1348]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–76" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1675,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 71–76. 71, fulvicornis ♀ (DEI-GISHym21046) head and thorax. 72, crataegi ♀ (DEI-GISHym83583) mesoscutel- lum. 73, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) head. 74, chamaemespili ♀ (BC-ZSM-HYM11306) head. 75, chamaemespili ♀ (BC- ZSM-HYM11306) mesoscutum. 76, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) mesoscutum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995282/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
). Mesoscutellar appendage entirely black.
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC42602FA99FA994422" box="[1329,1349,1327,1348]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
: Occiput entirely dark. Sawteeth of lancet small, rather flat (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC421FAFAFAFCCD4404" box="[713,785,1356,1378]" captionStart="FIGURES 77–82" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1833,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,170,1814]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 77–82. Lancets: 77, alpina (DEI-GISHym83575), spurette arrowed. 78, ariae (DEI-GISHym83551). 79, crataegi (DEIGISHym83583). 80, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83552). 81, brevis (DEI-GISHym83557). 82, chamaemespili (DEI- GISHym11128)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995284/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
).
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC42011FAFAFCEB4407" box="[802,823,1356,1377]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
: penis valve distally with group of long setae; valviceps distally acute (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC42211FADFFEBB4419" box="[290,359,1385,1407]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
).............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC4263BFADFFA404419" authorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" authorityYear="1980" box="[1288,1436,1385,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaemespili">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC4263BFADFFA404419" bold="true" box="[1288,1436,1385,1407]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">chamaemespili</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423A4FA31FA4044B1" blockId="13.[151,1437,1326,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
- Lateral mesoscutal lobe nearly completely pale, except for sutures (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4205DFA30FC6A44FA" box="[878,950,1414,1436]" captionStart="FIGURES 71–76" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1675,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1435,170,1656]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 71–76. 71, fulvicornis ♀ (DEI-GISHym21046) head and thorax. 72, crataegi ♀ (DEI-GISHym83583) mesoscutel- lum. 73, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) head. 74, chamaemespili ♀ (BC-ZSM-HYM11306) head. 75, chamaemespili ♀ (BC- ZSM-HYM11306) mesoscutum. 76, plagiata ♀ (DEI-GISHym19411) mesoscutum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995282/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
). Mesoscutellar appendage at least pale in middle.
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC423D1FA12FF2A44DF" box="[226,246,1444,1465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
: Occiput largely pale, except around foramen magnum. Sawteeth of lancet large, strongly protruding (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4278FFA12FADF44DC" box="[1212,1283,1444,1466]" captionStart="FIGURES 83–88" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1856,1881]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1435,170,1844]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 83–88. Lancets: 83, flava (DEI-GISHym83558). 84, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym31788). 85, minuta (DEI- GISHym83545). 86, tadshikistanica (DEI-GISHym31786). 87, testudinea (DEI-GISHym31790). 88, plagiata (DEI- GISHym83555)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995286/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
).
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC42620FA12FAF444DF" box="[1299,1320,1444,1465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
: penis valve distally without group of long setae; valviceps distally obtuse (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E457FFC4200FFA77FC5244B1" box="[828,910,1473,1495]" captionStart="FIGURES 94–107" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,170,1686]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 94–107. Penis valves: 94 alpina (DEIGISHym20575). 95, crataegi (DEI-GISHym31784). 96, ariae (DEI- GISHym83574). 97, chamaemespili (BC-ZSM-HYM11307). 98–99, phantoma (DEI-GISHym83553): dorsal lobe intact, dorsal lobe destroyed during preparation. 100, flava (DEI-GISHym20595). 101, chrysorrhoea (DEI-GISHym83548). 102, fulvicornis (DEI-GISHym83782). 103, minuta (DEI-GISHym31782). 104, tadshikistanica [after Muche (1986), fig. 1]. 105, pectoralis (DEI-GISHym80337). 106, testudinea (DEI-GISHym83547). 107, plagiata (DEI-GISHym83556)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995290/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
)....................................
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC4267FFA77FA4044B1" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1356,1436,1473,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC4267FFA77FA4044B1" bold="true" box="[1356,1436,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">plagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4F9B3FF354722" blockId="13.[151,1437,1541,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4F9B3FE804746" bold="true" box="[199,348,1541,1568]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Life history.</emphasis>
Host plant:
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC422C2F9B0FB9B4746" authority="(Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[497,1095,1542,1568]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chamaemespilus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC422C2F9B0FCDF4746" box="[497,771,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sorbus chamaemespilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC42026F9B0FBE24746" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." box="[789,1086,1542,1568]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref30309" refString="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1980">Masutti &amp; Covassi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Biology:
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC427F1F9B0FF394722" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref30309" refString="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1980">Masutti &amp; Covassi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE457FFC423F4F9FBFC2D46EE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4F9FBFEFF467A" blockId="13.[151,1437,1541,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4F9FBFEBD470E" bold="true" box="[199,353,1613,1640]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
Northern
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC422E4F9F8FDD3470E" box="[471,527,1614,1640]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Italy</collectingCountry>
: Monte Baldo, Dolomites, Carnic pre-Alps, and Western Julian Alps (Provinces Trento e Verona, Bolzano, Belluno, Pordenone, and Udine):
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC4207BF9C4FBAC47EA" author="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M." box="[840,1136,1650,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref30309" refString="Masutti, L. &amp; Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1980">Masutti &amp; Covassi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and records below. So far only found in the upper montane and subalpine zones, between approximately 1400–1900.
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E457FFC427BFF920FAF547D6" author="Schedl, W." box="[1164,1321,1686,1712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1157 - 1162" refId="ref31759" refString="Schedl, W. (2017) Zweite Erganzung zur Checkliste der Symphyta (lnsecta: Hymenoptera) Osterreichs. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 49 (2), 1157 - 1162." type="journal article" year="2017">Schedl (2017)</bibRefCitation>
published a record under the name
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC4229DF90CFD8A47B2" authorityName="Masutti &amp; Covassi" authorityYear="1980" box="[430,598,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaemespili">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC4229DF90CFD8A47B2" box="[430,598,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">chamaemespili</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of a female and male, illustrated with dorsal habitus images of both specimens, from
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC42228F968FEAC479E" box="[283,368,1758,1784]" name="Austria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56E75F5E457FFC42249F968FE39479E" box="[378,485,1758,1784]" country="Austria" name="Karnten" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Carinthia</collectingRegion>
, Dobratsch, Schüttenwald,
<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC42025F968FC4E479E" box="[790,914,1758,1784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="800.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="700.0">
700–
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC42063F968FC4E479E" box="[848,914,1758,1784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">900m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. These specimens are
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E457FFC427B4F969FADA479E" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1159,1286,1758,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC427B4F969FADA479E" box="[1159,1286,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. plagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on his illustrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4F890FCE84626" blockId="13.[151,1437,1541,1928]" box="[199,820,1830,1856]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Occurrence in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC4225FF890FE154626" box="[364,457,1830,1856]" name="Sweden" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sweden</collectingCountry>
: not recorded, and not expected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E457FFC423F4F8FFFC2D46EE" blockId="13.[151,1437,1541,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E457FFC423F4F8FFFE164602" bold="true" box="[199,458,1865,1892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC422E7F8FCFB644603" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254412" box="[468,1208,1866,1893]" country="Italy" location="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="6">
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E457FFC422E7F8FCFDD04602" box="[468,524,1866,1892]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Italy</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC42129F8FCFDE04602" box="[538,572,1866,1892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
(including DEI-GISHym11128, BC-ZSM-HYM11306)
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="D7C2B14AE457FFC427F0F8FCFC3146EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2847254328" collectingDate="2004-06-26" collectionCode="SDEI, ZSM" country="Italy" elevation="1800" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3">
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE457FFC427F0F8FCFB3A4602" box="[1219,1254,1866,1892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
(including BC- ZSM-HYM11307), Monte Baldo, ca.
<quantity id="A05216F2E457FFC42173F8D8FD4B46EE" box="[576,663,1902,1928]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1800.0">
<elevation id="EC875C24E457FFC42173F8D8FD4B46EE" box="[576,663,1902,1928]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 24–
<date id="13149DD7E457FFC421FFF8D8FC9746EE" box="[716,843,1902,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2004-06-26">
<collectingDate id="0350643FE457FFC421FFF8D8FC9746EE" box="[716,843,1902,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2004-06-26">26.06.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E457FFC4206AF8D8FC4746EE" box="[857,923,1902,1928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">SDEI</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="01BB23D2E457FFC42094F8D8FC3946EE" box="[935,997,1902,1928]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

143
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<mods:title id="7ABF1EAC09B9998BC0A5E5F6408E4B74">A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE45DFFCE23A4FF2CFC9741D5" box="[151,843,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E45DFFCE23A4FF2CFC9741D5" blockId="7.[151,843,153,180]" box="[151,843,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="3C5D0C7BE45DFFCE23A4FF2CFC9741D5" bold="true" box="[151,843,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE23A4FF2CFC9741D5" bold="true" box="[151,843,153,180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Key to West Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE22FBFF2FFDBF41D2" ID-CoL="4YLJ" ID-ENA="362141" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1837" box="[456,611,153,180]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE22FBFF2FFDBF41D2" bold="true" box="[456,611,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoplocampa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (imagines)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE45DFFCE23A4FF54FD6840D6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E45DFFCE23A4FF54FD6840D6" blockId="7.[151,1437,225,432]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Note: The male of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE2243FF54FE62419D" authorityName="Chevin" authorityYear="1986" box="[368,446,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantoti">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE2243FF54FE62419D" box="[368,446,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cantoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown. The male of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE21D9FF57FCF1419D" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[746,813,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE21D9FF57FCF1419D" box="[746,813,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely rare: we were unable to locate any specimens.
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE23D2FEB3FDFF4079" authorityName="Muche" authorityYear="1986" box="[225,547,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadshikistanica">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE23D2FEB3FDFF4079" box="[225,547,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoplocampa tadshikistanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far only known from the
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E45DFFCE204CFEB0FC734046" box="[895,943,262,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
series collected in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E45DFFCE27B4FEB3FAC54079" box="[1159,1305,261,287]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tadzhikistan</collectingCountry>
, and is thus extra-limital, but is included because it might occur in the West Palaearctic.
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE20DEFE9FFF134001" authority="Zhelochovtsev, 1976" authorityName="Zhelochovtsev" authorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogdiana">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE20DEFE9FFB374025" box="[1005,1259,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoplocampa sogdiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E45DFFCE27C1FE9FFF134001" author="Zhelochovtsev, A. N." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 73" refId="ref33232" refString="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. (1976) Materialy po faune pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov srednej Azii, I. [Materials on the fauna of sawflies and woodwasps of Central Asia, I.]. Sbornik trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeja MGU, 15, 3 - 73." type="journal article" year="1976">Zhelochovtsev, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is not included, because no specimens were available for examination, and the original description is not very informative. It is also only known from the
<typeStatus id="B81105B5E45DFFCE21B6FEC4FD6940EA" box="[645,693,370,396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
series collected in
<collectingCountry id="1FBDFB87E45DFFCE20BDFEC7FBFC40ED" box="[910,1056,369,395]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tadzhikistan</collectingCountry>
, from
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE275AFEC4FA4040EA" authority="(Poir.)" baseAuthorityName="Poir." box="[1129,1436,369,396]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE275AFEC4FA9240ED" box="[1129,1358,369,396]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Crataegus laevigata</emphasis>
(Poir.)
</taxonomicName>
DC (
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE23FDFE20FEB540C9" box="[206,361,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">= oxyacantha</emphasis>
auct.) (
<bibRefCitation id="033BC6E6E45DFFCE228DFE23FD7440D6" author="Zhelochovtsev, A. N." box="[446,680,405,432]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 73" refId="ref33232" refString="Zhelochovtsev, A. N. (1976) Materialy po faune pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov srednej Azii, I. [Materials on the fauna of sawflies and woodwasps of Central Asia, I.]. Sbornik trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeja MGU, 15, 3 - 73." type="journal article" year="1976">Zhelochovtsev 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB0E89CE45DFFCE23A4FE6EFA404300" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="key">
<keyStep id="DC5EA3B2E45DFFCE23A4FE6EFA404300" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph id="6715BB17E45DFFCE23A4FE6EFA404368" blockId="7.[151,1436,472,614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<keyLead id="DC5B1822E45DFFCE23A4FE6EFA404368" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
1 a Base of metafemur clearly black on all surfaces; metacoxa completely black; metatrochanter mainly black (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E45DFFCE2223FE40FEB34368" box="[272,367,502,526]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1046,1071]" captionTargetBox="[151,1408,170,1035]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1408,170,1035]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. 7, minuta ♀ (DEI-GISHym83545) lateral. 8, minuta ♂ (DEI-GISHym83546) lateral. 9–10, cantoti ♀ (BC- ZSM-HYM10947) dorsal, lateral. Scale bars 1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995260/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 7–8</figureCitation>
).............................................................................. 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715BB17E45DFFCE23A4FDA2FA404300" blockId="7.[151,1436,472,614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<keyLead id="DC5B1822E45DFFCE23A4FDA2FA404300" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
- aa Metafemur completely pale,
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE210FFDA2FD88434D" box="[572,596,532,555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">or</emphasis>
at most with an indistinct fuscous spot on basal ventral face; metacoxa
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE267CFDA5FA40434D" box="[1359,1436,531,555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">usually</emphasis>
at least apically pale; metatrochanter
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE21A7FD86FD3D432E" box="[660,737,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">usually</emphasis>
mainly pale (
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E45DFFCE2041FD86FC30432E" box="[882,1004,560,584]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–14" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1974,1999]" captionTargetBox="[151,1409,1113,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1409,1113,1962]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 11–14. 11, 13, testudinea ♀ (DEI-GISHym11132) dorsal, lateral. 12, 14, testudinea ♂ (DEI-GISHym83547) dorsal, lateral. Scale bars 1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995262" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995262/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 13, 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FF91A792E45DFFCE20C5FD86FBCD432E" box="[1014,1041,560,584]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1046,1071]" captionTargetBox="[151,1408,170,1035]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1408,170,1035]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. 7, minuta ♀ (DEI-GISHym83545) lateral. 8, minuta ♂ (DEI-GISHym83546) lateral. 9–10, cantoti ♀ (BC- ZSM-HYM10947) dorsal, lateral. Scale bars 1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3995260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3995260/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10</figureCitation>
) [only exception: rare
<specimenCount id="71AC709EE45DFFCE2637FD87FAC4432E" box="[1284,1304,561,584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
colour form of
<taxonomicName id="A0AAC094E45DFFCE2216FDF8FEA24300" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1816" box="[293,382,590,614]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Hoplocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiata">
<emphasis id="55DE6705E45DFFCE2216FDF8FEA24300" box="[293,382,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">plagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Massif Central and Pyrenees]................................................. 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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66
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<taxonomicName id="C558D7CC880110C95DB8CBF898BEAE4E" ID-CoL="4NKJG" LSID="EF033990-93D6-09A9-F4DE-0290B298D510" authority="Krekeler, 1973" authorityName="Krekeler" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudanophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudanophthalmus solivagus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="317" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solivagus">Pseudanophthalmus solivagus Krekeler, 1973</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6C41A384E3E101B809485B8D8803CA0D" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">
<taxonomicName id="B156535CD098A9EC367B70154AE423AF" authorityName="Krekeler" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudanophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="317" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solivagus">Pseudanophthalmus solivagus</taxonomicName>
Krekeler, 1973: 44. Type locality: &quot;Weber Cave, 2 miles northwest of Nonesuch, Woodford Co[unty], K[entuck]y&quot; (original citation). Holotype (♂) in FMNH.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2352549C6B9E5E8863264443B85B62E9" pageId="317" pageNumber="318" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A61D62695420BBD8BC54D379B90D41F5" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10306A395206AA4B3A5B96887268E95C" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">This species is known from a few caves in Woodford and Jessamine Counties, Kentucky (Barr 2004: 22).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A4B7C8B35574D3F99D55B1057D3DB85E" pageId="317" pageNumber="318" type="records">
<paragraph id="A3A7E5CE00041C0330CCF5C13D2DDACD" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">Records.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="942FA0D39E7EA45890107198A9C92890" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="4A54C3F2D00C27C0851B26FA54925859" bold="true" pageId="317" pageNumber="318">USA</emphasis>
: KY
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145
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<paragraph id="350D618C9C92DFCA774185086AC53682" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="741AB04F45C27F9201A210BEBDED0C66" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authority="Peale 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="3ED3B58831A76B42A98EAC30386ABF06" italics="true" pageNumber="344">Pteropus samoensis</emphasis>
Peale 1848
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="140981D80BE09F69F3068BD06C05CBEB" pageNumber="344" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DAF66053747F6857931B8C694B8AFA8A" pageNumber="344">
<treatmentCitation id="8FE25971613A634A9E429D16C2268A55" author="Peale" authority="Peale 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" page="20" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis" title="Pteropus samoensis" volumeTitle="Mammalia, in: Repts. U. S. Expl. Surv., Vol. 8" year="1848">
<taxonomicName id="6C38B5D5A4ABB3A4BC379869B7E55E6C" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authority="Peale 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="D1280D4E148B9B70B14A4A3E46859602" italics="true" pageNumber="344">Pteropus samoensis</emphasis>
Peale 1848
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="7846E061D168E61883857A31B98B219C" author="Peale" pageNumber="344" pagination="20" title="Pteropus samoensis" volumeTitle="Mammalia, in: Repts. U. S. Expl. Surv., Vol. 8" year="1848">
<taxonomicName id="F6B2097BED001988C0E03B156F3C8AC2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Mammalia</taxonomicName>
, in: Repts.
<collectingCountry id="16A19BF5D9636529F978C9169117A557" name="United States of America">U. S.</collectingCountry>
Expl. Surv., Vol. 8: 20
</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="22CEDBA7031A27A1FD37D9ABB6EB3131" pageNumber="344" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="83C4C2D0102D8346AA8150EF20B5F38D" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="FEC6C67856A436F133E024C62759C493" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="6EF776429BA4CFA343E3EE4855F75F2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867333376" country="American Samoa" pageNumber="344">
Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (
<collectingCountry id="F1A3B175522BC2E60F5BA2E59F4B7164" name="American Samoa">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46FF4D49D7691A00E83828A09190C76B" pageNumber="344" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="91AFBE11AC6371379CC122A8262E386F" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="FB265E6512955BC693A451549B3D4393" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="7275B6CD029F1AD17985D7482E8D16D2" language="eng" pageNumber="344">Samoan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="242F44823614EDFDE960951683D29248" pageNumber="344" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="865670086503531BFFB03CF34C996D83" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="EE9E95E5C2C5761000DDB3F46AF42ECF" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Subspecies:</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3EEC20BDE835AB6D31B8207575C1FCC" pageNumber="344">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="1963D5FC37AB6C87BE74435218AE3495" authority="Peale 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="samoensis" subSpecies="samoensis">
<emphasis id="F2B744823C001E744FC744A7B2A84ED4" italics="true" pageNumber="344">Pteropus samoensis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B8AD5A350BF5D9EF2F6EDC1BEFCD9947" italics="true" pageNumber="344">samoensis</emphasis>
Peale 1848
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FA18B238AD9629E092436208D8A5DB6" pageNumber="344">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="6F713D6DD15E82E9080A18FB3A3815D7" authority="Gray 1870" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="samoensis" subSpecies="nawaiensis">
<emphasis id="5FE90D3D995D9457F7E7A485DCE168EC" italics="true" pageNumber="344">Pteropus samoensis</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="CE0A7EA686A88E3FC4066EF4D1240983" italics="true" pageNumber="344">nawaiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F2843940D07E068C9415F2839A8DA147" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128843" refString="Gray, J. E. 1870. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit eating bats in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 137 pp." year="1870">Gray 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AB365D44BA26EE07FF60DF7B6311AE0F" pageNumber="344" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2ED1BE4AD774659104CD69BFCA472CED" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="55F795524B4FDBE6B34FAD3F55E2A0EA" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1EEFB655C59461396A9D6BFFC547D622" name="Fiji">Fiji</collectingCountry>
Isls, Samoan Isls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="87B99348E181FC4E42557EA8AAE62AF4" pageNumber="344" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B50C1D90C295CD96874544DA7382AADE" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="F8B0E03CD2F6278A63CA315030E26AB4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="8F45D86D2EC405F3721C5AA234984CA0">CITES</collectionCode>
– Appendix I.
<collectionCode id="7FD718110D12006CF46F313D99ABF011">IUCN</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="667FBCD31F6DE14429BB310F68870EDE" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9wqd-8bvt" name="Sacramento State University" type="">SSC</collectionCode>
Action Plan (1992) and
<collectionCode id="D4B2AAB15C0B9B59AE611ECB6BDCB3CD">IUCN</collectionCode>
2003 – Vulnerable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33AA31A33F5CE1CDD087828A97A3D19F" pageNumber="344" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="631A5896DCA7049BFC3C4EA81D11344A" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="748BCA01E392191A43704B6321CAC244" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="344">Discussion:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F777F455F76615D37BE70BBC97CDB8CE" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="2E009DD17ACDF4495928A807747960E9" italics="true" pageNumber="344">samoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. Includes
<emphasis id="575ECE42747EFCB8D55B5520BDB5FDA7" italics="true" pageNumber="344">nawaiensis</emphasis>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="8B7AD00D9C3B2CD2CCFF34F2D9A0B7C9" author="Hill, J. E. &amp; W. N. Beckon" refId="ref152479" refString="Hill, J. E., and W. N. Beckon. 1978. A new species of Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from the Fiji Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 34: 65 - 82." year="1978">Hill and Beckon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="50B9D9D5F3B9F5C90DB5C9E8942B6EEF" author="Banack, S. A." refId="ref19545" refString="Banack, S. A. 2001. Pteropus samoensis. Mammalian Species, 661: 1 - 4." year="2001">Banack (2001)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

445
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<mods:title id="84E045171811173D8139F63A722831DB">New species of oak gallwaps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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123”, and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FB548ED4FA6D08F6" collectorName="M. Tavakoli &amp; Lor &amp; The" country="Iran" location="Ghelaei" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="6" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FB548ED4FAF8088E" box="[1181,1297,1426,1452]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA31646FF688EFCFF0708F6" box="[161,238,1466,1492]" name="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA31646FF358EFCFE8C08F6" box="[252,357,1466,1492]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="62756045FFA31646FEBD8EFCFE3B08F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFA31644FF5E8F89FC000ED8:62756045FFA31646FEBD8EFCFE3B08F6" box="[372,466,1466,1492]" country="Iran" name="Ghelaei" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Lorestan">Ghelaei</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FE168EFCFD9008F6" box="[479,633,1466,1492]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
. mid-summer, 2003. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA31646FC658EFCFBA908F6" box="[940,1088,1466,1492]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA31646FB848EFCFB9508F6" box="[1101,1148,1466,1492]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lor</collectorName>
77”.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA31646FB7A8EFCFB0908F6" box="[1203,1248,1466,1492]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The</collectorName>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA31646FB238EFCFAB908F6" box="[1258,1360,1466,1492]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FA448EFCFE0D08DE" collectionCode="HNHM" country="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FA448EFCFF0F08DE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA31646FF268EA4FEB608DE" box="[239,351,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA31646FE4F8EA4FE0D08DE" box="[390,484,1506,1532]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FE398EA4FCD208DE" box="[496,827,1506,1532]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FE398EA4FDBC08DE" box="[496,597,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA31646FD978EA4FD2708DE" box="[606,718,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA31646FD3F8EA4FCD208DE" box="[758,827,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FC8E8EA4FC5508DE" box="[839,956,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">10 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA31646FC0D8EA4FBDD08DE" box="[964,1076,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FB578EA4FF180B06" collectionCode="NHML" country="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FB578EA4FAED08DE" box="[1182,1284,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">4 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA31646FAC48EA4FA9408DE" box="[1293,1405,1506,1532]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA31646FF5E8D4CFF180B06" box="[151,241,1546,1572]" country="Libya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/49nc-28y0" name="Natural History Museum, Tripoli" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NHML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA31646FF0F8D74FE2A0BBE" blockId="13.[151,1436,1346,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FF0F8D74FDE20B6E" bold="true" box="[198,523,1586,1612]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FDDD8D74FE210B56" collectorName="M. Tavakoli" country="Iran" location="Kordestan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="36" specimenCount-female="36" stateProvince="Kordestan">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FDDD8D74FD7D0B6E" box="[532,660,1586,1612]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">36 females</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA31646FCE48D74FC930B6E" box="[813,890,1586,1612]" name="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA31646FC4E8D74FBEB0B6E" box="[903,1026,1586,1612]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Kordestan</collectingRegion>
, Marivan,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FB4B8D74FAF20B6E" box="[1154,1307,1586,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
. 2003. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA31646FF5E8D1CFEC10B56" box="[151,296,1626,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
, Lor123” and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA31646FE068D1CFE560BBE" collectorName="M. Tavakoli" country="Iran" location="Kermanshah" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="12" stateProvince="Kermanshah">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA31646FE068D1CFDA70B56" box="[463,590,1626,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA31646FD2A8D1CFCD90B56" box="[739,816,1626,1652]" name="Iran" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA31646FCF28D1CFC3B0B56" box="[827,978,1626,1652]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
, Gahvareh,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FB978D1CFB1C0B56" box="[1118,1269,1626,1652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
. mid-summer, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA31646FF008DC4FEB20BBE" box="[201,347,1666,1692]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
, Lor95”
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA31646FF0F8DECFB500BCE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA31646FF0F8DECFB500BCE" blockId="13.[151,1436,1346,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FF0F8DECFEA20BE6" bold="true" box="[198,331,1706,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species name
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FDFD8DEDFD1E0BE6" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[564,759,1707,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatruncicolus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FDFD8DEDFD1E0BE6" box="[564,759,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">megatruncicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reflects the close similarity of the adult and asexual generation gall of this species to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FE278D95FCBB0BCE" authority="(Giraud)" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[494,850,1746,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncicolus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FE278D95FD0A0BCE" box="[494,739,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Andricus truncicolus</emphasis>
(Giraud)
</taxonomicName>
, and the larger size of the gall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA31645FF0F8DBCFB7A0FB0" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA31645FF0F8DBCFB7A0FB0" blockId="13.[151,1436,1346,2012]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FF0F8DBCFEAF0A36" bold="true" box="[198,326,1786,1812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA31646FDBE8DBDFC980A36" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[631,881,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncicolus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA31646FDBE8DBDFC980A36" box="[631,881,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Andricus truncicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the body is predominantly blackish brown; the head is more or less rounded in front view; OOL 2.5 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 2.1 times as long as LOL; the diameter of the antennal torulus about 3.7 times as large as the distance between them; the clypeus only slightly broader or as broad as high; F1 1.25 times as long as F2, F2 only slightly longer than F3; the mesoscutum coriaceous anteriorly, reticulate posteriorly, especially in the internotauli area; the median mesoscutal line distinct, in a form of short triangle; the mesoscutellum rounded, very slightly longer than broad, with more delicate sculpture towards the centre of scutellar disk; scutellar foveae nearly rounded, as high as broad, separated by a very narrow, delicately longitudinally striate central carina; anteriorly scutellar foveae nearly reaching one another; the mesopleuron and metapleuron with some distinct punctures; lateral propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards posteriorly; the radial cell of the forewing 4.8–5.0 times as long as broad, while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA01645FDDE8A7EFD150C73" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[535,764,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatruncicolus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA01645FDDE8A7EFDC00C73" box="[535,553,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA01645FDF08A7EFD150C73" box="[569,764,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">megatruncicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA01645FCC58A71FC750C73" bold="true" box="[780,924,311,337]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA01645FCC58A71FC750C73" box="[780,924,311,337]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the body predominantly is reddish brown; the head is trapezoid in front view; OOL 2.8 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 2.8 times as long as LOL; diameter of antennal torulus only 2.5 times as large as the distance between them; the clypeus at least 2.0 times as broad as high; F1=F2, F2 1.3 times as long as F3; the mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with some distinct punctures in the anterior half; the median mesoscutal line absent; the mesoscutellum broader than long, with more dull rugose sculpture along sides of the mesoscutellum and more delicate ont he disk center; scutellar foveae transverse, much broader than high; separated by a broad delicately reticulate central carina; the mesopleuron and metapleuron without punctures; lateral propodeal carinae curved outwards in the mid-height; the radial cell of the forewing only 4.0 times as long as broad.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA01644FF0F89D9FF230F48" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA01645FF0F89D9FE4E0E10" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA01645FF0F89D9FEB70F9B" bold="true" box="[198,350,671,697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA01645FD4A89E6FD190F98" box="[643,752,672,698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body predominantly reddish brown. Head entirely reddish brown; pronotum black, mesoscutum with extensive black marks; scutellar foveae, mesopleural triangle, metanotum black. Legs reddish brown, except black tibiae and tarsi. Wings with distinct brown veins. Body with dense white setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA01644FF0F8806FE2A0C58" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,1018]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Head coriaceous, trapezoid in front view, with dense white setae; 2.0 times as broad as long from above; 1.5 times as broad as high in front view. Gena coriaceous, strongly broadened behind eye, the most broadened part is on the mid-height of eye, well-visible in front view behind eye, gena nearly as broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space coriaceous, 0.4 times as long as height of eye, with distinct striae radiating from clypeus and extending to half distance to eye. POL equal OOL; OOL 2.8 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 2.8 times as long as LOL. Transfacial distance 1.2 times as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 2.5 times as large as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin slightly longer than diameter of torulus. Inner margins of eyes parallel. Lower face delicately coriaceous, with relatively strongly elevated delicately coriaceous median area, without striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus rectangular, tip with white setae, with coriaceous elevated central area, 2.0 times as broad as high, with distinct anterior tentorial pits, impressed along distinct epistomal sulcus, clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, ventrally widely emarginated and incised medially. Frons, vertex and occiput uniformly delicately coriaceous. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, slightly longer than head+mesosoma; pedicel 1.6 times as long as broad; F1=F2, F2 1.3 times as long as F3; subsequent flagellomeres shorter; F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12. Mesosoma convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with dense white setae. Pronotum uniformly coriaceous, with dense white setae along anterior edge. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with some distinct punctures in the anterior half. Notauli complete, well-impressed in all length, slightly broader and converging posteriorly, smooth, shiny; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines and anterior parallel lines distinct, broad, extending to half of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum 1.8 times shorter than mesoscutum, broader than long, with dull rugose sculpture along sides and more delicate towards the disk center; slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae transverse, much broader than high, with smooth, shiny deep bottom, posteriorly delimited by sculpture, without setae; separated by a broad delicately reticulate central carina. Mesopleuron including speculum smooth, without punctures; mesopleural triangle uniformly delicately coriaceous, with dense setae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly below half of its height; axillula ovate, delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, in the most posterior end higher than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum uniformly coriaceous, 3.0 times as high as height of ventral impressed area; metanotal trough delicately coriaceous, shiny, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area shiny, with some longitudinal weak wrinkles. Lateral propodeal carinae curved outwards in the mid-height, uniformly broad, with sparse setae prolong it length; central propodeal area with numerous weak wrinkles, without setae; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, with some wrinkles and dense white setae. Forewing much longer than body, margin with short cilia; radial cell 4.0 times as long as broad, areolet distinct; Rs+M extending to 2/3 of distance between areolet and basalis, projecting into its lower half. Metasoma nearly as long as head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; all tergites without micropunctures, with dense white setae laterally, which absent dorsally; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 6.6 times as long as broad, with sparse white setae, apical setae short, not extending beyond apex of spine. Body length
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA11644FEE78A26FE570C58" box="[302,446,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.3" valueMin="4.2">4.2–5.3 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA11644FF0F8AC1FF230F48" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF0F8AC1FF120C83" bold="true" box="[198,251,391,417]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA11644FEC58ACEFE4D0C80" box="[268,420,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–104" captionStartId="46.[151,269,1502,1526]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,194,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-32@46.[266,1322,194,1478]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 99–104. Andricus megatruncicolus, new species, gall (photos by M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107537/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 99–104</figureCitation>
). Develops from accessory buds on branches. Solitary, sometimes in groups, 2–5 galls forming a cluster. The gall is spherical,
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA11644FDAE8AF6FD3E0CE8" box="[615,727,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">5–15 mm</quantity>
in diameter, broadly attached, surface patterned, resembling tortoiseshell. Apex covered in regular, radiating plates, giving a shield-like appearance. Initially whitish, greenish, later becoming brown and bark-coloured, but usually the greyish dusty layer staying on the surface of the gall even after the emerging of wasps. Inner chamber elliptical, monolocular, located at the base of the gall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA11644FF0F8931FB7E0FB0" box="[198,1175,631,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA11644FF0F8931FB7E0FB0" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,1018]" box="[198,1175,631,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF0F8931FEC30FB3" bold="true" box="[198,298,631,657]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
Only asexual females are known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FC92893EFB7E0FB0" authority="Olivier." box="[859,1175,632,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FC92893EFBDE0FB3" box="[859,1079,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Quercus infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA11644FF0F89D9FBB50E88" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA11644FF0F89D9FBB50E88" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF0F89D9FEBC0F9B" bold="true" box="[198,341,671,697]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Comments.</emphasis>
The extreme rarity of purely asexual lifecycles in oak gallwasps (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA11644FB9789E6FAC10F98" author="Stone, G. N. &amp; Schonrogge, K. &amp; Atkinson, R. J. &amp; Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[1118,1320,672,698]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="633 - 668" refId="ref29123" refString="Stone, G. N., Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633 - 668." type="journal article" year="2002">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FB9789E6FB4B0F98" authority="Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1118,1186,672,698]" genus="Stone" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Stone</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FB6389E6FB340F9B" box="[1194,1245,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF07898EFE390FC3" box="[206,464,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FF07898EFE5F0FC3" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[206,438,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatruncicolus">A. megatruncicolus</taxonomicName>
p
</emphasis>
robably has a sexual generation. The clade of
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FBC0898EFB9A0FC3" box="[1033,1139,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Andricus</emphasis>
species
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that includes
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FA4A898EFEB30E2B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. megatruncicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have lifecycles involving alternation between oaks in the sections
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FB5D89B6FB1F0E2B" box="[1172,1270,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the asexual generation) and
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FE49885EFE220E13" box="[384,459,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the sexual generation). The sexual generation galls in this clade are commonly small and inconspicuous bud or catkin galls (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA11644FD618806FC6C0E78" author="Melika G. &amp; Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[680,901,832,858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="265 - 296" refId="ref28483" refString="Melika G., Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2000) Check-list of oak gall wasps of Hungary, with some taxonomic notes (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Cynipini). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 92, 265 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000">
Melika
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FCCD8806FCD10E7B" box="[772,824,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
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;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA11644FC588806FBB00E78" author="Cook, J. M. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[913,1113,832,858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1821 - 1830" refId="ref28193" refString="Cook, J. M., Rokas, A., Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2002) Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution, 56, 1821 - 1830." type="journal article" year="2002">
Cook
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FC118806FBE20E7B" box="[984,1035,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA11644FBAC8806FAAC0E78" author="Rokas, A. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Abe, Y. &amp; Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L. &amp; Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[1125,1349,832,858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref28897" refString="Rokas, A., Melika, G., Abe, Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L., Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2003 b) Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting and hybridisation revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 36 - 45." type="journal article" year="2003">
Rokas
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FB7C8806FB000E7B" box="[1205,1257,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2003b
</bibRefCitation>
), and it is probable that the same is true for this new species. Possible hosts from the
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FBEE882EFB9B0EA3" box="[1063,1138,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
oak section in the region include
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FF3D88D6FE140E88" authority="Olivier" authorityName="Olivier" box="[244,509,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF3D88D6FE4A0E8B" box="[244,419,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Quercus libani</emphasis>
Olivier
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FDFC88D6FD110E88" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[565,760,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FDFC88D6FD400E8B" box="[565,681,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA11644FCE988D6FBA60E88" authority="Jaub. et Spach" authorityName="Jaub. et Spach" box="[800,1103,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aphelonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FCE988D6FC730E8B" box="[800,922,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Q. persica</emphasis>
Jaub. et Spach
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA11644FF0F88F1FC000ED8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA11644FF0F88F1FC000ED8" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA11644FF0F88F1FE8E0EF3" bold="true" box="[198,359,951,977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA11644FEA488FEFE760EF0" box="[365,415,952,978]" name="Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA11644FE6388FEFDCA0EF0" box="[426,547,952,978]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kordestan</collectingRegion>
(Marivan),
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA11644FD6788FEFCFD0EF0" box="[686,788,952,978]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
(Ghelaei) and
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA11644FC0888FEFBBC0EF0" box="[961,1109,952,978]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
(Gahvareh) provinces;
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA11644FAA088FEFF2B0ED8" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA11644FEF388A6FE760ED8" box="[314,415,992,1018]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
(Beybesli) and north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA11644FD3288A6FC890ED8" box="[763,864,992,1018]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA11644FCA688A6FC340ED8" box="[879,989,992,1018]" country="Turkey" name="Erzurum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Erzurum</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:title id="61DDA5F94C86D1CC4900A7C5381F9573">New species of oak gallwaps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="8BBE463218CCAD6D9474B38B6E6C9660">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="3F7AAE393461B1AA48B774D65CF14F7F">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="B291BE3A216A814A972D72ECD2017A4E">64</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="D2824048DDD2DFD1CE05E2C63DD0D139">
<mods:url id="1589D7A18F1CEB6512EA30EFCD241C14">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="67620F3D6326C2E652AB033DDC944068">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="380DA7630DF6910F93D996FAB1248E45" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0785641441C492BAAB0FD24E5EA375F1" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A6BDCFCE1B7A8CA883E2F2A0E1A6CDCF" type="Zenodo-Dep">5107172</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EF038788FFA71640FF5E8F69FB5E0E88" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107151" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107151" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFA71640FF5E8F69FB5E0E88" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF038788FFA71640FF5E8F69FB5E0E88" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF5E8F69FD03096B" box="[151,746,1071,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF5E8F69FD03096B" blockId="9.[151,746,1071,1132]" box="[151,746,1071,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="3C5D81F2FFA71642FF5E8F69FD03096B" bold="true" box="[151,746,1071,1097]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF5E8F69FD03096B" bold="true" box="[151,746,1071,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA71642FF5E8F69FDA7096B" authority="Melika &amp; Tavakoli" authorityName="Melika &amp; Tavakoli" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,590,1071,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="csokai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF5E8F69FEB3096B" bold="true" box="[151,346,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Andricus csokai</emphasis>
Melika &amp; Tavakoli
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA71642FD938F69FD03096B" box="[602,746,1071,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF5E8F14FEF0094E" box="[151,281,1106,1132]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF5E8F14FEF0094E" blockId="9.[151,746,1071,1132]" box="[151,281,1106,1132]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA71642FF5E8F14FEF0094E" box="[151,281,1106,1132]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 51–61" captionStart-1="FIGURES 62–67" captionStartId-0="41.[151,269,1767,1791]" captionStartId-1="42.[151,269,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1405,212,1726]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,194,1562]" captionTargetId-0="figure-80@41.[151,1436,194,1743]" captionTargetId-1="figure-58@42.[264,1323,194,1562]" captionTargetPageId-0="41" captionTargetPageId-1="42" captionText-0="FIGURES 51–61. Andricus csokai, new species, asexual female: 51, head (front view); 52, head (dorsal view); 53, head (lateral view); 54, antenna; 55, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 56, mesosoma (lateral view); 57, metanotum and propodeum (postero-dorsal view); 58, hind tarsal claw; 59, forewing (part); 60, metasoma (lateral view); 61, prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium (ventral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 62–67. Andricus csokai, new species, gall (photos by M. Tavakoli): 62, young, growing gall; 63–64, mature galls; 65–66, partially dissected mature galls, larval cells are visible; 67, mature galls with a few galls of Andricus stonei." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107196" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107198" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107196/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107198/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 51–67</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF5E8FE4FE620816" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF5E8FE4FE620816" blockId="9.[151,1437,1186,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF5E8FE4FEA7099E" bold="true" box="[151,334,1186,1212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA71642FE918FE4FE1E09C6" collectorName="M. Tavakoli. Lor" country="Iran" location="Kermanshah" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FE918FE4FE1A099E" box="[344,499,1186,1212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA71642FD948FE4FD4E099E" box="[605,679,1186,1212]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA71642FD7C8FE4FCA5099E" box="[693,844,1186,1212]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
, Gahvareh and Javanrod, X-XII.2005.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA71642FAD58FE5FF5009C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FAD58FE5FF5009C6" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Q. infectoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFA71642FF348F8CFE2209C6" box="[253,459,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. Tavakoli. Lor</collectorName>
149
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FDCA8F8CFD4309C6" box="[515,682,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA71642FD7F8F8CFCDE09C6" box="[694,823,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">39 females</specimenCount>
with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FB408F8CFB1A09C6" box="[1161,1267,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FAFF8F8CFA7509C6" box="[1334,1436,1226,1252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA71642FF078FB4FDAA082E" box="[206,579,1266,1292]" collectionCode="HNHM" country="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA71642FF078FB4FED0082E" box="[206,313,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FE8F8FB4FE5F082E" box="[326,438,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA71642FE2F8FB4FDAA082E" box="[486,579,1266,1292]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA71642FD9C8FB4FC5B082E" box="[597,946,1266,1292]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA71642FD9C8FB4FD56082E" box="[597,703,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FD058FB4FCD5082E" box="[716,828,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA71642FCA48FB4FC5B082E" box="[877,946,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA71642FC0A8FB4FBD5082E" box="[963,1084,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">24 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FB808FB4FB50082E" box="[1097,1209,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA71642FAF88FB4FE6F0816" collectionCode="NHML" country="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA71642FAF88FB4FA75082E" box="[1329,1436,1266,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA71642FF5E8E5CFEEE0816" box="[151,263,1306,1332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA71642FEE58E5CFE6F0816" box="[300,390,1306,1332]" country="Libya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/49nc-28y0" name="Natural History Museum, Tripoli" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">NHML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF0F8E04FD8E08A6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF0F8E04FD8E08A6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1186,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF0F8E04FEBA087E" bold="true" box="[198,339,1346,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</emphasis>
In recognition of the continuing contribution of Dr. György Csóka (Forest Research Institute,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA71642FF5E8E2CFF1608A6" box="[151,255,1386,1412]" name="Hungary" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hungary</collectingCountry>
) to research on oak gallwasps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71641FF0F8ED4FF080C20" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71641FF0F8ED4FF080C20" blockId="9.[151,1437,1186,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF0F8ED4FEAF088E" bold="true" box="[198,326,1426,1452]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA71642FDA78ED5FBFE088E" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[622,1047,1426,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusradicis">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FDA78ED5FC67088E" box="[622,910,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Andricus quercusradicis</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
in which POL 1.5 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.4 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus and 1.4 times as long as LOL; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12; the median mesoscutal line in a form of a small but distinct triangle; the mesoscutellum delicately coriaceous, posteriorly rounded and medially incised; scutellar foveae are well-delimited around; the mesopleuron including speculum, uniformly delicately coriaceous to alutaceous; the upper half of the mesopleural triangle nearly smooth, ventrally delicately coriaceous with some weak wrinkles and dense setae; lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, broader anteriorly, slightly curved outwards in the most posterior part; the central propodeal area with few delicate irregular wrinkles; metasomal tergite 2 without micropunctures; the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 4.5–5.0 times as long as broad while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA71642FAE18D95FA7D0BCE" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1320,1428,1747,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="csokai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FAE18D95FA7D0BCE" box="[1320,1428,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. csokai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF5E8DBCFEC10A36" bold="true" box="[151,296,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA71642FF5E8DBCFEC10A36" box="[151,296,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, POL 2.3 times as long as OOL; OOL only slightly longer than the length of the lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12; the median mesoscutal line extending to 1/4 of the mesoscutum length; the mesoscutellum rugose, posteriorly is rounded and not incised centrally; scutellar foveae posteriorly delimited by the rugulose sculpture only; the mesopleuron with some delicate longitudinal interrupted striae, while the speculum is reticulate, with distinct punctures; the mesopleural triangle uniformly shining, alutaceous; lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, uniformly broad, slightly curved inwards in the middle; the central propodeal area delicately uniformly coriaceous; metasomal tergite 2 with micropunctures in the posterior 1/3 of the tergite; the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium at least 6.0 times as long as broad.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA41640FF0F8A49FBC80FC0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA41641FF0F8A49FF300F48" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA41641FF0F8A49FEB70C0B" bold="true" box="[198,350,271,297]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA41641FD448A56FD130C08" box="[653,762,272,298]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body predominantly dark reddish brown, with some extensive dark patches. Head posteriorly, between antennal toruli, central triangular area below median ocellus, central elevated area of lower face, clypeus and narrow stripes of malar space along attachment of mandibles always black; mandibles and antennae reddish brown; compound eyes and ocelli silvery or light brown. Scutum between anterior parallel lines and along parapsidal lines black; scutellar fovea, axillar complex, mesopleuron (entirely or only speculum), mesosoma ventrally, metascutellum and central propodeal area black. Legs uniformly reddish brown, slightly lighter than body. Metasoma reddish brown, except metasomal tergite 2, which dorsally always black. Wings with distinct brown veins. Body with relatively dense white setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA41640FF0F893EFD220F38" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,938]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Head coriaceous, with relatively sparse short white setae, more dense on lower face; 2.2 times as broad as long from above; 1.3 times as broad as high in front view and as broad as mesosoma. Gena delicately coriaceous, broadened behind eye, well-visible in front view behind eye, slightly narrower than cross diameter of eye, measuring behind eye. Malar space delicately coriaceous, 0.45 times as long as height of eye, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and extending to half of its length. POL 2.3 times as long as OOL; OOL slightly longer than length of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL. Transfacial distance slightly longer than height of eye and 1.3 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 2.4 times as large as distance between them; distance between torulus and eye margin equal to diameter of torulus. Inner margins of eyes slightly divirging ventrally. Lower face coriaceous, with very slightly elevated delicately coriaceous median area, without striae radiating from clypeus, with dense white setae. Clypeus coriaceous, impressed along sides and elevated centrally, slightly broader than high, with distinct anterior tentorial pits, deeply impressed along distinct epistomal sulcus, clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, ventrally widely emarginated and only very slightly incised medially. Frons, especially the black triangular area below median ocellus reticulate, with distinct large punctures; vertex with some distinct punctures, interocellar area with some strong rugae; occiput uniformly delicately coriaceous. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, slightly longer than head+mesosoma; pedicel 1.6 times as long as broad; F1 2.0 times as long as pedicel and only very slightly longer than F2, F2 1.3 times as long as F3; F4–F6 nearly equal in length, slightly shorter than F3; F7 and subsequent flagellomeres much shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.8 times as long as F11, placodeal sensilla on F4–F12. Mesosoma convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with relatively dense white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous, with some delicate wrinkles along antero-lateral edge only, with dense white setae, especially along anterior edge. Mesoscutum reticulate, punctures are dense, distance between punctures less than the diameter of a puncture. Notauli complete, well-impressed in all length, converging and not broadened posteriorly; median mesoscutal line extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines extending to 1/2 of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum coriaceous, posteriorly rounded and centrally not incised, 1.7 times shorter than mesoscutum, rounded, nearly as long as broad or slightly longer, slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae transversely ovate, posteriorly delimited by rugulose sculpture, smooth, shining, without setae; separated by a distinct, delicately coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron with some delicate longitudinal interrupted striae; speculum reticulate, with distinct punctures; mesopleural triangle uniformly shiny, alutaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above the half of its height, lower part of metapleuron, delimited by metapleural sulcus shiny, smooth; preaxilla delicately coriaceous; axillula ovate, shining, coriaceous, with very dense white setae; subaxillular bar coriaceous, shining, in the most posterior end 2.0 times higher than height of metanotal trough; ventral bar of metanotal trough shiny, at least 2.0 times narrower than height of metanotal trough measuring above propodeal spiracle. Metascutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous, nearly as high as height of smooth, shiny delicately longitudinally wrinkled ventral impressed area; metanotal trough coriaceous, shiny, with relatively sparse white setae. Lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, uniformly broad, slightly curved inwards in the middle; central propodeal area delicately coriaceous, without setae; lateral propodeal area delicately uniformly coriaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, with irregular wrinkles. Tarsal claws with distinct basal lobe. Forewing much longer than body, with distinct brown veins, margin with cilia; radial cell 3.7 times as long as broad, areolet distinct, Rs+M extending to 2/3 of distance between areolet and basalis. Metasoma nearly as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; metasomal tergite 2 with large patch of dense white setae antero-laterally, with micropunctures in the posterior 1/3, subsequent tergites and hypopygium without setae, with dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, 6.0 times as long as broad, with few short white setae, apical setae short, not extending beyond apex of spine. Body length
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA51640FDFF8946FD2E0F38" box="[566,711,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.449999999999999" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="4.449999999999999" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="4.1">4.1–4.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA51640FF0F8961FBC80FC0" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA51640FF0F8961FF120F63" bold="true" box="[198,251,551,577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA51640FEC2896EFE7C0F60" box="[267,405,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–67" captionStartId="42.[151,269,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,194,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-58@42.[264,1323,194,1562]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 62–67. Andricus csokai, new species, gall (photos by M. Tavakoli): 62, young, growing gall; 63–64, mature galls; 65–66, partially dissected mature galls, larval cells are visible; 67, mature galls with a few galls of Andricus stonei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107198" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107198/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 62–67</figureCitation>
). Galls are on roots which are close to the surface or on branches at ground level and up to
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA51640FF7F8916FEC40F48" box="[182,301,592,618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="25.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="15.0">15–35 cm</quantity>
below the ground surface. Often found on the roots of fallen trees with many regrowth shoots. Commonly in groups. Varying in size from a walnut to an onion; thick walled; usually globular, multilocular, 2.5–5.0 cm in diameter. Initially fleshy, soon becomes woody. When young the gall is light brown or reddish, darkening (brownish) with age, after wasps emerged, the old gall turns black.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA51640FF0F89A9FE850EA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA51640FF0F89A9FE850EA0" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA51640FF0F89A9FEC30E2B" bold="true" box="[198,298,751,777]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA51640FC7A89B6FADC0E28" authority="Olivier. Rare" authorityName="Olivier. Rare" box="[947,1333,752,778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA51640FC7A89B6FB780E2B" box="[947,1169,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quercus infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier. Rare
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species. The gall becomes apparent at the beginning of summer; adult wasps emerge at the beginning of November. Lack of information on the phylogenetic placement of this species precludes prediction of a likely host for the sexual generation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA51640FF0F88C9FE8E0E8B" bold="true" box="[198,359,911,937]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA51640FEA488D6FE760E88" box="[365,415,912,938]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Iran</collectingCountry>
, known from
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA51640FD8A88D6FCAD0E88" box="[579,836,912,938]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kermanshah province</collectingRegion>
only (Gahvareh and Javanrod).
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320
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<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA9164CFF5E8DC4FEF00BBE" box="[151,281,1666,1692]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 35–45" captionStart-1="FIGURES 46–50" captionStartId-0="39.[151,269,1583,1607]" captionStartId-1="40.[151,269,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1418,200,1556]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1315,194,1534]" captionTargetId-0="figure-78@39.[151,1436,194,1559]" captionTargetId-1="figure-31@40.[264,1323,194,1534]" captionTargetPageId-0="39" captionTargetPageId-1="40" captionText-0="FIGURES 35–45. Andricus schoenroggei, new species, asexual female: 35, head (front view); 36, head (dorsal view); 37, head (lateral view); 38, antenna; 39, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 40, mesosoma (lateral view); 41, metanotum and propodeum (postero-dorsal view); 42, hind tarsal claw; 43, forewing; 44, metasoma (lateral view); 45, prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium (ventral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 46–50. Andricus schoenroggei, new species, gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107190" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107192" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107190/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107192/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 35–50</figureCitation>
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153
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in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA9164CFE4F8C64FE0D0A1E" box="[390,484,1826,1852]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA9164CFE398C64FCD20A1E" box="[496,827,1826,1852]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA9164CFE398C64FDBC0A1E" box="[496,597,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA9164CFD978C64FD270A1E" box="[606,718,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA9164CFD3F8C64FCD20A1E" box="[758,827,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA9164CFC8E8C64FC550A1E" box="[839,956,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">16 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA9164CFC0D8C64FBDD0A1E" box="[964,1076,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFA9164CFB578C64FF180A46" collectionCode="NHML" country="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="6" stateProvince="Kermanshah" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFA9164CFB578C64FAED0A1E" box="[1182,1284,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">6 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA9164CFAC48C64FA940A1E" box="[1293,1405,1826,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFA9164CFF5E8C0CFF180A46" box="[151,241,1866,1892]" country="Libya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/49nc-28y0" name="Natural History Museum, Tripoli" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">NHML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA9164CFF0F8C34FC080A96" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA9164CFF0F8C34FC080A96" blockId="7.[151,1436,1746,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8C34FEBA0AAE" bold="true" box="[198,339,1906,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</emphasis>
In recognition of the continuing contribution of Dr. Karsten Schönrogge (Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Dorchester,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA9164CFE2B8CDCFDDA0A96" box="[482,563,1946,1972]" country="United Kingdom" name="Dorset" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dorset</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA9164CFDF68CDCFD910A96" box="[575,632,1946,1972]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">U.K.</collectingCountry>
) to research on oak gallwasps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA91643FF0F8C84FA830C80" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA91643FF0F8C84FA830C80" blockId="7.[151,1436,1746,2012]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8C84FEAF0AFE" bold="true" box="[198,326,1986,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFDBB8C85FC430AFE" authority="(Hartig)" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[626,938,1986,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sieboldi">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFDBB8C85FCAB0AFE" box="[626,834,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Andricus sieboldi</emphasis>
(Hartig)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFC208C85FAA10AFE" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[1001,1352,1986,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuscorticis">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFC208C85FB290AFE" box="[1001,1216,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. quercuscorticis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
. How- ever, in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA61643FF3C8BDEFE9D0D93" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[245,372,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sieboldi">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FF3C8BDEFE9D0D93" box="[245,372,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. sieboldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lateral propodeal carinae are strongly diverging anteriorly and curved inwards posteriorly, while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA61643FF378B86FE520DFB" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[254,443,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoenroggei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FF378B86FE520DFB" box="[254,443,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. schoenroggei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FE028BF9FDB20DFB" bold="true" box="[459,603,191,217]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA61643FE028BF9FDB20DFB" box="[459,603,191,217]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the lateral propodeal carinae are subparallel, only slightly curved outwards in the posterior 1/3. In
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA61643FE248BAEFD280C23" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" box="[493,705,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuscorticis">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FE248BAEFD280C23" box="[493,705,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. quercuscorticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the frons and vertex are without punctures; the mesoscutellum rugose, scutellar foveae distinctly impressed, only slightly broader than high, well-separated from the disk of the mesoscutellum posteriorly separated by a narrow carina, while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA61643FC018A7EFB6F0C73" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[968,1158,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoenroggei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FC018A7EFB6F0C73" box="[968,1158,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. schoenroggei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FB5C8A71FACC0C73" bold="true" box="[1173,1317,311,337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA61643FB5C8A71FACC0C73" box="[1173,1317,311,337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the frons and vertex usually are with some indistinct punctures; the mesoscutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous; scutellar foveae indistinctly separated from the disk posteriorly, very narrow, separated by a broad carina.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA61642FF0F8AE9FC5B0E10" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA61643FF0F8AE9FAA00F38" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA61643FF0F8AE9FEB70CEB" bold="true" box="[198,350,431,457]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA61643FD4D8AF6FD180CE8" box="[644,753,432,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body reddish brown, except dark brown to black head posteriorly, scutellar foveae, metascutellum and propodeum. Legs slightly lighter than body, except darker tibiae and tarsi. Compound eyes silvery. Wing veins dark brown. Body with relatively sparse white setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA61642FF0F896EFDE60CD0" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,978]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Head delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae, especially on lower face; 2.1 times as broad as long from above; 1.4 times as broad as high in front view and slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena delicately coriaceous, strongly broadened behind eye, well-visible in front view behind eye, as broad as cross diameter of eye, measuring behind eye. Malar space coriaceous, 0.4 times as long as height of eye, with delicate short striae radiating from clypeus and extending to half length of malar space. POL 1.6 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.6 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.3 times as long as LOL. Transfacial distance 1.2 times as long as height of eye and 1.6 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 2.7 times as large as distance between them; distance between torulus and eye margin slightly longer than diameter of torulus. Inner margins of eyes very slightly diverging ventrally. Lower face delicately coriaceous, without punctures, with elevated delicately coriaceous median area, with dense white setae, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, smooth, impressed, nearly 2.0 times as broad as high, with distinct anterior tentorial pits, deeply impressed epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line;ventrally rounded, broadly emarginated, with dense long setae and without incision medially. Frons delicately coriaceous, with some sparse indistinct punctures; vertex and occiput uniformly delicately coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, slightly shorter than head+mesosoma; pedicel 1.4 times as long as broad; F1 slightly longer than F2, F2 1.3 times as long as F3; subsequent flagellomeres shorter; F11 2.1 times as long as F10; placodeal sensilla on F4–F11. Mesosoma convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with relatively sparse white setae. Pronotum delicately and uniformly coriaceous, with some delicate wrinkles along antero-lateral edge only, with dense white setae along anterior edge. Mesoscutum with distinct, relatively dense punctures, interspaces between punctures shining and smoth, alutaceous or weakly coriaceous; punctures separated from each other by a distance not more than the diameter of puncture, often much closer. Notauli complete, well-impressed in all length, converging posteriorly, smooth, shining; median mesoscutal line extending nearly to half length of mesoscutum; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines distinct, extending to 1/2 of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum 1.7 times shorter than mesoscutum, slightly longer than broad, with parallel lateral sides, rounded posteriorly, uniformly delicately coriaceous; slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, posteriorly delimited by structure, with smooth, shining bottom; separated by distinct, broad, delicately coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron alutaceous, smooth, shiny, speculum with dense white setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, with relatively dense white setae, with delicate longitudinal irregular wrinkles. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above half of its height; axillula ovate, shining, smooth, with very dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, in the most posterior end broader than height of metanotal trough; propodeal spiracle elevated, slightly ovate; area between spiracle and metapleural sulcus with few weak irregular striae on shining background; ventral bar of metanotal trough delicately coriaceous, at least 3.0 times narrower than height of metanotal trough measuring above propodeal spiracle. Metascutellum coriaceous, nearly as high as height of ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, shining, with some delicate wrinkles. Lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, slightly curved outwards in posterior 1/3; uniformly broad, with few setae anteriorly; central propodeal area smooth, shiny, with numer- ous delicate irregular wrinkles, with very few sparse white setae in the antero-lateral quarters; lateral propodeal area delicately uniformly coriaceous, with dense white setae. Forewing much longer than body, with distinct brown veins, wing margin with short cilia; radial cell 3.75 times as long as broad, areolet distinct, Rs+M extending to 2/3 of distance between areolet and basalis, projecting into the middle of it. Tarsal claws with relatively small basal lobe. Metasoma nearly as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; metasomal tergite 2 with patch of dense white setae antero-laterally, without micropunctures; subsequent tergites and hypopygium without micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium slen- der, 5.3 times as long as broad, with few short white setae, few apical setae long, extending beyond apex of spine. Body length
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA71642FEB38A9EFDE20CD0" box="[378,523,472,498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="4.05" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.8">3.8–4.3 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF0F8AB9FC5B0E10" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF0F8AB9FF150F3B" bold="true" box="[198,252,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA71642FEC28946FE780F38" box="[267,401,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURES 46–50" captionStartId="40.[151,269,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[264,1315,194,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-31@40.[264,1323,194,1534]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 46–50. Andricus schoenroggei, new species, gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107192/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 46–50</figureCitation>
). Galls are shallowly embedded in the bark, found on roots or close to the ground (up to
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA71642FF5E896EFF080F60" box="[151,225,552,578]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
above soil surface); on branches 2–5 years old buried in leaves; on regrowth shoots; in the axils of suckers around stumps. The stem (root) becomes swollen around the galls. Galls spherical or conical in shape, 3.0–5.0 mm in diameter and
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA71642FE3A893EFD6B0FB0" box="[499,642,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
high and found in tight groups, pea-sized with a grooved surface. Rarely singly, generally in dense aggregations of galls at different stages of development. Usually a gall aggregation is
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA71642FE8B898EFE700FC0" box="[322,409,712,738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA71642FDC4898EFD790FC0" box="[525,656,712,738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 cm</quantity>
wide. The gall is brown, with hard, lignified walls. Gall outer wall is reddish purple and fleshy when young, hardening later and becoming brown. Longitudinally grooved from the tip. The adult exit hole can be seen on the top or side of the gall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF0F8879FB200E88" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF0F8879FB200E88" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF0F8879FEC30E7B" bold="true" box="[198,298,831,857]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA71642FC5C8806FAEF0E78" authority="Olivier. The" authorityName="Olivier. The" box="[917,1286,832,858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FC5C8806FB980E7B" box="[917,1137,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Quercus infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier. The
</taxonomicName>
gall starts to develop in the first half of summer, and rapidly completes its development. Galls were collected on roots and subterranean branches by the end of November; adults emerge in November–January. Rare.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA71642FF0F88F1FC080EF0" box="[198,993,951,978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA71642FF0F88F1FC080EF0" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,978]" box="[198,993,951,978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA71642FF0F88F1FE8E0EF3" bold="true" box="[198,359,951,977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA71642FEA488FEFE760EF0" box="[365,415,952,978]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA71642FE6588FEFDAA0EF0" box="[428,579,952,978]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
, Province, Gahvareh and Javanrod.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

345
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<mods:title id="007C53F5DA72E558C5A5B13BE1E8BABB">New species of oak gallwaps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6B3510D3E5096FFF58EC09072A75B49B">Tavakoli, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BB47217219C7809A7C944291C5C10E9">Melika, G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="74DF3B627947B8DC18252727AB6FFC06">Sadeghi, S. E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="119A4966009E8018C8738F0F1C5376FB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4373BB9E569537A1A95A85D7F6475C4F">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D546F26CACF3F35D1B01382FDA153150">Pénzes, Z.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="40C23D9A17BEAB73A926BB87FC5B36B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2F6552874FB162455F65A8BBBF3F2293">Assareh, M. A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="0996A85ACCE3B9CE05EB559A1F3A0D9A">
<mods:roleTerm id="C53DA46D2A80B9031EE267CDB8805527">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FEF6A922F612BF6FC245B8321168C07B">Atkinson, R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C3245831B45E2B3EA8F9EADC77F9D6A1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="640D11678AA4168B7CBBD7479E445409">
<mods:roleTerm id="A79D53346674D798C2E21936680F4898">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4B369B451A865A2E7B6B0F8CB6896406">Bechtold, M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="20D5E9ABEDE98D706247D1CDEB04CEE9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6827174DAC3979B2D40057213EF18B33">
<mods:roleTerm id="0D47C6A7BE9BB22C922EC403DC923B01">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2630D41C36AEBE9D076695F2D91758F7">Mikó, I.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5F3BD157FDC3C91D35802ED8CE38619F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="062445868BF454CF2C6F13F7D6602977">
<mods:roleTerm id="0A6A2268A3F40229C30A0E851C0E9F9A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="99081C7291BE6DEE4E6E3E6001FE8946">Zargaran, M. R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F0E15A925366083A3FF1196E273256A3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AC60404FE4BF5914E4C0449B2F040D85">
<mods:roleTerm id="0410EB419F9C8874FD9A2D8442C56B14">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7D455B3543D327C388524E48B795C996">Aligolizade, D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0F122267C3562B26E0020F0520830BC0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="071EE9A85FFFB9244C144B075A1BCB4C">
<mods:roleTerm id="DF240A6C01E3F787319199A0C9E84CC3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C31AFEFBEE4C447A5D619D34219E46A1">Barimani, H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="BF5B6F4D30B85B38495CC4FE72EC5E5E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6D532F5B1867BBEBD160207E462859F0">
<mods:roleTerm id="7C7D99D126684E7F88D91DAFB35568D1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A4B0507EA927A080C4534D68323D93B0">Bihari, P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="661E91ED0BEC4E5676139380F3975639" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7A7001F691D6206F2FDB7AAC1A6EA2B9">
<mods:roleTerm id="01E7F947CD36252EF73EBE261A511375">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="46712E24A55A98A61D337D82D3F5DA07">Pirozi, F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6616CEDF2629BB83F4D3F961C752110E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="552AF4D4A62DD29F186029CCD76C7107">
<mods:roleTerm id="702FACDB08D8692DE714F973A9410D21">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4452B07D042B9771094C73209C9CA95E">Fülöp, D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4CE351735A1880741407B905BAC86F50" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2346071DE72F7129D7E02FC5BC534343">
<mods:roleTerm id="062C840C41760BEF82E7E1677464BFB4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AC1B37C7638DB36A800EBE7E855CE94D">Somogyi, K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0C96A76A896AF81EEA060E3F3FBA01D7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2A6415C6F55524497AC91050F1817CD2">
<mods:roleTerm id="F0C88A11CCF121D21C238D91B98EFCAD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E4B3626F9F77DE74A0FCD71A27A86BC1">Challis, R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C23645C16F73024EBA397D358F3DB895" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C80D3F1C9BFBF2342EBB66A604E0BC5C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="026A6C944841261AC295B156FF3AA06D">Preuss, S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="894F966DC8C83C353748BA4170F0D246" type="personal">
<mods:role id="191A3C1E00AD58EF997168E35DF2FF0F">
<mods:roleTerm id="592A9A967C30787F81D5CADE3A865E16">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="084278874DFD84E63E3ECD183108E93C">Nicholls, J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="963A405160CFC4AE792B3D7057430FC3">Stone, G. N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="02E3D1040E751158C6D07F5300721895">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BEB5033796BD363B0D2CC27F2AF9D03E">
<mods:title id="8497B0308649F1E8AA492936D24E5BB5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0ADE518F8494451BD44AE6030D4247E4">
<mods:date id="ECA2C39BF1A523530395F5B379310501">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="87A565AD35D0A07107AF836543CFB229" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="EC2EEA1B63C6DFFCDD2A44AF1EB9CA52">2008-02-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="D1658C2D23C1A1C513F756E27BB685EC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="66CADAC11C522D855D50B63AB5EDF9D0">1699</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="1BAF3248BDC03E97B1EDC42DB03AE6DA">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="295C46368D32607C0BD92B5C68950E94">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="43EB90B9262795779108D566E93A6395">64</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="F9EE44A5AC2EBFFA5A2847B0D1A9C3FF">
<mods:url id="9F95A50294603A9D20789E206F674C9D">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="2D2911AB692A5E75AA6AE41F54204C93">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E2C22BF5D3652550D0477072CBA840F1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="552F936503DFD05252D63F8D09F99659" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="646555F5FF9AEF567ED05E191F0FC01E" type="Zenodo-Dep">5107172</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="EF038788FFAA164EFF5E8961FBC00B20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107149" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107149" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFAA164EFF5E8961FBC00B20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF038788FFAA164EFF5E8961FBC00B20" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164FFF5E8961FDB30F63" box="[151,602,551,577]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF5E8961FDB30F63" blockId="4.[151,602,551,612]" box="[151,602,551,577]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="3C5D81F2FFAA164FFF5E8961FDB30F63" bold="true" box="[151,602,551,577]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF5E8961FDB30F63" bold="true" box="[151,602,551,577]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFF5E8961FE570F63" authority="Melika" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,446,551,577]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="istvani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF5E8961FEB50F63" bold="true" box="[151,348,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Andricus istvani</emphasis>
Melika
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFAA164FFE028961FDB30F63" box="[459,602,551,577]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164FFF5E890CFEE20F46" box="[151,267,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF5E890CFEE20F46" blockId="4.[151,602,551,612]" box="[151,267,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFAA164FFF5E890CFEE20F46" box="[151,267,586,612]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–13" captionStart-1="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId-0="35.[151,269,1879,1903]" captionStartId-1="36.[151,269,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1426,204,1849]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,194,1272]" captionTargetId-0="figure-79@35.[151,1436,194,1855]" captionTargetId-1="figure-39@36.[264,1323,194,1272]" captionTargetPageId-0="35" captionTargetPageId-1="36" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–13. Andricus istvani, new species: 2, head, female (front view); 3, head, female (dorsal view); 4, head, female (lateral view); 5, head, male (front view); 6, head, male (dorsal view); 7, antenna, female; 8, antenna, male; 9, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 10, mesosoma (lateral view); 11, metanotum and propodeum (posterodorsal view); 12, forewing; 13, metasoma (lateral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 14–17. Andricus istvani, new species, gall: 14–15, growing gall; 16–17, mature, dry gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107178" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107180" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107178/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107180/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 2–17</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164FFF5E89DCFE740E5E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF5E89DCFF180E0E" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF5E89DCFEBD0F96" bold="true" box="[151,340,666,692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAA164FFEAA89DCFF180FFE" collectingDate="2005-05" collectorName="Leg. M. Tavakoli. Lor" country="Iran" location="Ghelaei" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFEAA89DCFE170F96" box="[355,510,666,692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAA164FFDBA89DCFD540F96" box="[627,701,666,692]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAA164FFD1889DCFCD30F96" box="[721,826,666,692]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="62756045FFAA164FFC8789DCFC450F96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFAA164EFF5E8961FBC00B20:62756045FFAA164FFC8789DCFC450F96" box="[846,940,666,692]" country="Iran" name="Ghelaei" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Lorestan">Ghelaei</location>
,
<date id="1314105EFFAA164FFC0989DCFBFF0F96" box="[960,1046,666,692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2005-05">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFAA164FFC0989DCFBFF0F96" box="[960,1046,666,692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2005-05">V.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFBE089DCFB4D0F91" box="[1065,1188,666,691]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFBE089DCFB4D0F91" box="[1065,1188,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Q. brantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFAA164FFB7389DCFF2C0FFE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg. M. Tavakoli. Lor</collectorName>
177
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFF358984FE4A0FFE" box="[252,419,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFE678984FDFD0FFE" box="[430,532,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFD878984FD5E0FFE" box="[590,695,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">14 males</specimenCount>
with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFBCB8984FB850FFE" box="[1026,1132,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFB658984FAFB0FFE" box="[1196,1298,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAA164FFA858984FDC50E26" collectionCode="HNHM" country="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFA858984FA750FFE" box="[1356,1436,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">2 male</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFF5E89ACFEEE0E26" box="[151,263,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are deposited in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFAA164FFE0689ACFDC50E26" box="[463,556,746,772]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAA164FFDF189ACFC810E26" box="[568,872,746,772]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Lorestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFDF189ACFD6E0E26" box="[568,647,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">5 male</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFD4789ACFD170E26" box="[654,766,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFAA164FFCEA89ACFC810E26" box="[803,872,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFCBD89ACFC300E26" box="[884,985,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFBDB89ACFB880E26" box="[1042,1121,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">7 male</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFBA189ACFB310E26" box="[1128,1240,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in the collection of SPL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF0F887CFE740E5E" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF0F887CFDE30E76" bold="true" box="[198,522,826,852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAA164FFDDB887CFE700E5E" collectingDate="2005-05" collectorName="Leg. M. Tavakoli" country="Iran" location="Pave" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="28" specimenCount-male="28" stateProvince="Kermanshah">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAA164FFDDB887CFD920E76" box="[530,635,826,852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">28 males</specimenCount>
and 12 galls labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAA164FFC61887CFC350E76" box="[936,988,826,852]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAA164FFC20887CFB690E76" box="[1001,1152,826,852]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="62756045FFAA164FFB45887CFB210E76" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFAA164EFF5E8961FBC00B20:62756045FFAA164FFB45887CFB210E76" box="[1164,1224,826,852]" country="Iran" name="Pave" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Kermanshah">Pave</location>
,
<date id="1314105EFFAA164FFB1D887CFAC20E76" box="[1236,1323,826,852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2005-05">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFAA164FFB1D887CFAC20E76" box="[1236,1323,826,852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2005-05">V.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFAFF887CFF460E59" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFAFF887CFF460E59" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Q. brantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFAA164FFF748824FE660E5E" box="[189,399,866,892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg. M. Tavakoli</collectorName>
”
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164FFF0F88CCFB740EEE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF0F88CCFB740EEE" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF0F88CCFEA20E86" bold="true" box="[198,331,906,932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology</emphasis>
. In honour of Dr. István Mikó, our friend and researcher of the Systematic Parasitoid Laboratory, Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Service of County
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAA164FFCB788F4FC420EEE" box="[894,939,946,972]" country="Hungary" name="Vas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vas</collectingRegion>
, Tanakajd,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAA164FFBF888F4FB700EEE" box="[1073,1177,946,972]" name="Hungary" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hungary</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164FFF0F889CFB4F08A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF0F889CFB4F08A6" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF0F889CFEAF0ED6" bold="true" box="[198,326,986,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The only known Western Palaearctic sexual
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFC94889CFC2E0ED1" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[861,967,986,1011]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFC94889CFC2E0ED1" box="[861,967,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Andricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which in the forewing in both, females and males, lacks cilia on margins is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFD8A8F44FCC7093E" authority="Tschek" authorityName="Tschek" authorityYear="1871" box="[579,814,1026,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crispator">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFD8A8F44FD390939" box="[579,720,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. crispator</emphasis>
Tschek
</taxonomicName>
, which is the most closely related species. However, in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFF7C8F6CFE6F0966" authority="OOL" authorityName="OOL" box="[181,390,1066,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crispator">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF7C8F6CFEAB0961" box="[181,322,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. crispator</emphasis>
OOL
</taxonomicName>
3.4–3.6 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus; the transfacial distance 1.8–2.0 times as long as the height of eye; the pedicel 1.5 times as long as broad; F10 1.5 times as long as F9; R
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the forewing on a short distance running along the wing margin, the areolet triangular, distinct; the median mesoscutal line absent; the mesoscutellum posteriorly elongated into a blunt spine-like tip; the mesopleuron, except coriaceous speculum, transversely striate, while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAA164FFCF48F8DFC4509C6" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[829,940,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="istvani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFCF48F8DFC4509C6" box="[829,940,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. istvani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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</emphasis>
, OOL only 2.3 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus; the transfacial distance only 1.2 times as long as the height of eye; the pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad; F10 2.5 times as long as F9; R
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the forewing do not reaching wing margin, the areolet absent; the median mesoscutal line in a form of a short triangle; the mesoscutellum posteriorly rounded; the mesopleuron, including speculum, uniformly transversely delicately striate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAA164EFF0F8ED4FD2508A8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164FFF0F8ED4FCA308F6" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAA164FFF0F8ED4FEB7088E" bold="true" box="[198,350,1426,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</emphasis>
FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFE3A8ED4FD89088E" box="[499,608,1426,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body and antennae entirely and uniformly light brown; eyes dark grey; legs slightly lighter; wings with distinct brown veins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAA164EFF0F8EA4FA8B0968" blockId="4.[151,1436,666,2012]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,1538]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Head delicately coriaceous, with very few short white setae, 2.1 times as broad as long from above, slightly broader than high in front view and slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena delicately coriaceous, slightly broadened behind eye, visible in front view behind eye. Malar space coriaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and extending to 2/3 of malar space length, 0.4 times as long as height of eye. POL 1.2 times as long as OOL; OOL 2.3 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.5 times as long as LOL. Transfacial distance 1.2 times as long as height of eye and 1.6 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 1.9 times as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin slightly longer than diameter of torulus. Inner margins of eyes very slightly converning ventrally. Lower face coriaceous, with strongly elevated median area. Clypeus trapezoid, coriaceous, nearly as broad as high, with distinct deep anterior tentorial pits, deeply impressed along distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line, ventrally broadly emarginated, medially not incised. Frons, vertex and occiput uniformly coriaceous. Antenna with 10 flagellomeres (in female
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAA164FFB1C8CDCFAD30A96" box="[1237,1338,1946,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
with 11 flagellomeres, an indistinct suture present between F11 and F10); nearly as long as body length; pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad; F1 1.6 times as long as pedicel and 1.5 times as long as F2; F2 very slightly longer than F3, F3–F9 nearly equal in length; F10 2.5 times as long as F9; placodeal sensilla distinct on F5–F10, absent on F1–F4. Mesosoma convex, 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, with very few short white setae. Pronotum coriaceous, with some delicate subparallel interrupted wrinkles along mesopleuron. Mesoscutum delicately coriaceous, broader than long (width measured across the basis of tegulae); notauli complete, wellimpressed in all length; median mesoscutal line in a form of short triangle; parapsidal lines narrow but distinct; anterior parallel lines distinct, very short, extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum 1.5 times shorter than mesoscutum, slightly elongated, uniformly dull rugose, posteriorly rounded, strongly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae subquadrate, slightly broader than high, well-delimited around, with shining, smooth bottom, separated by a narrow but distinct central median carina. Mesopleuron, including speculum, uniformly transversely delicately striate; mesopleural triangle shining, with some delicate wrinkles; acetabular carina delimiting a broad dull rugose area laterally. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above the half of its height; preaxilla and lateral axillar area coriaceous, with delicate wrinkles; axillar carina narrow, with some longitudinal delicate striae; axillula ovate, smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, in the most posterior end 1.5 times as high as height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum very delicately coriaceous, nearly as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse white setae. Lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, very slightly curved outwards in the posterior 1/3, central propodeal area shining, smooth; lateral propodeal area uniformly coriaceous, with white setae; nucha very short, with delicate longitudinal sulci. Forewing with distinct brown veins, margin without cilia; radial cell 4.2 times as long as broad, Rs and R1 not reaching wing margin, areolet absent, Rs+M nearly reaching basalis in its lower half. Tarsal claws with strong basal lobe. Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, nearly as long as high in lateral view, all tergites and hypopygium without micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium slender, 5.6 times as long as broad in ventral view, with few short setae, which not extending beyond apex of spine. Body length
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(
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFB4E8F76FB060968" box="[1159,1263,1072,1098]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFAB164EFB3E8F76FABF0968" box="[1271,1366,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF5E8F1EFAEC09C8" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
MALE.
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. Similar to female but mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, central propodeal area, nucha and metasoma dorsally very dark brown to black (in all 42 examined males); frons and vertex with more delicate sculpture; compound eyes slightly larger, antenna with 12 flagellomeres, slightly longer than body length, F1 slightly curved, apically swollen, 1.3 times as long as F2, placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF0F8FB1FD2508A8" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8FB1FF120833" bold="true" box="[198,251,1271,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFAB164EFEC58FBEFE7C0830" box="[268,405,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId="36.[151,269,1296,1320]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,194,1272]" captionTargetId="figure-39@36.[264,1323,194,1272]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 14–17. Andricus istvani, new species, gall: 14–15, growing gall; 16–17, mature, dry gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107180/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 14–17</figureCitation>
). An integral leaf gall, develops on both sides of the leaf (usually on terminal leaves of the twig),
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long, irregularly shaped; multilocular, containing many cells. Young galls are fleshy and pale green to yellowish, and become brown and remain soft as they mature. Galls usually occur gregariously, resulting in a noticeable deformation of the leaf.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF0F8ED1FB7B08F8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF0F8ED1FB7B08F8" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8ED1FEC30893" bold="true" box="[198,298,1431,1457]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the sexual generation is known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAB164EFC518EDEFB110890" authority="Lindl. Young" authorityName="Lindl. Young" box="[920,1272,1432,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFC518EDEFBBA0893" box="[920,1107,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Quercus brantii</emphasis>
Lindl. Young
</taxonomicName>
galls become apparent from the beginning of May; adult wasps emerge from mid-May. Rare species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF0F8EA1FBC00B20" box="[198,1065,1511,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF0F8EA1FBC00B20" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1538]" box="[198,1065,1511,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8EA1FE8E0B23" bold="true" box="[198,359,1511,1537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAB164EFEA48EAEFE760B20" box="[365,415,1512,1538]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAB164EFE658EAEFDFB0B20" box="[428,530,1512,1538]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
(Ghelaei) and
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAB164EFD088EAEFCBC0B20" box="[705,853,1512,1538]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
provinces (Pave).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="64F89280814BC7923E212C3C8214AE88">New species of oak gallwaps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B0CB4963A9955C13DC6FD364CACFC8F7">Fülöp, D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2158318B4F247AA87AA2002B3E3F4B6A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3440C946F4BC9A50DA1226ABFAF80B8C">
<mods:roleTerm id="41F36E1F812E8EA326E5B85AA660B801">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="822B8325C9727800F21C6895A6A686D4">Somogyi, K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1CC16775B15B4319D97AA58A87564C60" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BFEBF216312F64426E9C479820876B4B">
<mods:roleTerm id="D0742DF810D1FC1EF09BDC0C80D5D233">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8FA8E70CE24DF36AE675EA49A79E6004">Challis, R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8215F7C166DBC4104C0694D8924A7431" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F9562C6312C295B9CE7401E3FC8D2436">
<mods:roleTerm id="E280001BD5A70C8D882B091E78D78C16">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E1F26D9AA62AA8D7C7E5BF263384F3D5">Preuss, S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="549A8BA990E2DEB4B15D98C2C865100F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="05EFB42634251D13F1950AA90FBB7827">
<mods:roleTerm id="4937822EA31BD39F53E9BCB0ACC988BC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="ABD60A71A40D2761C044A17C75814D5F">Nicholls, J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A5B94EFE1F006E2C0E2D86208001B8A9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="842215F95AF7B9282398F743BFE0663D">
<mods:roleTerm id="4A61F90E5973AF07099AABB9A27D5E4E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6B45B9943914B6C6FC77FEA506D4D6B2">Stone, G. N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="0D4FA3AB096AFBF2FFAB65954286B99B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="02E910D7E35B25E129DC3927A31ACE87" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="BF3EE8D46AABB358AFD9992FFFAEBDFA">
<mods:title id="576255A7168FCC7CB11FAF6A7C8CCD0A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0EF0BE37C0570522EB771631976119E3">
<mods:date id="065380E10094F9C8C6B0B2C9F01756BB">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="604DD5D4D44CE9CF9C88E527077C7CE8" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="9B89B735DD1B71C4BC4489615A42B602">2008-02-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="EC37AB45505A50D06C8AE916D403C550" type="volume">
<mods:number id="190BD31B52A0B498197C657B934C8FE5">1699</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="BE15AEA30E49DF29F03254F65CE5FE2B" type="issue">
<mods:number id="DF599CEF4CBE1AB963FB4954E9D655C4">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="640D3E18BBBBD7567D1EB61470D656F5" unit="page">
<mods:start id="6AE7823250D27ED15BEFB853692EDD19">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="66F35F126ED603740E7A94528A3D7DB4">64</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="9BC2DCEE89FC6E65B214569D7822A63B">
<mods:url id="DEF2681508D2BAABDD99E9516338049E">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="7C711C3E09691A487C24D80B1D6F9B26">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B9E00C3983465AE19384EF78CDADBC42" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BD085EF9F7F77FCEECC1DF8D76BC4F46" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="884B79448560CFAE387709E8FC772B3B" type="Zenodo-Dep">5107172</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="EF038788FFAB164CFF5E8D19FD190B20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107475" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFAB164CFF5E8D19FD190B20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF038788FFAB164CFF5E8D19FD190B20" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF5E8D19FD130B5B" box="[151,762,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF5E8D19FD130B5B" blockId="5.[151,762,1631,1692]" box="[151,762,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="3C5D81F2FFAB164EFF5E8D19FD130B5B" bold="true" box="[151,762,1631,1657]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF5E8D19FD130B5B" bold="true" box="[151,762,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAB164EFF5E8D19FDB40B5B" authority="Melika &amp; Sadeghi" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,605,1631,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assarehi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF5E8D19FE9B0B5B" bold="true" box="[151,370,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andricus assarehi</emphasis>
Melika &amp; Sadeghi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFAB164EFDA38D19FD130B5B" box="[618,762,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF5E8DC4FEF30BBE" box="[151,282,1666,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF5E8DC4FEF30BBE" blockId="5.[151,762,1631,1692]" box="[151,282,1666,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFAB164EFF5E8DC4FEF30BBE" box="[151,282,1666,1692]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 18–28" captionStart-1="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId-0="37.[151,269,1683,1707]" captionStartId-1="38.[151,269,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1432,197,1636]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,194,1706]" captionTargetId-0="figure-77@37.[151,1436,194,1660]" captionTargetId-1="figure-31@38.[264,1323,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId-0="37" captionTargetPageId-1="38" captionText-0="FIGURES 18–28. Andricus assarehi, new species, asexual female: 18, head (front view); 19, head (dorsal view); 20, head (lateral view); 21, antenna; 22, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 23, mesosoma (lateral view); 24, metanotum and propodeum (postero-dorsal view); 25, hind tarsal claw; 26, forewing; 27, metasoma (lateral view); 28, prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium (ventral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 29–34. Andricus assarehi, new species, gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107184" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107186" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107186/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 18–34</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF5E8D94FB710A46" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF5E8D94FACC0A1E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1746,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF5E8D94FEA40BCE" bold="true" box="[151,333,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAB164EFE9F8D94FF180A36" collectingDate="2005-11" collectingDateMax="2005-12-31" collectingDateMin="2005-11" collectorName="M. Tavakoli. Lor" country="Iran" location="Bane" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kordestan" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFE9F8D94FE180BCE" box="[342,497,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAB164EFD908D94FD4D0BCE" box="[601,676,1746,1772]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">IRAN</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAB164EFD798D94FCC50BCE" box="[688,812,1746,1772]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Kordestan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="62756045FFAB164EFCF18D94FC9E0BCE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFAB164CFF5E8D19FD190B20:62756045FFAB164EFCF18D94FC9E0BCE" box="[824,887,1746,1772]" country="Iran" name="Bane" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Kordestan">Bane</location>
,
<date id="1314105EFFAB164EFC4D8D94FBF60BCE" box="[900,1055,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2005-11" valueMax="2005-12-31" valueMin="2005-11-00">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFAB164EFC4D8D94FBF60BCE" box="[900,1055,1746,1772]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2005-11" valueMax="2005-12-31" valueMin="2005-11-00">XI–XII.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAB164EFBE28D95FB2B0BCE" box="[1067,1218,1747,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFBE28D95FB2B0BCE" box="[1067,1218,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Q. infectoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFAB164EFACC8D94FF2C0A36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. Tavakoli. Lor</collectorName>
156
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFF358DBCFE4B0A36" box="[252,418,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFE648DBCFDC40A36" box="[429,557,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">23 females</specimenCount>
with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFCBC8DBCFC360A36" box="[885,991,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFBD68DBCFB6C0A36" box="[1055,1157,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAB164EFB778DBCFEFB0A1E" collectionCode="HNHM" country="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kordestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFB778DBCFACA0A36" box="[1214,1315,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFAE28DBCFA720A36" box="[1323,1435,1786,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFAB164EFF7C8C64FEFB0A1E" box="[181,274,1826,1852]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAB164EFED78C64FD8F0A1E" box="[286,614,1826,1852]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Kordestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFED78C64FE6A0A1E" box="[286,387,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFE428C64FE120A1E" box="[395,507,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFAB164EFDE88C64FD8F0A1E" box="[545,614,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFDB88C64FD0C0A1E" box="[625,741,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">10 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFD248C64FCB40A1E" box="[749,861,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFAB164EFC0D8C64FAC80A1E" box="[964,1313,1826,1852]" collectionCode="NHML" country="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Kordestan" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFC0D8C64FBC30A1E" box="[964,1066,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">3 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFBF88C64FB480A1E" box="[1073,1185,1826,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFAB164EFB0E8C64FAC80A1E" box="[1223,1313,1826,1852]" country="Libya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/49nc-28y0" name="Natural History Museum, Tripoli" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NHML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF0F8C0CFB710A46" blockId="5.[151,1436,1746,2012]" box="[198,1176,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8C0CFDE00A46" bold="true" box="[198,521,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFAB164EFDD88C0CFD790A46" box="[529,656,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">10 females</specimenCount>
and 8 galls with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFAB164EFB978C0CFB7D0A46" box="[1118,1172,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164EFF0F8C34FE2D0A96" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164EFF0F8C34FE2D0A96" blockId="5.[151,1436,1746,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8C34FEA20AAE" bold="true" box="[198,331,1906,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology</emphasis>
. In honour of Dr. M. Hassan Assareh, deputy director of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFAB164EFEE78CDCFE6B0A96" box="[302,386,1946,1972]" country="Iran" name="Tehran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tehran</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFAB164EFE478CDCFE280A96" box="[398,449,1946,1972]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFAB164DFF0F8C84FF080F48" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFAB164DFF0F8C84FF080F48" blockId="5.[151,1436,1746,2012]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFF0F8C84FEAF0AFE" bold="true" box="[198,326,1986,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The species belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAB164EFD538C85FC5F0AFE" baseAuthorityName="Burgesdorff" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[666,950,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuscalicis">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164EFD538C85FC5F0AFE" box="[666,950,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andricus quercuscalicis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. Most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFAB164DFAFB8C85FE7A0D90" authority="(Rejto)" baseAuthorityName="Rejto" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentimitratus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFAB164DFAFB8C85FEDD0D93" italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andricus dentimitratus</emphasis>
(Rejtö)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA8164DFE088BDEFD290D90" authority="POL" authorityName="POL" box="[449,704,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentimitratus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA8164DFE088BDEFD690D93" box="[449,640,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. dentimitratus</emphasis>
POL
</taxonomicName>
1.8-1.9 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.5 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus; the transfacial distance 2.1 times as long as the height of eye; clypeus higher than broad; pedicel subglobose, only very slightly longer than broad; F1 slightly longer than F2, F12=F11; anterior parallel lines extending to 1/3 of the mesoscutum length only; the mesoscutellum rugose; scutellar foveae subovate, only slightly broader than high, with coriaceous bottom; the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium 5.5 times as long as broad. In
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA8164DFD688A26FCCF0C5B" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[673,806,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assarehi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA8164DFD688A26FCCF0C5B" box="[673,806,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. assarehi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA8164DFCFE8A19FC200C5B" bold="true" box="[823,969,351,377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFA8164DFCFE8A19FC200C5B" box="[823,969,351,377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; OOL only 1.2 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus; the transfacial distance only 1.4 times as long as the height of eye; clypeus above 2.0 times as broad as high; pedicel nearly 2.0 times as long as broad, F1 1.4 times as long as F2, F12 2.0 times as long as F11; anterior parallel lines extending to the half length of the mesoscutum; the mesoscutellum delicately coriaceous; scutellar foveae transverse, at least 2.0 times as broad as high, with smooth bottom; the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium less than 5.0 times as long as broad.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA8164CFF0F8931FEB60968" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA8164DFF0F8931FCEF0E28" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA8164DFF0F8931FEB70FB3" bold="true" box="[198,350,631,657]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA8164DFD42893EFD110FB0" box="[651,760,632,658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body rusty brown; head posteriorly, compound eyes, antenna (except scape), mandibles, stripes along parapsidal and anterior parallel lines, scutellar foveae, preaxilla, lateral axillar area, axillula, propodeum, tibiae and tarsi, metasoma dorsally very dark brown to black; body with dense white setae; wing veins dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA8164DFF5E885EFE220B20" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Head coriaceous, with uniformly very dense white setae, 2.0 times as broad as long from above; 1.4 times as broad as high in front view and equal to mesosoma. Gena coriaceous, strongly broadened behind eye, as broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space coriaceous, 0.4 times as long as height of eye, with striae radiating from clypeus and extending to 2/3 of malar space length. POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.2 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.3 times as long as LOL; ocelli relatively large, nearly rounded. Transfacial distance 1.4 times as long as height of eye and 2.1 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 2.0 times as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 2.4 times as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face coriaceous, with strongly elevated median area. Clypeus rectangular, above 2.0 times as broad as high, coriaceous, with distinct deep anterior tentorial pits, with distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line; ventrally with very dense long white setae, emarginated and incised medially; central part elevated. Frons, vertex and occiput uniformly coriaceous. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed, transversely delicately striate; posterior tentorial pits elongated; hypostomal bridge higher than broad, lower part strongly narrowed down to strongly emarginated hypostomal carina; occipital foramen 1.5 times as high as height of hypostomal bridge; hypostomal foramen 1.4 times as high as height of occipital foramen. Antenna with 12 (or 13 flagellomeres, indistinct suture between F13 and F12 visible in some
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA8164DFC8E8E36FC5508A8" box="[839,956,1392,1418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
), slightly longer than head+mesosoma; pedicel nearly 2.0 times as long as broad, F1 2.5 times as long as pedicel, 1.4 times as long as F2, F2 1.25 times as long as F3, all subsequent flagellomeres shorter; F12 2.0 times as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12, absent on F1–F2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA8164CFF0F8D56FDD80E28" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,1538]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Mesosoma convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with uniform dense white setae. Pronotum uniformly coriaceous; with dense white setae along antero-lateral edge. Anterior rim of pronotum black, very narrow, delicately coriaceous, with longitudinal delicate few striae; propleuron black, delicately coriaceous, with white setae, strongly concave in medio-central part. Mesoscutum coriaceous to reticulate, with distinct punctures; very slightly longer than broad from above (width measured across basis of tegulae); notauli complete, well-impressed in all length; median mesoscutal line extending to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines distinct, broad, smooth and shining, extending to half of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum rounded, slightly broader than long, 2.1 times shorter than length of mesoscutum; delicately coriaceous, with more delicate sculpture towards the center of the scutellar disc and right behind scutellar foveae; slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae transverse, at least 2.0 times as broad as high, shallow, with smooth, mat bottom and dense white setae; posteriorly delimited by sculpture; medially separated by a broad central carina. Mesopleuron, including speculum, smooth, shining, with very dense white setae; mesopleural triangle delicately coriaceous, with very dense white setae and delicate wrinkles. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at its half height; preaxilla coriaceous; lateral axillar area with parallel wrinkles, without setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; axillula transversely ovate, smooth, with very dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, in the most posterior end slightly higher than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous, slightly higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough very delicately coriaceous, mat, with dense white setae. Lateral propodeal carinae with few setae, slightly curved outwards in the middle, central propodeal area shining, smooth, with dense white setae along lateral propodeal carinae; lateral propodeal area uniformly coriaceous, with dense white setae; nucha very short, with longitudinal sulci. Forewing 1.5 times as long as body, with dark brown veins, margin with short dense cilia; radial cell 3.5 times as long as broad, R1 on a short distance running along wing margin, Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet large, well-delimited by distinct veins; Rs+M extending to 2/3 of the distance between areolet and basalis. Tarsal claws with strong acute basal lobe. Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, all tergites with very dense white setae laterally; micropunctures on tergites invisible; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium less than 5.0 times as long as broad, with very few short white setae only ventrally, which not extending beyond apex of spine. Body length 4.5– 5.0 mm (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFA9164CFEC989B6FE810E28" box="[256,360,752,778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA9164CFE0F89B6FDCC0E28" box="[454,549,752,778]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA9164CFF0F8851FEB60968" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8851FF120E13" bold="true" box="[198,251,791,817]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFA9164CFEC4885EFE710E10" box="[269,408,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="38.[151,269,1730,1754]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-31@38.[264,1323,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Andricus assarehi, new species, gall (photos M. Tavakoli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 29–34</figureCitation>
). The gall develops at the base of the acorn cup and may cover the stunted acorn. The gall has an extremely irregular shape; it may be globular around the acorn, or extend into broad, pointed radiating spines. The diagnostic feature of the gall is its surface texture, which is always smooth, polished and covered in a sticky resin. Mature galls contain a small air space around a distinct thin-walled larval chamber. Across its spines, the gall is
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA9164CFE2588FEFD850EF0" box="[492,620,952,978]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="15.0">15–55 mm</quantity>
high and
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFA9164CFD2D88FEFC8A0EF0" box="[740,867,952,978]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="15.0">15–35 mm</quantity>
across. The gall is yellow when young, turning pale to reddish brown when mature. The gall of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFD1F88A6FC7D0EDB" box="[726,916,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentimitratus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFD1F88A6FC7D0EDB" box="[726,916,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. dentimitratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFB0588A6FAB90EDB" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1228,1360,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assarehi">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFB0588A6FAB90EDB" box="[1228,1360,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. assarehi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, the later with much longer radiating irregular spines and the shape and form of the gall is more irregular, strongly varying.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA9164CFF0F8F11FE9809E0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA9164CFF0F8F11FE9809E0" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8F11FEC30953" bold="true" box="[198,298,1111,1137]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Biology.</emphasis>
Only an asexual generation is known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFC528F1EFAC90950" authority="Olivier. Galls" authorityName="Olivier. Galls" box="[923,1312,1112,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFC528F1EFB910953" box="[923,1144,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quercus infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier. Galls
</taxonomicName>
appear on the tree by mid-summer; adult wasps emerge in November-December. The galls remains on the tree for one year. Rare species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA9164CFF0F8F89FBB508F8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA9164CFF0F8F89FBB508F8" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8F89FEBC09CB" bold="true" box="[198,341,1231,1257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Comments.</emphasis>
The extreme rarity of purely asexual lifecycles in oak gallwasps (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA9164CFB978F96FAC109C8" author="Stone, G. N. &amp; Schonrogge, K. &amp; Atkinson, R. J. &amp; Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[1118,1320,1232,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="633 - 668" refId="ref29123" refString="Stone, G. N., Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633 - 668." type="journal article" year="2002">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFB978F96FB4B09C8" authority="Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1118,1186,1232,1258]" genus="Stone" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Stone</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFB638F96FB3409CB" box="[1194,1245,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF028FBEFE8F0833" box="[203,358,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFF028FBEFEA60833" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[203,335,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assarehi">A. assarehi</taxonomicName>
p
</emphasis>
robably has a sexual generation. The clade of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFC4F8FBEFBA40830" box="[902,1101,1272,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFC4F8FBEFC190833" box="[902,1008,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Andricus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that includes
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFB3A8FBEFA9F0833" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1267,1398,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assarehi">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFB3A8FBEFA9F0833" box="[1267,1398,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. assarehi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have lifecycles involving alternation between oaks in the sections
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFC7A8E66FBFC081B" box="[947,1045,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFC7A8E66FBFC081B" box="[947,1045,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the asexual generation) and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFF5E8E0EFF0B0843" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,226,1352,1377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF5E8E0EFF0B0843" box="[151,226,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the sexual generation). The sexual generation galls in this clade are commonly small and inconspicuous bud or catkin galls (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA9164CFE248E36FC7608A8" author="Melika G. &amp; Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[493,927,1392,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="265 - 296" refId="ref28483" refString="Melika G., Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2000) Check-list of oak gall wasps of Hungary, with some taxonomic notes (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Cynipini). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 92, 265 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000">Melika, Csóka &amp; Pujade-Villar 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA9164CFC628E36FB9B08A8" author="Cook, J. M. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[939,1138,1392,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1821 - 1830" refId="ref28193" refString="Cook, J. M., Rokas, A., Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2002) Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution, 56, 1821 - 1830." type="journal article" year="2002">
Cook
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFC3B8E36FBCF08AB" box="[1010,1062,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFA9164CFBB78E36FAB408A8" author="Rokas, A. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Abe, Y. &amp; Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L. &amp; Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[1150,1373,1392,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref28897" refString="Rokas, A., Melika, G., Abe, Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L., Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2003 b) Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting and hybridisation revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 36 - 45." type="journal article" year="2003">
Rokas
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFB078E36FAE808AB" box="[1230,1281,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2003b
</bibRefCitation>
), and it is probable that the same is true for this new species. Possible hosts from the
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFBE48EDEFB910893" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" box="[1069,1144,1432,1457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFBE48EDEFB910893" box="[1069,1144,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
oak section in the region include
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFF3D8E86FE1408F8" authority="Olivier" authorityName="Olivier" box="[244,509,1472,1498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF3D8E86FE4A08FB" box="[244,419,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quercus libani</emphasis>
Olivier
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFDFC8E86FD1108F8" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[565,760,1472,1498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFDFC8E86FD4008FB" box="[565,681,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Q. brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFA9164CFCE98E86FBA608F8" authority="Jaub. et Spach" authorityName="Jaub. et Spach" box="[800,1103,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aphelonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFCE98E86FC7308FB" box="[800,922,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Q. persica</emphasis>
Jaub. et Spach
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFA9164CFF0F8EA1FD190B20" box="[198,752,1511,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFA9164CFF0F8EA1FD190B20" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1538]" box="[198,752,1511,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFA9164CFF0F8EA1FE8E0B23" bold="true" box="[198,359,1511,1537]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFA9164CFEA48EAEFE760B20" box="[365,415,1512,1538]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFA9164CFE658EAEFD780B20" box="[428,657,1512,1538]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kordestan province</collectingRegion>
(Bane).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

457
data/EF/03/87/EF038788FFB0166BFF5E8909FABC0F60.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
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<mods:title id="7A456A1BCC2E7B744DDBD9E713BC6045">New species of oak gallwaps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FD2A8988F17839C6BEC101107761E709">Sadeghi, S. E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="63A095AA668E457DF7A6C2E9D846B86C">Assareh, M. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF1CB6F98D12C6609BFD32F49E00A335">Atkinson, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D4A89F67D8E8D8C0894AD535100163AE">Bechtold, M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="DBBA58A82344B7119A5D002A20B6B831">Mikó, I.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="E1F64A70EEF0A36B90273E61F769EABC">Zargaran, M. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4779C1F5E6A68FE368A78C1CBA356C65">Aligolizade, D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E821626E906A57D972D00DF4DD0511C7">Barimani, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67E95B3F01B2C5248F34A0D21449DD82">Pirozi, F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="B32D5AAA51D6A198DD5DCE65A2688CC1">Fülöp, D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="9F7511373EFD316927DD2575C4D65167">Somogyi, K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="65C242CD58DF0D42542CD2C4442F7F6B">Challis, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6393C963979BF40491306035F9B96DF4">Preuss, S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F326480820FFB1C962EBA70C1611AD0">Nicholls, J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="38F971C289334FD19EAEAF82F0AF6EE8">Stone, G. N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D0E1676E5AF8589F7AB04C24F4DB8CBE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="451110326558B70CD076FEA71C09C5B5" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="293693534802920C7A4C56050358A815">
<mods:title id="49A00E591873099AA36A6680D2C7A3AC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="3E6E0976766560A4FC711DDA7DDFE1E8">
<mods:date id="D80501256D9593EBA6A748F28BF5D841">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5A8A27E9D8C7CD8E1E5E5BE83F84EFD9" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="AD84218DDB088D6C50335028A95F498A">2008-02-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BF9872A1B25C6A8E5BFF69AFA5DE5446">1699</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="3CF4D040B652021036E01083B2B96F5E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="183D57753390DE955A7F66F9B11CFBF2">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="BDE88DD42748911F32411DE6CCA44F84">64</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="F177D971F9335572BF35E18BB4A06AE4">
<mods:url id="EBE0223836F94AD854C9A50F611023BF">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="73254A2ECE283BCDC8E9838D7BE920EB">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C5160707B907BF43EBC059EE03B8A97F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1699.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="781C5BB9406952F553CEEEC58C5CC22A" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="956CD4A84FE5AA426C2A30CAD6C3F743" type="Zenodo-Dep">5107172</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="EF038788FFB0166BFF5E8909FABC0F60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFB0166BFF5E8909FABC0F60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF038788FFB0166BFF5E8909FABC0F60" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB01655FF5E8909FB660F4B" box="[151,1167,591,617]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF5E8909FB660F4B" blockId="30.[151,1167,591,652]" box="[151,1167,591,617]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="3C5D81F2FFB01655FF5E8909FB660F4B" bold="true" box="[151,1167,591,617]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF5E8909FB660F4B" bold="true" box="[151,1167,591,617]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FF5E8909FC1A0F4B" authority="Melika, Sadeghi, Atkinson, Stone &amp; Barimani" authorityName="Melika, Sadeghi, Atkinson, Stone &amp; Barimani" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,1011,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF5E8909FE470F4B" bold="true" box="[151,430,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus caspiensis</emphasis>
Melika, Sadeghi, Atkinson, Stone &amp; Barimani
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFB01655FC368909FB660F4B" box="[1023,1167,591,617]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB01655FF5E8934FEDE0FAE" box="[151,311,626,652]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF5E8934FEDE0FAE" blockId="30.[151,1167,591,652]" box="[151,311,626,652]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFB01655FF5E8934FEDE0FAE" box="[151,311,626,652]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 224–232" captionStart-1="FIGURES 233–234" captionStartId-0="62.[151,269,1851,1875]" captionStartId-1="63.[151,269,745,769]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1428,209,1827]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1315,208,721]" captionTargetId-0="figure-63@62.[151,1436,194,1827]" captionTargetId-1="figure-27@63.[264,1323,194,721]" captionTargetPageId-0="62" captionTargetPageId-1="63" captionText-0="FIGURES 224–232. Dryocosmus caspiensis, new species, asexual female: 224, head (front view); 225, head (dorsal view); 226, antenna; 227, mesoscutum (dorsal view); 228, mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 229, mesosoma (lateral view); 230, metanotum and propodeum (postero-dorsal view); 231, forewing; 232, metasoma (lateral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 233–234. Dryocosmus caspiensis, new species, gall (photos by G. Melika)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107228" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107232" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107228/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107232/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs 224–234</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB01655FF5E8984FD260E76" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF5E8984FD260E76" blockId="30.[151,1436,706,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF5E8984FEA40FFE" bold="true" box="[151,333,706,732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFB01655FE9D8984FC8E0E26" collectingDate="2004-04-14" collectingDateMax="2004-05-27" collectingDateMin="2004-04-14" collectorName="H. Barimani." country="Iran" elevation="60" location="Shahid Zare Park" municipality="Sari" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mazandaran" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FE9D8984FE060FFE" box="[340,495,706,732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFB01655FD9E8984FD600FFE" box="[599,649,706,732]" name="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FD5C8984FC710FFE" box="[661,920,706,732]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mazandaran Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="8771ACE4FFB01655FC6D8984FC3F0FFE" box="[932,982,706,732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sari</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="62756045FFB01655FC2A8984FB5B0FFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFB0166BFF5E8909FABC0F60:62756045FFB01655FC2A8984FB5B0FFE" box="[995,1202,706,732]" country="Iran" municipality="Sari" name="Shahid Zare Park" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Mazandaran">Shahid Zare Park</location>
,
<elevation id="EC87D1ADFFB01655FB778984FAD00FFE" box="[1214,1337,706,732]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="60.0">
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFB01655FB778984FB130FFE" box="[1214,1274,706,732]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FA8E8984FEBC0E26" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FA8E8984FEEE0E21" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Q. castaneifolia</emphasis>
,
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFB01655FEDE89ACFEBC0E26" box="[279,341,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2004-04-14">2004</collectingDate>
</taxonomicName>
. IV.14., em.
<date id="1314105EFFB01655FE2589ACFD670E26" box="[492,654,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2004-05-27">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFB01655FE2589ACFD670E26" box="[492,654,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2004-05-27">27 May 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFB01655FD0489ACFC8E0E26" box="[717,871,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. Barimani.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FCA689ACFBFF0E26" box="[879,1046,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFB01655FBE889ACFB4B0E26" box="[1057,1186,746,772]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">20 females</specimenCount>
with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FF238854FEBD0E0E" box="[234,340,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FE548854FDEA0E0E" box="[413,515,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFB01655FD8F8854FC5E0E0E" box="[582,951,786,812]" collectionCode="HNHM" country="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Mazandaran" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFB01655FD8F8854FD590E0E" box="[582,688,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FD758854FCC50E0E" box="[700,812,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFB01655FC938854FC5E0E0E" box="[858,951,786,812]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFB01655FC018854FACB0E0E" box="[968,1314,786,812]" collectionCode="RIFR" country="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Mazandaran" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFB01655FC018854FBDA0E0E" box="[968,1075,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">5 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FBF78854FB470E0E" box="[1086,1198,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFB01655FB148854FACB0E0E" box="[1245,1314,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">RIFR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFB01655FAFB8854FA750E0E" box="[1330,1436,786,812]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">8 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FF5E887CFEEE0E76" box="[151,263,826,852]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFB01655FEA7887CFD220E76" box="[366,715,826,852]" collectionCode="NHML" country="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Mazandaran" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFB01655FEA7887CFE3D0E76" box="[366,468,826,852]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FE12887CFDA20E76" box="[475,587,826,852]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFB01655FDB8887CFD220E76" box="[625,715,826,852]" country="Libya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/49nc-28y0" name="Natural History Museum, Tripoli" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">NHML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB01655FF0F8824FD8A0E86" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF0F8824FD8A0E86" blockId="30.[151,1436,706,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF0F8824FEBA0E5E" bold="true" box="[198,339,866,892]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named in recognition of its distribution along the Caspian Sea shore, where
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FF5E88CCFDE50E86" authority="C. A. Mey" authorityName="C. A. Mey" box="[151,524,906,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF5E88CCFE7E0E81" box="[151,407,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Quercus castaneifolia</emphasis>
C.A.Mey
</taxonomicName>
grows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB01655FF0F88F4FF010BBE" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF0F88F4FF010BBE" blockId="30.[151,1436,706,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF0F88F4FEAF0EEE" bold="true" box="[198,326,946,972]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The two most closely related species are
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FC9688F4FB340EEE" authority="(Sternlicht)" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" box="[863,1245,946,972]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FC9688F4FBA30EE9" box="[863,1098,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus israeli</emphasis>
(Sternlicht)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FAEB88F4FF170ED6" authority="(Giraud)" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FAEB88F4FA750EE9" box="[1314,1436,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. nitidus</emphasis>
(Giraud)
</taxonomicName>
, recently moved to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FE39889CFD6B0ED1" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[496,642,986,1011]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FE39889CFD6B0ED1" box="[496,642,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the synonymization of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FC02889CFB6B0ED6" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1881" box="[971,1154,986,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FC02889CFBD30ED1" box="[971,1082,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chilaspis</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FB67889CFA750ED6" authority="Giraud" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[1198,1436,986,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB67889CFAA80ED1" box="[1198,1345,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
Giraud
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFB01655FF568F44FEBF093E" author="Acs, Z. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Penzes, Zs. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[159,342,1026,1052]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="70 - 80" refId="ref27736" refString="Acs, Z., Melika, G., Penzes, Zs., Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2007) The phylogenetic relationships between Dryocosmus, Chilaspis and allied genera of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Cynipini). Systematic Entomology, 32 (1), 70 - 80." type="journal article" year="2007">
Ács
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF1C8F44FEE00939" box="[213,265,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). According to our collecting data, only
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FCF98F44FC760939" box="[816,927,1026,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FCF98F44FC760939" box="[816,927,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. israeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFB01655FBE28F44FBB3093E" box="[1067,1114,1026,1052]" name="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FBA08F44FB54093E" box="[1129,1213,1026,1052]" country="Iran" name="Gilan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Guilan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FB008F44FAB4093E" box="[1225,1373,1026,1052]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mazandaran</collectingRegion>
, East and West Azarbaijan,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FE6C8F6CFDC90966" box="[421,544,1066,1092]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kordestan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FDF98F6CFD700966" box="[560,665,1066,1092]" country="Iran" name="Lorestan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lorestan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FD608F6CFCA90966" box="[681,832,1066,1092]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kermanshah</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FC998F6CFC600966" box="[848,905,1066,1092]" country="Iran" name="Ilam" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ilam</collectingRegion>
, Phars Provinces) on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FB5E8F6CFEED094E" authority="C. A. Mey" authorityName="C. A. Mey" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB5E8F6CFA720961" box="[1175,1435,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Quercus castaneifolia</emphasis>
C.A.Mey
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FED98F15FE38094E" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[272,465,1106,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FED98F15FE6A094E" box="[272,387,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Q. brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FDC08F15FCEC094E" authority="Olivier. The" authorityName="Olivier. The" box="[521,773,1106,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FDC08F15FD98094E" box="[521,625,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Q. libani</emphasis>
Olivier. The
</taxonomicName>
galls of both generations of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FB9B8F15FB28094E" box="[1106,1217,1107,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB9B8F15FB28094E" box="[1106,1217,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. israeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FF348F3DFE9909B6" box="[253,368,1147,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF348F3DFE9909B6" box="[253,368,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is very difficult to distinguish the two species on the basis of the galls only, but the adult wasps are quite different morphologically (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFB01655FD2A8FE4FBFB099E" author="Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Ros-Farre, P. &amp; Melika, G." box="[739,1042,1186,1212]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="167 - 178" refId="ref28758" refString="Pujade-Villar, J., Ros-Farre, P. &amp; Melika, G. (2003) Revision of the genus Chilaspis Mayr, 1881 (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 39 (2), 167 - 178." type="journal article" year="2003">
Pujade-Villar
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FC428FE5FC28099E" box="[907,961,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Citations of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FB768FE5FADC099E" box="[1215,1333,1186,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB768FE5FB3D099E" box="[1215,1236,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB2F8FE5FADC099E" box="[1254,1333,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFB01655FAA48FE4FA75099E" box="[1389,1436,1186,1212]" name="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFB01655FF578F8CFEA909C6" author="Chodjai, M." box="[158,320,1226,1252]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref28154" refString="Chodjai, M. (1980) L'etude des Hymenopteres cynipides et les Especes Cecidogenes dans la Faune des Forets du Chenes en Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran supplement 3, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1980">Chodjai 1980</bibRefCitation>
) are incorrect and they refer to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FD798F8DFCF609C6" box="[688,799,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FD798F8DFCF609C6" box="[688,799,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. israeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FCE48F8DFBF809C6" box="[813,1041,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FCE48F8DFBF809C6" box="[813,1041,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus israeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FB808F8DFAB209C6" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1097,1371,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FB808F8DFAB209C6" box="[1097,1371,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus caspiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FAA08F8CFF1C082E" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFB01655FAA08F8CFF06082E" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
coexist in the same localities and even on the same trees of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FC798FB5FB82082E" box="[944,1131,1266,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FC798FB5FC2C082E" box="[944,965,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Q</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FC1D8FB5FB82082E" box="[980,1131,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">castaneifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; both were found by us in the same
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FEC18E5DFE2C0816" box="[264,453,1307,1332]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FEC18E5DFE2C0816" box="[264,453,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Q. castaneifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stands in different localities in
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FCF68E5CFC390816" box="[831,976,1306,1332]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mazandaran</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFB01655FBC58E5CFBB50816" box="[1036,1116,1306,1332]" country="Iran" name="Gilan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Guilan</collectingRegion>
Provinces. In
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FAC08E5DFF0B087E" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FAC08E5DFF0B087E" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dryocosmus israeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
asexual females, the pedicel and scape are not broadened, only slightly or not broader than flagellomeres, all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; the mesoscutellum with wrinkles and rugae along lateral and posterior sides, scutellar foveae are not so distinctly delimited by the median carina; galls are larger, with velvety surface; adults
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFB01655FE4E8EFCFE0308F6" box="[391,490,1466,1492]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
in length. In
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFB01655FD448EFDFCC208F6" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[653,811,1467,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FD448EFDFCC208F6" box="[653,811,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. caspiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FCF58EFCFC2408F6" bold="true" box="[828,973,1466,1492]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFB01655FCF58EFCFC2408F6" box="[828,973,1466,1492]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, in the female antenna the pedicel and scape are very strongly broadened, at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8–F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as the first flagellomeres; the mesoscutellum with narrow stripe of wrinkles and rugae along lateral and posterior sides, scutellar foveae are distinctly delimited by the median carina and posteriorly; galls are smaller, with dense hairs on the surface; adults only
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFB01655FB3F8D1CFA940B56" box="[1270,1405,1626,1652]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="1.3" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.1">1.1-1.5 mm</quantity>
in length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFB0166BFF0F8DECFF010C20" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01655FF0F8DECFCFC0A46" blockId="30.[151,1436,706,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB01655FF0F8DECFEB70BE6" bold="true" box="[198,350,1706,1732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFB01655FDB28DECFD010BE6" box="[635,744,1706,1732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body mostly light brown; vertex, occiput and interocellar area dark brown to black; antennae, except light brown scape, pedicel and F1, darker, especially terminal flagellomeres; eyes dark brown to black; tarsal claws black; tergite 2 dorsally and laterally light brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Entire body, including head, mesosoma and metasoma without setae, with only very few short white setae on the head and mesosoma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB01654FF0F8C34FE410F98" blockId="30.[151,1436,706,2012]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Head 2.3 times as broad as long from above, 1.3 times as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in front view. Gena smooth, shiny, without sculpture, very slightly broadened behind eye in front view, slightly narrower than the cross diameter of eye from lateral view; malar space with very delicate striae radiat- ing from clypeus and reaching to half or slightly more of its length, 0.3 times as long as height of eye. POL 0.7 times as broad as OOL, OOL 3.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.5 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes parallel or only very slightly converging ventrally in some specimens. Transfacial distance 1.2 times as long as height of eye and 1.7 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus nearly equal to the distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.8 times as large as the diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, with few short white setae, median area strongly elevated, alutaceous. Clypeus small, rectangular, delicately coriaceous, with strongly elevated central area, anterior tentorial pits, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput smooth, shiny, without surface sculpture. Labial palpus 3-segmented, maxillar palpus 4-segmented. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres; longer than mesosoma; pedicel and scape very strongly broadened, at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; F1 slightly longer than pedicel, nearly as long as F2–F4; F5–F11 also nearly equal in length, slightly shorter than F1–F4; F12 slightly longer than F1 and 1.2–1.4 times as long as F11. Placodeal sensilla on F1–F12, in one row.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB11654FF0F898EFF250B80" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mesosoma very high, only 1.2 times as long as high. Pronotum smooth, shiny, with delicate striae in the postero-dorsal part; emarginated along the ventro-lateral edge, with distinct striae along the impressed emarginated anterior rim; anterior rim of pronotum light brown, narrow, propleuron light brown, alutaceous, concave in medio-central part. Mesoscutum smooth, shiny, with few short white setae along notauli and lateral edges; distinctly broader than long in dorsal view (largest width measured on the level of the base of tegulae); from the level of tegula narrowing down toward posterior end. Notauli complete, shallow and narrow but distinctly impressed, strongly converging and slightly broadened at the posterior end, distance between notauli more than 2.0 times less than distance between notaulus and lateral edge of scutum; anterior parallel lines invisible, absent; parapsidal lines indistinct, in a form of a slightly darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent. Mesoscutellum quadrangular, elongated, with nearly parallel lateral sides, 1.5 times as long as broad from dorsal view, smooth, shiny, emarginated along lateral and posterior edges, smooth, shiny, without surface sculpture, however, with strong rugae laterally; slightly overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae subquadrangular, with shiny smooth bottom, separated by a distinct narrow median carina, occupying 1/4 of scutellum length. Mesopleuron smooth, shiny, without striae, acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally. Dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shiny, with few short white setae, axilla and axillula delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; height of shiny, smooth subaxillular bar posteriorly nearly equal to the height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above the half of its height. Metascutellum alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, very short, only slightly higher than height of ventral impressed area of metanotum, which is smooth, shiny, without wrinkles; metanotal trough alutaceous, with very few short white setae. Central propodeal area smooth, shiny, lateral propodeal carinae curved outwards in the middle; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, with very few white setae. Tarsal claws simple, without lobe. Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with very long and dense cilia on margin, veins light brown, radial cell 5.5 times as long as broad; R1 not reaching wing margin, straight; Rs slightly curved in the second half, nearly reaching wing margin; areolet very small, triangular, closed and indistinct; Rs+M reaches basalis in the lower half.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB11654FF0F8DF6FC980A48" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Metasoma very strongly compressed laterally, much higher than long in lateral view, nearly as long as head+mesosoma; metasomal tergite 2 occupying without a little half length of metasoma in dorsal view, without basal white setae laterally; all tergites smooth, shiny, without micropunctures. Ventral spine of hypopygium very short, prominent part less than 2.0 times as long as broad, with very few short white setae, not extending beyond the apex of spine. Body length
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFB11654FD158C16FC850A48" box="[732,876,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.3" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFB11654FF0F8C3EFE7C0AB0" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,405,1912,1938]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">MALE unknown.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFB11654FF0F8CD9FF150A9B" bold="true" box="[198,252,1951,1977]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFB11654FEC68CE6FE510A98" box="[271,440,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 233–234" captionStartId="63.[151,269,745,769]" captionTargetBox="[264,1315,208,721]" captionTargetId="figure-27@63.[264,1323,194,721]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURES 233–234. Dryocosmus caspiensis, new species, gall (photos by G. Melika)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107232/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 233–234</figureCitation>
). Asexual generation. Gall on the underside of the leaf, rounded or slightly ovate, egg-shaped,
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in diameter, 3–6 or even more galls can be found on one leaf. The surface of the gall covered with dense brownish short hairs. Galls are attached to the lateral veins by a short peduncle. Monolocular, with a thin wall. The mature galls easily detachable and fall from the leaves, and become dark brown in colour.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FF8E166BFF0F8A49FB110C80" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="biology_ecology">
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFF0F8A49FEC30C0B" bold="true" box="[198,298,271,297]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known, and induces tiny globular detachable leaf galls on
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFA9F8A56FEB70C73" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Quercus castaneifolia</emphasis>
C.A.Mey. This
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is the only oak host known for this species, with no records from
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFAF38A7EFF0E0C5B" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Quercus brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
or
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Olivier. Galls
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develop in April, adult wasps emerge in late May. The biology of other
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFF138ACEFE850C83" box="[218,364,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
species
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suggests that a sexual generation will be found on the same oak host.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FF8E166BFF0F8AE9FABC0F60" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFF0F8AE9FE8E0CEB" bold="true" box="[198,359,431,457]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Distribution.</emphasis>
Currently known from
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,
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFF8E166BFD738AF6FCA20CE8" box="[698,843,432,458]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mazanderan</collectingRegion>
(collected near Chalus, Babol Sar, Sari, Behshahr, Babol, along the Caspian Sea shore,
<quantity id="A0529B7BFF8E166BFD8F8A9EFD550CD0" box="[582,700,472,498]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="210.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="20.0">20–400 m</quantity>
a.s.l.) and
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFF8E166BFCF48A9EFC640CD0" box="[829,909,472,498]" country="Iran" name="Gilan" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Guilan</collectingRegion>
(near Rasht city and along Talish Mountains from the Caspian Sea shore). Probably distributed wherever
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<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFF8E166BFCA28946FBC10F3B" box="[875,1064,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Q. castaneifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows, including the Kolkhida lowlands in
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFF8E166BFEEF896EFE430F60" box="[294,426,552,578]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Azerbaijan</collectingRegion>
. Further sampling in similar habitats is required to establish its true distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

471
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Melika, Challis &amp; Stone
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<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBF165AFF5E8EA4FEDE08DE" box="[151,311,1506,1532]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBF165AFF5E8EA4FEDE08DE" blockId="17.[151,803,1471,1532]" box="[151,311,1506,1532]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFBF165AFF5E8EA4FEDE08DE" box="[151,311,1506,1532]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 120–130" captionStart-1="FIGURES 131–134" captionStartId-0="49.[151,269,1870,1894]" captionStartId-1="50.[151,269,1070,1094]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1422,206,1847]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1323,194,1046]" captionTargetId-0="figure-76@49.[151,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId-1="figure-35@50.[264,1323,194,1046]" captionTargetPageId-0="49" captionTargetPageId-1="50" captionText-0="FIGURES 120–130. Andricus libani, new species, asexual female: 120, head (front view); 121, head (dorsal view); 122, head (lateral view); 123, antenna; 124, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dorsal view); 125, mesosoma (lateral view); 126, metanotum and propodeum (postero-dorsal view); 127, hind tarsal claw; 128, forewing; 129, metasoma (lateral view); 130, prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium (ventral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 131–134. Andricus libani, new species, gall (photos by G. Melika, taken from dry galls)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107547" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107551" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107547/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107551/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 120–134</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBF165AFF5E8D74FC720A36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBF165AFF5E8D74FC720A36" blockId="17.[151,1436,1586,2012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBF165AFF5E8D74FEA60B6E" bold="true" box="[151,335,1586,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFBF165AFE938D74FDB80B56" collectingDate="2005-08-27" collectingDateMax="2006-04" collectingDateMin="2005-08-27" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Deir el Zahari &amp; A. Aebi" country="Lebanon" location="LEBANON" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBF165AFE938D74FE1C0B6E" box="[346,501,1586,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
female:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFBF165AFDA88D74FD190B6E" box="[609,752,1586,1612]" name="Lebanon" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LEBANON</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFD378D74FC420B6E" box="[766,939,1586,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Deir el Zahari</collectorName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBF165AFC738D74FBBD0B6E" box="[954,1108,1586,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
, coll.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFB698D74FAD50B6E" box="[1184,1340,1586,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-27">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFB698D74FAD50B6E" box="[1184,1340,1586,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-27">27.VIII.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFA498D74FF390B56" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. Aebi</collectorName>
and
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFBF165AFEC58D1CFECA0B56" box="[268,291,1626,1652]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</collectionCode>
. Nuwayhid, em.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFE398D1CFDB80B56" box="[496,593,1626,1652]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFE398D1CFDB80B56" box="[496,593,1626,1652]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">IV.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBF165AFD978D1CFCEC0B56" box="[606,773,1626,1652]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFCD88D1CFC610B56" box="[785,904,1626,1652]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
:
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFC5F8D1CFBE00B56" box="[918,1033,1626,1652]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
with the same labels as the
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBF165AFA978D1CFF240BBE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFBF165AFF158DC4FEED0BE6" collectingDate="2005-08-25" collectingDateMax="2006-04" collectingDateMin="2005-08-25" collectorName="A. Aebi" country="Lebanon" location="Ain Dara" municipality="Chouf" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFF158DC4FEB90BBE" box="[220,336,1666,1692]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFBF165AFE278DC4FD690BBE" box="[494,640,1666,1692]" name="Lebanon" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LEBANON</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="62756045FFBF165AFD468DC4FD170BBE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFBF1658FF5E8EF9FB970950:62756045FFBF165AFD468DC4FD170BBE" box="[655,766,1666,1692]" country="Lebanon" municipality="Chouf" name="Ain Dara" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ain Dara</location>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="8771ACE4FFBF165AFCD98DC4FCB20BBE" box="[784,859,1666,1692]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chouf</collectingMunicipality>
),
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBF165AFCBF8DC4FBF80BBE" box="[886,1041,1666,1692]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFBD68DC4FB520BBE" box="[1055,1211,1666,1692]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-25">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFBD68DC4FB520BBE" box="[1055,1211,1666,1692]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-25">25.VIII.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFB368DC4FA8B0BBE" box="[1279,1378,1666,1692]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. Aebi</collectorName>
, em.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFF5E8DECFF130BE6" box="[151,250,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFF5E8DECFF130BE6" box="[151,250,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">IV.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
”
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFBF165AFEDA8DECFEED0BCE" collectingDate="2005-08-27" collectingDateMax="2006-04" collectingDateMin="2005-08-27" collectorName="A. Aebi" country="Lebanon" location="Jezzine" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFEDA8DECFE7E0BE6" box="[275,407,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFBF165AFDFD8DECFD2F0BE6" box="[564,710,1706,1732]" name="Lebanon" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LEBANON</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="62756045FFBF165AFD1D8DECFCC40BE6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFBF1658FF5E8EF9FB970950:62756045FFBF165AFD1D8DECFCC40BE6" box="[724,813,1706,1732]" country="Lebanon" name="Jezzine" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jezzine</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBF165AFCF28DECFC3C0BE6" box="[827,981,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
, coll.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFBE88DECFB540BE6" box="[1057,1213,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-27">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFBE88DECFB540BE6" box="[1057,1213,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-27">27.VIII.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFAC98DECFA8B0BE6" box="[1280,1378,1706,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. Aebi</collectorName>
, em.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFF5E8D94FF130BCE" box="[151,250,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFF5E8D94FF130BCE" box="[151,250,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04">IV.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
”
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="D7C23CC3FFBF165AFEDB8D94FDBB0A36" collectingDate="2005-08-25" collectingDateMax="2006-04-17" collectingDateMin="2005-08-25" collectionCode="HNHM" collectorName="A. Aebi &amp; The" country="Lebanon" location="Bashinta" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFEDB8D94FE7D0BCE" box="[274,404,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
labelled as ”
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFBF165AFDE78D94FD290BCE" box="[558,704,1746,1772]" name="Lebanon" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LEBANON</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="62756045FFBF165AFD048D94FCDF0BCE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF038788FFBF1658FF5E8EF9FB970950:62756045FFBF165AFD048D94FCDF0BCE" box="[717,822,1746,1772]" country="Lebanon" name="Bashinta" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bashinta</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBF165AFC8D8D94FC350BCE" box="[836,988,1746,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">Q. infectoria</taxonomicName>
, coll.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFBEC8D94FB2B0BCE" box="[1061,1218,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-25">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFBEC8D94FB2B0BCE" box="[1061,1218,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-08-25">25.VIII.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
. leg.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFACA8D94FA8D0BCE" box="[1283,1380,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. Aebi</collectorName>
, em.
<date id="1314105EFFBF165AFF5E8DBCFEF60A36" box="[151,287,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04-17">
<collectingDate id="0350E9B6FFBF165AFF5E8DBCFEF60A36" box="[151,287,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2006-04-17">17.IV.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
”.
<collectorName id="CA5F5348FFBF165AFEFD8DBCFE880A36" box="[308,353,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">The</collectorName>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBF165AFEA08DBCFE260A36" box="[361,463,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="01BBAE5BFFBF165AFE3C8DBCFDBB0A36" box="[501,594,1786,1812]" country="Hungary" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34991" name="Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">HNHM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="71ACFD17FFBF165AFD978DBCFD2A0A36" box="[606,707,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">4 female</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBF165AFD028DBCFCD20A36" box="[715,827,1786,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in SPL.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBF165AFF0F8C64FE7E0AAE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBF165AFF0F8C64FE7E0AAE" blockId="17.[151,1436,1586,2012]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBF165AFF0F8C64FEA20A1E" bold="true" box="[198,331,1826,1852]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species is named after the country where it was collected and in honour of Dr. Rida Y. Nuwayhid, the Lebanese scientist at the Engineering Department, The American University of
<collectingRegion id="A56EF87CFFBF165AFADF8C0CFAB60A46" box="[1302,1375,1866,1892]" country="Lebanon" name="Beyrouth" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Beirut</collectingRegion>
who guided us to the galls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBF1659FF0F8CDCFD2D0F60" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBF1659FF0F8CDCFD2D0F60" blockId="17.[151,1436,1586,2012]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBF165AFF0F8CDCFEAF0A96" bold="true" box="[198,326,1946,1972]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBF165AFDAE8CDDFCB00A96" authority="(Hartig)" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[615,857,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBF165AFDAE8CDDFD1A0A96" box="[615,755,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. coriarius</emphasis>
(Hartig)
</taxonomicName>
in which the head is rounded in front view; OOL 2.8 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus and only very slightly longer than LOL; F1 2.3 times as long as the pedicel, placodeal sensilla on F3–F11; the median mesoscutal line absent; the mesoscutellum is rounded posteriorly, nearly as long as broad; scutellar foveae transversely ovate; the radial cell of the forewing 6.0 times as long as broad; all metasomal tergites with dense white setae laterally; metasomal tergite 2 without, all subsequent tergites and the hypopygium with dense micropunctures, while in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBC1659FB448A56FB1A0C0B" authority="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2008" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1165,1267,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBC1659FB448A56FB1A0C0B" box="[1165,1267,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. libani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBC1659FACA8A49FA7D0C0B" bold="true" box="[1283,1428,271,297]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4EED57F7FFBC1659FACA8A49FA7D0C0B" box="[1283,1428,271,297]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the head broadest part in front view is in the upper 1/3 of the compound eye; OOL only 2.0 times as long as the length of the lateral ocellus and 1.5 times as long as LOL; F1 1.7 times as long as the pedicel, placodeal sensilla on F2–F11; the median mesoscutal line extending nearly to the half length of the mesoscutum; the mesoscutellum slightly broader than long, postero-medially elongated into a short blunt tip; scutellar foveae are kidney-shaped; the radial cell of the forewing only 4.5 times as long as broad; only metasomal tergite 2 with a patch of dense white setae antero-laterally, without micropunctures; all subsequent tergites and the hypopygium without micropunctures and setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBC1658FF0F8909FAEC0F38" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBC1659FF0F8909FE830F98" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBC1659FF0F8909FEB70F4B" bold="true" box="[198,350,591,617]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</emphasis>
ASEXUAL FEMALE (
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBC1659FD498916FD040F48" box="[640,749,592,618]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Body, including antennae and legs, reddish brown; only head posteriorly, mesosoma ventrally, scutellar foveae and central propodeal area black or dark brown. Wing veins dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBC1659FF0F898EFC1E09C8" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head coriaceous, with uniformly dense white setae, 2.2 times as broad as long from above; 1.4 times as broad as high in front view and slightly narrower or equal to mesosoma. Gena coriaceous, broadened behind eye, much broader than cross diameter of eye; head broadest part in front view is in the upper 1/3 of compound eye. Malar space delicately coriaceous, 0.45 times as long as height of eye, without radiating striae. POL 1.7 times as long as OOL; OOL 2.0 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.5 times as long as LOL. Transfacial distance 1.2 times as long as height of eye and 1.7 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 1.4 times as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 1.4 times as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face coriaceous, with strongly elevated median area. Clypeus rectangular, coriaceous, with distinct deep anterior tentorial pits, with distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line, ventrally rounded, slightly emarginated, without median incision. Frons, vertex and occiput uniformly coriaceous. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, slightly longer than head+mesosoma; pedicel 1.5 times as long as broad; F1 1.7 times as long as pedicel and slightly longer than F2, F2 1.3 times as long as F3, all subsequent flagellomeres shorter; F12 1.3 times as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F11, absent on F1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBC1658FF0F8FBEFD840C70" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Mesosoma convex, slightly longer than high in lateral view, with uniform dense white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous; rugose and with very dense white setae along antero-lateral edge. Mesoscutum coriaceous (in some
<typeStatus id="B811883CFFBC1659FE918E0EFE210840" box="[344,456,1352,1378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
more or less reticulate, especially the internotauli area). Notauli complete, wellimpressed in all length, strongly divirging in anterior 1/3; median mesoscutal line extending nearly to half length of mesoscutum; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines distinct, broad, smooth and shiny, reaching above half of mesoscutum length. Mesoscutellum slightly broader than long, postero-medially elongated into a short blunt tip, rugose, with more delicate sculpture towards the center of the disk; overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae kidney-shaped, deep, well-delimited all around, with shiny, smooth bottom, medially separated by a narrow central carina. Mesopleuron, including speculum, uniformly alutaceous, with dense white setae; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with very dense white setae; acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally, barely traceable under dense setae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at the half of its height; preaxilla and lateral axillar area delicately coriaceous, without setae; axillar carina with numerous longitudinal striae; axillula transversely ovate, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shiny, in the most posterior end higher than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, at least 4.0 times as high as height of smooth, shiny ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shihy, with sparse white setae. Propodeum delicately coriaceous; lateral propodeal carinae thin, subparallel, without setae; central propodeal area shining, with very few irregular delicate wrinkles; lateral propodeal area uniformly alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha very short, with longitudinal sulci. Forewing longer than body, with dark brown veins, margin with short cilia; radial cell 4.5 times as long as broad, Rs and R1 nearly reaching wing margin, areolet distinct, Rs+M nearly reaching basalis in its lower half. Tarsal claws with strong basal lobe. Metasoma nearly as long as head+mesosoma; metasomal tergite 2 with a patch of dense white setae only antero-laterally, without micropunctures; all subsequent tergites and hypopygium without micropunctures and without setae; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.7 times as long as broad, apical setae reaching far beyond the apex of spine. Body length
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFBD1658FE108A7EFD800C70" box="[473,617,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4499999999999997" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.4499999999999997" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="2.8">2.8–4.1 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBD1658FF0F8A19FAEC0F38" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF0F8A19FF120C5B" bold="true" box="[198,251,351,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FF912A1BFFBD1658FEC58A26FE5A0C58" box="[268,435,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 131–134" captionStartId="50.[151,269,1070,1094]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,194,1046]" captionTargetId="figure-35@50.[264,1323,194,1046]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 131–134. Andricus libani, new species, gall (photos by G. Melika, taken from dry galls)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107551" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107551/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 131–134</figureCitation>
). On lateral and terminal shoot buds, on both young and old trees. The gall is similar to that induced by
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FEB98ACEFE150C83" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[368,508,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FEB98ACEFE150C83" box="[368,508,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. coriarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in that it is usually globular-slightly flattened, contains many larval chambers, and is coated in spines. However, in contrast to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD1F8AF6FC8A0CEB" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[726,867,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD1F8AF6FC8A0CEB" box="[726,867,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. coriarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see description in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FB998AF6FAE60CEB" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1104,1295,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriariformis">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FB998AF6FAE60CEB" box="[1104,1295,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. coriariformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above), the spines on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FEC48A9EFE9B0CD3" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[269,370,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FEC48A9EFE9B0CD3" box="[269,370,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. libani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually very short (often less than
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFBD1658FCF48A9EFC6B0CD0" box="[829,898,472,498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in length), blunt and often recurved. The gall is also usually somewhat smaller than
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD938946FD050F3B" box="[602,748,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD938946FD010F3B" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[602,744,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">A. coriarius</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
usually with a maximum diameter of
<quantity id="A0529B7BFFBD1658FB658946FAE80F38" box="[1196,1281,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBD1658FF0F8961FAF10F60" box="[198,1304,551,578]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBD1658FF0F8961FAF10F60" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" box="[198,1304,551,578]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF0F8961FEC30F63" bold="true" box="[198,298,551,577]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known from galls on
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FC5F896EFAF10F60" authority="Olivier. Rare." box="[918,1304,552,578]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="infectoria">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FC5F896EFB9B0F63" box="[918,1138,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Quercus infectoria</emphasis>
Olivier. Rare.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBD1658FF0F8909FC170968" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBD1658FF0F8909FCF70E10" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF0F8909FEBC0F4B" bold="true" box="[198,341,591,617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Comments.</emphasis>
This species was initially detected on the basis of DNA sequence data for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the nuclear 28S D2 region (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FCDB893EFC130FB0" author="Challis, R. J. &amp; Mutun, S. &amp; Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L. &amp; Preuss, S. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Aebi, A. &amp; Sadeghi, E. &amp; Tavakoli, M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[786,1018,632,658]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2103 - 2114" refId="ref28075" refString="Challis, R. J., Mutun, S., Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L., Preuss, S., Rokas, A., Aebi, A., Sadeghi, E., Tavakoli, M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2007) Longitudinal range expansion and cryptic eastern species in the western Palaearctic oak gallwasp Andricus coriarius. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2103 - 2114." type="journal article" year="2007">
Challis
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FCBB893EFC400FB3" box="[882,937,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Although originally identified as
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FF5E89E6FE9F0F9B" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[151,374,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF5E89E6FE9F0F9B" box="[151,374,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Andricus coriarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of overall gall morphology, all adults with the above described phenotype belong to a single well-resolved clade that is inferred to have diverged from
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FBF5898EFB250FC3" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1084,1228,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FBF5898EFB250FC3" box="[1084,1228,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. coriarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
almost 9 million years ago. Existing sequence data suggest that
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD7689B6FCCC0E2B" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[703,805,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD7689B6FCCC0E2B" box="[703,805,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. libani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not closely related to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FB8E89B6FB3A0E2B" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1095,1235,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FB8E89B6FB3A0E2B" box="[1095,1235,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. coriarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and not a member of the
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FEC7885EFE940E13" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[270,381,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kollari">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FEC7885EFE940E13" box="[270,381,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. kollari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FDFD885EFCFB0E10" author="Challis, R. J. &amp; Mutun, S. &amp; Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L. &amp; Preuss, S. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Aebi, A. &amp; Sadeghi, E. &amp; Tavakoli, M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[564,786,792,818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2103 - 2114" refId="ref28075" refString="Challis, R. J., Mutun, S., Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L., Preuss, S., Rokas, A., Aebi, A., Sadeghi, E., Tavakoli, M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2007) Longitudinal range expansion and cryptic eastern species in the western Palaearctic oak gallwasp Andricus coriarius. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2103 - 2114." type="journal article" year="2007">
Challis
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD59885EFD230E13" box="[656,714,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBD1658FF0F8806FC170968" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The extreme rarity of purely asexual lifecycles in oak gallwasps (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FC088806FB630E78" author="Stone, G. N. &amp; Schonrogge, K. &amp; Atkinson, R. J. &amp; Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[961,1162,832,858]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="633 - 668" refId="ref29123" refString="Stone, G. N., Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633 - 668." type="journal article" year="2002">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FC088806FBEC0E78" authority="Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[961,1029,832,858]" genus="Stone" pageId="19" pageNumber="34" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Stone</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FBC58806FBA90E7B" box="[1036,1088,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FAFE8806FF4F0EA3" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FAFE8806FA750E7B" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1335,1436,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libani">A. libani</taxonomicName>
p
</emphasis>
robably has a sexual generation. The clade of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD10882EFC480EA0" box="[729,929,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD10882EFCAA0EA3" box="[729,835,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Andricus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that includes
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FB86882EFB510EA3" authorityName="Tavakoli &amp; Melika &amp; Sadeghi &amp; Pénzes &amp; Assareh &amp; Atkinson &amp; Bechtold &amp; Mikó &amp; Zargaran &amp; Aligolizade &amp; Barimani &amp; Bihari &amp; Pirozi &amp; Fülöp &amp; Somogyi &amp; Challis &amp; Preuss &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2008" box="[1103,1208,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FB86882EFB510EA3" box="[1103,1208,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. libani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have lifecycles involving alternation between oaks in the sections
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD3088D6FCB20E8B" box="[761,859,912,937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD3088D6FCB20E8B" box="[761,859,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the asexual generation) and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FB2788D6FAD00E8B" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" box="[1262,1337,912,937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FB2788D6FAD00E8B" box="[1262,1337,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the sexual generation). The sexual generation galls in this clade are commonly small and inconspicuous bud or catkin galls (
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FEF988A6FD030ED8" author="Melika G. &amp; Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." box="[304,746,992,1018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="265 - 296" refId="ref28483" refString="Melika G., Csoka, G. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. (2000) Check-list of oak gall wasps of Hungary, with some taxonomic notes (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Cynipini). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 92, 265 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000">Melika, Csóka &amp; Pujade-Villar 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FD3188A6FC2D0ED8" author="Cook, J. M. &amp; Rokas, A. &amp; Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[760,964,992,1018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1821 - 1830" refId="ref28193" refString="Cook, J. M., Rokas, A., Pagel, M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2002) Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution, 56, 1821 - 1830." type="journal article" year="2002">
Cook
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FC8988A6FC9C0EDB" box="[832,885,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B4B6FFFBD1658FC1888A6FB5F0ED8" author="Rokas, A. &amp; Melika, G. &amp; Abe, Y. &amp; Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L. &amp; Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N." box="[977,1206,992,1018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="36 - 45" refId="ref28897" refString="Rokas, A., Melika, G., Abe, Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J. - L., Cook, J. M. &amp; Stone, G. N. (2003 b) Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting and hybridisation revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 36 - 45." type="journal article" year="2003">
Rokas
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FBED88A6FBB00EDB" box="[1060,1113,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2003b
</bibRefCitation>
), and it is probable that the same is true for this new species. Possible hosts from the
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FC728F4EFBEF0903" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" box="[955,1030,1032,1057]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FC728F4EFBEF0903" box="[955,1030,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cerris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
oak section in the region include
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FF5E8F76FE760968" authority="Olivier" authorityName="Olivier" box="[151,415,1072,1098]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF5E8F76FEAD096B" box="[151,324,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Quercus libani</emphasis>
Olivier
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FE118F76FD730968" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[472,666,1072,1098]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FE118F76FDA5096B" box="[472,588,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Q. brantii</emphasis>
Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="A0AA4D1DFFBD1658FD0A8F76FC1B0968" authority="Jaub. et Spach" authorityName="Jaub. et Spach" box="[707,1010,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Aphelonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FD0A8F76FCD5096B" box="[707,828,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Q. persica</emphasis>
Jaub. et Spach
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB06515FFBD1658FF0F8F11FB970950" box="[198,1150,1111,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715369EFFBD1658FF0F8F11FB970950" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1138]" box="[198,1150,1111,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="55DEEA8CFFBD1658FF0F8F11FE8E0953" bold="true" box="[198,359,1111,1137]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD760EFFBD1658FEA48F1EFE3D0950" box="[365,468,1112,1138]" name="Lebanon" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(Deir el Zahari, Ain Dara (Chouf), Jezzine and Bashinta).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:namePart id="4D7034B34641FDB8218537B707BEB805">Andreas Gygax</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="783D2CFFEB4D247CD3BED5F9A606BAD0">Flora Helvetica</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="6098360F75F15C87C588E165AFB5EE21" italics="true" pageNumber="864">Galeopsis pubescens</emphasis>
Besser
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Artbeschreibung:
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wie
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<emphasis id="145A3E6AE1EECBD1C93995F82E53615F" italics="true" pageNumber="864">G. tetrahit</emphasis>
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, aber kaum
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hoch,
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unter den Knoten nur wenig verdickt, weichhaarig
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, daneben auch Borsten und
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<normalizedToken id="4DB39CDC6C41C616A193FC214F9A0262" originalValue="Drüsenhaare" pageNumber="846">Druesenhaare</normalizedToken>
,
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<normalizedToken id="9D08DFB0F4B6C1777125493554577A54" originalValue="Blätter" pageNumber="846">Blaetter</normalizedToken>
unterseits weich behaart, Krone
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lang
</emphasis>
, purpurn, mit nach oben
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,
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ca.
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lang (bei
<taxonomicName id="CCB4F9F5470A4088E9CE71133DBDBED9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Galeopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageNumber="846" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tetrahit">
<emphasis id="09ADA9FCB5F76E198C7B01F06521D1FA" italics="true" pageNumber="864">G. tetrahit</emphasis>
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ca.
<quantity id="20EA18963ACEE7150466461D339DDCF1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageNumber="846" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
).
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<paragraph id="6F60C135B94AD2A817216BB9092D99A8" pageNumber="864">
<normalizedToken id="54F0EEB87FDEB89E3C6D4B40D1D9F990" originalValue="Blütezeit" pageNumber="846">Bluetezeit</normalizedToken>
: 7-9
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Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz:
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,
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, Weg- und
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/ kollin-montan / TI, GR (Misox, Unterengadin,
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, Bergell), JS
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Verbreitung global:
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<paragraph id="EACDA181BF201AE4439986F8D1859761" pageNumber="864">
<normalizedToken id="8D0DF758F42B6F17A4E738A182D70A06" originalValue="Ökologische">Oekologische</normalizedToken>
Zeigerwerte nach
<bibRefCitation id="C6F1A8C555E23DD19BE98DD485E9FF5C" author="Landolt, E. &amp; Bäumler, B. &amp; Erhardt, A. &amp; Hegg, O. &amp; Klötzli, F. &amp; Lämmler, W. &amp; Nobis, M. &amp; Rudmann-Maurer, K. &amp; Theurillat, J.P. &amp; Urmi, E. &amp; Vust, M. &amp; Wohlgemuth, T." pageNumber="864" publicationUrl="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A9966" refString="Landolt, E., Bäumler, B., Erhardt, A., Hegg, O., Klötzli, F., Lämmler, W., Nobis, M., Rudmann-Maurer, K., Theurillat, J.P., Urmi, E., Vust, M., Wohlgemuth, T. 2010. Flora indicativa. Ökologische Zeigerwerte und biologische Kennzeichen zur Flora der Schweiz und der Alpen (2nd ed.). https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A9966" title="Flora indicativa. Ökologische Zeigerwerte und biologische Kennzeichen zur Flora der Schweiz und der Alpen" year="2010">Landolt &amp; al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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<tr id="424635CA1CEF6B89317E617E3C744C4F" pageNumber="864">
<th id="46943DE565BA36B9714A971544F8C0F2" colspan="2" pageNumber="864">
<emphasis id="119FF1763DE2774FDA8CEF460922F1E3" bold="true" pageNumber="864">Bodenfaktoren</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="37A38F1409162B4951336BADB80062C4" colspan="2" pageNumber="864">
<emphasis id="9924FF6A663CD3CC3625D2003B68553E" bold="true" pageNumber="864">Klimafaktoren</emphasis>
</th>
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<emphasis id="2011D429B91989AFF369E16A00301E2B" bold="true" pageNumber="864">Salztoleranz</emphasis>
</th>
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<td id="946323837AB24A4F6B0D52CC90C4096D" pageNumber="864">Feuchtezahl F</td>
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<normalizedToken id="F4EA045614042C9B2B794326000068B2" originalValue="mässig">maessig</normalizedToken>
feucht
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<td id="54C66A2D51741889550FA379D9B317EB" pageNumber="864">Lichtzahl L</td>
<td id="FF1FAA64C5F6F975EBDC6B65EFDC872C" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left;width:60px">halbschattig</td>
<td id="99815D494130242598A36371E90C1494" pageNumber="864">Salzzeichen</td>
<td id="D35C4AD96907C7D766B552473744DD94" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left;width:60px">--</td>
</tr>
<tr id="214980C90D6080B42B4D3128A0EDAA11" pageNumber="864">
<td id="8E4ED7CD6CCC3D97A5A3B08EF5391797" pageNumber="864">Reaktionszahl R</td>
<td id="070F65BFEF77A102343977776B698137" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left">schwach sauer bis neutral (pH 4.5-7.5)</td>
<td id="9D5DEBB955EC6644DA72BC8AC8128A1E" pageNumber="864">Temperaturzahl T</td>
<td id="E5C75189CE4EBFFCE8BEBEA5ECB9213E" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left">
kollin (
<normalizedToken id="11766EAF375052A0991ED5902B175878" originalValue="Laubmischwälder">Laubmischwaelder</normalizedToken>
mit Eichen)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5C1F4A21401E5966D8DE1086E75D8C8C" pageNumber="864">
<td id="AF174EE463A3A028D717A1A3F0CD8ABC" pageNumber="864">
<normalizedToken id="0F7E6978EC7BFE5EC253643A2FB2A8A4" originalValue="Nährstoffzahl">Naehrstoffzahl</normalizedToken>
N
</td>
<td id="EE6239F5E7944097004BEC6709ECE275" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left">
<normalizedToken id="E71EC49BBB251A30BC0CB0B88E7D5DC5" originalValue="nährstoffreich">naehrstoffreich</normalizedToken>
</td>
<td id="DA03E9E3FCA64A979455B85C1125C661" pageNumber="864">
<normalizedToken id="CAB4E49C1DAC8EB0EEE40E55D2350255" originalValue="Kontinentalitätszahl">Kontinentalitaetszahl</normalizedToken>
K
</td>
<td id="FCB2835E1BF7499A3B296CFD3AC74DA2" pageNumber="864" style="text-align:left">subozeanisch (hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit, geringe Temperaturschwankungen, eher milde Winter)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D851B1E929F28D74E91669EBF9E2E157" pageNumber="864">
Volksname Deutscher Name:
<vernacularName id="B3330BD4B8C18199A3E5CBBA260A0A45" language="deu" pageNumber="864">Weichhaariger Hohlzahn</vernacularName>
Nom
<normalizedToken id="84710F866EBA934C94D6ADB94EDA295E" originalValue="français">francais</normalizedToken>
:
<vernacularName id="CBA07C1B085B358EC8AAEB3C45B2EFD8" language="fra" pageNumber="864">
<taxonomicName id="41F6C5120C72932709BDC1CC23378BA5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Galeopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<normalizedToken id="6C2F088205993B6CFBCEDD2AD783A165" originalValue="Galéopsis">Galeopsis</normalizedToken>
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pubescent
</vernacularName>
Nome italiano:
<vernacularName id="01A0F9C5DBBF24E3B0B6A23FBEE4D9DC" language="ita" pageNumber="864">Canapetta pubescente</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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259
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<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEF9EEA293F9E7" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[151,751,1575,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEF9EEA154F9E7" bold="true" box="[151,296,1575,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F06F9E1A2E4F9E7" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[303,664,1576,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguiculus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F06F9E1A26AF9E4" box="[303,534,1576,1598]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pinguiculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C35F9E1A2E4F9E7" author="Perez" box="[540,664,1576,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXX.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEF98FA296F986" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[151,746,1606,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEF98FA173F987" bold="true" box="[151,271,1606,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F3DF98EA2CFF986" authority="Meyer, 1922: 170" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1922" box="[276,691,1607,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sareptensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F3DF98EA18AF987" box="[276,502,1607,1629]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes sareptensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FD4F98EA2FDF986" author="Meyer" box="[509,641,1607,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 170
</taxonomicName>
–171.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B040FFD50EDCF9ACA109F865" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF9ACA2F8F9A1" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,644,1637,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF9ACA2F8F9A1" box="[245,644,1637,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF9ACA203F9A1" authority="Meyer, 1922: 170" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,639,1637,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF9ACA1BFF9A1" box="[245,451,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes excellens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FE0F9AFA203F9A1" author="Meyer" box="[457,639,1638,1659]" page="170" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FE0F9AFA231F9A1" author="Meyer" box="[457,589,1638,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 170
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF94DA2C1F943" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,701,1668,1690]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF94DA2C1F943" box="[245,701,1668,1690]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF94DA2C6F943" authority="Meyer, 1922: 172" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,698,1668,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissimus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF94DA181F940" box="[245,509,1668,1690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes punctatissimus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50C2AF94CA2C6F943" author="Meyer" box="[515,698,1668,1690]" page="172" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C2AF94CA2FBF943" author="Meyer" box="[515,647,1668,1690]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 172
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF96BA28FF962" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,755,1698,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF96BA28FF962" box="[245,755,1698,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF96BA2C6F962" authority="Bluthgen, 1923a: 498" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="498" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,698,1698,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF96BA1A4F962" box="[245,472,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes hungaricus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FF7F96BA2C6F962" author="Bluthgen" box="[478,698,1698,1720]" page="498" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FF7F96BA2F5F962" author="Bluthgen" box="[478,649,1698,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1923 a) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 441 - 514." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Blüthgen, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
: 498
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–499.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF908A2B1F90D" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,717,1729,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF908A2B1F90D" box="[245,717,1729,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF908A2E8F90D" authority="Bluthgen, 1923a: 505" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="505" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,660,1729,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coelebs">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF908A1CEF90D" box="[245,434,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes coelebs</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50F91F908A2E8F90D" author="Bluthgen" box="[440,660,1729,1751]" page="505" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50F91F908A21FF90D" author="Bluthgen" box="[440,611,1729,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1923 a) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 441 - 514." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Blüthgen, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
: 505
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–506.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF929A281F92C" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,765,1760,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF929A281F92C" box="[245,765,1760,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF929A2B8F92C" authority="Bluthgen, 1923a: 507" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="507" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,708,1760,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consobrinus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF929A19EF92C" box="[245,482,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes consobrinus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FC1F929A2B8F92C" author="Bluthgen" box="[488,708,1760,1782]" page="507" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FC1F929A2EFF92F" author="Bluthgen" box="[488,659,1760,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1923 a) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 441 - 514." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Blüthgen, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
: 507
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–508.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF936A2B5F8CE" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,713,1790,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF936A2EDF8CE" authority="Bluthgen, 1925: 509" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="509" authorityYear="1925" box="[245,657,1790,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF936A1C6F8CF" box="[245,442,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes persicus</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1925: 509
</taxonomicName>
–511.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCF8D4A4D9F8E9" blockId="14.[151,1189,1575,1844]" box="[245,1189,1821,1844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCF8D4A4D9F8E9" box="[245,1189,1821,1844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCF8D4A353F8E9" ID-CoL="6Z9ZH" authority="Pesenko &amp; La Roche, 2002: 72" authorityName="Pesenko &amp; La Roche" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="2002" box="[245,815,1821,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capverdensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCF8D4A195F8E9" box="[245,489,1821,1843]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes capverdensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FD9F8D4A353F8E9" author="Pesenko" box="[496,815,1821,1843]" page="72" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FD9F8D4A375F8E9" author="Pesenko" box="[496,777,1821,1843]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pauly, A., Pesenko, Y. A. &amp; La Roche, F. (2002) The Halictidae of the Cape Verde Islands (Hymenoptera Apoidea). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 72, 201 - 2011." type="journal article" year="2002">Pesenko &amp; La Roche, 2002</bibRefCitation>
:
<quantity id="A052AA98B040FFD50D3AF8D7A353F8E9" box="[787,815,1822,1843]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8339562" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="72.203">72</quantity>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 203 in
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50D56F8D4A441F8EE" box="[895,1085,1821,1844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pauly, A., Pesenko, Y. A. &amp; La Roche, F. (2002) The Halictidae of the Cape Verde Islands (Hymenoptera Apoidea). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 72, 201 - 2011." type="journal article">
Pauly
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50D96F8D7A38EF8E9" box="[959,1010,1821,1843]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50A61F8D7A4D9F8E9" bold="true" box="[1096,1189,1822,1843]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEF8A9A109F865" blockId="14.[151,1436,1887,1984]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEF8A9A166F8A2" bold="true" box="[151,282,1888,1912]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
We studied material of this species from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50CCDF896A328F8AD" box="[740,852,1887,1911]" name="Mongolia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50D77F8A9A3BDF8A2" box="[862,961,1888,1912]" name="Hungary" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, the Mediterranean region and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50B33F896A5E7F8AD" box="[1306,1435,1887,1911]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
islands. Variablity of this species is not large and for this reason we propose synonymization of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50AC5F84CA5E0F846" ID-CoL="6Z9ZH" box="[1260,1436,1924,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capverdensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50AC5F84CA5E0F846" box="[1260,1436,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. capverdensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EE6F861A111F81A" ID-CoL="6Z9MY" box="[207,365,1960,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguiculus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EE6F861A111F81A" box="[207,365,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. pinguiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EE0FF5EA10CFF0E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EE0FF5EA10CFF0E" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EE0FF5EA11EFF6A" bold="true" box="[201,354,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40F44FF5EA1CCFF75" box="[365,432,151,175]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40FE9FF51A25FFF6A" box="[448,547,152,176]" name="Hungary" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C1AFF5EA2E4FF75" box="[563,664,151,175]" name="Slovakia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C8EFF5EA2A6FF75" box="[679,730,151,175]" name="Italy" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Italy</collectingCountry>
(Sicilia),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40D7AFF5EA3DDFF75" box="[851,929,151,175]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Russia</collectingCountry>
, North Africa,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40A7EFF5EA4D4FF75" box="[1111,1192,151,175]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40A9EFF5EA558FF75" box="[1207,1316,151,175]" name="Mongolia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40B1EFF5EA0AFFF0E" author="Warncke" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40ECFFF75A110FF0E" box="[230,364,188,212]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EE0FF16A41EFDE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EE0FF16A41EFDE7" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EE0FF16A155FF22" bold="true" box="[201,297,223,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm, usually sandy habitats. This species is widely distributed in desert and semidesert regions, where it can be quite abundant. This species is almost surely a parasite of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40A6BFECDA501FEC6" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[1090,1405,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40A6BFECDA54EFEC6" box="[1090,1330,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Halictus lucidipennis</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40EBEFEEEA164FEE5" box="[151,280,295,319]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Islands. It is the only available common bee at the sites with occurence of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40A73FEE1A485FE9A" box="[1114,1273,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguiculus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40A73FEE1A485FE9A" box="[1114,1273,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. pinguiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of course, close association of both species has been observed in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40D2DFE85A3F6FEBE" box="[772,906,332,356]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
. Possibly,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40A2BFE84A4D2FEBE" box="[1026,1198,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40A2BFE84A4D2FEBE" box="[1026,1198,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is main host in most areas of its occurrence, because this
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40C14FEB9A2E0FE52" box="[573,668,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40C14FEB9A2E0FE52" box="[573,668,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Halictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common species in desert and semidesert areas from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40B01FEA6A5E4FE5D" box="[1320,1432,367,391]" name="Mongolia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, through Mediterranean region to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C3AFE5DA2E7FE76" box="[531,667,404,428]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
. We suggest
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40D1AFE5CA441FE76" authority="Vachal" authorityName="Vachal" box="[819,1085,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdulus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40D1AFE5CA394FE76" box="[819,1000,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. smaragdulus</emphasis>
Vachal
</taxonomicName>
to be possible host for central European region, where similar
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40C28FE70A2D1FE0A" box="[513,685,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40C28FE70A2D1FE0A" box="[513,685,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not occur.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40D4FFE7EA409FE15" author="Nobile" box="[870,1141,439,463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Nobile, V. &amp; Turrisi, G. F. (2004) Contribution to the knowledge of Italian cleptoparasitic Bees. X. The genus Sphecodes Latreille, ' pinguiculus Perez' group, with description of new species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Entomofauna, 25 (8), 117 - 132." type="journal article" year="2004">Nobile &amp; Turrisi (2004)</bibRefCitation>
described seven new species related to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F17FE14A1A3FE2E" box="[318,479,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguiculus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F17FE14A1A3FE2E" box="[318,479,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. pinguiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the characters are poor and probably relate to the way of preservation or collecting rather than true structural differences. Recently, the
<typeStatus id="B811B9DFB041FFD40D7EFDC9A3FBFDC2" box="[855,903,512,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
material was studied (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40AAFFE36A0ADFDE6" author="Schwarz" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Schwarz, M. &amp; Gusenleitner, F. (2012) Zur Kenntnis der von Nobile V. &amp; G. F. Turrisi (2004) aus Italien beschriebenen Sphecodes - Arten (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Entomofauna, 33 (8), 73 - 80." type="journal article" year="2012">Schwarz &amp; Gusenleitner 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and the described species are not related to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40CEFFDECA319FDE6" box="[710,869,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguiculus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40CEFFDECA319FDE6" box="[710,869,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. pinguiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40DBFFDECA46EFDE6" box="[918,1042,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40DBFFDECA46EFDE6" box="[918,1042,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. miniatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

238
data/EF/03/B6/EF03B66BB040FFD50EBEFD6EA43EFA57.xml Normal file
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<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEFD6EA248FD1B" blockId="14.[151,564,679,705]" box="[151,564,679,705]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="3C5DB011B040FFD50EBEFD6EA248FD1B" bold="true" box="[151,564,679,705]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EBEFD6EA248FD1B" ID-CoL="6Z9P8" authority="Smith, 1845" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,564,679,705]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFD6EA248FD1B" bold="true" box="[151,564,679,705]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFD6EA1E5FD1B" bold="true" box="[151,409,679,705]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pellucidus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFD27A154FCDE" bold="true" box="[151,296,750,773]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F06FD26A2B1FCDE" authority="Smith, 1845: 1014" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="1014" authorityYear="1845" box="[303,717,750,773]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F06FD26A274FCDF" box="[303,520,751,773]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pellucidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C27FD27A2F1FCDE" author="Smith" box="[526,653,750,772]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Smith, F. (1845) Descriptions of the British species of Bees belonging to the genus Sphecodes of Latreille. Zoologist, 3, 1011 - 1015." type="journal article" year="1845">Smith, 1845</bibRefCitation>
: 1014
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFCC5A173FCF9" bold="true" box="[151,271,780,803]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F3DFCC4A2D5FCF8" authority="Thomson, 1870: 99" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1870" box="[276,681,781,803]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilifrons">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F3DFCC4A1A6FCF9" box="[276,474,781,803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pilifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FC8FCC4A2FFFCF8" author="Thomson" box="[481,643,781,803]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 99
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.
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFCE5A2C2FC9B" box="[245,702,812,834]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFCE5A2EDFC9B" authority="Hagens, 1874: 39" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="39" authorityYear="1874" box="[245,657,812,834]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFCE5A1A4FC98" box="[245,472,812,834]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes brevicornis</emphasis>
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: 39
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–40.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFC83A21BFCBA" box="[245,615,842,864]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFC83A21FFCBA" authority="Smith, 1879: 26" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1879" box="[245,611,842,864]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volatilis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFC83A1C4FCBA" box="[245,440,842,864]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes volatilis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50F97FC83A21FFCBA" author="Smith" box="[446,611,842,864]" page="26" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1879">
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: 26
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFCA0A366FC66" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFCA0A1B2FCA5" ID-CoL="6Z9P8" box="[245,462,873,895]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFCA0A1B2FCA5" box="[245,462,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pellucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FFDFCA3A376FCA5" authority="Alfken, 1914: 195" authorityName="Alfken" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1914" box="[468,778,873,895]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="variety" variety="algirus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C29FCA0A234FCA5" box="[512,584,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">algirus</emphasis>
Alfken, 1914: 195
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFC41A1B2FC44" ID-CoL="6Z9P8" box="[245,462,904,926]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFC41A1B2FC44" box="[245,462,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pellucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FFDFC40A34DFC44" authority="Bluthgen, 1925: 516" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="516" authorityYear="1925" box="[468,817,904,926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="variety" variety="hypridus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C29FC41A225FC44" box="[512,601,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">hypridus</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1925: 516
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFC6EA1B2FC67" box="[245,462,935,957]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes pellucidus</emphasis>
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var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C29FC61A20FFC67" box="[512,627,936,957]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">niveipennis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50C53FC6EA36AFC66" author="Meyer" box="[634,790,934,956]" page="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1925">
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: 7
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B040FFD50EBEFC20A27EFBFF" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEFC20A27EFBFF" blockId="14.[151,1436,1001,1422]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFC20A14CFBD8" bold="true" box="[151,304,1001,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to 66°N, present in southern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50D07FC20A3FBFBDB" box="[814,903,1001,1025]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sweden</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50DEDFC20A460FBDB" box="[964,1052,1001,1025]" name="Finland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Finland</collectingCountry>
, east parts of Asia, North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50EB7FBC4A139FBFF" author="Westrich" box="[158,325,1037,1061]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50F79FBC4A18AFBFF" author="Warncke" box="[336,502,1037,1061]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B040FFD50EE0FBF8A43EFA57" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EE0FBF8A43EFA57" blockId="14.[151,1436,1001,1422]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EE0FBF8A155FB90" bold="true" box="[201,297,1073,1098]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of sandy sites, sand dunes and semidesert biotopes. Locally common.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50A97FBF8A51CFB93" author="Alfken" box="[1214,1376,1073,1097]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Alfken, J. D. (1913) Die Bienenfauna von Bremen. Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaflichen Vereins Bremen, 22, 1 - 220. Alfken, J. D. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna von Algerien. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique Belgique, 22, 185 - 237." type="journal article" year="1913">Alfken (1913)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed host
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F09FB9CA279FBB7" box="[288,517,1109,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F09FB9CA279FBB7" box="[288,517,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Andrena barbilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C3DFB9CA2EBFBB7" author="Witt" box="[532,663,1109,1133]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Witt, R. (1992) Zur Bionomie der Sandbiene Andrena barbilabris (Kirby 1802) und ihrer Kuckucksbienen Nomada alboguttata Herrich-Schaffer 1839 und Sphecodes pellucidus Smith 1845. Drosera, 1992 (1), 47 - 81." type="journal article" year="1992">Witt (1992)</bibRefCitation>
described the biology of this host and the cleptoparasite.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50B0DFB9CA11AFB4B" author="Schonitzer" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schonitzer, K. &amp; Klinksik, C. (1990) The Ethology of the Solitary Bee Andrena nycthemera Imhoff, 1866 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Entomofauna, 11 (23 / 1), 377 - 427." type="journal article" year="1990">Schönitzer &amp; Klinksik (1990)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed also
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50C34FBB0A364FB4B" authority="Imhoff" authorityName="Imhoff" box="[541,792,1145,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycthemera">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C34FBB0A2C3FB4B" box="[541,703,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. nycthemera</emphasis>
Imhoff
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50D0AFBB0A39BFB4B" box="[803,999,1145,1169]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Sick, M., Ayasse, M., Tengo, J., Engels, W., Lubke, G. &amp; Francke, W. (1994) Host-parasite relationship in six species of Sphecodes bees and their Halictid hosts: Nest intrusion, intranidal behavior, and Dufour's gland volantiles (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 7, 101 - 117." type="journal article">
Sick
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50D75FBB3A3E9FB4B" box="[860,917,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50DC7FBB0A561FB4B" box="[1006,1309,1145,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucozonium">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50DC7FBB0A561FB4B" box="[1006,1309,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lasioglossum leucozonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as hosts of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EBEFB57A159FB6F" box="[151,293,1181,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFB57A159FB6F" box="[151,293,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. pellucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other bee species of sandy biotopes were usually published as likely hosts:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50A53FB54A5E4FB6F" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[1146,1432,1181,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50A53FB54A537FB6F" box="[1146,1355,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Andrena argentata</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EBEFB08A100FB03" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[151,380,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFB08A174FB03" box="[151,264,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. bicolor</emphasis>
Fabricius
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FA1FB08A228FB03" authority="Imhoff" authorityName="Imhoff" box="[392,596,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50FA1FB08A187FB03" box="[392,507,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. humilis</emphasis>
Imhoff
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50C49FB08A345FB03" authority="Imhoff" authorityName="Imhoff" box="[608,825,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C49FB08A29FFB03" box="[608,739,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. ventralis</emphasis>
Imhoff
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50D5BFB08A397FB03" box="[882,1003,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilkella">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50D5BFB08A397FB03" box="[882,1003,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. wilkella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50DD2FB0BA4EBFB03" author="Vegter" box="[1019,1175,1217,1242]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned also
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50B7DFB0BA119FB27" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50B7DFB0BA119FB27" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lasioglossum prasinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as likely host. This species was probably common in the localities investigated by this author, because it was considered a likely host of many
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50CF7FAC0A328FAFB" box="[734,852,1289,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50CF7FAC0A328FAFB" box="[734,852,1289,1313]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. In our survey,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50A5DFAC3A574FAFB" box="[1140,1288,1289,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50A5DFAC3A574FAFB" box="[1140,1288,1289,1313]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. pellucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was usually observed in association with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FCAFAE4A2FEFA9F" box="[483,642,1325,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50FCAFAE4A2FEFA9F" box="[483,642,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. barbilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50CEBFAE7A331FA9F" box="[706,845,1325,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50CEBFAE7A331FA9F" box="[706,845,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. ephippius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the same localities invaded nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50B18FAE4A0BFFAB3" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50B18FAE4A0BFFAB3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In our opinion,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FADFA9BA269FAB3" box="[388,533,1361,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50FADFA9BA269FAB3" box="[388,533,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. pellucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is specialized and other hosts are unlikely. To the contrary, we could not reject similar behaviour in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F56FABFA274FA57" box="[383,520,1397,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50F56FABFA274FA57" box="[383,520,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. albilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where females try to attack nests of other species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EBEF9F0A292F96E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEF9F0A21FF988" blockId="15.[151,611,1592,1619]" box="[151,611,1592,1619]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="3C5DB011B041FFD40EBEF9F0A21FF988" bold="true" box="[151,611,1592,1619]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40EBEF9F0A21FF988" ID-CoL="6Z9NP" authority="Thomson, 1870" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,611,1592,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEF9F0A21FF988" bold="true" box="[151,611,1592,1619]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEF9F0A1E2F989" bold="true" box="[151,414,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes reticulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40F8CF9F1A21FF988" author="Thomson" box="[421,611,1592,1618]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEF9B6A292F96E" blockId="15.[151,750,1663,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEF9B6A154F94F" bold="true" box="[151,296,1663,1686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F06F949A2A5F94F" authority="Thomson, 1870: 98" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1870" box="[303,729,1664,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F06F949A270F94C" box="[303,524,1664,1686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes reticulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40C38F949A2CFF94F" author="Thomson" box="[529,691,1664,1686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 98
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEF957A179F96F" bold="true" box="[151,261,1694,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F22F956A2BDF96E" authority="Hagens, 1874: 38" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1874" box="[267,705,1695,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguendus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F22F956A275F96F" box="[267,521,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes distinguendus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40C26F956A2E2F96E" author="Hagens" box="[527,670,1695,1716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Hagens, J. (1874) Ueber die Genitalien der mannlichen Bienen, besonders der Gattung Sphecodes. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 1874, 25 - 43." type="journal article" year="1874">Hagens, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 38
</taxonomicName>
–39.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EBEF928A487F8C7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEF928A487F8C7" blockId="15.[151,1436,1761,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEF928A14CF920" bold="true" box="[151,304,1761,1786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to 62°N, present in south
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40CD2F928A328F923" box="[763,852,1761,1785]" name="Sweden" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sweden</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40DA4F928A39AF923" box="[909,998,1761,1785]" name="Finland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Finland</collectingCountry>
, British Isles, east to Turkestan. In the Mediterranean very rare, known from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C6DF8CCA2DBF8C7" box="[580,679,1797,1821]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C9BF8CCA37DF8C7" box="[690,769,1797,1821]" name="Greece" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Greece</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40D11F8CCA3F4F8C7" box="[824,904,1797,1821]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40DBFF8CCA441F8C7" author="Westrich" box="[918,1085,1797,1821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40A61F8CCA492F8C7" author="Warncke" box="[1096,1262,1797,1821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EE0F8E0A5E0F877" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EE0F8E0A5E0F877" blockId="15.[151,1436,1761,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EE0F8E0A155F898" bold="true" box="[201,297,1833,1858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of various biotopes, usually in sandy sites, heathlands and sandpits. Present also in other open or semi-open habitats, as steppes, shrubby sites, etc. Rare in the whole distribution area.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40AAAF884A514F8BF" box="[1155,1384,1869,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40AAAF884A514F8BF" box="[1155,1384,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Andrena barbilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was mentioned as confirmed host by Stoeckhert (1933) and
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40D3BF8B8A3B3F853" author="Bluthgen" box="[786,975,1905,1929]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40DF5F8B8A415F853" box="[988,1129,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40DF5F8B8A415F853" box="[988,1129,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40A50F8B8A48FF853" box="[1145,1267,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilkella">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40A50F8B8A48FF853" box="[1145,1267,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. wilkella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40B2BF8B8A17DF877" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40B2BF8B8A17DF877" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lasioglossum prasinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F1FF85FA20EF877" authority="Ebmer" authorityName="Ebmer" box="[310,626,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="leucozonium" subSpecies="cedri">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F1FF85FA25DF877" box="[310,545,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">L. leucozonium cedri</emphasis>
Ebmer
</taxonomicName>
as likely hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40D0DF85CA3B2F877" author="Bluthgen" box="[804,974,1941,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40DF0F85FA41FF877" author="Vegter" box="[985,1123,1941,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter 1993</bibRefCitation>
, M. Schwarz, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

148
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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EBEFBFDA337FB75" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEFBFDA21FFB97" blockId="15.[151,611,1075,1102]" box="[151,611,1075,1102]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="3C5DB011B041FFD40EBEFBFDA21FFB97" bold="true" box="[151,611,1075,1102]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40EBEFBFDA21FFB97" ID-CoL="6Z9NH" authority="Thomson, 1870" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,611,1075,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFBFDA21FFB97" bold="true" box="[151,611,1075,1102]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFBFDA1E2FB94" bold="true" box="[151,414,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes puncticeps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40F8CFBFAA21FFB97" author="Thomson" box="[421,611,1075,1101]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEFBB3A36EFB4A" blockId="15.[151,843,1146,1261]" box="[151,786,1146,1169]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFBB3A154FB4A" bold="true" box="[151,296,1146,1169]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F06FBB3A2A5FB4A" authority="Thomson, 1870: 99" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1870" box="[303,729,1146,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F06FBB3A270FB4A" box="[303,524,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes puncticeps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40C3BFBB3A2C9FB4A" author="Thomson" box="[530,693,1146,1168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</taxonomicName>
–100.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEFB50A337FB75" blockId="15.[151,843,1146,1261]" box="[151,843,1177,1200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFB50A173FB6A" bold="true" box="[151,271,1177,1200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F3DFB50A2E4FB75" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[276,664,1177,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F3DFB50A26AFB75" box="[276,534,1177,1199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes bituberculatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40C34FB50A2E4FB75" author="Perez" box="[541,664,1177,1199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXX–CCXXI.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EDCFB71A360FB36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EDCFB71A37AFB17" blockId="15.[151,843,1146,1261]" box="[245,774,1208,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40EDCFB71A22EFB17" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,594,1208,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacifrons">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EDCFB71A1ADFB14" box="[245,465,1208,1230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes opacifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40FF1FB71A22EFB17" author="Perez" box="[472,594,1208,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXIX–CCXX.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EDCFB1EA360FB36" blockId="15.[151,843,1146,1261]" box="[245,796,1238,1261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B041FFD40EDCFB1EA360FB36" box="[245,796,1238,1261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40EDCFB1EA1AEFB37" ID-CoL="6Z9NH" box="[245,466,1239,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EDCFB1EA1AEFB37" box="[245,466,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes puncticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40FF0FB1EA364FB36" authority="Strand, 1921: 305" authorityName="Strand" authorityPageNumber="305" authorityYear="1921" box="[473,792,1238,1261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="variety" variety="cretanus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40C2DFB11A226FB37" box="[516,602,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">cretanus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB041FFD40C48FB1FA364FB36" author="Strand" box="[609,792,1238,1260]" page="305" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40C48FB1FA299FB36" author="Strand" box="[609,741,1238,1260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Strand, E. (1921) Apidologisches, insbesondere uber palaarktische Halictus - Arten, auf Grund von Material des Deutschen Entomologischen Museums. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 87 A (3), 305 - 322." type="journal article" year="1921">Strand, 1921</bibRefCitation>
: 305
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.
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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EBEFAD0A1F9FA8F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEFAD0A1F9FA8F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1305,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFAD0A14CFAE8" bold="true" box="[151,304,1305,1330]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to south
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C6CFAD0A2E6FAEB" box="[581,666,1305,1329]" name="Finland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Finland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40CF0FAD0A348FAEB" box="[729,820,1305,1329]" name="Sweden" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, Asia, North Africa to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40A61FAD3A4F2FAE8" box="[1096,1166,1306,1330]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40AB4FAD0A4A7FAEB" box="[1181,1243,1305,1329]" name="Israel" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Israel</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40AC4FAD0A5E4FAEB" author="Westrich" box="[1261,1432,1305,1329]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40EBEFAF4A141FA8F" author="Warncke" box="[151,317,1341,1365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40F79FAF7A1FDFA8F" box="[336,385,1342,1365]" name="Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B041FFD40EE0FAA8A4FCFA3F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EE0FAA8A4FCFA3F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1305,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EE0FAA8A155FAA0" bold="true" box="[201,297,1377,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm sandy biotopes, in south Europe quite common, in central Europe local but in sandy localities usually abundant. The only confirmed host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40D2CFA4CA467FA47" box="[773,1051,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40D2CFA4CA467FA47" box="[773,1051,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lasioglossum villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, published by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40A96FA4CA51FFA47" author="Alfken" box="[1215,1379,1413,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Alfken, J. D. (1913) Die Bienenfauna von Bremen. Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaflichen Vereins Bremen, 22, 1 - 220. Alfken, J. D. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna von Algerien. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique Belgique, 22, 185 - 237." type="journal article" year="1913">Alfken (1913)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40B44FA4CA159FA1B" author="Bischoff" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Bischoff, H. (1927) Biologie der Hymenopteren. J. Springer, Berlin, 598 pp." type="book" year="1927">Bischoff (1927)</bibRefCitation>
put
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40F72FA63A211FA1B" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[347,621,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicorne">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F72FA63A18EFA1B" box="[347,498,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">L. brevicorne</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
as likely host. We confirm both hosts and have observed
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40B2FFA63A5E0FA1B" box="[1286,1436,1450,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40B2FFA63A5E0FA1B" box="[1286,1436,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. puncticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also in an association with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40FECFA07A244FA3F" box="[453,568,1485,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40FECFA07A244FA3F" box="[453,568,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">L. politum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB041FFD40C46FA07A3F8FA3F" authority="Warncke" authorityName="Warncke" box="[623,900,1485,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sabulosum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40C46FA07A378FA3F" box="[623,772,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">L. sabulosum</emphasis>
(Warncke)
</taxonomicName>
, but with no evidence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFD46A1A1FD73" bold="true" box="[151,477,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes pseudofasciatus</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1925
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40F06FD1EA23EFD37" box="[303,578,727,749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodes pseudofasciatus</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1925: 473
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. No synonyms.
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<paragraph id="6715077DB041FFD40EBEFCFEA443FC4D" blockId="15.[151,1436,823,991]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EBEFCFEA14CFC8A" bold="true" box="[151,304,823,848]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
Distribution is poorly known, because of former incorrect synonymization of this species under
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40BAEFCF1A082FCAE" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. croaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB041FFD40F0EFC95A1A2FCAE" author="Warncke" box="[295,478,860,884]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. We examined material from:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40D06FC95A3F9FCAE" box="[815,901,860,884]" name="Austria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40DA6FC95A438FCAE" box="[911,1092,860,884]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40A66FC94A4E2FCAE" box="[1103,1182,861,884]" name="France" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40A80FC94A570FCAF" box="[1193,1292,861,885]" name="Hungary" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40B3FFC95A536FCAE" box="[1302,1354,860,884]" name="Italy" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40B7CFC94A0C0FC4D" name="Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40EEEFCB6A153FC4D" box="[199,303,895,919]" name="Romania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Romania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40F13FCB6A1F4FC4D" box="[314,392,895,919]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40FBAFCB6A184FC4D" box="[403,504,895,919]" name="Slovakia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C2AFCB6A239FC4D" box="[515,581,895,919]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40C78FCB6A2A5FC4D" box="[593,729,895,919]" name="Switzerland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40CCDFC49A330FC4D" box="[740,844,896,919]" name="Morocco" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40D7EFCB6A3DBFC4D" box="[855,935,895,919]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB041FFD40DF7FCB6A440FC4D" box="[990,1084,895,919]" name="Ukraine" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB041FFD40EE0FC6AA155FC66" bold="true" box="[201,297,931,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
This species is collected in low numbers and only few records are known from each country. Host is unknown.
</paragraph>
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389
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(
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<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70F06FA13A104FA2A" box="[303,376,1498,1520]" name="Malta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Melitta</collectingCountry>
monilicornis
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: 47
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–48.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F3DFA30A191F9D5" box="[276,493,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes maculatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FDDFA30A2E0F9D5" author="Lepeletier" box="[500,668,1529,1551]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 545
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF9D1A18CF9F4" box="[245,496,1560,1582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes subquadratus</emphasis>
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: 1014
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF9FEA1D6F997" box="[245,426,1591,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
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var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70FF5F9FEA21AF997" box="[476,614,1591,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">subquadratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C93F9F1A370F997" box="[698,780,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">incertus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70D3BF9FFA3BBF996" author="Sichel" box="[786,967,1590,1612]" page="420" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D3BF9FFA3E8F996" author="Sichel" box="[786,916,1590,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 420
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF99CA1D6F9B1" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1621,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF99CA1D6F9B1" box="[245,426,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F99F99FA23BF9B1" box="[432,583,1621,1643]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="variety" variety="ephippium">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70FF5F99CA23BF9B1" box="[476,583,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70CB2F99FA37AF9B1" box="[667,774,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nigrescens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70D24F99CA3BEF9B1" author="Sichel" box="[781,962,1621,1643]" page="427" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D24F99CA3F3F9B1" author="Sichel" box="[781,911,1621,1643]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 427
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF9BDA1D6F950" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1652,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF9BDA1D6F950" box="[245,426,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F99F9BCA23BF950" box="[432,583,1652,1674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="variety" variety="ephippium">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70FF5F9BDA23BF950" box="[476,583,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70CB2F9BCA376F950" box="[667,778,1653,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">testaceipes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70D38F9BAA3BAF953" author="Sichel" box="[785,966,1651,1673]" page="428" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D38F9BAA3EFF953" author="Sichel" box="[785,915,1651,1673]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 428
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF95BA1D6F972" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1682,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF95BA1D6F972" box="[245,426,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F99F95AA23BF972" box="[432,583,1682,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="variety" variety="ephippium">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70FF5F95BA23BF972" box="[476,583,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70CB2F95BA3E1F972" authority="Sichel, 1865: 428" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="428" authorityYear="1865" box="[667,925,1682,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70CB2F95BA29DF972" box="[667,737,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">rufipes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70CC1F95BA3E1F972" author="Sichel" box="[744,925,1682,1704]" page="428" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70CC1F95BA317F972" author="Sichel" box="[744,875,1682,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 428
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF978A1D6F91D" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1713,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF978A1D6F91D" box="[245,426,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F99F97BA21AF91D" box="[432,614,1713,1735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="variety" variety="subquadratus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70FF5F978A21AF91D" box="[476,614,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">subquadratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C93F978A282F91D" box="[698,766,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">dubius</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70D2DF978A3C5F91D" author="Sichel" box="[772,953,1713,1735]" page="419" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D2DF978A3FAF91D" author="Sichel" box="[772,902,1713,1735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 419
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF919A213F93C" ID-CoL="6Z9NT" authority="Dalla Torre, 1896" authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityYear="1896" box="[245,623,1744,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficrus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF919A1CAF93C" box="[245,438,1744,1766]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes ruficrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70F95F919A213F93C" author="Dalla" box="[444,623,1744,1766]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. (1896) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. X. Apidae (Anthophila). Sumptibus Guilelmi Engelmann, Lipsiae, VIII + 643 pp." type="book" year="1896">Dalla Torre, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C57F918A2DDF93C" box="[638,673,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70C81F919A338F93C" author="Erichson" box="[680,836,1744,1766]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1835) Beschreibung von 19 neuen Hymenopteren aus Andalusien, pp. 101 - 109. In: Waltl, J. (ed.) Reise durch Tyrol, Oberitalien und Piemont nach dem sudlichen Spanien, nebst einem Anhange zoologischen Inhalts. 2. Auflage. Verlag der Pustetschen Buchhandlung (J. F. Winkler), Passau, 381 pp." type="book chapter" year="1835">Erichson, 1835</bibRefCitation>
),
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70D7FF918A39EF93C" box="[854,994,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70A24F918A572F93F" authority="Sichel, 1865: 9" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1865" box="[1037,1294,1744,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70A24F918A411F93C" box="[1037,1133,1744,1766]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. rufipes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70A5AF919A572F93F" author="Sichel" box="[1139,1294,1744,1766]" page="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70A5AF919A489F93C" author="Sichel" box="[1139,1269,1744,1766]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF926A206F8DE" authority="Nurse, 1903: 538" authorityName="Nurse" authorityPageNumber="538" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,634,1774,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hanuman">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF926A1B8F8DF" box="[245,452,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes hanuman</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FE2F926A206F8DE" author="Nurse" box="[459,634,1774,1796]" page="538" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FE2F926A237F8DE" author="Nurse" box="[459,587,1775,1796]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Nurse, C. G. (1903) New species of Indian Aculeate Hymenoptera. Annual Magazine of natural History, 11 (7), 393 - 403, 511 - 526, 528 - 549." type="journal article" year="1903">Nurse, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 538
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–539.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCF8C4A2DFF8F9" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" box="[245,675,1805,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCF8C4A2DFF8F9" box="[245,675,1805,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF8C4A2E3F8F9" authority="Meyer, 1920: 116" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,671,1805,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smyrnaensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF8C4A19FF8F9" box="[245,483,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes smyrnaensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FC3F8C7A2E3F8F9" author="Meyer" box="[490,671,1805,1827]" page="116" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FC3F8C7A212F8F9" author="Meyer" box="[490,622,1806,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 116
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCF8E5A2EAF89B" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" box="[245,662,1836,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCF8E5A2EAF89B" box="[245,662,1836,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF8E5A2EEF89B" authority="Meyer, 1920: 124" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,658,1836,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caucasicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF8E5A1A9F898" box="[245,469,1836,1858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes caucasicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FF5F8E4A2EEF89B" author="Meyer" box="[476,658,1836,1858]" page="124" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FF5F8E4A223F89B" author="Meyer" box="[476,607,1836,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 124
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCF883A2F2F8BA" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" box="[245,654,1866,1888]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCF883A2F2F8BA" box="[245,654,1866,1888]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF883A2F6F8BA" authority="Meyer, 1920: 129" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,650,1866,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadratus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF883A1B1F8BA" box="[245,461,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes quadratus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FFAF882A2F6F8BA" author="Meyer" box="[467,650,1867,1888]" page="129" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FFAF882A22BF8BA" author="Meyer" box="[467,599,1867,1888]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 129
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCF8A0A2EFF8A5" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" box="[245,659,1897,1919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCF8A0A2EFF8A5" box="[245,659,1897,1919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF8A0A2F3F8A5" ID-CoL="6Z9ZK" authority="Meyer, 1920: 129" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,655,1897,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF8A0A1AEF8A5" box="[245,466,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes cephalotes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FF0F8A3A2F3F8A5" author="Meyer" box="[473,655,1898,1919]" page="129" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FF0F8A3A220F8A5" author="Meyer" box="[473,604,1898,1919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 129
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCF841A348F866" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCF841A348F866" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF841A19AF844" ID-CoL="6Z9LP" box="[245,486,1928,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monilicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF841A19AF844" box="[245,486,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes monilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70FC5F840A335F847" authority="Bluthgen, 1927: 41" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1927" box="[492,841,1928,1950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="variety" variety="nigerrima">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C31F840A201F844" box="[536,637,1929,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nigerrima</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70CADF841A335F847" author="Bluthgen" box="[644,841,1928,1950]" page="41" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70CADF841A358F847" author="Bluthgen" box="[644,804,1928,1950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1927) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. III. Zoologische Jahrbuch, Abteilung fur Systematik, 53, 23 - 112." type="journal article" year="1927">Blüthgen, 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCF86EA34DF866" authority="Pittioni, 1950: 62" authorityName="Pittioni" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1950" box="[245,817,1958,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadratus" subSpecies="cephalotiformes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCF86EA20AF867" box="[245,630,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes quadratus cephalotiformes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70C55F86FA34DF866" author="Pittioni" box="[636,817,1958,1980]" page="62" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70C55F86FA377F866" author="Pittioni" box="[636,779,1958,1980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Pittioni, B. (1950) Hymenoptera aculeata I. On the insectfauna of Cyprus. Results of the Expedition of 1939 by Harald, Hakan and P. H. Lindberg. Commentationes Biologicae, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 10, 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1950">Pittioni, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 62
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEF80CA345F801" blockId="12.[151,1298,1498,2012]" box="[151,825,1989,2012]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEF80CA16FF806" bold="true" box="[151,275,1989,2012]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Subspecies:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F33F80CA349F801" authority="Meyer, 1920: 129" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1920" box="[282,821,1989,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="monilicornis" subSpecies="quadratus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F33F80CA205F801" box="[282,633,1989,2011]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes monilicornis quadratus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70C56F80FA37EF801" author="Meyer" box="[639,770,1990,2011]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 129
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EDCFF51A36FFF16" blockId="13.[245,793,152,205]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B043FFD60EDCFF51A36FFF16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EDCFF51A369FF77" ID-CoL="6Z9ZK" authority="Meyer, 1920: 129" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,789,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="monilicornis" subSpecies="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EDCFF51A225FF74" box="[245,601,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes monilicornis cephalotes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB043FFD60C76FF50A369FF77" author="Meyer" box="[607,789,152,174]" page="129" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60C76FF50A29FFF77" author="Meyer" box="[607,739,152,174]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 129
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EDCFF7EA373FF16" authority="Warncke, 1992: 22" authorityName="Warncke" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1992" box="[245,783,182,205]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="monilicornis" subSpecies="berberus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EDCFF7EA23BFF17" box="[245,583,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes monilicornis berberus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB043FFD60C65FF7FA373FF16" author="Warncke" box="[588,783,182,204]" page="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60C65FF7FA295FF16" author="Warncke" box="[588,745,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 22
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EBEFF31A1F3FEEF" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFF31A1F3FEEF" blockId="13.[151,1436,248,669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFF31A14CFECB" bold="true" box="[151,304,248,273]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of Europe, north to 64°N, in the east through Asia to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60DFAFF33A46AFECB" box="[979,1046,250,273]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Japan</collectingCountry>
, present in North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60B1EFF30A0AEFEEF" author="Westrich" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60EF4FED4A1FFFEEF" author="Warncke" box="[221,387,285,309]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EE0FE89A290FD47" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EE0FE89A290FD47" blockId="13.[151,1436,248,669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EE0FE89A155FE83" bold="true" box="[201,297,320,345]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Biology.</emphasis>
Common species, especially in warm habitats. Occurs mainly on steppes and sandy sites. It seems to be generalist with many hosts.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60FDBFEACA29AFEA7" box="[498,742,357,381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bogusch, P., Kratochvil, L. &amp; Straka, J. (2006) Generalist cuckoo bees are species specialist in an individual level (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Sphecodes). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 422 - 429." type="journal article">
Bogusch
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C75FEAFA2E8FEA7" box="[604,660,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
summarized all known hosts of this species. Confirmed hosts are the following:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F4FFE40A236FE7B" box="[358,586,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicundus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F4FFE40A236FE7B" box="[358,586,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halictus rubicundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60C71FE40A3ACFE7B" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[600,976,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C71FE40A335FE7B" box="[600,841,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lasioglossum albipes</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60DF2FE43A4A2FE7B" authority="Scopoli" authorityName="Scopoli" box="[987,1246,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calceatum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60DF2FE43A410FE7B" box="[987,1132,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. calceatum</emphasis>
(Scopoli)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60AC3FE43A5E8FE7B" box="[1258,1428,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucozonium">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60AC3FE43A5E8FE7B" box="[1258,1428,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. leucozonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EBEFE67A109FE1F" box="[151,373,429,453]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrinotatulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFE67A109FE1F" box="[151,373,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. quadrinotatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F9DFE67A248FE1F" box="[436,564,429,453]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F9DFE67A248FE1F" box="[436,564,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. zonulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60C6FFE67A28AFE1F" box="[582,758,429,453]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malachurum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C6FFE67A28AFE1F" box="[582,758,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. malachurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is another confirmed host by our research.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60AD4FE67A5E7FE1F" author="Vegter" box="[1277,1435,429,454]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
brought data of possible parasitation in nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60CF5FE1BA44AFE33" authority="Bogusch (2003)" authorityName="Bogusch" authorityYear="2003" box="[732,1078,465,489]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60CF5FE1BA315FE33" box="[732,873,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. prasinum</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60D54FE18A44AFE33" author="Bogusch" box="[893,1078,465,489]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bogusch, P. (2003) Biologie vybranych druh u kleptoparazitickych v c el (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea). [Biology of selected cuckoo bee species (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea)]. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, MSc. thesis, unpublished, 111 pp. (in Czech)." type="book" year="2003">Bogusch (2003)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60A4FFE18A555FE33" box="[1126,1321,465,489]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60A4FFE18A555FE33" box="[1126,1321,465,489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Andrena flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60B14FE18A176FDD7" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60B14FE18A176FDD7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halictus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F3EFE3FA1C8FDD7" box="[279,436,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumulorum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F3EFE3FA1C8FDD7" box="[279,436,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. tumulorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60FE8FE3CA2C4FDD7" box="[449,696,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60FE8FE3CA2C4FDD7" box="[449,696,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lasioglossum laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60CEFFE3FA32FFDD7" box="[710,851,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60CEFFE3FA32FFDD7" box="[710,851,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. pauxillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60DA1FE3FA404FDD7" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[904,1144,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60DA1FE3FA466FDD7" box="[904,1050,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. villosulum</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
. Thus the number of hosts of this species is high and the females are individually specialized. Most of the hosts are primitively eusocial and females of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F31FDF7A1B9FD8F" box="[280,453,573,597]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monilicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F31FDF7A1B9FD8F" box="[280,453,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. monilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lay eggs either into their nests within the solitary phase in spring or summer worker phase. Females of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F4EFDABA26CFDA3" box="[359,528,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monilicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F4EFDABA26CFDA3" box="[359,528,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. monilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can kill the workers of a nest and than lay eggs in all cells including those sealed and those not fully supplied (A. Přidal, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

148
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<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFCA3A249FC5E" blockId="12.[151,565,874,900]" box="[151,565,874,900]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="3C5DB011B042FFD70EBEFCA3A249FC5E" bold="true" box="[151,565,874,900]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EBEFCA3A249FC5E" ID-CoL="6Z9M3" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,565,874,900]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFCA3A249FC5E" bold="true" box="[151,565,874,900]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFCA3A1FBFC5E" bold="true" box="[151,391,874,900]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes miniatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FA7FCA3A249FC5E" author="Hagens" box="[398,565,874,900]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFC78A2C0FC3F" blockId="12.[151,744,945,1059]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFC78A154FC1D" bold="true" box="[151,296,945,968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F06FC78A2C2FC1D" authority="Hagens, 1882: 223" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,702,945,967]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F06FC78A18BFC1D" box="[303,503,945,967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes miniatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FD4FC7BA2F1FC1D" author="Hagens" box="[509,653,946,967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 223
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFC06A173FC3C" bold="true" box="[151,271,975,998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F3DFC19A2C5FC3F" authority="Hagens, 1882: 224" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1882" box="[276,697,976,998]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F3DFC19A18CFC3C" box="[276,496,976,998]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes dimidiatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FDEFC18A2FAFC3F" author="Hagens" box="[503,646,976,998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B042FFD70EDCFC26A2F4FBF8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCFC26A2F4FBF8" blockId="12.[151,744,945,1059]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B042FFD70EDCFC26A2F4FBF8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCFC26A298FBDE" authority="Frey-Gessner, 1903: 100" authorityName="Frey-Gessner" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,740,1007,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murithianus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCFC26A19CFBDF" box="[245,480,1007,1029]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes murithianus</emphasis>
Frey-Gessner, 1903: 100
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCFBC4A2F8FBF8" authority="Meyer, 1922: 170" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,644,1037,1059]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCFBC4A1BBFBF9" box="[245,455,1037,1059]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes pilicornis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB042FFD70FE4FBC7A2F8FBF8" author="Meyer" box="[461,644,1037,1059]" page="170" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1922">
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: 170
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B042FFD70EBEFB86A47DFB56" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFB86A47DFB56" blockId="12.[151,1436,1103,1343]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFB86A14CFBB2" bold="true" box="[151,304,1103,1128]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of Europe (north to south
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70C90FB86A36AFBBD" box="[697,790,1103,1127]" name="Sweden" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sweden</collectingCountry>
), present in southern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70A3EFB86A404FBBD" box="[1047,1144,1103,1127]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">England</collectingCountry>
; rare in southern Europe (confirmed only in Pelopponnese), absent from North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D64FBBDA388FB56" author="Warncke" box="[845,1012,1140,1164]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B042FFD70EE0FB5EA207FAE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EE0FB5EA207FAE5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1103,1343]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EE0FB5EA155FB6A" bold="true" box="[201,297,1175,1200]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology.</emphasis>
Common species especially of warmer and sandy sites.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70D96FB5EA40BFB75" author="Westrich" box="[959,1143,1175,1199]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70B2BFB51A14CFB0E" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiusculum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70B2BFB51A14CFB0E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lasioglossum nitidiusculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as confirmed host and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70C7CFB75A33CFB0E" box="[597,832,1212,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C7CFB75A33CFB0E" box="[597,832,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lasioglossum morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as likely host,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70A2AFB74A4D9FB0E" author="Vegter" box="[1027,1189,1212,1237]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70A9BFB74A519FB0E" box="[1202,1381,1213,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexstrigatum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70A9BFB74A519FB0E" box="[1202,1381,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. sexstrigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70EBEFB16A136FB2D" author="Bogusch" box="[151,330,1247,1271]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bogusch, P. (2003) Biologie vybranych druh u kleptoparazitickych v c el (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea). [Biology of selected cuckoo bee species (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea)]. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, MSc. thesis, unpublished, 111 pp. (in Czech)." type="book" year="2003">Bogusch (2003)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F78FB28A227FB22" authority="Schenck. We" authorityName="Schenck. We" box="[337,603,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F78FB28A1BFFB22" box="[337,451,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. politum</emphasis>
Schenck. We
</taxonomicName>
also observed females of this species in association of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70AEBFB28A533FB22" box="[1218,1359,1248,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70AEBFB28A533FB22" box="[1218,1359,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. pauxillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70BACFB28A13BFAC6" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissimum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70BACFB28A13BFAC6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. punctatissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, females of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70C6DFACCA2C3FAC6" box="[580,703,1285,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70C6DFACCA2C3FAC6" box="[580,703,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. miniatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70D48FACCA386FAC6" box="[865,1018,1285,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70D48FACCA386FAC6" box="[865,1018,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other small
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70A95FACDA54EFAC6" box="[1212,1330,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70A95FACDA54EFAC6" box="[1212,1330,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, so study of the specialization in the field is difficult.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

169
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<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFF5EA228FF6B" blockId="12.[151,596,151,177]" box="[151,596,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="3C5DB011B042FFD70EBEFF5EA228FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EBEFF5EA228FF6B" ID-CoL="6YXLL" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,596,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFF5EA228FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFF5EA1DBFF6B" bold="true" box="[151,423,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70F86FF5EA228FF6B" author="Hagens" box="[431,596,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFF17A20EFEB5" blockId="12.[151,734,222,398]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFF17A154FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,296,222,245]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F06FF16A2A6FF2E" authority="Hagens, 1882: 223" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,730,223,245]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F06FF16A26FFF2F" box="[303,531,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70C31FF16A2DBFF2E" author="Hagens" box="[536,679,223,244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 223
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFF35A173FEC9" bold="true" box="[151,271,252,275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F3DFF34A2E9FEC8" authority="Hagens, 1882: 224" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1882" box="[276,661,253,275]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F3DFF34A1B1FEC9" box="[276,461,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes atratus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FFDFF37A21FFEC8" author="Hagens" box="[468,611,253,275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCFED5A2ECFEEB" authority="Hagens, 1882: 225" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="225" authorityYear="1882" box="[245,656,283,306]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigritulus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCFED5A1B5FEE8" box="[245,457,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes nigritulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FE6FED4A221FEEB" author="Hagens" box="[463,605,284,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 225
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EDCFEF3A237FE8A" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,587,314,336]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biskrensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCFEF3A1B6FE8A" box="[245,458,314,336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecodes biskrensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FF8FEF3A237FE8A" author="Perez" box="[465,587,314,336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXXI.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFE90A16FFEAA" bold="true" box="[151,275,345,368]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Subspecies:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F33FE93A1DBFEB5" box="[282,423,345,367]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. m. larochei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70F85FE90A234FEB5" author="Warncke" box="[428,584,345,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 34.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EDCFEB0A235FE54" blockId="12.[151,734,222,398]" box="[245,585,376,398]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EDCFEB0A100FE54" box="[245,380,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. m. creticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70FAAFEB1A263FE57" author="Warncke" box="[387,543,376,398]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 35.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B042FFD70EBEFE73A4A0FDB8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EBEFE73A4A0FDB8" blockId="12.[151,1436,442,791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFE73A14CFE09" bold="true" box="[151,304,442,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
Unclear because of past confusion with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70CC7FE72A309FE09" box="[750,885,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70CC7FE72A309FE09" box="[750,885,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and reported by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70A06FE73A49CFE08" author="Warncke" box="[1071,1248,442,466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke (1992)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70B2DFE72A178FE2C" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="marginatus" subSpecies="biskrensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70B2DFE72A178FE2C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. marginatus biskrensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We examined wide material of the
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70CA7FE16A359FE2C" box="[654,805,479,502]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70CA7FE16A359FE2C" box="[654,805,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and this species seems to be atlanto-mediterranean (absent from eastern Europe, Scandinavia and British Isles). Occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70A29FDCAA4E0FDC1" box="[1024,1180,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70A29FDCAA4E0FDC1" box="[1024,1180,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was confirmed in the following countries:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70F57FDEFA1A3FDE4" box="[382,479,550,574]" name="Belgium" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Belgium</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70FC2FDEEA245FDE4" box="[491,569,551,574]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70C6DFDEFA2D7FDE4" box="[580,683,550,574]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Germany</collectingCountry>
(up to north),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70D66FDEFA3FDFDE4" box="[847,897,550,574]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Italy</collectingCountry>
(Sicilia),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70DC6FDEEA429FDE4" box="[1007,1109,551,574]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70A48FDEFA4BDFDE4" box="[1121,1217,550,574]" name="Portugal" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70AE4FDEFA572FDE4" box="[1229,1294,550,574]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70B32FDEFA510FDE4" box="[1307,1388,550,574]" name="Tunisia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
and as subspecies in Canary Islands and Crete, also published for
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB042FFD70D13FD83A3DDFDB8" box="[826,929,586,610]" name="Denmark" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Denmark</collectingCountry>
(Madsen &amp; Calabuig 2011).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B042FFD70EE0FDA7A36EFCCC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB042FFD70EE0FDA7A36EFCCC" blockId="12.[151,1436,442,791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EE0FDA7A155FD5D" bold="true" box="[201,297,622,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm open biotopes, usually sandy sites. In central Europe bound to heath and sandpits and other open sandy biotopes. Hosts unknown,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB042FFD70CE2FD5AA315FD70" author="Vegter" box="[715,873,658,683]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70DDAFD5AA54CFD70" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" box="[1011,1328,658,683]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70DDAFD5AA4C9FD71" box="[1011,1205,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dufourea minuta</emphasis>
Lepeletier
</taxonomicName>
as likely host. However, the biology of both species is quite different, so we cannot accept it. In our opinion, small species of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70EBEFD12A14DFD29" box="[151,305,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70EBEFD12A14DFD29" box="[151,305,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in sandy localities will be the hosts, eg.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70D41FD15A389FD29" box="[872,1013,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70D41FD15A389FD29" box="[872,1013,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. lucidulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70A2DFD15A4ADFD29" box="[1028,1233,732,755]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissimum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70A2DFD15A4ADFD29" box="[1028,1233,732,755]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. punctatissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70AF6FD15A50BFD29" box="[1247,1399,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilucens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70AF6FD15A50BFD29" box="[1247,1399,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. semilucens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70BACFD15A15AFCCC" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexstrigatum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70BACFD15A15AFCCC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. sexstrigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB042FFD70F62FCC9A19DFCCC" box="[331,481,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sabulosum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB042FFD70F62FCC9A19DFCCC" box="[331,481,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">L. sabulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this needs more study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

235
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<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEF8FCA243F895" blockId="13.[151,575,1845,1871]" box="[151,575,1845,1871]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="3C5DB011B043FFD60EBEF8FCA243F895" bold="true" box="[151,575,1845,1871]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EBEF8FCA243F895" ID-CoL="6YXP6" authority="Lepeletier, 1825" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,575,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEF8FCA243F895" bold="true" box="[151,575,1845,1871]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEF8FCA10DF895" bold="true" box="[151,369,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes olivieri</emphasis>
Lepeletier, 1825
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEF8B2A20BF84B" blockId="13.[151,825,1915,2030]" box="[151,631,1915,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEF8B2A154F84B" bold="true" box="[151,296,1915,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F06F8B5A20FF84B" authority="Lepeletier, 1825: 448" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityPageNumber="448" authorityYear="1825" box="[303,627,1915,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F06F8B5A1EDF848" box="[303,401,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. olivieri</emphasis>
Lepeletier, 1825: 448
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEF853A2AFF86A" blockId="13.[151,825,1915,2030]" box="[151,723,1946,1969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEF853A173F86B" bold="true" box="[151,271,1946,1969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F3DF853A2E5F86A" authority="Spinola, 1843: 137" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="137" authorityYear="1843" box="[276,665,1946,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F3DF853A1AFF86A" box="[276,467,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes collaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60FF0F853A215F86A" author="Spinola" box="[473,617,1946,1968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Spinola, M. (1843) Sur quelques Hymenopteres peu connus, recueillis en Espagne, pendant l'annee 1842, par M. Victor Ghiliani, voyageur-naturaliste. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (2) 1, 111 - 144." type="journal article" year="1843">Spinola, 1843</bibRefCitation>
: 137
</taxonomicName>
–139.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EDCF870A2F6F837" blockId="13.[151,825,1915,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B043FFD60EDCF870A2F6F837" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EDCF870A1AEF815" box="[245,466,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EDCF870A1AEF815" box="[245,466,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes hispanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60FF0F873A348F815" authority="Sichel, 1865: 447" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="447" authorityYear="1865" box="[473,820,1977,1999]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="variety" variety="abyssinicus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C2DF870A205F815" box="[516,633,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">abyssinicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB043FFD60C56F870A348F815" author="Sichel" box="[639,820,1977,1999]" page="447" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60C56F870A37DF815" author="Sichel" box="[639,769,1977,1999]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 447
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EDCF811A2F9F837" authority="Sichel, 1865: 440" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="440" authorityYear="1865" box="[245,645,2008,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EDCF811A1B6F834" box="[245,458,2008,2030]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes ruficornis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB043FFD60FF9F811A2F9F837" author="Sichel" box="[464,645,2008,2030]" page="440" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60FF9F811A22EF834" author="Sichel" box="[464,594,2008,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 440
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCFF51A2B2FF77" blockId="14.[245,884,152,419]" box="[245,718,152,174]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFF51A2B2FF77" box="[245,718,152,174]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFF51A2E9FF77" authority="Sichel, 1865: 443" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="443" authorityYear="1865" box="[245,661,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFF51A1A0FF74" box="[245,476,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes punctulatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FCAFF51A2E9FF77" author="Sichel" box="[483,661,152,174]" page="443" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FCAFF51A218FF74" author="Sichel" box="[483,612,152,174]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 443
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–444.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCFF7EA2ECFED3" blockId="14.[245,884,152,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFF7EA2ECFED3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFF7EA2C4FF16" authority="Sichel, 1865: 445" authorityName="Sichel" authorityPageNumber="445" authorityYear="1865" box="[245,696,182,205]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subpunctulatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFF7EA183FF17" box="[245,511,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes subpunctulatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50C2CFF7FA2C4FF16" author="Sichel" box="[517,696,182,204]" page="445" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C2CFF7FA2FBFF16" author="Sichel" box="[517,647,182,204]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 445
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–446.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFF1CA2D5FF31" ID-CoL="6Z9NQ" authority="Morawitz, 1876: 255" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityPageNumber="255" authorityYear="1876" box="[245,681,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufithorax">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFF1CA1B1FF31" box="[245,461,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes rufithorax</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FFAFF1CA2D5FF31" author="Morawitz" box="[467,681,213,235]" page="255" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1876">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FFAFF1CA204FF31" author="Morawitz" box="[467,632,213,235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Morawitz, F. (1876) [Fauna of Bees of the Caucasus]. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 12, 3 - 69 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1876">Morawitz, 1876</bibRefCitation>
: 255
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–256.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFF3DA2F0FED3" ID-CoL="6YY34" authority="Hagens, 1882: 219" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="219" authorityYear="1882" box="[245,652,244,266]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verticalis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFF3DA1B8FED0" box="[245,452,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes verticalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FE2FF3CA2F0FED3" author="Hagens" box="[459,652,244,266]" page="219" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1882">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FE2FF3CA225FED3" author="Hagens" box="[459,601,244,266]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 219
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCFEDBA2D5FEF2" blockId="14.[245,884,152,419]" box="[245,681,274,296]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFEDBA2D5FEF2" box="[245,681,274,296]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFEDBA20EFEF2" authority="Nurse, 1903: 540" authorityName="Nurse" authorityPageNumber="540" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,626,274,296]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desertus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFEDBA1C6FEF2" box="[245,442,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes desertus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FE8FEDAA20EFEF2" author="Nurse" box="[449,626,274,296]" page="540" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FE8FEDAA23CFEF2" author="Nurse" box="[449,576,275,296]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Nurse, C. G. (1903) New species of Indian Aculeate Hymenoptera. Annual Magazine of natural History, 11 (7), 393 - 403, 511 - 526, 528 - 549." type="journal article" year="1903">Nurse, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 540
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–541.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCFEF8A2EAFE5E" blockId="14.[245,884,152,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFEF8A2EAFE5E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFEF8A2BDFE9D" authority="Cockerell, 1911: 217" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="217" authorityYear="1911" box="[245,705,305,327]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionospilus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFEF8A19AFE9D" box="[245,486,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes chionospilus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50FC5FEF8A2BDFE9D" author="Cockerell" box="[492,705,305,327]" page="217" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50FC5FEF8A2ECFE9D" author="Cockerell" box="[492,656,305,327]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1911) Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum. 2. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 40, 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="1911">Cockerell, 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 217
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–218.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFE99A19AFEBC" box="[245,486,336,358]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionospilus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFE99A19AFEBC" box="[245,486,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes chionospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50FC5FE98A30CFEBF" authority="Cockerell, 1911: 217" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="217" authorityYear="1911" box="[492,880,336,358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="variety" variety="sanguinatus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C31FE98A2EEFEBC" box="[536,658,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sanguinatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50CB0FE99A30CFEBF" author="Cockerell" box="[665,880,336,358]" page="217" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50CB0FE99A341FEBF" author="Cockerell" box="[665,829,336,358]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1911) Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum. 2. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 40, 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="1911">Cockerell, 1911</bibRefCitation>
: 217
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFEA6A227FE5E" authority="Meyer, 1920: 121" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,603,367,389]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFEA6A1DEFE5F" box="[245,418,367,389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes tenuis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50F80FEA6A227FE5E" author="Meyer" box="[425,603,367,388]" page="121" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50F80FEA6A251FE5E" author="Meyer" box="[425,557,367,388]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 121
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–122.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EDCFE44A2A1FE78" blockId="14.[245,884,152,419]" box="[245,733,397,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B040FFD50EDCFE44A2A1FE78" box="[245,733,397,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50EDCFE44A1D3FE79" ID-CoL="6YXP6" box="[245,431,397,419]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EDCFE44A1D3FE79" box="[245,431,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sphecodes olivieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50F9CFE47A2A5FE78" authority="Meyer, 1925: 4" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1925" box="[437,729,397,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="variety" variety="niveatus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50FC8FE47A24AFE79" box="[481,566,398,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">niveatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB040FFD50C15FE47A2A5FE78" author="Meyer" box="[572,729,397,419]" page="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50C15FE47A2BCFE79" author="Meyer" box="[572,704,397,419]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Meyer, R. (1925) Zur Bienengattung Sphecodes. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 90 A (12), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Meyer, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B040FFD50EBEFE06A1CAFDD6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EBEFE06A1CAFDD6" blockId="14.[151,1436,463,596]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EBEFE06A14EFE32" bold="true" box="[151,306,463,488]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution:</emphasis>
Southern Europe from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50C73FE06A2E6FE3D" box="[602,666,463,487]" name="Spain" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Spain</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50CE7FE06A35CFE3D" box="[718,800,463,487]" name="Turkey" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, North Africa (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50DC8FE06A434FE3D" box="[993,1096,463,487]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Morocco</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50A55FE06A4BFFE3D" box="[1148,1219,463,487]" name="Egypt" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Egypt</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50AF7FE06A563FE3D" box="[1246,1311,463,487]" name="Israel" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Israel</collectingCountry>
, Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50EB7FE3DA13FFDD6" author="Warncke" box="[158,323,500,524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB040FFD50FA8FE3CA1CEFDD6" box="[385,434,501,524]" name="Iran" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B040FFD50EEEFDDEA512FD8E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB040FFD50EEEFDDEA512FD8E" blockId="14.[151,1436,463,596]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50EEEFDDEA15BFDEA" bold="true" box="[199,295,535,560]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Biology.</emphasis>
Southern species occurring in warm semidesert habitats. The hosts of this rare species are not well known.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB040FFD50ED8FDF5A1D5FD8E" author="Bluthgen" box="[241,425,572,596]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50C04FDF5A3BEFD8E" authority="Strand" authorityName="Strand" box="[557,962,572,596]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptiellum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50C04FDF5A323FD8E" box="[557,863,572,596]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lasioglossum aegyptiellum</emphasis>
(Strand)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB040FFD50DD1FDF4A4BEFD8E" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[1016,1218,572,596]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB040FFD50DD1FDF4A418FD8E" box="[1016,1124,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. vagans</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
as likely hosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

149
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<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EBEFB5CA237FB75" ID-CoL="6Z9NZ" authority="Pesenko, 1979" authorityName="Pesenko" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,587,1173,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFB5CA237FB75" bold="true" box="[151,587,1173,1199]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFB5CA1E8FB75" bold="true" box="[151,404,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes nomioidis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60FB2FB5CA237FB75" author="Pesenko" box="[411,587,1173,1199]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Pesenko, Y. A. (1979) A new species of cleptoparasitic bees of the genus Sphecodes Latr. from a nest of Nomioides minutissimus (Rossi) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Entomological Reviews (Washington), 58 (4), 136." type="journal article" year="1979">Pesenko, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFB12A156FACA" blockId="13.[151,728,1243,1296]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFB12A154FB2B" bold="true" box="[151,296,1243,1266]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F06FB15A2A8FB2B" authority="Pesenko, 1979: 136" authorityName="Pesenko" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="1979" box="[303,724,1243,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F06FB15A278FB28" box="[303,516,1244,1266]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes nomioidis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60C23FB12A2DDFB2B" author="Pesenko" box="[522,673,1243,1265]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Pesenko, Y. A. (1979) A new species of cleptoparasitic bees of the genus Sphecodes Latr. from a nest of Nomioides minutissimus (Rossi) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Entomological Reviews (Washington), 58 (4), 136." type="journal article" year="1979">Pesenko, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 136
</taxonomicName>
. No synonyms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EBEFAF4A2F3FA1B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFAF4A2F3FA1B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1341,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFAF4A14CFA8C" bold="true" box="[151,304,1341,1366]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
Unclear due to confusion with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60CB7FAF7A347FA8F" box="[670,827,1342,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60CB7FAF7A347FA8F" box="[670,827,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We examined wide material of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60A9DFAF7A52EFA8F" box="[1204,1362,1342,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60A9DFAF7A52EFA8F" box="[1204,1362,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EEFFAABA12CFAA3" box="[198,336,1377,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EEFFAABA12CFAA3" box="[198,336,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be ponto-mediterranean (absent from west Europe and North Africa) species. The occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60ED2FA4FA1FAFA47" box="[251,390,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60ED2FA4FA1FAFA47" box="[251,390,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was confirmed in the following countries:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60D58FA4CA3BAFA47" box="[881,966,1413,1437]" name="Austria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60DFBFA4CA449FA47" box="[978,1077,1413,1437]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60A6BFA4CA484FA47" box="[1090,1272,1413,1437]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60B2DFA4CA52AFA47" box="[1284,1366,1413,1437]" name="Greece" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60B4BFA4FA0B6FA18" name="Hungary" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60EFCFA60A15FFA1B" box="[213,291,1449,1473]" name="Jordan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60F07FA60A1EAFA1B" box="[302,406,1449,1473]" name="Romania" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Romania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60F88FA60A27FFA1B" box="[417,515,1449,1473]" name="Slovakia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60C10FA60A2F7FA1B" box="[569,651,1449,1473]" name="Turkey" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Turkey</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EE0FA04A3BDF93B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EE0FA04A51EF9D3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1341,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EE0FA04A155FA3C" bold="true" box="[201,297,1485,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Biology.</emphasis>
Poorly known, because of confusion with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60D20FA07A3D8FA3F" box="[777,932,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60D20FA07A3D8FA3F" box="[777,932,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It occurs on warm sandy and loess biotopes in central Europe. The species is expanding northwards recently and getting more common in central Europe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EE0F9DCA3BDF93B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1341,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EE0F9DCA1F1F9F7" bold="true" box="[201,397,1557,1582]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60FB1F9DCA4D8F9F7" authority="Perez, 1903 sensu Warncke (1992)" authorityName="Perez, 1903 sensu Warncke" authorityYear="1992" box="[408,1188,1557,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="marginatus" subSpecies="biskrensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60FB1F9DCA372F9F7" box="[408,782,1557,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes marginatus biskrensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60D3EF9DCA3E1F9F7" author="Perez" box="[791,925,1557,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60D8FF9DFA398F9F7" box="[934,996,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60DC4F9DCA4D8F9F7" author="Warncke" box="[1005,1188,1557,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke (1992)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was characterized by strongly elongated felt-like pubescence on antennomeres. This character seems to be very variable and present commonly in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F1BF997A1B0F9AF" box="[306,460,1630,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F1BF997A1B0F9AF" box="[306,460,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60C4BF997A290F9AF" box="[610,748,1629,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C4BF997A290F9AF" box="[610,748,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="B811B9DFB043FFD60D04F997A321F9AC" box="[813,861,1630,1654]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60DABF997A470F9AF" box="[898,1036,1629,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biskrensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60DABF997A470F9AF" box="[898,1036,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. biskrensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from North Africa, where
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60BAEF997A179F943" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60BAEF997A179F943" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not occur. For this reason,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60C55F94BA374F943" box="[636,776,1665,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C55F94BA374F943" box="[636,776,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains the only available name for species from eastern Europe. The application of the name needs to be confirmed by study of the
<typeStatus id="B811B9DFB043FFD60DCCF96FA469F964" box="[997,1045,1702,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
material as well as examination of a wider material from the
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB043FFD60F93F900A268F93B" box="[442,532,1737,1761]" name="Ukraine" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
and other eastern European localities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

112
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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EBEFD38A34AFCB6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFD38A275FCD0" blockId="13.[151,521,752,779]" box="[151,521,752,779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="3C5DB011B043FFD60EBEFD38A275FCD0" bold="true" box="[151,521,752,779]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60EBEFD38A275FCD0" ID-CoL="6YXM4" authority="Hagens, 1874" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,521,752,779]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFD38A275FCD0" bold="true" box="[151,521,752,779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFD38A120FCD1" bold="true" box="[151,348,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes niger</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60F4DFD39A275FCD0" author="Hagens" box="[356,521,752,778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hagens, J. (1874) Ueber die Genitalien der mannlichen Bienen, besonders der Gattung Sphecodes. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 1874, 25 - 43." type="journal article" year="1874">Hagens, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFCFEA2E8FC97" blockId="13.[151,822,823,877]" box="[151,660,823,846]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFCFEA154FC97" bold="true" box="[151,296,823,846]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F06FCF1A2ECFC97" authority="Hagens, 1874: 43" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="43" authorityYear="1874" box="[303,656,824,846]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F06FCF1A1A9FC94" box="[303,469,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes niger</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60FF5FCF0A216FC97" author="Hagens" box="[476,618,824,846]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hagens, J. (1874) Ueber die Genitalien der mannlichen Bienen, besonders der Gattung Sphecodes. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 1874, 25 - 43." type="journal article" year="1874">Hagens, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 43
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFC9FA34AFCB6" blockId="13.[151,822,823,877]" box="[151,822,854,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFC9FA179FCB7" bold="true" box="[151,261,854,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F22FC9EA1CDFCB7" box="[267,433,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60F22FC9EA1CDFCB7" box="[267,433,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sphecodes niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60F91FC9EA34EFCB6" authority="Bluthgen, 1949: 79" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1949" box="[440,818,854,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="variety" variety="holomelaena">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60FCAFC9EA21AFCB7" box="[483,614,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">holomelaena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB043FFD60C45FC9FA370FCB6" author="Bluthgen" box="[620,780,854,876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1949) Neues oder Wissenswertes uber mitteleuropaische Aculeaten und Goldwespen. Beitrage zur taxonomischen Zoologie, 1, 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="1949">Blüthgen, 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 79
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B043FFD60EBEFC50A27EFC0F" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB043FFD60EBEFC50A27EFC0F" blockId="13.[151,1437,921,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EBEFC50A14CFC68" bold="true" box="[151,304,921,946]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe from north-east
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to
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,
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, absent from Scandinavia and North Africa (
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,
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).
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60EE0FC28A155FC20" bold="true" box="[201,297,993,1018]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm biotopes, where can be common. Usually, it is not very abundant but widespread. The only confirmed host is
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60FFBFBCCA2C4FBC7" box="[466,696,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lasioglossum morio</emphasis>
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;
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also thought
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60A2DFBCFA4EFFBC7" box="[1028,1171,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. lucidulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a host. However, this species occurs mainly in sandy sites, where
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB043FFD60C9AFBE3A376FB9B" box="[691,778,1066,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB043FFD60C9AFBE3A376FB9B" box="[691,778,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncommon.
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</treatment>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEF808A154F80D" bold="true" box="[151,296,1985,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Described as:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F06F808A276F80D" box="[303,522,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes hyalinatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C39F80BA2E3F80D" author="Hagens" box="[528,671,1986,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 222
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. No synonyms.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFF5EA14CFF6A" bold="true" box="[151,304,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of the Europe to 68°N, rare in south Europe; absent from
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and North Africa (
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,
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EE0FF16A155FF22" bold="true" box="[201,297,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of sunny sites in cooler regions, usually in rocky steppes on non-basic substrate. In central Europe local and usually rare. Two known hosts are
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confirmed by
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and
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first mentioned by Stoeckhert (1933) as the likely host and since confirmed by
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. The biology of
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and
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F88FE84A24EFEBE" box="[417,562,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. hyalinatus</emphasis>
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was studied by
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and
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. The abundance of this species is usually bound to the abundance of hosts. We have observed association of
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00A20FEB9A4E7FE52" box="[1033,1179,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. hyalinatus</emphasis>
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with both of the mentioned hosts.
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<mods:identifier id="0D0AE7472D504850678C126AF8CCC359" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7721577CBEE199EB225C4963E70797F3" type="Zenodo-Dep">281041</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="EF03B66BB044FFD10EBEFD33A1C8F8EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181203" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119517230" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF03B66BB044FFD10EBEFD33A1C8F8EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF03B66BB044FFD10EBEFD33A1C8F8EB" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EBEFD33A236FCAA" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFD33A238FCCE" blockId="10.[151,580,762,788]" box="[151,580,762,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="3C5DB011B044FFD10EBEFD33A238FCCE" bold="true" box="[151,580,762,788]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EBEFD33A238FCCE" ID-CoL="6YXMR" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,580,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFD33A238FCCE" bold="true" box="[151,580,762,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFD33A111FCCE" bold="true" box="[151,365,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F55FD33A240FCCE" author="Linnaeus" box="[380,572,762,788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Editio 1. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 826 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFCF2A2F4FC8B" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[151,648,827,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFCF2A154FC8B" bold="true" box="[151,296,827,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F06FCF5A2F8FC8B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 571" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="571" authorityYear="1758" box="[303,644,827,850]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibba">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F06FCF5A1D7FC88" box="[303,427,828,850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphex gibba</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F98FCF2A22DFC8B" author="Linnaeus" box="[433,593,827,849]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Editio 1. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 826 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 571
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFC93A236FCAA" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[151,586,858,881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFC93A173FCAB" bold="true" box="[151,271,858,881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F3DFC92A23AFCAA" authority="Fuessly, 1775: 51" authorityName="Fuessly" authorityPageNumber="51" authorityYear="1775" box="[276,582,858,880]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F3DFC92A1F7FCAA" box="[276,395,858,880]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Apis glabra</emphasis>
Füessly, 1775: 51
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EDCFCB0A2E6FAE6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFCB0A232FC16" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFCB0A237FC55" authority="Olivier, 1789" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[245,587,889,911]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFCB0A1C0FC55" box="[245,444,889,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Andrena ferruginea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FEAFCB0A237FC55" author="Olivier" box="[451,587,889,911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Olivier, A. G. (1789) Encyclopedie methodique, dictionnaire des insectes. Bd. 4. Panckoucke, Paris, 331 pp." type="book" year="1789">Olivier, 1789</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10C7CFCB3A29FFC55" box="[597,739,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10D25FCB0A43BFC55" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[780,1095,889,911]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibba">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10D25FCB0A3DEFC55" box="[780,930,889,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nomada gibba</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1775
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A7CFCB3A404FC55" box="[1109,1144,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10A57FCB0A563FC55" author="Linnaeus" box="[1150,1311,889,911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Editio 1. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 826 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
): 139.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFC50A182FC77" authority="Christ, 1791" authorityName="Christ" authorityYear="1791" box="[245,510,920,942]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFC50A104FC74" box="[245,376,920,942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Apis gibbosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F56FC51A182FC77" author="Christ" box="[383,510,920,942]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Christ, J. L. (1791) Naturgeschichte, Klassifikation und Nomenklatur der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht. Herrmann, Frankfurt am Main, 535 pp." type="book" year="1791">Christ, 1791</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10C21FC50A2E9FC74" box="[520,661,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10CE9FC51A386FC74" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[704,1018,920,942]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibba">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10CE9FC51A32AFC74" box="[704,854,920,942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nomada gibba</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1775
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A21FC50A457FC74" box="[1032,1067,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10A1BFC51A4AEFC74" author="Linnaeus" box="[1074,1234,920,942]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Editio 1. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 826 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
): 177.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFC7EA25DFC16" authority="Kirby, 1802: 48" authorityName="Kirby" authorityPageNumber="48" authorityYear="1802" box="[245,545,950,973]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Melitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picea">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFC7EA107FC17" box="[245,379,951,973]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10EDCFC7EA142FC17" box="[245,318,951,973]" name="Malta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Melitta</collectingCountry>
picea
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FA8FC7FA181FC16" author="Kirby" box="[385,509,950,972]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</taxonomicName>
–49.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFC1CA2FAFC31" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,646,981,1003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFC1CA2FAFC31" box="[245,646,981,1003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFC1CA227FC31" authority="Kirby, 1802: 46" authorityName="Kirby" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1802" box="[245,603,981,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Melitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphecoides">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFC1CA1CFFC31" box="[245,435,981,1003]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10EDCFC1CA142FC31" box="[245,318,981,1003]" name="Malta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Melitta</collectingCountry>
sphecoides
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10F93FC1CA227FC31" author="Kirby" box="[442,603,981,1003]" page="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1802">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F93FC1CA24AFC30" author="Kirby" box="[442,566,981,1003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
: 46
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–47.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFC3DA2F3FBD3" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,655,1011,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFC3DA2F3FBD3" box="[245,655,1011,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFC3DA2F7FBD3" ID-CoL="DR3T" authority="Fabricius, 1804: 325" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1804" box="[245,651,1011,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austriaca">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFC3DA1CDFBD0" box="[245,433,1012,1034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Andrena austriaca</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10F9EFC3AA2F7FBD3" author="Fabricius" box="[439,651,1011,1033]" page="325" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1804">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F9EFC3AA224FBD3" author="Fabricius" box="[439,600,1011,1033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum, secundum ordines, gen., spec., adjectis synonymidis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Carolum Reichard, Brunsvigae. xiv + 439 pp." type="book" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804</bibRefCitation>
: 325
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFBDBA2EEFB9D" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFBDBA2EEFB9D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFBDBA26EFBF2" authority="Illiger, 1806" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1806" box="[245,530,1042,1064]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrangeaceae" genus="Dichroa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="analis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFBDBA1F1FBF2" box="[245,397,1042,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dichroa analis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FBAFBDBA26EFBF2" author="Illiger" box="[403,530,1042,1064]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Illiger, K. (1806) William Kirbys Familien der bienenartigen Insekten mit Zusatzen, Nachweisungen und Bemerkungen. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 5, 28 - 175." type="journal article" year="1806">Illiger, 1806</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10C35FBDAA2D4FBF2" box="[540,680,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10CFAFBDBA470FBF2" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[723,1036,1042,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibba">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10CFAFBDBA315FBF2" box="[723,873,1042,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nomada gibba</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1775
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A32FBDAA442FBF2" box="[1051,1086,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10A6CFBDBA499FBF2" author="Linnaeus" box="[1093,1253,1042,1064]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Editio 1. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 826 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
): 48.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFBF8A219FB9D" ID-CoL="6YXY7" authority="Smith, 1853: 36" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1853" box="[245,613,1073,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFBF8A1C0FB9D" box="[245,444,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes apicatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10FEBFBF8A219FB9D" author="Smith" box="[450,613,1073,1095]" page="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FEBFBF8A23DFB9D" author="Smith" box="[450,577,1073,1095]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Smith, F. (1853) Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Andrenidae and Apidae. Part 1. Trustees, London, 197 pp." type="book" year="1853">Smith, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–37.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFB99A2C0FBBC" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,700,1104,1126]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFB99A2C0FBBC" box="[245,700,1104,1126]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFB99A2C4FBBC" authority="Morawitz, 1876: 257" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1876" box="[245,696,1104,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFB99A1A5FBBC" box="[245,473,1104,1126]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes nigripennis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10FC9FB99A2C4FBBC" author="Morawitz" box="[480,696,1104,1126]" page="257" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1876">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FC9FB99A2F9FBBC" author="Morawitz" box="[480,645,1104,1126]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Morawitz, F. (1876) [Fauna of Bees of the Caucasus]. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 12, 3 - 69 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1876">Morawitz, 1876</bibRefCitation>
: 257
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFBA6A22BFB5E" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,599,1134,1157]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFBA6A22BFB5E" box="[245,599,1134,1157]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFBA6A22FFB5E" authority="Nurse, 1903: 538" authorityName="Nurse" authorityPageNumber="538" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,595,1134,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sutor">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFBA6A1E6FB5F" box="[245,410,1135,1157]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes sutor</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10F89FBA6A22FFB5E" author="Nurse" box="[416,595,1134,1156]" page="538" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F89FBA6A25CFB5E" author="Nurse" box="[416,544,1135,1156]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Nurse, C. G. (1903) New species of Indian Aculeate Hymenoptera. Annual Magazine of natural History, 11 (7), 393 - 403, 511 - 526, 528 - 549." type="journal article" year="1903">Nurse, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 538
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFB44A211FB3A" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFB44A211FB3A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFB44A1D6FB79" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1165,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFB44A1D6FB79" box="[245,426,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F99FB47A36FFB79" authority="Meyer, 1920: 113" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1920" box="[432,787,1165,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="variety" variety="rufispinosus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10FF5FB44A224FB79" box="[476,600,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rufispinosus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10C74FB47A36FFB79" author="Meyer" box="[605,787,1166,1187]" page="113" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C74FB47A29DFB79" author="Meyer" box="[605,737,1166,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFB65A1D6FB18" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,1196,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFB65A1D6FB18" box="[245,426,1196,1218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F99FB64A361FB1B" authority="Meyer, 1920: 113" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1920" box="[432,797,1196,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="variety" variety="turcestanicus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10FF5FB64A21EFB18" box="[476,610,1197,1218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">turcestanicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10C4EFB64A361FB1B" author="Meyer" box="[615,797,1196,1218]" page="113" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C4EFB64A297FB1B" author="Meyer" box="[615,747,1196,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFB03A215FB3A" ID-CoL="6Z9LT" authority="Meyer, 1922: 171" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="171" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,617,1226,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFB03A1D0FB3A" box="[245,428,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes nippon</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10F9AFB02A215FB3A" author="Meyer" box="[435,617,1227,1248]" page="171" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F9AFB02A24AFB3A" author="Meyer" box="[435,566,1227,1248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 171
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFB20A298FB25" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,740,1257,1279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFB20A298FB25" box="[245,740,1257,1279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFB20A2D7FB25" authority="Bluthgen, 1924: 473" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="473" authorityYear="1924" box="[245,683,1257,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castilianus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFB20A1A8FB25" box="[245,468,1257,1279]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes castilianus</emphasis>
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: 473
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</taxonomicName>
–475.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFAC1A2E5FAC7" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,665,1288,1310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFAC1A2E5FAC7" box="[245,665,1288,1310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFAC1A2E9FAC7" authority="Cockerell, 1931: 411" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="411" authorityYear="1931" box="[245,661,1288,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lustrans">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFAC1A1C4FAC4" box="[245,440,1288,1310]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes lustrans</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10F97FAC1A2E9FAC7" author="Cockerell" box="[446,661,1288,1310]" page="411" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F97FAC1A21FFAC7" author="Cockerell" box="[446,611,1288,1310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1931) Descriptions and Records of Bees. 127. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 344 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Cockerell, 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 411
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFAEEA2E6FAE6" blockId="10.[151,1373,827,1341]" box="[245,666,1318,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFAEEA2E6FAE6" box="[245,666,1318,1341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFAEEA2EAFAE6" authority="Bluthgen, 1938: 50" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1938" box="[245,662,1318,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFAEEA1B6FAE7" box="[245,458,1319,1341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes pergibbus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10FF8FAEFA2EAFAE6" author="Bluthgen" box="[465,662,1318,1340]" page="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1938">
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: 50
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EBEFAA0A27AFA7F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFAA0A27AFA7F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1385,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFAA0A14CFA58" bold="true" box="[151,304,1385,1410]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
Nearly all of Europe (north to 63° N), the distribution area goes far into Asian mainland; also present in North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F78FA44A185FA7F" author="Warncke" box="[337,505,1421,1445]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EE0FA78A1C8F8EB" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EE0FA78A1C8F8EB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1385,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EE0FA78A155FA10" bold="true" box="[201,297,1457,1482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm open or bushy habitats, more common in southern Europe (one of the most numerous
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F25FA1CA1FEFA37" box="[268,386,1493,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F25FA1CA1FEFA37" box="[268,386,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes</emphasis>
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species). In central Europe it shows affinity to warm biotopes, and is one of the most common species of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F27FA30A1F8F9CB" box="[270,388,1529,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F27FA30A1F8F9CB" box="[270,388,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species is very variable in appearance and also in host spectrum. Main hosts are larger or medium sized species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10C6AF9D4A2DEF9EF" box="[579,674,1565,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10C6AF9D4A2DEF9EF" box="[579,674,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Halictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C98F9D4A31AF9EF" author="Westrich" box="[689,870,1565,1589]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10DFFF9D7A4EFF9EF" box="[982,1171,1565,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricinctus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10DFFF9D7A4EFF9EF" box="[982,1171,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. quadricinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10A8BF9D7A53FF9EF" box="[1186,1347,1565,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicundus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A8BF9D7A53FF9EF" box="[1186,1347,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. rubicundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10BA8F9D7A1EFF983" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexcinctus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10BA8F9D7A176F983" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. sexcinctus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F8AF988A220F983" author="Bogusch" box="[419,604,1601,1625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bogusch, P. (2003) Biologie vybranych druh u kleptoparazitickych v c el (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea). [Biology of selected cuckoo bee species (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea)]. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, MSc. thesis, unpublished, 111 pp. (in Czech)." type="book" year="2003">Bogusch (2003)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10CCFF98BA3A9F983" authority="Bluthgen" authorityName="Bluthgen" box="[742,981,1601,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10CCFF98BA31FF983" box="[742,867,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. simplex</emphasis>
Blüthgen
</taxonomicName>
as a host and presented
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10B2BF988A158F9A7" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malachurum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10B2BF988A158F9A7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lasioglossum malachurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a likely host. Other records of likely hosts are difficult to accept:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10A1DF9ACA55BF9A7" authority="Panzer" authorityName="Panzer" box="[1076,1319,1637,1661]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaga">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A1DF9ACA4AFF9A7" box="[1076,1235,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Andrena vaga</emphasis>
Panzer
</taxonomicName>
published by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10E93F940A108F97B" author="Moschler" box="[186,372,1673,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Moschler, A. (1938) Ein Beitrag zur Bienenfauna in Ostpreussen insbesondere der Kurischen Nehrung. Schrift der physischen und okonomischen Gesselschaft in Konigsberg, 70, 243 - 288." type="journal article" year="1938">Möschler (1938)</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F83F940A2E5F97B" box="[426,665,1673,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F83F940A2E5F97B" box="[426,665,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colletes cunicularius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10D1CF940A38CF97B" author="Riemann" box="[821,1008,1673,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Riemann, H. (1987) Beitrag zur Stechimmenfauna niedersachsischer Sandgruben (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften, 3, 213 - 242." type="journal article" year="1987">Riemann (1987)</bibRefCitation>
. We observed a nesting site of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10B6EF940A5E7F97B" box="[1351,1435,1673,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaga">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10B6EF940A5E7F97B" box="[1351,1435,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. vaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for several years, but no attempt to enter the nest by this cuckoo bee was observed, even though the activity of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10BAEF967A09EF933" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10BAEF967A09EF933" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed few times.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C29F918A2C8F933" author="Westrich" box="[512,692,1745,1769]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
also put
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10D33F918A38EF933" box="[794,1010,1745,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10D33F918A38EF933" box="[794,1010,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Halictus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as likely host, which can be accepted. The list of hosts is probably larger than recently known and individual specialization to various hosts across the distribution area is likely.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEF9D3A109F9EE" bold="true" box="[151,373,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes majalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00F55F9D3A277F9EE" author="Perez" box="[380,523,1562,1588]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEF9A8A2D7F909" blockId="11.[151,716,1633,1747]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEF9A8A154F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,296,1633,1656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F06F9A8A217F9AD" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[303,619,1633,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="majalis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F06F9A8A197F9AD" box="[303,491,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes majalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FD8F9A8A217F9AD" author="Perez" box="[497,619,1633,1655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXIX.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEF9B6A173F94C" bold="true" box="[151,271,1663,1686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F3DF949A21EF94F" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[276,610,1664,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilior">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F3DF949A1A3F94C" box="[276,479,1664,1686]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes gracilior</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FCFF949A21EF94F" author="Perez" box="[486,610,1664,1686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXIX.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00EDCF956A2CBF96E" authority="Schulz, 1906: 235" authorityName="Schulz" authorityPageNumber="235" authorityYear="1906" box="[245,695,1694,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="problematicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EDCF956A18AF96F" box="[245,502,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes problematicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FD5F957A2F8F96E" author="Schulz" box="[508,644,1694,1716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Schulz, W. A. (1906) Spolia Hymenopterologica. Druck und Verlag der Junfermannschen Buchhandlung, Paderborn, 355 pp." type="book" year="1906">Schulz, 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 235
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00EDCF974A2DBF909" authority="Bluthgen, 1923a: 497" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="497" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,679,1725,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EDCF974A1BFF909" box="[245,451,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes barbarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FE0F974A208F909" author="Bluthgen" box="[457,628,1725,1747]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1923 a) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 441 - 514." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Blüthgen, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
: 497
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EBEF936A208F8E6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEF936A208F8E6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1791,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEF936A14CF8C2" bold="true" box="[151,304,1791,1816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00F11F936A106F8CD" box="[312,378,1791,1815]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00FAEF8C9A1AAF8CD" box="[391,470,1792,1815]" name="France" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00FCAF936A23AF8CD" box="[483,582,1791,1815]" name="Belgium" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Belgium</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00C7BF936A2C0F8CD" box="[594,700,1791,1815]" name="Germany" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00CE1F936A32CF8CD" box="[712,848,1791,1815]" name="Switzerland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00D74F936A3CFF8CD" box="[861,947,1791,1815]" name="Austria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00D96F936A388F8CD" box="[959,1012,1791,1815]" name="Italy" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00DD6F936A418F8CD" box="[1023,1124,1791,1815]" name="Slovenia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00A58F936A55BF8CD" box="[1137,1319,1791,1815]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00B1AF936A5E4F8CD" box="[1331,1432,1791,1815]" name="Slovakia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00EBEF8ECA086F8E7" box="[151,250,1829,1853]" name="Hungary" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00F2CF8EDA12FF8E6" box="[261,339,1828,1852]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00F77F8EDA1CEF8E6" box="[350,434,1828,1852]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Algeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FE9F8EDA214F8E6" author="Warncke" box="[448,616,1828,1852]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EE0F88EA1B8F816" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EE0F88EA1B8F816" blockId="11.[151,1436,1791,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EE0F88EA155F8BA" bold="true" box="[201,297,1863,1888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
Very rare species of steppes and sunny sites, bound to its host
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00A2AF881A520F885" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[1027,1372,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00A2AF881A484F8BA" box="[1027,1272,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lasioglossum pallens</emphasis>
(Brullé)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00B40F881A10EF85E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Herrmann, M., Burger, F., Muller, A. &amp; Tischendorf, S. (2003) Verbreitung, Lebensraum und Biologie der Furchenbiene Lasioglossum pallens (Brulle 1832) und ihrer Kuckucksbiene Sphecodes majalis Perez 1903 in Deutschland (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Carolinea, 61, 133 - 144." type="journal article">
Herrmann
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00ECFF8A4A15CF85E" box="[230,288,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
described the biology both of the host and the parasite. The cleptoparasite as its host occur in spring (both males and females), and are recordable only during few days or weeks from March to May. Thus it seems to be rarer than it is.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

166
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<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEFC25A249FBDF" blockId="11.[151,565,1003,1030]" box="[151,565,1003,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="3C5DB011B045FFD00EBEFC25A249FBDF" bold="true" box="[151,565,1003,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00EBEFC25A249FBDF" ID-CoL="6Z9LD" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,565,1003,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longulus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFC25A249FBDF" bold="true" box="[151,565,1003,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFC25A1FBFBDC" bold="true" box="[151,391,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes longulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FA7FC22A249FBDF" author="Hagens" box="[398,565,1003,1029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFBFBA154FB92" bold="true" box="[151,296,1074,1097]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F06FBFBA2C2FB92" authority="Hagens, 1882: 226" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,702,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longulus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F06FBFBA18BFB92" box="[303,503,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes longulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FD4FBFAA2F1FB92" author="Hagens" box="[509,653,1075,1096]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 226
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFB98A173FBB2" bold="true" box="[151,271,1105,1128]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F3DFB98A1A0FBBD" box="[276,476,1105,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longulus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F3DFB98A1A0FBBD" box="[276,476,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes longulus</emphasis>
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var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00C26FB98A22DFBBD" box="[527,593,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">epidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00C7EFB9BA29AFBBD" author="Hagens" box="[599,742,1106,1127]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 226
</taxonomicName>
.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B045FFD00EDCFBB9A2F6FB5C" box="[245,650,1136,1158]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EDCFBB9A1C3FB5C" box="[245,447,1136,1158]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes nitidulus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB045FFD00FECFBB8A2FAFB5C" author="Hagens" box="[453,646,1136,1158]" page="226" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="1882">
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: 226
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEFB7BA453FB34" blockId="11.[151,1437,1202,1478]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFB7BA14CFB11" bold="true" box="[151,304,1202,1227]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe, north to south
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00C7CFB7BA2D1FB10" box="[597,685,1202,1226]" name="Finland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00C96FB7BA364FB10" box="[703,792,1202,1226]" name="Sweden" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sweden</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00D73FB7BA3B9FB10" box="[858,965,1202,1226]" name="Denmark" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, south
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00A36FB7BA403FB10" box="[1055,1151,1202,1226]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">England</collectingCountry>
, eastwards to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00B07FB7BA5E0FB10" box="[1326,1436,1202,1226]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00EB7FB1FA139FB34" author="Westrich" box="[158,325,1238,1262]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00F79FB1FA189FB34" author="Warncke" box="[336,501,1238,1262]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
, Sörensson
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00C53FB11A2CEFB34" box="[634,690,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
2009, Madsen &amp; Calabuig 2011).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EE0FB33A28BFA1C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EE0FB33A28BFA1C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1202,1478]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EE0FB33A155FAC9" bold="true" box="[201,297,1274,1299]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
Rare species of sandy sites, uncommon in the localities in most of European countries. This species is nest cleptoparasite of small species of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00C65FAD7A29AFAEC" box="[588,742,1310,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00C65FAD7A29AFAEC" box="[588,742,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00CDCFAE9A470FAEC" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[757,1036,1310,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutissimum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00CDCFAE9A3CCFAEC" box="[757,944,1311,1335]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. minutissimum</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
is a confirmed host (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00AD5FAD7A5ECFAEC" author="Alfken" box="[1276,1424,1310,1334]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Alfken, J. D. (1912) Die Bienenfauna von Ostpreussen. Schrift des physisch-okonomischen Vereins in Konigsberg, 53, 114 - 182." type="journal article" year="1912">Alfken 1912</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00EBEFA8AA148FA80" author="Vegter" box="[151,308,1346,1371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
brought evidence of two additional hosts:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00D0AFA8DA3DBFA81" box="[803,935,1347,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00D0AFA8DA3DBFA81" box="[803,935,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00DC8FA8DA4BEFA80" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[993,1218,1346,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00DC8FA8DA41CFA81" box="[993,1120,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. zonulum</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
, which is possible. Other likely hosts are the following:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00C18FAA1A34BFAA4" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[561,823,1382,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00C18FAA1A2C2FAA4" box="[561,702,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. lucidulum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00D45FAA1A464FAA4" box="[876,1048,1383,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexstrigatum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00D45FAA1A464FAA4" box="[876,1048,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. sexstrigatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00A9CFAAEA533FAA4" author="Vegter" box="[1205,1359,1382,1407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00BACFAA1A0A6FA79" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00BACFAA1A0A6FA79" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FB9FA43A231FA78" author="Westrich" box="[400,589,1418,1442]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. During our observations nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00DC2FA45A4C2FA79" box="[1003,1214,1420,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissimum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00DC2FA45A4C2FA79" box="[1003,1214,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. punctatissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00AD7FA45A08BFA1C" authority="Alfken" authorityName="Alfken" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilucens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00AD7FA45A5E0FA79" box="[1278,1436,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. semilucens</emphasis>
(Alfken)
</taxonomicName>
were also invaded by females of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

111
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<treatment id="EF03B66BB045FFD00EBEFE36A272FC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181207" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119517233" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181207" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF03B66BB045FFD00EBEFE36A272FC4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF03B66BB045FFD00EBEFE36A272FC4D" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EBEFE36A2D0FDA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEFE36A213FDC3" blockId="11.[151,623,511,537]" box="[151,623,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="3C5DB011B045FFD00EBEFE36A213FDC3" bold="true" box="[151,623,511,537]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00EBEFE36A213FDC3" ID-CoL="6Z9N8" authority="Bluthgen, 1923" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,623,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFE36A213FDC3" bold="true" box="[151,623,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFE36A1D0FDC3" bold="true" box="[151,428,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes intermedius</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1923
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEFD8FA2D0FDA0" blockId="11.[151,818,582,635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFD8FA154FD86" bold="true" box="[151,296,582,605]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F06FD8EA285FD86" authority="Bluthgen, 1923a: 500" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="500" authorityYear="1923" box="[303,761,582,605]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F06FD8EA264FD87" box="[303,536,583,605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes intermedius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00C34FD8FA2B4FD86" author="Bluthgen" box="[541,712,582,604]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1923 a) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 441 - 514." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Blüthgen, 1923a</bibRefCitation>
: 500
</taxonomicName>
–502.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFDADA179FDA1" bold="true" box="[151,261,612,635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00F22FDACA2F0FDA0" authority="Meyer, 1925: 7" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1925" box="[267,652,613,635]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lactipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00F22FDACA197FDA1" box="[267,491,613,635]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sphecodes lactipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00FD8FDAFA209FDA1" author="Meyer" box="[497,629,613,635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Meyer, R. (1925) Zur Bienengattung Sphecodes. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 90 A (12), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Meyer, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</taxonomicName>
–8.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EBEFD6EA1C2FCF6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EBEFD6EA1C2FCF6" blockId="11.[151,1436,679,919]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EBEFD6EA14CFD1A" bold="true" box="[151,304,679,704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Very rare species, known from the
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00CE1FD6EA303FD65" box="[712,895,679,703]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00DA2FD6EA38CFD65" box="[907,1008,679,703]" name="Slovakia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00DD4FD61A41CFD1A" box="[1021,1120,680,704]" name="Hungary" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00A45FD6EA4D2FD65" box="[1132,1198,679,703]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00A95FD6EA576FD65" box="[1212,1290,679,703]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Russia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00B6EFD6EA5E4FD65" box="[1351,1432,679,703]" name="Turkey" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, Caucasus,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00F26FD05A1E8FD3E" box="[271,404,716,740]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00F89FD05A242FD3E" box="[416,574,716,740]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00C60FD05A2C6FD3E" box="[585,698,716,740]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00CDFFD05A336FD3E" box="[758,842,716,740]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Algeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB045FFD00D70FD05A47DFD3E" author="Warncke" box="[857,1025,716,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
). In all countries only one to several records are known, and most of them are very old. Recently, the species was recorded at Bratčice in south Moravia (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB045FFD00EB7FCDDA128FCF6" box="[158,340,788,812]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
) in 2011.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B045FFD00EE0FCFEA272FC4D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB045FFD00EE0FCFEA272FC4D" blockId="11.[151,1436,679,919]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EE0FCFEA155FC8A" bold="true" box="[201,297,823,848]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology.</emphasis>
Biology is poorly known; probably a species of warm and dry biotopes. Hosts unknown, in our opinion
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB045FFD00EEAFC95A190FCAE" authority="Bramson" authorityName="Bramson" box="[195,492,860,884]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kessleri">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB045FFD00EEAFC95A103FCAE" box="[195,383,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Halictus kessleri</emphasis>
Bramson
</taxonomicName>
can be the host of this species. This bee is present at sand walls in Bratčice, where we found two specimens in 2011.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

157
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<mods:title id="F65DB2CE980D014FB6A038ACF8E3A352">Review and identification of the cuckoo bees of central Europe (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Sphecodes)</mods:title>
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<heading id="3C5DB011B046FFD30EBEFAA8A256FAA0" bold="true" box="[151,554,1376,1403]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30EBEFAA8A256FAA0" ID-CoL="6Z9LY" authority="Meyer, 1922" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,554,1376,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croaticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFAA8A256FAA0" bold="true" box="[151,554,1376,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFAA8A1F0FAA1" bold="true" box="[151,396,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes croaticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30FBAFAA9A256FAA0" author="Meyer" box="[403,554,1376,1402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFA6EA156FA06" blockId="8.[151,702,1447,1500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFA6EA154FA67" bold="true" box="[151,296,1447,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F06FA61A2C6FA67" authority="Meyer, 1922: 171" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="171" authorityYear="1922" box="[303,698,1448,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croaticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F06FA61A181FA64" box="[303,509,1448,1470]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes croaticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30C2AFA60A2F4FA67" author="Meyer" box="[515,648,1448,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 171
</taxonomicName>
. No synonyms.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEF9C0A23CF957" blockId="8.[151,1436,1545,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEF9C0A14CF9F8" bold="true" box="[151,304,1545,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</emphasis>
South Europe, reaching central Europe, known also from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30DCFF9C0A446F9FB" box="[998,1082,1545,1569]" name="Cyprus" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30A63F9C0A4E4F9FB" box="[1098,1176,1545,1569]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30A8EF9C0A48BF9FB" box="[1191,1271,1545,1569]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30B1EF9C3A5E0F9FB" box="[1335,1436,1546,1569]" name="Morocco" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Morocco</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30EB7F9E4A13AF99F" author="Warncke" box="[158,326,1581,1605]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Due the confusion with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30C41F9E7A344F99F" box="[616,824,1581,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudofasciatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C41F9E7A344F99F" box="[616,824,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. pseudofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30D46F9E7A389F99F" box="[879,1013,1581,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zangherii">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30D46F9E7A389F99F" box="[879,1013,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. zangherii</emphasis>
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, the distribution can be incorrect. We examined material from:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F95F998A26DF9B3" box="[444,529,1617,1641]" name="Austria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30C09F998A2FFF9B3" box="[544,643,1617,1641]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30CBBF998A29BF9B3" box="[658,743,1617,1641]" name="Croatia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Croatia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30CDFF998A3D2F9B3" box="[758,942,1617,1641]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30D95F99BA477F9B3" box="[956,1035,1618,1641]" name="France" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30A33F998A4FFF9B3" box="[1050,1155,1617,1641]" name="Germany" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30AB8F998A49FF9B3" box="[1169,1251,1617,1641]" name="Greece" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30ADBF99BA529F9B0" box="[1266,1365,1618,1642]" name="Hungary" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30B4AF998A5EBF9B3" box="[1379,1431,1617,1641]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30EBEF9BCA085F957" box="[151,249,1653,1677]" name="Portugal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F2AF9BCA114F957" box="[259,360,1653,1677]" name="Slovakia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F5AF9BCA1CFF957" box="[371,435,1653,1677]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Spain</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30FC3F9BCA240F957" box="[490,572,1653,1677]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turkey</collectingCountry>
.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EE0F950A155F968" bold="true" box="[201,297,1689,1714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Biology.</emphasis>
Rare species of warm open habitats, usually steppes and warm sites, either on loess walls, or sandy dunes; very rare and only in the warmest parts of central Europe.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30DA3F974A567F90F" authority="Panzer" authorityName="Panzer" box="[906,1307,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interruptum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30DA3F974A4CFF90F" box="[906,1203,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lasioglossum interruptum</emphasis>
(Panzer)
</taxonomicName>
is the only published host (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F61F928A18CF923" author="Bluthgen" box="[328,496,1761,1785]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen 1934</bibRefCitation>
) and was also observed by us and M. Herrmann (pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EE0F8CCA3D9F853" blockId="8.[151,1436,1545,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EE0F8CCA174F8C7" bold="true" box="[201,264,1797,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Note.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F38F8CFA261F8C7" author="Burger" box="[273,541,1797,1822]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Burger, F. &amp; Reum, D. (2004) Dritter Nachtrag zur Bienenfauna Thuringens (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Check-Listen Thuringer Insekten- und Spinnentiere, 12, 33 - 39." type="journal article" year="2004">Burger &amp; Reum (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30C7EF8CFA340F8C7" box="[599,828,1797,1822]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Burger, F., Meitzel, T. &amp; Ruhnke, H. (2006) Aktuelles zur Bienenfauna (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Sachsen-Anhalts und Deutschlands. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 50, 129 - 133." type="journal article">
Burger
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C87F8CFA294F8C7" box="[686,744,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
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stated that specimens from central Europe are not
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30BAEF8CFA082F89B" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croaticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30BAEF8CFA082F89B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. croaticus</emphasis>
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but instead
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30FA6F8E3A264F89B" box="[399,536,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zangherii">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30FA6F8E3A264F89B" box="[399,536,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. zangherii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Examination of specimens from various parts of Europe and also specimens identified by F. Burger showed that these specimens are in fact
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30D7DF887A3ABF8BF" box="[852,983,1870,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croaticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30D7DF887A3ABF8BF" box="[852,983,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. croaticus</emphasis>
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. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30A03F887A4D0F8BF" box="[1066,1196,1870,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croaticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30A03F887A4D0F8BF" box="[1066,1196,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. croaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thermophilous and widespread in central Europe, contrary to the much rarer
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30D3EF8BBA3D9F853" box="[791,933,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30D3EF8BBA3DDF853" box="[791,929,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zangherii">S. zangherii</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFCE4A24CFC9D" blockId="8.[151,560,813,839]" box="[151,560,813,839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="3C5DB011B046FFD30EBEFCE4A24CFC9D" bold="true" box="[151,560,813,839]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30EBEFCE4A24CFC9D" ID-CoL="6YXLY" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,560,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFCE4A24CFC9D" bold="true" box="[151,560,813,839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFCE4A1FFFC9D" bold="true" box="[151,387,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes cristatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30FA2FCE4A24CFC9D" author="Hagens" box="[395,560,813,839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFCBAA156FC72" blockId="8.[151,707,883,936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFCBAA154FC53" bold="true" box="[151,296,883,906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F06FCBDA2C2FC53" authority="Hagens, 1882: 218" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="218" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,702,884,906]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F06FCBDA18BFC50" box="[303,503,884,906]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes cristatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30FD4FCBCA2F1FC53" author="Hagens" box="[509,653,884,906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 218
</taxonomicName>
. No synonyms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B046FFD30EBEFC1CA472FBCB" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFC1CA472FBCB" blockId="8.[151,1436,981,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFC1CA14CFC34" bold="true" box="[151,304,981,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of Europe north to 54°N, present in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30D0FFC1CA3FEFC37" box="[806,898,981,1005]" name="Sweden" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, absent on British Isles and Balkan Peninsula. Known from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F07FC30A103FBCB" box="[302,383,1017,1041]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30FA3FC30A184FBCB" box="[394,504,1017,1041]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30C07FC30A2E7FBCB" box="[558,667,1017,1041]" name="Mongolia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30C80FC30A32CFBCB" author="Westrich" box="[681,848,1017,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30D72FC30A47DFBCB" author="Warncke" box="[859,1025,1017,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B046FFD30EE0FBD4A4F1FAD7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EE0FBD4A4F1FAD7" blockId="8.[151,1436,981,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EE0FBD4A155FBEC" bold="true" box="[201,297,1053,1078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Biology.</emphasis>
Very rare species of sand dunes and larger sandy sites, in most countries known only from few records.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30ED0FB88A1CEFB83" author="Bluthgen" box="[249,434,1089,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30C10FB88A3B8FB83" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" box="[569,964,1089,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C10FB88A344FB83" box="[569,824,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lasioglossum nigripes</emphasis>
(Lepeletier)
</taxonomicName>
as the likely host, but this species differs slightly in ecology.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F5DFBACA255FBA7" author="Westrich" box="[372,553,1125,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30C87FBACA3BCFBA7" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[686,960,1125,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C87FBACA30AFBA7" box="[686,886,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halictus confusus</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30DDEFBAFA493FBA7" authority="Rossi" authorityName="Rossi" box="[1015,1263,1125,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subauratus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30DDEFBAFA4E9FBA7" box="[1015,1173,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. subauratus</emphasis>
(Rossi)
</taxonomicName>
as likely hosts, without any evidence. In our observations, the most likely host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30DB3FB43A4E3FB7B" authority="Ebmer" authorityName="Ebmer" box="[922,1183,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucaheneus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30DB3FB43A436FB7B" box="[922,1098,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leucaheneus</emphasis>
Ebmer
</taxonomicName>
and probably also
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30BA8FB43A1E5FB1F" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seladonius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30BA8FB43A173FB1F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. seladonius</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
. We collected few
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30C56FB67A37CFB1F" box="[639,768,1198,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C56FB67A37CFB1F" box="[639,768,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at places with common occurence of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30AE0FB67A506FB1F" box="[1225,1402,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucaheneus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30AE0FB67A506FB1F" box="[1225,1402,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. leucaheneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30EBEFB18A080FB33" box="[151,252,1233,1257]" name="Slovakia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F21FB1BA116FB30" box="[264,362,1234,1258]" name="Hungary" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hungary</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30F8BFB18A273FB33" box="[418,527,1233,1257]" name="Mongolia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
and the association seems to be possible. However, the most likely host and the cleptoparasite are both rare in central Europe, and to prove the host association is difficult.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

158
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<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30EBEFF5EA240FF6B" ID-CoL="6Z9ZY" authority="Thomson, 1870" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,572,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFF5EA240FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,572,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFF5EA10BFF6B" bold="true" box="[151,375,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes crassus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F57FF5EA240FF6B" author="Thomson" box="[382,572,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFF17A154FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,296,222,245]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F06FF16A2BBFF2E" authority="Thomson, 1870: 100" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1870" box="[303,711,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F06FF16A190FF2F" box="[303,492,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes crassus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30FDBFF17A2E8FF2E" author="Thomson" box="[498,660,222,244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Thomson, C. G. (1870) Opuscula entomologica. Bd. 2. Hakan Ohlson, Lund, 452 pp." type="book" year="1870">Thomson, 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 100
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFF35A2AAFEC8" blockId="8.[151,818,222,336]" box="[151,726,252,275]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFF35A173FEC9" bold="true" box="[151,271,252,275]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F3DFF34A2D7FEC8" authority="Hagens, 1874: 40" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1874" box="[276,683,253,275]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F3DFF34A18CFEC9" box="[276,496,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes variegatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30FDEFF37A2FAFEC8" author="Hagens" box="[503,646,253,275]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hagens, J. (1874) Ueber die Genitalien der mannlichen Bienen, besonders der Gattung Sphecodes. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 1874, 25 - 43." type="journal article" year="1874">Hagens, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</taxonomicName>
–41.
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<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EDCFED5A2A4FE8A" blockId="8.[151,818,222,336]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30EDCFED5A242FEEB" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[245,574,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divisus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EDCFED5A1D0FEE8" box="[245,428,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes divisus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F9AFED4A242FEEB" author="Hagens" box="[435,574,284,306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30C65FED4A213FEE8" box="[588,623,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30C5FFED2A28FFEE8" author="Kirby" box="[630,755,283,306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
): 223.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30EDCFEF3A2A8FE8A" authority="Frey-Gessner, 1903: 100" authorityName="Frey-Gessner" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,724,314,336]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valesianus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EDCFEF3A1ADFE8A" box="[245,465,314,336]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sphecodes valesianus</emphasis>
Frey-Gessner, 1903: 100
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B046FFD30EBEFEB4A195FE63" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EBEFEB4A195FE63" blockId="8.[151,1436,381,729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EBEFEB4A14CFE4C" bold="true" box="[151,304,381,406]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to 64° N,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30C7BFEB4A2D2FE4F" box="[594,686,381,405]" name="Sweden" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sweden</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30C95FEB4A36EFE4F" box="[700,786,381,405]" name="Finland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Finland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30D66FEB7A3D6FE4C" box="[847,938,382,406]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norway</collectingCountry>
, present on British Isles;
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30AFFFEB4A55BFE4F" box="[1238,1319,381,405]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB046FFD30B1CFEB7A519FE4F" box="[1333,1381,382,405]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30F1CFE68A1A1FE63" author="Warncke" box="[309,477,417,441]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B046FFD30EE0FE0CA3D2FD03" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB046FFD30EE0FE0CA3D2FD03" blockId="8.[151,1436,381,729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30EE0FE0CA155FE04" bold="true" box="[201,297,453,478]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Biology.</emphasis>
Common species that usually occurs in semi-open biotopes with shrubs, forest-steppes, steppes, and forest margins. In central Europe widespread, although except for warm sites it is never numerous. This species is a nest cleptoparasite of smaller species of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30C4CFDC4A2A0FDFF" box="[613,732,525,549]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30CC1FDC4A3D3FDFF" box="[744,943,525,549]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Sick, M., Ayasse, M., Tengo, J., Engels, W., Lubke, G. &amp; Francke, W. (1994) Host-parasite relationship in six species of Sphecodes bees and their Halictid hosts: Nest intrusion, intranidal behavior, and Dufour's gland volantiles (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 7, 101 - 117." type="journal article">
Sick
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30D0BFDC7A320FDFF" box="[802,860,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
experimentally proved Stoeckhert’s (1933) finding of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F3CFDF8A2DBFD93" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[277,679,561,585]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F3CFDF8A256FD93" box="[277,554,561,585]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lasioglossum pauxillum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
as a host,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30D05FDF8A398FD93" author="Westrich" box="[812,996,561,585]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30A0AFDFBA4BDFD93" author="Vegter" box="[1059,1217,561,586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned also
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30BACFDFBA1B5FDB7" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissimum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30BACFDFBA13BFDB7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. punctatissimum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
as a confirmed host. Other similar species are likely to be hosts as well:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30BACFD9FA1ADFD4B" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrinotatulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30BACFD9FA12FFD4B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. quadrinotatulum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
recorded as likely host by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30D34FDB0A3B8FD4B" author="Alfken" box="[797,964,633,657]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Alfken, J. D. (1912) Die Bienenfauna von Ostpreussen. Schrift des physisch-okonomischen Vereins in Konigsberg, 53, 114 - 182." type="journal article" year="1912">Alfken (1912)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30DFCFDB3A48CFD4B" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[981,1264,633,657]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiusculum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30DFCFDB3A4EDFD4B" box="[981,1169,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. nitidiusculum</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
by Stoeckhert (1933) and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30F3EFD57A186FD6F" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[279,506,669,693]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30F3EFD57A1E2FD6F" box="[279,414,670,693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. prasinum</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB046FFD30C0BFD57A2BCFD6F" author="Vegter" box="[546,704,669,694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. The hosts can be different in parts of the distributional area, as
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB046FFD30BACFD57A17DFD03" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB046FFD30BACFD57A17DFD03" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. prasinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rare in central but quite common in north-western Europe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

225
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<treatment id="EF03B66BB047FFD10EBEF8BCA576FD6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181201" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119517227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF03B66BB047FFD10EBEF8BCA576FD6B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF03B66BB047FFD10EBEF8BCA576FD6B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EBEF8BCA2EDF82A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEF8BCA230F855" blockId="9.[151,588,1909,1935]" box="[151,588,1909,1935]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="3C5DB011B047FFD20EBEF8BCA230F855" bold="true" box="[151,588,1909,1935]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EBEF8BCA230F855" ID-CoL="6Z9MM" authority="Kirby, 1802" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,588,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geoffrellus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEF8BCA230F855" bold="true" box="[151,588,1909,1935]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEF8BCA1E3F855" bold="true" box="[151,415,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes geoffrellus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20F87F8BCA238F855" author="Kirby" box="[430,580,1909,1935]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEF872A2EDF82A" blockId="9.[151,691,1979,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEF872A154F80B" bold="true" box="[151,296,1979,2002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F06F875A2FAF80B" authority="Kirby, 1802: 45" authorityName="Kirby" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1802" box="[303,646,1979,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Melitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geoffrella">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F06F875A19CF808" box="[303,480,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20F06F875A104F808" box="[303,376,1980,2002]" name="Malta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melitta</collectingCountry>
geoffrella
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FCFF872A21FF80B" author="Kirby" box="[486,611,1979,2001]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
: 45
</taxonomicName>
–46.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEF813A173F82B" bold="true" box="[151,271,2010,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F3DF813A2F1F82A" authority="Hagens, 1882: 224" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1882" box="[276,653,2010,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F3DF813A1B9F82A" box="[276,453,2010,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FE5F812A226F82A" author="Hagens" box="[460,602,2011,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EDCFF51A358FEF2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFF51A2F0FF77" blockId="10.[151,804,152,296]" box="[245,652,152,174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFF51A2F0FF77" box="[245,652,152,174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFF51A2F4FF77" authority="Hagens, 1882: 224" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1882" box="[245,648,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFF51A1BCFF74" box="[245,448,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes fasciatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10FEFFF50A2F4FF77" author="Hagens" box="[454,648,152,174]" page="224" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1882">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FEFFF50A229FF77" author="Hagens" box="[454,597,152,174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFF7EA2F3FF16" blockId="10.[151,804,152,296]" box="[245,655,182,205]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFF7EA253FF16" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,559,182,205]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimalis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFF7EA1D2FF17" box="[245,430,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes rimalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10F9DFF7FA253FF16" author="Perez" box="[436,559,182,204]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCXXI.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFF1CA2AAFF30" blockId="10.[151,804,152,296]" box="[245,726,213,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFF1CA2AAFF30" box="[245,726,213,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFF1CA2E7FF30" authority="Meyer, 1922: 171" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="171" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,667,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impunctatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFF1CA19EFF31" box="[245,482,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes impunctatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10FC1FF1FA2E7FF30" author="Meyer" box="[488,667,213,235]" page="171" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FC1FF1FA210FF30" author="Meyer" box="[488,620,213,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 171
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–172.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFF3AA37BFED3" blockId="10.[151,804,152,296]" box="[151,775,243,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFF3AA16FFED0" bold="true" box="[151,275,243,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Subspecies:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F33FF3DA37FFED3" authority="Warncke, 1992: 36" authorityName="Warncke" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1992" box="[282,771,243,266]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffrellus" subSpecies="atlasa">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F33FF3DA247FED0" box="[282,571,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes geoffrellus atlasa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C68FF3AA2A1FED3" author="Warncke" box="[577,733,243,265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EDCFEDBA358FEF2" blockId="10.[151,804,152,296]" box="[245,804,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B044FFD10EDCFEDBA358FEF2" box="[245,804,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EDCFEDBA35CFEF2" authority="Warncke, 1992: 36" authorityName="Warncke" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1992" box="[245,800,274,296]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffrellus" subSpecies="hakkariensis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EDCFEDBA224FEF2" box="[245,600,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sphecodes geoffrellus hakkariensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB044FFD10C77FEDBA35CFEF2" author="Warncke" box="[606,800,274,296]" page="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10C77FEDBA287FEF2" author="Warncke" box="[606,763,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EBEFE9CA362FE4B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EBEFE9CA362FE4B" blockId="10.[151,1436,341,689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFE9CA14CFEB4" bold="true" box="[151,304,341,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of Europe, present in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10C45FE9CA2C6FEB7" box="[620,698,341,365]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Britain</collectingCountry>
and Scandinavia, North Africa (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10A01FE9CA4EEFEB7" box="[1064,1170,341,365]" name="Morocco" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10AB7FE9CA489FEB7" box="[1182,1269,341,365]" name="Tunisia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB044FFD10B20FE9CA526FEB7" box="[1289,1370,341,365]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, Near East (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10EFCFEB0A101FE4B" author="Warncke" box="[213,381,377,401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Very numerous in southern Europe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B044FFD10EE0FE54A576FD6B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB044FFD10EE0FE54A576FD6B" blockId="10.[151,1436,341,689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EE0FE54A155FE6C" bold="true" box="[201,297,413,438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Biology.</emphasis>
Common species both in warmer and cooler regions, with no strict biotope preferences. In central Europe it is widespread and numerous, although recently sparser, probably due to the spread of similar species
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10EBEFE2FA16BFE27" box="[151,279,486,509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10EBEFE2FA16BFE27" box="[151,279,486,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. miniatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F7CFE2FA19FFE27" box="[341,483,485,509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F7CFE2FA19FFE27" box="[341,483,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Generalist parasitizing several hosts:
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10D8EFE2CA423FE27" author="Westrich" box="[935,1119,485,509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
has reported the following hosts as confirmed
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10F5AFDC0A2A4FDFB" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[371,728,521,545]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10F5AFDC0A205FDFB" box="[371,633,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lasioglossum leucopus</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10CCDFDC3A3B5FDFB" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[740,969,521,545]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10CCDFDC3A33AFDFB" box="[740,838,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. morio</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10A2BFDC3A501FDFB" authority="Bogusch (2003)" authorityName="Bogusch" authorityYear="2003" box="[1026,1405,521,545]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidiusculum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A2BFDC3A4C5FDFB" box="[1026,1209,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. nitidiusculum</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10AE1FDC0A501FDFB" author="Bogusch" box="[1224,1405,521,545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bogusch, P. (2003) Biologie vybranych druh u kleptoparazitickych v c el (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea). [Biology of selected cuckoo bee species (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Apoidea)]. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, MSc. thesis, unpublished, 111 pp. (in Czech)." type="book" year="2003">Bogusch (2003)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10BACFDC3A17BFD9F" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10BACFDC3A17BFD9F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. pauxillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Likely hosts are the following:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10CA2FDE7A368FD9F" box="[651,788,557,581]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fratellum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10CA2FDE7A368FD9F" box="[651,788,557,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. fratellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10D94FDE4A432FD9F" author="Field" box="[957,1102,557,581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Field, J. (1996) Patterns of provisioning and iteroparity in a solitary halictinae bee, Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) fratellum (Perez), with notes on L. (E.) calceatum (Scop.) and L. (E.) villosulum) (K.). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 167 - 182. Frey-Gessner, E. (1903) Hymenopteres du Valais. Famille Apidae. Bulletin de la Murithienne, 30, 78 - 154." type="journal article" year="1996">Field (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10A77FDE7A509FD9F" authority="Zetterstedt" authorityName="Zetterstedt" box="[1118,1397,557,581]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufitarse">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A77FDE7A4A3FD9F" box="[1118,1247,557,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. rufitarse</emphasis>
(Zetterstedt)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10EBEFD9BA1BBFDB3" author="Neumeyer" box="[151,455,593,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Neumeyer, R. &amp; Obrist, M. K. (2000) Lasioglossum rufitarse (Zetterstedt, 1838) as a new host of Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802)? Bembix, 13, 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="2000">Neumeyer &amp; Obrist (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10FFBFD9BA28AFDB3" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[466,758,593,617]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexstrigatum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10FFBFD9BA202FDB3" box="[466,638,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. sexstrigatum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10D37FD9BA3C4FDB3" author="Vegter" box="[798,952,593,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Vegter, K. (1993) Gastheren van enige soorten Sphecodes in Drenthe (Hymenoptera: Apidae). [Hosts of some Sphecodes in Drenthe]. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 53, 67 - 70. (in Dutch)." type="journal article" year="1993">Vegter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10DC4FD9BA56CFDB3" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[1005,1296,593,617]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginellum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10DC4FD9BA4E4FDB3" box="[1005,1176,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. marginellum</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10B10FD98A098FD57" author="Westrich" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Westrich, P. (2006) Beobachtungen an einem Nistplatz von Lasioglossum marginellum (Schenck, 1853) (Hym., Apidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 50, 55 - 61." type="journal article" year="2006">Westrich (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. It is possible that this species invades nests of various smaller
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10D95FDBCA42AFD57" box="[956,1110,629,653]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10D95FDBCA42AFD57" box="[956,1110,629,653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and the females are individually specialized, as
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB044FFD10FE7FD50A2BCFD6B" box="[462,704,665,689]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bogusch, P., Kratochvil, L. &amp; Straka, J. (2006) Generalist cuckoo bees are species specialist in an individual level (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Sphecodes). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 422 - 429." type="journal article">
Bogusch
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10C1EFD53A213FD6B" box="[567,623,665,689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
have confirmed in
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10DB3FD53A45FFD6B" box="[922,1059,665,689]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10DB3FD53A45FFD6B" box="[922,1059,665,689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. ephippius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB044FFD10A70FD53A57EFD6B" box="[1113,1282,665,689]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monilicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB044FFD10A70FD53A57EFD6B" box="[1113,1282,665,689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. monilicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

116
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<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFA40A21DFA78" blockId="9.[151,609,1416,1443]" box="[151,609,1416,1443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="3C5DB011B047FFD20EBEFA40A21DFA78" bold="true" box="[151,609,1416,1443]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EBEFA40A21DFA78" ID-CoL="6YXMD" authority="Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,609,1416,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFA40A21DFA78" bold="true" box="[151,609,1416,1443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFA40A1C8FA79" bold="true" box="[151,436,1417,1443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes ferruginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20F95FA41A21DFA78" author="Hagens" box="[444,609,1416,1442]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFA06A295FA3F" blockId="9.[151,876,1487,1541]" box="[151,745,1487,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFA06A154FA3F" bold="true" box="[151,296,1487,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F06FA19A299FA3F" authority="Hagens, 1882: 221" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,741,1488,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F06FA19A261FA3C" box="[303,541,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes ferruginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20C0AFA18A2CEFA3F" author="Hagens" box="[547,690,1488,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFA27A310F9DE" blockId="9.[151,876,1487,1541]" box="[151,876,1518,1541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFA27A179F9DF" bold="true" box="[151,261,1518,1541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F22FA26A1A0F9DF" box="[267,476,1519,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F22FA26A1A0F9DF" box="[267,476,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20FCBFA26A314F9DE" authority="Frey-Gessner, 1903: 107" authorityName="Frey-Gessner" authorityPageNumber="107" authorityYear="1903" box="[482,872,1519,1541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="variety" variety="alpestris">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C24FA26A218F9DF" box="[525,612,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">alpestris</emphasis>
Frey-Gessner, 1903: 107
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EBEF9F8A09CF9B7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEF9F8A09CF9B7" blockId="9.[151,1436,1585,1825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEF9F8A14CF990" bold="true" box="[151,304,1585,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe to 66°N, present in Scandinavia and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20D6BF9F8A3EFF993" box="[834,915,1585,1609]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Britain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20D88F9F8A38EF993" box="[929,1010,1585,1609]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, absent from North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20B1EF9F8A0AFF9B7" author="Warncke" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EE0F9B0A3C0F8FB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EE0F9B0A3C0F8FB" blockId="9.[151,1436,1585,1825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EE0F9B0A155F948" bold="true" box="[201,297,1657,1682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of midlands, usually bound to grasslands or sunny slopes, but not in warm areas. In central Europe widespread but rare and uncommon.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20CBAF954A47FF96F" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[659,1027,1693,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicorne">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20CBAF954A3DAF96F" box="[659,934,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lasioglossum fulvicorne</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
is the only known documented host (Stoeckhert, 1933). Similar species such as
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20CA9F90BA289F903" box="[640,757,1729,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20CA9F90BA289F903" box="[640,757,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D05F90BA3C6F903" box="[812,954,1729,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D05F90BA3C6F903" box="[812,954,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. pauxillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published as likely hosts of this species (Stoeckhert 1933,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FE9F92CA214F927" author="Westrich" box="[448,616,1765,1789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Surveys on localities with these species present did not support this as the females of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F15F8C3A19FF8FB" box="[316,483,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F15F8C3A19FF8FB" box="[316,483,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. ferruginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were invading only nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D0FF8C3A3CAF8FB" box="[806,950,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicorne">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D0FF8C3A3CAF8FB" box="[806,950,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. fulvicorne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

287
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<treatment id="EF03B66BB047FFD20EBEFE3DA3D8FAEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181197" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119517216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181197" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF03B66BB047FFD20EBEFE3DA3D8FAEF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF03B66BB047FFD20EBEFE3DA3D8FAEF" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EBEFE3DA3F9FDB5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFE3DA243FDD7" blockId="9.[151,575,499,526]" box="[151,575,499,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="3C5DB011B047FFD20EBEFE3DA243FDD7" bold="true" box="[151,575,499,526]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EBEFE3DA243FDD7" ID-CoL="6Z9MB" authority="Linne, 1767" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1767" box="[151,575,499,526]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFE3DA243FDD7" bold="true" box="[151,575,499,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFE3DA1EEFDD4" bold="true" box="[151,402,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes ephippius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20F8BFE3AA24BFDD7" author="Linne" box="[418,567,499,525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Editio 12. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 1327 pp." type="book" year="1767">Linné, 1767</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFDF3A2F9FD8A" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[151,645,570,593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFDF3A154FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,296,570,593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F06FDF3A2FDFD8A" authority="Linne, 1767: 944" authorityName="Linne" authorityPageNumber="944" authorityYear="1767" box="[303,641,570,592]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Sphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippia">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F06FDF3A1B6FD8A" box="[303,458,570,592]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphex ephippia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FF9FDF3A232FD8A" author="Linne" box="[464,590,570,592]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Editio 12. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 1327 pp." type="book" year="1767">Linné, 1767</bibRefCitation>
: 944
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFD90A3F9FDB5" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[151,901,601,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFD90A173FDAA" bold="true" box="[151,271,601,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F3DFD93A25EFDB5" authority="Harris, 1776" authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1776" box="[276,546,601,623]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F3DFD93A1E2FDB5" box="[276,414,602,623]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apis minimus</emphasis>
Harris, 1776
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C18FD93A228FDB5" box="[561,596,602,623]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nec</emphasis>
Poda, 1761): Taf. 39,
<figureCitation id="FF911BF8B047FFD20D1FFD90A3FDFDB5" box="[822,897,601,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 27" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[185,1401,196,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[181,1405,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 27. Females. 18 — Sphecodes reticulatus, tergum 4; 19 — S. gibbus, tergum 4; 20 — S. alternatus, tergum 4; 21 — S. crassanus, tergum 4; 22 — S. alternatus, head, frontal view; 23 — S. crassanus, head, frontal view; 24 — S. gibbus, scutum; 25 — S. schenckii, scutum; 26 — S. gibbus, scapus; 27 — S. schenckii, scapus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281044/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EDCFDB0A2DEFCBE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EDCFDB0A232FD33" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFDB0A266FD54" authority="Geoffroy, 1785" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1785" box="[245,538,632,654]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFDB0A105FD54" box="[245,377,632,654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apis obscura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FA9FDB1A266FD54" author="Geoffroy" box="[384,538,632,654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Geoffroy, E. L. (1785), pp. 233 - 544. In: Fourcroy, A. F. (ed.) Entomologia parisiensis. Sive Catalogus Insectorum quae in Agro Parisiensis reperiuntur. Bd. 2. Parisiis, Aedibus Serpentineis, Pars prima, Paris, viii + 231 pp." type="book chapter" year="1785">Geoffroy, 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C00FDB0A230FD54" box="[553,588,633,654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nec</emphasis>
Linné, 1774,
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20CF0FDB0A280FD54" box="[729,764,633,654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nec</emphasis>
Müller, 1776): 447–448.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFD5EA254FD76" ID-CoL="73YYL" authority="Geoffroy, 1785" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1785" box="[245,552,662,685]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFD5EA1FBFD77" box="[245,391,663,685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apis rufescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FA7FD5FA254FD76" author="Geoffroy" box="[398,552,662,684]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Geoffroy, E. L. (1785), pp. 233 - 544. In: Fourcroy, A. F. (ed.) Entomologia parisiensis. Sive Catalogus Insectorum quae in Agro Parisiensis reperiuntur. Bd. 2. Parisiis, Aedibus Serpentineis, Pars prima, Paris, viii + 231 pp." type="book chapter" year="1785">Geoffroy, 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C1EFD51A226FD77" box="[567,602,664,685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20C49FD5FA28CFD77" author="Gmelin" box="[608,752,662,685]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species. Tom. I. Pars IV, Beer, Lipsiae, pp 1517 - 2224." type="book chapter" year="1790">Gmelin, 1790</bibRefCitation>
): 447.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFD7FA265FD10" ID-CoL="73YYL" authority="Gmelin, 1790" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1790" box="[245,537,693,715]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFD7FA1FBFD11" box="[245,391,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apis rufescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FA7FD7CA265FD10" author="Gmelin" box="[398,537,693,715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species. Tom. I. Pars IV, Beer, Lipsiae, pp 1517 - 2224." type="book chapter" year="1790">Gmelin, 1790</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C01FD7FA237FD11" box="[552,587,694,715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nec</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20C7BFD7CA28CFD11" author="Geoffroy" box="[594,752,693,715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Geoffroy, E. L. (1785), pp. 233 - 544. In: Fourcroy, A. F. (ed.) Entomologia parisiensis. Sive Catalogus Insectorum quae in Agro Parisiensis reperiuntur. Bd. 2. Parisiis, Aedibus Serpentineis, Pars prima, Paris, viii + 231 pp." type="book chapter" year="1785">Geoffroy, 1785</bibRefCitation>
): 2790.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFD1DA236FD33" ID-CoL="47N93" authority="Fabricius, 1793: 342" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="342" authorityYear="1793" box="[245,586,723,746]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labiata">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFD1DA10CFD30" box="[245,368,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apis labiata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20F5FFD1AA264FD33" author="Fabricius" box="[374,536,723,745]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendara et aucta Secundum classes, ordines, gen., spec., adjectis synonymidis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 2. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Hafniae, 8 + 518 pp." type="book" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793</bibRefCitation>
: 342
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EDCFD3BA228FCD2" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[245,596,754,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFD3BA1FCFCD2" box="[245,384,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20EDCFD3BA142FCD2" box="[245,318,754,776]" name="Malta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melitta</collectingCountry>
divisa
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB047FFD20FAEFD3BA25BFCD2" author="Kirby" box="[391,551,754,776]" page="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1802">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FAEFD3BA27FFCD2" author="Kirby" box="[391,515,754,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia Apum Angliae. II. Ipswich, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1802">Kirby, 1802</bibRefCitation>
: 49
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</taxonomicName>
–50.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EDCFCD8A20AFCFD" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[245,630,785,807]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B047FFD20EDCFCD8A20AFCFD" box="[245,630,785,807]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFCD8A20EFCFD" authority="Fabricius, 1804: 327" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="327" authorityYear="1804" box="[245,626,785,807]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFCD8A1EBFCFD" box="[245,407,785,807]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Andrena minuta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB047FFD20FB7FCD8A20EFCFD" author="Fabricius" box="[414,626,785,807]" page="327" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1804">
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: 327
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EDCFCF9A2F8FC9F" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[245,644,816,838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B047FFD20EDCFCF9A2F8FC9F" box="[245,644,816,838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFCF9A2FCFC9F" authority="Wesmael, 1835: 283" authorityName="Wesmael" authorityPageNumber="283" authorityYear="1835" box="[245,640,816,838]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFCF9A1D4FC9C" box="[245,424,816,838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes similis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB047FFD20F87FCF9A2FCFC9F" author="Wesmael" box="[430,640,816,838]" page="283" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1835">
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: 283
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EDCFC86A2DEFCBE" blockId="9.[151,1019,570,869]" box="[245,674,846,869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EDCFC86A2E2FCBE" authority="Bluthgen, 1923c: 188" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,670,846,869]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zablocki">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EDCFC86A1C6FCBF" box="[245,442,847,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes zablocki</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1923c: 188
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EBEFC58A302FC17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFC58A302FC17" blockId="9.[151,1436,913,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFC58A14CFC70" bold="true" box="[151,304,913,938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe to 62°N, present in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20C5BFC58A2BCFC73" box="[626,704,913,937]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Britain</collectingCountry>
and Scandinavia, North Africa (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20A1AFC58A4E6FC73" box="[1075,1178,913,937]" name="Morocco" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morocco</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20AE8FC58A574FC73" box="[1217,1288,913,937]" name="Egypt" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Egypt</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20B35FC58A511FC73" box="[1308,1389,913,937]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, the distribution area continues through Asia to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20C55FC7FA2C0FC17" box="[636,700,950,973]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20CE3FC7CA30EFC17" author="Warncke" box="[714,882,949,973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EE0FC10A3D8FAEF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EE0FC10A3D8FAEF" blockId="9.[151,1436,913,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EE0FC10A155FC28" bold="true" box="[201,297,985,1010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</emphasis>
Dominant species in central and common in south Europe, where it is not as common probably due to competition with other species of the genus (
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20C8FFC37A36DFBCF" box="[678,785,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C8FFC37A36DFBCF" box="[678,785,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D0BFC37A3D3FBCF" box="[802,943,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D0BFC37A3D3FBCF" box="[802,943,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. nomioidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). No biotope specialization; occurs nearly everywhere. Generalist with 18 known hosts,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20C8AFBE8A3E7FBE3" box="[675,923,1057,1081]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Bogusch, P., Kratochvil, L. &amp; Straka, J. (2006) Generalist cuckoo bees are species specialist in an individual level (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Sphecodes). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 422 - 429." type="journal article">
Bogusch
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D24FBEBA334FBE3" box="[781,840,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
recorded the following species as confirmed hosts with complete references:
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20C28FB8CA319FB87" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[513,869,1093,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumulorum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C28FB8CA29EFB87" box="[513,738,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halictus tumulorum</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D58FB8CA499FB87" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[881,1253,1093,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D58FB8CA415FB87" box="[881,1129,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lasioglossum laticeps</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20AD9FB8FA174FB5B" authority="Schrank" authorityName="Schrank" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucozonium">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20AD9FB8FA5E0FB87" box="[1264,1436,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. leucozonium</emphasis>
(Schrank)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F3AFBA3A260FB5B" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[275,540,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malachurum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F3AFBA3A1C2FB5B" box="[275,446,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. malachurum</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20C01FBA3A2C9FB5B" box="[552,693,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauxillum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C01FBA3A2C9FB5B" box="[552,693,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. pauxillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20CC5FBA3A3BAFB5B" box="[748,966,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrinotatulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20CC5FBA3A3BAFB5B" box="[748,966,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. quadrinotatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20A7CFBA0A5EBFB5B" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[1109,1431,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20A7CFBA0A546FB5B" box="[1109,1338,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Andrena barbilabris</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EBEFB44A118FB7F" authority="Panzer" authorityName="Panzer" box="[151,356,1165,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFB44A173FB7F" box="[151,271,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. flavipes</emphasis>
Panzer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F58FB44A200FB7F" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[369,636,1165,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysopyga">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F58FB44A26EFB7F" box="[369,530,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. chrysopyga</emphasis>
Schenck
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20CA0FB44A320FB7F" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[649,860,1165,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20CA0FB44A281FB7F" box="[649,765,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. labialis</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D40FB44A430FB7F" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[873,1100,1165,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutula">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D40FB44A390FB7F" box="[873,1004,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. minutula</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20A71FB44A54CFB7F" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[1112,1328,1165,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilkella">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20A71FB44A4AEFB7F" box="[1112,1234,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. wilkella</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20B14FB44A12BFB13" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20B14FB44A176FB13" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halictus maculatus</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F48FB7BA21EFB13" authority="Christ" authorityName="Christ" box="[353,610,1201,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicundus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F48FB7BA27DFB13" box="[353,513,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rubicundus</emphasis>
(Christ)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20C45FB78A3B2FB13" authority="Perez" authorityName="Perez" box="[620,974,1201,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fratellum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20C45FB78A308FB13" box="[620,884,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lasioglossum fratellum</emphasis>
(Péréz)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20DF0FB7BA4A7FB13" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[985,1243,1201,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lativentre">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20DF0FB7BA41CFB13" box="[985,1120,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. lativentre</emphasis>
(Schenck)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20B3CFB7BA5E0FB13" box="[1301,1436,1202,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20B3CFB7BA5E0FB13" box="[1301,1436,1202,1225]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. prasinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were published as likely, unconfirmed hosts. The same authors also proved the individual specialization of the females of this species. It could be one of the reasons why is this species so numerous and widespread. Additionally,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20EE4FAD4A195FAEF" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[205,489,1309,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EE4FAD4A1E3FAEF" box="[205,415,1309,1333]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Andrena argentata</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
was observed as a host of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20D3DFAD7A3E1FAEF" box="[788,925,1309,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ephippius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20D3DFAD7A3E1FAEF" box="[788,925,1309,1333]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. ephippius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFF5EA241FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,573,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFF5EA107FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,379,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes dusmeti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FAAFF5EA241FF6B" author="Bluthgen" box="[387,573,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1924) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. II. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1924, 457 - 516." type="journal article" year="1924">Blüthgen, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EBEFF17A156FEC9" blockId="9.[151,766,222,275]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFF17A154FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,296,222,245]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB047FFD20F06FF16A2B9FF2E" authority="Bluthgen, 1924: 470" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="470" authorityYear="1924" box="[303,709,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dusmeti">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20F06FF16A193FF2F" box="[303,495,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sphecodes dusmeti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20FDCFF17A2E8FF2E" author="Bluthgen" box="[501,660,222,244]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1924) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. II. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1924, 457 - 516." type="journal article" year="1924">Blüthgen, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 470
</taxonomicName>
–472. No synonyms.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EBEFEF6A14CFE82" bold="true" box="[151,304,319,344]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southern Europe (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20C2BFEF6A23AFE8D" box="[514,582,319,343]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20C78FE89A2DCFE8D" box="[593,672,320,343]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20C82FEF6A281FE8D" box="[683,765,319,343]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20D21FEF6A3EEFE8D" box="[776,914,319,343]" name="Switzerland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
), North Africa (
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20A6DFEF6A4D2FE8D" box="[1092,1198,319,343]" name="Morocco" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20A91FEF6A572FE8D" box="[1208,1294,319,343]" name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Algeria</collectingCountry>
) and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB047FFD20B65FEF6A5E0FE8D" box="[1356,1436,319,343]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB047FFD20EB7FEADA13AFEA6" author="Warncke" box="[158,326,356,380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B047FFD20EE0FE4EA1DAFE45" box="[201,422,391,416]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB047FFD20EE0FE4EA1DAFE45" blockId="9.[151,1436,319,416]" box="[201,422,391,416]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB047FFD20EE0FE4EA155FE7A" bold="true" box="[201,297,391,416]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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333
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<heading id="3C5DB011B048FFDD0EBEF987A216F9B2" bold="true" box="[151,618,1614,1640]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EBEF987A1F3F9B2" bold="true" box="[151,399,1614,1640]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes albilabris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0FB7F987A21DF9B2" author="Fabricius" box="[414,609,1614,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendara et aucta Secundum classes, ordines, gen., spec., adjectis synonymidis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 2. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Hafniae, 8 + 518 pp." type="book" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793</bibRefCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EBEF95CA154F971" bold="true" box="[151,296,1685,1708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0F06F95CA2BBF971" authority="Fabricius, 1793: 349" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="349" authorityYear="1793" box="[303,711,1685,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0F06F95CA191F971" box="[303,493,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nomada albilabris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0FDDF95CA2E8F971" author="Fabricius" box="[500,660,1685,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendara et aucta Secundum classes, ordines, gen., spec., adjectis synonymidis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 2. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Hafniae, 8 + 518 pp." type="book" year="1793">Fabricius, 1793</bibRefCitation>
: 349
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0F3DF97DA19CF910" box="[276,480,1716,1738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dichroa fuscipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0FCEF97DA20AF913" author="Germar" box="[487,630,1716,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Germar, E. F. (1819) Fauna Insectorum Europae. Vol. 5. Kummel, Halae, 25 Tables." type="book" year="1819">Germar, 1819</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: Tab. 18.
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<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF91BA2ECF932" authority="Wesmael, 1835: 285" authorityName="Wesmael" authorityPageNumber="285" authorityYear="1835" box="[245,656,1746,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF91BA1C4F932" box="[245,440,1746,1768]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes latreillii</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0F97F91BA2ECF932" author="Wesmael" box="[446,656,1746,1768]" page="285" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1835">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0F97F91BA221F932" author="Wesmael" box="[446,605,1746,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Wesmael, C. (1835): Observations sur les especes du genre Sphecode. Bulletin de l'Academie des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2, 279 - 287." type="journal article" year="1835">Wesmael, 1835</bibRefCitation>
: 285
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF938A2F5F8DD" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,649,1777,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF938A2F5F8DD" box="[245,649,1777,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF938A2F9F8DD" authority="Spinola, 1838: 512" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="512" authorityYear="1838" box="[245,645,1777,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF938A1C0F8DD" box="[245,444,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes rubripes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0FEBF938A2F9F8DD" author="Spinola" box="[450,645,1777,1799]" page="512" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1838">
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: 512
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF8D9A2D7F8FC" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,683,1808,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF8D9A2D7F8FC" box="[245,683,1808,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF8D9A2DBF8FC" authority="Lepeletier, 1841: 541" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityPageNumber="541" authorityYear="1841" box="[245,679,1808,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF8D9A1BAF8FC" box="[245,454,1808,1830]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes africanus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0FE5F8D9A2DBF8FC" author="Lepeletier" box="[460,679,1808,1830]" page="541" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1841">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0FE5F8D9A209F8FF" author="Lepeletier" box="[460,629,1808,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 541
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF8E6A2E3F89E" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,671,1838,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF8E6A2E3F89E" box="[245,671,1838,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF8E6A2E7F89E" authority="Lepeletier, 1841: 542" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityPageNumber="542" authorityYear="1841" box="[245,667,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF8E6A1C5F89F" box="[245,441,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes nigripes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0F96F8E7A2E7F89E" author="Lepeletier" box="[447,667,1838,1860]" page="542" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1841">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0F96F8E7A214F89E" author="Lepeletier" box="[447,616,1838,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 542
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF884A2C3F8B9" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,703,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF884A2C3F8B9" box="[245,703,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF884A206F8B9" authority="Smith, 1848: 2209" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="2209" authorityYear="1848" box="[245,634,1869,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF884A1CAF8B9" box="[245,438,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes rugosus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0F95F884A206F8B9" author="Smith" box="[444,634,1869,1891]" page="2209" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1848">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0F95F884A240F8B9" author="Smith" box="[444,572,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Smith, F. (1848) Descriptions of the British species of Bees belonging to the genus Halictus of Latreille. Zoologist, 6, 2037 - 2044, 2100 - 2108, 2167 - 2175." type="journal article" year="1848">Smith, 1848</bibRefCitation>
: 2209
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–2210.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF8A5A2F3F85B" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,655,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF8A5A2F3F85B" box="[245,655,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF8A5A2F7F85B" authority="Gistel, 1857: 554" authorityName="Gistel" authorityPageNumber="554" authorityYear="1857" box="[245,651,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF8A5A1AEF858" box="[245,466,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes nodicornis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0FF0F8A2A2F7F85B" author="Gistel" box="[473,651,1899,1921]" page="554" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1857">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0FF0F8A2A225F85B" author="Gistel" box="[473,601,1899,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gistel, J. (1857) Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Thiere. Vacuna, 2, 513 - 606." type="journal article" year="1857">Gistel, 1857</bibRefCitation>
: 554
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF843A339F87A" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,837,1930,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF843A339F87A" box="[245,837,1930,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF843A1A4F87A" box="[245,472,1930,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF843A1A4F87A" box="[245,472,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes fuscipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0FF7F842A33DF87A" authority="Dalla Torre, 1877: 185" authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityPageNumber="185" authorityYear="1877" box="[478,833,1930,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="variety" variety="basalis">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0C23F843A22EF87A" box="[522,594,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">basalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0C71F843A33DF87A" author="Dalla" box="[600,833,1930,1952]" page="185" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1877">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0C71F843A373F87A" author="Dalla" box="[600,783,1930,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. (1877) Die Apiden Tirols. Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums, 21, 159 - 196." type="journal article" year="1877">Dalla Torre, 1877</bibRefCitation>
: 185
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF860A2DAF865" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,678,1961,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF860A1E7F865" box="[245,411,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sabulicola cirsii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0F8BF860A241F865" author="Verhoeff" box="[418,573,1961,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Verhoeff, C. (1890) Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Hymenopteren-Fauna. Entomologische Nachrichten Berlin, 16, 329." type="journal article" year="1890">Verhoeff, 1890</bibRefCitation>
: 329–331.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB048FFDD0EDCF801A208F807" blockId="6.[151,837,1685,2014]" box="[245,628,1992,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B048FFDD0EDCF801A208F807" box="[245,628,1992,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB048FFDD0EDCF801A20CF807" authority="Meyer, 1922: 173" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="1922" box="[245,624,1992,2014]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB048FFDD0EDCF801A1CFF804" box="[245,435,1992,2014]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sphecodes grandis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB048FFDD0F93F800A20CF807" author="Meyer" box="[442,624,1992,2014]" page="173" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB048FFDD0F93F800A241F807" author="Meyer" box="[442,573,1992,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Meyer, R. (1922) Nachtrag I zur Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 88 A 8, 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1922">Meyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 173
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFF51A2DBFF16" blockId="7.[245,687,152,205]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B049FFDC0EDCFF51A2DBFF16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFF51A2D7FF77" authority="Cockerell, 1931: 348" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="348" authorityYear="1931" box="[245,683,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFF51A1B1FF74" box="[245,461,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes rufipennis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0FFAFF51A2D7FF77" author="Cockerell" box="[467,683,152,174]" page="348" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FFAFF51A204FF77" author="Cockerell" box="[467,632,152,174]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1931) Descriptions and Records of Bees. 127. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 344 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Cockerell, 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 348
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFF7EA2DFFF16" authority="Cockerell, 1931: 350" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="350" authorityYear="1931" box="[245,675,182,205]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrescens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFF7EA1B9FF17" box="[245,453,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes atrescens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0FE2FF7FA2DFFF16" author="Cockerell" box="[459,675,182,204]" page="350" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FE2FF7FA20CFF16" author="Cockerell" box="[459,624,182,204]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1931) Descriptions and Records of Bees. 127. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 344 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Cockerell, 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 350
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EBEFF31A1AAFE83" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EBEFF31A1AAFE83" blockId="7.[151,1436,248,993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFF31A14CFECB" bold="true" box="[151,304,248,273]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
South and central Europe, in the north reaching
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0D4CFF30A3ACFECB" box="[869,976,249,273]" name="Denmark" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Denmark</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0DF4FF30A448FECB" box="[989,1076,249,273]" name="Estonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Estonia</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0A85FF30A57EFECB" box="[1196,1282,249,273]" name="Finland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Finland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0B15FF30A5E4FECB" box="[1340,1432,249,273]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, absent from
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0F0DFED7A102FEEC" box="[292,382,286,310]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Norway</collectingCountry>
and on the British Isles; the distribution area extends to Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0A16FED4A49BFEEF" author="Westrich" box="[1087,1255,285,309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0ADAFED4A5E4FEEF" author="Warncke" box="[1267,1432,285,309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
, Lönnell &amp; Cederberg 2007).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EE0FEACA1D6FC3B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EE0FEACA409FCD3" blockId="7.[151,1436,248,993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EE0FEACA155FEA4" bold="true" box="[201,297,357,382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Biology.</emphasis>
Species found in sandy sites, sand dunes, river banks and semideserts. Usually, it occurs in warmer regions and is locally highly abundant.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0C67FE40A3C2FE7B" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[590,958,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularius">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0C67FE40A341FE7B" box="[590,829,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colletes cunicularius</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
is the main host of this specialized cuckoo bee (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0F2AFE64A1D3FE1F" author="Bluthgen" box="[259,431,429,453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0F95FE64A219FE1F" author="Westrich" box="[444,613,429,453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
). This cuckoo bee has only one generation during the year. It is highly probable that females survive for long time and fly in early summer, when
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0DF7FE18A446FE33" box="[990,1082,465,489]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0DF7FE18A446FE33" box="[990,1082,465,489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colletes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still not available. In this situation
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0ECDFE3FA112FDD7" box="[228,366,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0ECDFE3FA112FDD7" box="[228,366,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can accept another (secondary) host. Old worn females were observed entering nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0B7EFE3CA1A4FDEB" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Melitturga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavicornis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0B7EFE3CA127FDEB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Melitturga clavicornis</emphasis>
(Latreille)
</taxonomicName>
and larvae of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0CA3FDD3A364FDEB" box="[650,792,537,561]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0CA3FDD3A364FDEB" box="[650,792,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were excavated and described from its nest by
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0B7DFDD3A099FD8F" author="Rozen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rozen, J. G. Jr. (1965) The Biology and Immature Stages of Melitturga clavicornis (Latreille) and of Sphecodes albilabris (Kirby) and the Recognition of the Oxaeidae at the Family Level (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). American Museum Novitates, 2224, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1965">Rozen (1965)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0ED9FDF4A1D5FD8F" author="Bluthgen" box="[240,425,573,597]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
also stated
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0C07FDF4A3CEFD8F" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[558,946,573,597]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricinctus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0C07FDF4A353FD8F" box="[558,815,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Halictus quadricinctus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
as unconfirmed host. We observed females of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0E9EFDABA13EFDA3" box="[183,322,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Nomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albilabris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0E9EFDABA13EFDA3" box="[183,322,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
invading nests of this species at the exactly same situation as was Rozen’s (1965) observation of this species parasitizing
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0F81FD4CA263FD47" box="[424,543,645,669]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Melliturga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F81FD4CA263FD47" box="[424,543,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Melliturga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our record was made at Stroupeč Natural Monument in the
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0AE4FD4CA503FD47" box="[1229,1407,645,669]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
in
<date id="131421BDB049FFDC0EBEFD60A17BFD1B" box="[151,263,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2011-07">July 2011</date>
. However, suggested parasitic activity of the second generation, e.g. in nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0AABFD60A0ABFD3F" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Dasypoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0AABFD60A52CFD1B" box="[1154,1360,681,705]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dasypoda hirtipes</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, seems to be highly unlikely (A. Přidal, pers. comm.). Adult females and males emerge in July, mate, females find shelter and overwinter. There is no place for parasitic activity before overwintering.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EE0FCDCA1D6FC3B" blockId="7.[151,1436,248,993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EE0FCDCA1F2FCF7" bold="true" box="[201,398,789,814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FBDFCDCA234FCF7" author="Warncke" box="[404,584,789,813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke (1992)</bibRefCitation>
regarded
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0C90FCDFA3AAFCF7" authority="Spinola, 1838" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" box="[697,982,789,813]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0C90FCDFA348FCF7" box="[697,820,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. rubripes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0D12FCDCA3AAFCF7" author="Spinola" box="[827,982,789,813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Spinola, M. (1838) Des Hymenopteres recueillis par M. Fischer pendant son voyade en Egypte, et communiques par. M. le Docteur Waltl. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 7, 512." type="journal article" year="1838">Spinola, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(with synonyms
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0AB1FCDFA0ADFC8B" authority="Lepeletier, 1841" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0AB1FCDFA561FCF7" box="[1176,1309,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. africanus</emphasis>
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,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EF7FCF0A2F7FC8B" authority="Cockerell, 1931" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1931" box="[222,651,825,849]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipennis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EF7FCF0A1B2FC8B" box="[222,462,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes rufipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FFCFCF0A2F7FC8B" author="Cockerell" box="[469,651,825,849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1931) Descriptions and Records of Bees. 127. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 344 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Cockerell, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0CB1FCF0A3FCFC8B" box="[664,896,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes atrescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0DAEFCF0A440FC8B" author="Cockerell" box="[903,1084,825,849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1931) Descriptions and Records of Bees. 127. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 344 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Cockerell, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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) as subspecies of
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0B22FCF3A5E9FC8B" box="[1291,1429,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
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. However, the difference among
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0FD4FC97A2F9FCAF" box="[509,645,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0CBAFC97A371FCAF" box="[659,781,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. rubripes</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0D6AFC97A3BBFCAF" box="[835,967,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. africanus</emphasis>
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is major (
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) and not only in coloration as
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0F07FC48A19EFC43" author="Warncke" box="[302,482,897,921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke (1992)</bibRefCitation>
suggested. They also differ in phenology: males of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0A0EFC4BA4DEFC43" box="[1063,1186,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0A0EFC4BA4DEFC43" box="[1063,1186,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. rubripes</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0AF0FC4BA522FC43" box="[1241,1374,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0AF0FC4BA522FC43" box="[1241,1374,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. africanus</emphasis>
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were collected in spring (April) and males of
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0C49FC6FA296FC67" box="[608,746,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albilabris</emphasis>
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in summer. These forms can be valid species, but it requires further taxonomic study.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEF8FAA154F893" bold="true" box="[151,296,1843,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Described as:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F06F8FDA279F890" box="[303,517,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes crassanus</emphasis>
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–27. No synonyms.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEF85CA14CF874" bold="true" box="[151,304,1941,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
South Europe—Spain,
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(
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),
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(
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Amiet
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1999
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Poorly known species of open warm habitats with unknown host. The biology is probably similar to
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and hosts can be expected within the medium sized species of
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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EBEFBFCA3CEFB6A" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EBEFBFCA24EFB95" blockId="7.[151,562,1077,1103]" box="[151,562,1077,1103]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="3C5DB011B049FFDC0EBEFBFCA24EFB95" bold="true" box="[151,562,1077,1103]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EBEFBFCA24EFB95" ID-CoL="6Z9Y3" authority="Smith, 1853" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,562,1077,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFBFCA24EFB95" bold="true" box="[151,562,1077,1103]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFBFCA1EBFB95" bold="true" box="[151,407,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes alternatus</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EBEFBB2A2D7FB4B" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[151,683,1147,1170]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFBB2A161FB4B" bold="true" box="[151,285,1147,1170]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Descibed as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0F0AFBB5A2DBFB4B" authority="Smith, 1853: 36" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1853" box="[291,679,1147,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F0AFBB5A187FB48" box="[291,507,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes alternatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0C2BFBB2A2FEFB4B" author="Smith" box="[514,642,1147,1169]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, F. (1853) Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Andrenidae and Apidae. Part 1. Trustees, London, 197 pp." type="book" year="1853">Smith, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EBEFB53A3CEFB6A" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[151,946,1178,1201]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFB53A173FB6B" bold="true" box="[151,271,1178,1201]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0F3DFB53A1B4FB6A" box="[276,456,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F3DFB53A1B4FB6A" box="[276,456,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0FF9FB52A241FB6A" box="[464,573,1178,1200]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="variety" variety="similis">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0FD2FB53A241FB6A" box="[507,573,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subvar.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0CBBFB52A28DFB6A" box="[658,753,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">scariosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0CD1FB53A307FB6A" author="Sichel" box="[760,891,1178,1200]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Sichel, J. (1865) Etudes hymenopterologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (4), 331 - 492." type="journal article" year="1865">Sichel, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 444.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EDCFB70A221FA5D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFB70A2CAFB15" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[245,694,1209,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B049FFDC0EDCFB70A2CAFB15" box="[245,694,1209,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFB70A2CEFB15" authority="Hagens, 1882: 219" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="219" authorityYear="1882" box="[245,690,1209,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiventris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFB70A196FB15" box="[245,490,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes punctiventris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0FD9FB73A2CEFB15" author="Hagens" box="[496,690,1210,1231]" page="219" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1882">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FD9FB73A2FCFB15" author="Hagens" box="[496,640,1210,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 219
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFB11A2EAFB37" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[245,662,1240,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B049FFDC0EDCFB11A2EAFB37" box="[245,662,1240,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFB11A2EEFB37" authority="Morawitz, 1894: 78" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1894" box="[245,658,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilior">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFB11A1BCFB34" box="[245,448,1240,1262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes gracilior</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0FEFFB11A2EEFB37" author="Morawitz" box="[454,658,1240,1262]" page="78" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0FEFFB11A210FB37" author="Morawitz" box="[454,620,1240,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Morawitz, F. (1894) [Fauna of Bees of the Turkmenistan]. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 28, 1 - 76 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1894">Morawitz, 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFB3EA2C7FAD6" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[245,699,1270,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B049FFDC0EDCFB3EA2C7FAD6" box="[245,699,1270,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFB3EA2FEFAD6" authority="Tournier, 1901: 258" authorityName="Tournier" authorityPageNumber="258" authorityYear="1901" box="[245,642,1270,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antigae">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFB3EA1CEFAD7" box="[245,434,1271,1293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes antigae</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0F91FB3FA2FEFAD6" author="Tournier" box="[440,642,1270,1292]" page="258" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0F91FB3FA22DFAD6" author="Tournier" box="[440,593,1270,1292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tournier, H. (1901) Descriptions de quelques Hymenopteres d'Europe et confins. Boletin de la Sociedad espanola Historia naturalis, 1, 258." type="journal article" year="1901">Tournier, 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 258
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–260.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFADCA200FAB2" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B049FFDC0EDCFADCA200FAB2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFADCA1ADFAF1" ID-CoL="6Z9NP" box="[245,465,1301,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFADCA1ADFAF1" box="[245,465,1301,1323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0FF1FADFA349FAF1" authority="Alfken, 1914: 195" authorityName="Alfken" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1914" box="[472,821,1301,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="variety" variety="algeriensis">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0C2AFADCA20EFAF1" box="[515,626,1301,1323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">algeriensis</emphasis>
Alfken, 1914: 195
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0EDCFAFDA29AFA93" authority="Pittioni, 1950: 61" authorityName="Pittioni" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1950" box="[245,742,1331,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="alternatus" subSpecies="lindbergi">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFAFDA253FA90" box="[245,559,1332,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sphecodes alternatus lindbergi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0C1CFAFAA29AFA93" author="Pittioni" box="[565,742,1331,1353]" page="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0C1CFAFAA2BFFA93" author="Pittioni" box="[565,707,1331,1353]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Pittioni, B. (1950) Hymenoptera aculeata I. On the insectfauna of Cyprus. Results of the Expedition of 1939 by Harald, Hakan and P. H. Lindberg. Commentationes Biologicae, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 10, 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1950">Pittioni, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 61
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–62.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFA9BA16FFAB3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1362,1385]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Subspecies:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F33FA9AA13BFAB2" box="[282,327,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. a.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0F64FA9BA204FAB2" authority="Morawitz, 1894: 78" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1894" box="[333,632,1362,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilior">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0F64FA9BA1DBFAB2" box="[333,423,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">gracilior</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB049FFDC0F84FA9BA204FAB2" author="Morawitz" box="[429,632,1362,1384]" page="78" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0F84FA9BA22FFAB2" author="Morawitz" box="[429,595,1362,1384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Morawitz, F. (1894) [Fauna of Bees of the Turkmenistan]. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 28, 1 - 76 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1894">Morawitz, 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EDCFABBA221FA5D" blockId="7.[151,946,1147,1415]" box="[245,605,1393,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EDCFABBA1EAFA5D" box="[245,406,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. a. algeriensis</emphasis>
Alfken, 1914: 195.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EBEFA7AA499FA35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EBEFA7AA499FA35" blockId="7.[151,1436,1459,1700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EBEFA7AA14CFA16" bold="true" box="[151,304,1459,1484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
South of Europe, reaching central Europe to
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0D6BFA7DA3B6FA16" box="[834,970,1460,1484]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0DF0FA7DA442FA16" box="[985,1086,1460,1484]" name="Slovakia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0A65FA7CA4D3FA17" box="[1100,1199,1461,1485]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0AC6FA7DA530FA16" box="[1263,1356,1460,1484]" name="Ukraine" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, in the east through
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0F0EFA1EA10BFA35" box="[295,375,1495,1519]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Turkey</collectingCountry>
to Turkestan, present also in North Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0D76FA1EA479FA35" author="Warncke" box="[863,1029,1495,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0A39FA1EA4A4FA35" author="Amiet" box="[1040,1240,1495,1520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Amiet, F., Muller, A. &amp; Neumeyer, R. (1999) Hymenoptera Apidae. 2. Teil: Gattungen Colletes, Dufourea, Hylaeus, Nomia, Nomioides, Rhophitoides, Rophites, Sphecodes, Systropha. Fauna Helvetica 4. Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune &amp; Schweitzerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Luzern, 219 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Amiet
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0A77FA10A4EAFA2A" box="[1118,1174,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B049FFDC0EE0FA32A1B3F97E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB049FFDC0EE0FA32A1B3F97E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1459,1700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0EE0FA32A155F9CE" bold="true" box="[201,297,1531,1556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warm sites, especially sand dunes; quite common in various warm biotopes in southern Europe. In central Europe it is rare. Abundant in extensive sandy sites such as military training areas or larger sand quarries. Hosts unconfirmed. It was observed in association with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0DB8F98DA573F986" authority="Walckener" authorityName="Walckener" box="[913,1295,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0DB8F98DA400F986" box="[913,1148,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Halictus compressus</emphasis>
(Walckener)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB049FFDC0B13F98CA5E0F987" box="[1338,1436,1605,1629]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hungary</collectingCountry>
(own observations);
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0FA8F9A0A2C8F9A5" authority="Bluthgen" authorityName="Bluthgen" box="[385,692,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langobardicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0FA8F9A0A23AF95A" box="[385,582,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. langobardicus</emphasis>
Blüthgen
</taxonomicName>
is another likely host.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB049FFDC0D97F9AEA404F9A5" author="Bluthgen" box="[958,1144,1639,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB049FFDC0AC5F9A0A178F97E" authority="F. Morawitz" authorityName="F. Morawitz" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB049FFDC0AC5F9A0A502F95A" box="[1260,1406,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. patellatus</emphasis>
F. Morawitz
</taxonomicName>
as the likely host.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

113
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEF8EBA21BF8E6" bold="true" box="[151,615,1826,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEF8EBA1DAF8E6" bold="true" box="[151,422,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes scabricollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0F84F8EBA21BF8E6" author="Wesmael" box="[429,615,1826,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wesmael, C. (1835): Observations sur les especes du genre Sphecode. Bulletin de l'Academie des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2, 279 - 287." type="journal article" year="1835">Wesmael, 1835</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEF8A0A154F8A5" bold="true" box="[151,296,1897,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Described as:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F06F8A0A26AF8A5" box="[303,534,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes scabricollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0C35F8A0A2C7F8A5" author="Wesmael" box="[540,699,1897,1919]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wesmael, C. (1835): Observations sur les especes du genre Sphecode. Bulletin de l'Academie des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2, 279 - 287." type="journal article" year="1835">Wesmael, 1835</bibRefCitation>
: 287
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEF84EA179F844" bold="true" box="[151,261,1927,1950]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0F22F841A2E2F844" authority="Ritsema, 1879: 56" authorityName="Ritsema" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1879" box="[267,670,1928,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perversus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F22F841A1A3F844" box="[267,479,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes perversus</emphasis>
Ritsema, 1879: 56
</taxonomicName>
–57.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFF5EA14CFF6A" bold="true" box="[151,304,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to southern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0C73FF5EA2CEFF75" box="[602,690,151,175]" name="Finland" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Finland</collectingCountry>
, present in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0D1FFF5EA3EAFF75" box="[822,918,151,175]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">England</collectingCountry>
, southward absent from the Balkan Peninsula and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0EEFFF75A16AFF0E" box="[198,278,188,212]" name="Turkey" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
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,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0FFFFF75A200FF0E" author="Warncke" box="[470,636,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05FFFCA0EEEFF16A495FEBE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05FFFCA0EEEFF16A495FEBE" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EEEFF16A15BFF22" bold="true" box="[199,295,223,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biology.</emphasis>
Very rare species of sandy wetlands, in most countries endangered or extinct. The distribution is much weaker than in the past. The host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0C00FECDA355FEC6" box="[553,809,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0C00FECDA355FEC6" box="[553,809,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lasioglossum zonulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, recorded in the literature (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0A73FECDA578FEC6" author="Bluthgen" box="[1114,1284,260,284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen 1934</bibRefCitation>
, Yates 2002), the first author also recorded
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0FC3FEE1A2A8FE9A" box="[490,724,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0FC3FEE1A2A8FE9A" box="[490,724,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Halictus compressus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0CCDFEE0A3DEFE9A" box="[740,930,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricinctus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0CCDFEE0A3DEFE9A" box="[740,930,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. quadricinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0DF5FEE1A495FE9A" box="[988,1257,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasinum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0DF5FEE1A495FE9A" box="[988,1257,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lasioglossum prasinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as likely hosts. More recently, parasitation only in nests of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0C54FE84A286FEBE" box="[637,762,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0C54FE84A286FEBE" box="[637,762,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L. zonulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed (M. Herrmann, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
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175
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFB6EA1E0FB1B" bold="true" box="[151,412,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rufiventris</emphasis>
(
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)
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFB27A154FADE" bold="true" box="[151,296,1262,1285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Described as:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F06FB26A1A3FADF" box="[303,479,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tiphia rufiventris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FCCFB26A210FADE" author="Panzer" box="[485,620,1263,1284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Panzer, G. W. F. (1798) Fauna insectorum germanicae initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten. Heft 54. Felssecker, Nurnberg, 24 pp + 24 plates." type="book" year="1798">Panzer, 1798</bibRefCitation>
: 4
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.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFAC4A173FAFE" bold="true" box="[151,271,1293,1316]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0F3DFAC4A2C9FAF9" authority="Schenck, 1853: 223" authorityName="Schenck" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1853" box="[276,693,1293,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subovalis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F3DFAC4A199FAF9" box="[276,485,1293,1315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes subovalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FC5FAC4A2F8FAF9" author="Schenck" box="[492,644,1293,1315]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Schenck, A. (1853) Nachtrag zu der Beschreibung nassauischer Bienenarten. Jahrbucher des Vereins fur Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, 9, 88 - 306." type="journal article" year="1853">Schenck, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 223
</taxonomicName>
–224.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFAE5A215FA9B" authority="Hagens, 1875: 317" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="317" authorityYear="1875" box="[245,617,1323,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFAE5A1DFFA98" box="[245,419,1324,1346]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes brevis</emphasis>
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: 317
</taxonomicName>
–318.
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<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFA83A2F4FABA" authority="Meyer, 1920: 130" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="130" authorityYear="1920" box="[245,648,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFA83A1B7FABA" box="[245,459,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes singularis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0FFBFA82A2F4FABA" author="Meyer" box="[466,648,1355,1376]" page="130" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1920">
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: 130
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFAA0A2ADFAA5" blockId="16.[151,954,1262,1530]" box="[245,721,1385,1407]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B05EFFCB0EDCFAA0A2ADFAA5" box="[245,721,1385,1407]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFAA0A2D9FAA5" authority="Bluthgen, 1927: 37" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1927" box="[245,677,1385,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="combinatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFAA0A1A7FAA5" box="[245,475,1385,1407]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes combinatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0FC8FAA0A2D9FAA5" author="Bluthgen" box="[481,677,1385,1407]" page="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FC8FAA0A2FDFAA5" author="Bluthgen" box="[481,641,1385,1407]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1927) Beitrage zur Systematik der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. III. Zoologische Jahrbuch, Abteilung fur Systematik, 53, 23 - 112." type="journal article" year="1927">Blüthgen, 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 37
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–39.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFA41A2D2FA44" blockId="16.[151,954,1262,1530]" box="[245,686,1416,1438]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFA41A2D5FA44" authority="Bluthgen, 1935: 366" authorityName="Bluthgen" authorityPageNumber="366" authorityYear="1935" box="[245,681,1416,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tadschicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFA41A1ADFA44" box="[245,465,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes tadschicus</emphasis>
Blüthgen, 1935: 366
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFA6EA378FA23" blockId="16.[151,954,1262,1530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B05EFFCB0EDCFA6EA378FA23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFA6EA36BFA66" authority="Erlandsson, 1979: 123" authorityName="Erlandsson" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1979" box="[245,791,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subovalis" subSpecies="austrinus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFA6EA256FA67" box="[245,554,1447,1469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes subovalis austrinus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0C18FA6FA36BFA66" author="Erlandsson" box="[561,791,1446,1468]" page="123" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1979">
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: 123
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFA0CA256FA01" box="[245,554,1477,1499]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes subovalis austrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0C18FA0FA3CAFA01" authority="Erlandsson, 1979: 123" authorityName="Erlandsson" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1979" box="[561,950,1477,1499]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="variety" variety="balcanicus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0C75FA0CA2B6FA01" box="[604,714,1477,1499]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">balcanicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0CF9FA0CA3CAFA01" author="Erlandsson" box="[720,950,1477,1499]" page="123" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0CF9FA0CA3F8FA01" author="Erlandsson" box="[720,900,1477,1499]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Erlandsson, S. (1979): Hymenoptera aculeata from the european part of the mediterranean countries. II. Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica, 15, 111 - 130." type="journal article" year="1979">Erlandsson, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 123
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFA2DA37CFA23" authority="Warncke, 1992: 28" authorityName="Warncke" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1992" box="[245,768,1507,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rufiventris" subSpecies="hethiticus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFA2DA245FA20" box="[245,569,1508,1530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rufiventris hethiticus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0C17FA2AA37CFA23" author="Warncke" box="[574,768,1507,1529]" page="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0C17FA2AA2A6FA23" author="Warncke" box="[574,730,1507,1529]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 28
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EBEF9EFA303F9B8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEF9EFA303F9B8" blockId="16.[151,1436,1574,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEF9EFA14CF9E5" bold="true" box="[151,304,1574,1599]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe up to 57°N, absent from Scandinavia and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0D74F9EFA3D2F9E4" box="[861,942,1574,1598]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Britain</collectingCountry>
, in the east the distribution area goes to Ural River, present in North Africa:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0FDCF982A221F9B8" box="[501,605,1611,1634]" name="Morocco" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0C41F983A2C0F9B8" box="[616,700,1610,1634]" name="Algeria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Algeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0CE3F983A30EF9B8" author="Warncke" box="[714,882,1610,1634]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EEEF9A7A51DF914" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EEEF9A7A51DF914" blockId="16.[151,1436,1574,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EEEF9A7A15BF95D" bold="true" box="[199,295,1646,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of warmer open or shrubby habitats (forest steppes), common on loess walls. In central Europe quite rare, more abundant only at xerothermes. The only known host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0A03F95AA579F971" box="[1066,1285,1683,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0A03F95AA579F971" box="[1066,1285,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Halictus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, recorded by Stoeckhert (1933) and
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FBFF97FA22DF914" author="Bluthgen" box="[406,593,1718,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen (1934)</bibRefCitation>
. We have only observed
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0D40F97EA385F914" box="[873,1017,1718,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0D40F97EA385F914" box="[873,1017,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. rufiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in association with this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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179
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<heading id="3C5DB011B05EFFCB0EBEFD4DA22FFD47" bold="true" box="[151,595,643,670]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EBEFD4DA22FFD47" ID-CoL="6Z9NT" authority="Erichson, 1835" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,595,643,670]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficrus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFD4DA22FFD47" bold="true" box="[151,595,643,670]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFD4DA103FD44" bold="true" box="[151,383,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes ruficrus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FA7FD4AA237FD47" author="Erichson" box="[398,587,643,669]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1835) Beschreibung von 19 neuen Hymenopteren aus Andalusien, pp. 101 - 109. In: Waltl, J. (ed.) Reise durch Tyrol, Oberitalien und Piemont nach dem sudlichen Spanien, nebst einem Anhange zoologischen Inhalts. 2. Auflage. Verlag der Pustetschen Buchhandlung (J. F. Winkler), Passau, 381 pp." type="book chapter" year="1835">Erichson, 1835</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFD03A154FD3A" bold="true" box="[151,296,714,737]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Described as:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F06FD03A1A4FD3A" box="[303,472,714,736]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dichroa ruficrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FF6FD03A207FD3A" author="Erichson" box="[479,635,714,736]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1835) Beschreibung von 19 neuen Hymenopteren aus Andalusien, pp. 101 - 109. In: Waltl, J. (ed.) Reise durch Tyrol, Oberitalien und Piemont nach dem sudlichen Spanien, nebst einem Anhange zoologischen Inhalts. 2. Auflage. Verlag der Pustetschen Buchhandlung (J. F. Winkler), Passau, 381 pp." type="book chapter" year="1835">Erichson, 1835</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</taxonomicName>
–102.
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<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFD20A37DFD25" blockId="16.[151,1394,714,859]" box="[151,769,745,768]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFD20A173FCDA" bold="true" box="[151,271,745,768]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F3DFD20A18EFD25" box="[276,498,745,767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes hispanicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FD1FD20A2EBFD25" author="Wesmael" box="[504,663,745,767]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wesmael, C. (1835): Observations sur les especes du genre Sphecode. Bulletin de l'Academie des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2, 279 - 287." type="journal article" year="1835">Wesmael, 1835</bibRefCitation>
: 285
</taxonomicName>
–286.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EDCFCC1A50EFC80" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFCC1A220FCC7" blockId="16.[151,1394,714,859]" box="[245,604,776,798]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B05EFFCB0EDCFCC1A220FCC7" box="[245,604,776,798]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFCC1A224FCC7" authority="Smith, 1853: 37" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1853" box="[245,600,776,798]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFCC1A1D0FCC4" box="[245,428,776,798]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rufipes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0F9AFCC1A224FCC7" author="Smith" box="[435,600,776,798]" page="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0F9AFCC1A24EFCC4" author="Smith" box="[435,562,776,798]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Smith, F. (1853) Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Andrenidae and Apidae. Part 1. Trustees, London, 197 pp." type="book" year="1853">Smith, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFCEEA339FCE6" blockId="16.[151,1394,714,859]" box="[245,837,806,829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="47BA2053B05EFFCB0EDCFCEEA339FCE6" box="[245,837,806,829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFCEEA1D6FCE7" ID-CoL="6YXMR" box="[245,426,807,829]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFCEEA1D6FCE7" box="[245,426,807,829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes gibbus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0F99FCEEA370FCE6" authority="Gribodo, 1894: 293" authorityName="Gribodo" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1894" box="[432,780,806,829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="variety" variety="tunetanus">
var.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0FF5FCE1A242FCE7" box="[476,574,808,829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">tunetanus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E60B216CB05EFFCB0C6DFCEFA370FCE6" author="Gribodo" box="[580,780,806,828]" page="293" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0C6DFCEFA2A7FCE6" author="Gribodo" box="[580,731,806,828]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gribodo, G. (1894) Note Imenotterologiche. Nota 2. Nuove generi e n. specie di Imenotteri antofili ed osservazioni sopra alcune species gia conosciute. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 26, 262 - 314." type="journal article" year="1894">Gribodo, 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 293
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–294.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EDCFC8CA50EFC80" blockId="16.[151,1394,714,859]" box="[245,1394,837,859]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EDCFC8CA234FC80" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[245,584,837,859]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrohirtus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EDCFC8CA1B6FC81" box="[245,458,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes atrohirtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0FF8FC8CA234FC80" author="Perez" box="[465,584,837,859]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0C7EFC8FA299FC81" box="[599,741,838,859]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0D27FC8FA576FC81" authority="Wesmael, 1836 sensu Hagens, 1882" authorityName="Wesmael, 1836 sensu Hagens" authorityYear="1882" box="[782,1290,837,859]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0D27FC8FA3E8FC81" box="[782,916,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. hispanicus</emphasis>
Wesmael, 1836
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0A15FC8FA408FC81" box="[1084,1140,838,859]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0A52FC8FA576FC81" author="Hagens" box="[1147,1290,837,859]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
): CCXIX.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EBEFC4EA479FC1E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFC4EA479FC1E" blockId="16.[151,1436,903,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFC4EA14CFC7A" bold="true" box="[151,304,903,928]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
South and western Europe:
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0C5AFC4EA2C9FC45" box="[627,693,903,927]" name="Spain" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0CEBFC41A36DFC45" box="[706,785,904,927]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0D37FC4EA3DAFC45" box="[798,934,903,927]" name="Switzerland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0D9AFC4EA39BFC45" box="[947,999,903,927]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0DDDFC4EA421FC45" box="[1012,1117,903,927]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0A43FC41A4B1FC7A" box="[1130,1229,904,928]" name="Hungary" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0AF0FC4EA554FC45" box="[1241,1320,903,927]" name="Russia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Russia</collectingCountry>
. This species extends its distribution area to north-east (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0C89FC65A33BFC1E" author="Westrich" box="[672,839,940,964]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0D7BFC65A384FC1E" author="Warncke" box="[850,1016,940,964]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EEEFC06A3ADFB8E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EEEFC06A3ADFB8E" blockId="16.[151,1436,903,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EEEFC06A15BFC32" bold="true" box="[199,295,975,1000]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Biology.</emphasis>
Species of sandy sites, in southern Europe common in such localities.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0A17FC19A57DFC3D" author="Herrmann" box="[1086,1281,975,999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Herrmann, M. (2006) Wirtsbindung und Habitate der Blutbiene Sphecodes ruficrus (Erichson 1835). Mitteilungen der entomologische Vereins in Stuttgart, 41, 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="2006">Herrmann (2006)</bibRefCitation>
described the biology and hosts. The main host is
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0C0EFC3DA2A2FBD6" box="[551,734,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0C0EFC3DA2A2FBD6" box="[551,734,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Andrena humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also related species
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0DE3FC3DA412FBD6" authority="Perez" authorityName="Perez" box="[970,1134,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="livens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0DE3FC3DA455FBD6" box="[970,1065,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. livens</emphasis>
Pérez
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0A8AFC3DA50FFBD6" authority="Giraud" authorityName="Giraud" box="[1187,1395,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taraxaci">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0A8AFC3DA563FBD6" box="[1187,1311,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. taraxaci</emphasis>
Giraud
</taxonomicName>
are possible hosts of this species. We have studied this species in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0D7DFBDEA3E8FBF5" box="[852,916,1047,1071]" name="Spain" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spain</collectingCountry>
in association with
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0A5FFBD1A4ABFBEA" box="[1142,1239,1048,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="livens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0A5FFBD1A4ABFBEA" box="[1142,1239,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. livens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0ACEFBDEA5E0FBF5" author="Westrich" box="[1255,1436,1047,1071]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0ED2FBF5A24DFB8E" authority="Schenck" authorityName="Schenck" box="[251,561,1084,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Andrena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0ED2FBF5A1B7FB8E" box="[251,459,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Andrena decipiens</emphasis>
Schenck
</taxonomicName>
as a host, but with no further details.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

122
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<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA31AFEC9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA228FF6B" blockId="16.[151,596,151,177]" box="[151,596,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="3C5DB011B05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA228FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA228FF6B" ID-CoL="6YXNS" authority="Hagens, 1875" authorityName="Hagens" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,596,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicundus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA228FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,596,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFF5EA1DBFF6B" bold="true" box="[151,423,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rubicundus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0F86FF5EA228FF6B" author="Hagens" box="[431,596,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Hagens, J. (1875) Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der deutschen Sphecodes-Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 19 (2), 315 - 319." type="journal article" year="1875">Hagens, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFF17A2A2FF2E" blockId="16.[151,870,222,275]" box="[151,734,222,245]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFF17A154FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,296,222,245]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0F06FF16A2A6FF2E" authority="Hagens, 1875: 318" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1875" box="[303,730,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubicundus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F06FF16A26EFF2F" box="[303,530,223,245]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rubicundus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0C31FF16A2DBFF2E" author="Hagens" box="[536,679,222,244]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Hagens, J. (1875) Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der deutschen Sphecodes-Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 19 (2), 315 - 319." type="journal article" year="1875">Hagens, 1875</bibRefCitation>
: 318
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFF35A31AFEC9" blockId="16.[151,870,222,275]" box="[151,870,252,275]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFF35A179FEC9" bold="true" box="[151,261,252,275]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Synonym:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05EFFCB0F22FF34A351FEC9" authority="Torka, 1926: 126" authorityName="Torka" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1926" box="[267,813,253,275]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rubicundus" subSpecies="altisilesiacus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0F22FF34A204FEC9" box="[267,632,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphecodes rubicundus altisilesiacus</emphasis>
Torka, 1926: 126
</taxonomicName>
–127.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05EFFCB0EBEFEF6A135FEA6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05EFFCB0EBEFEF6A135FEA6" blockId="16.[151,1436,319,560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EBEFEF6A14CFE82" bold="true" box="[151,304,319,344]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
Europe north to 56° N,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0C64FEF6A2D1FE8D" box="[589,685,319,343]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">England</collectingCountry>
, eastern to Ural and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0D89FEF6A47AFE8D" box="[928,1030,319,343]" name="Armenia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Armenia</collectingCountry>
. Present in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05EFFCB0AA7FEF6A4A2FE8D" box="[1166,1246,319,343]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0AC6FEF6A5E4FE8D" author="Westrich" box="[1263,1432,319,343]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Band. 1 und 2. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0EBEFEADA141FEA6" author="Warncke" box="[151,317,356,380]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0EE0FE4EA155FE7A" bold="true" box="[201,297,391,416]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Biology.</emphasis>
Very rare species. Older findings are from open habitats: usually sandy sites, sanddunes and steppes.
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described the biology of
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and confirmed it as a host of this species.
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also put
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as confirmed and
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0D13FE19A3A5FE32" box="[826,985,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. nigroaenea</emphasis>
(Kirby)
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as likely host of
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05EFFCB0AD3FE19A5E9FE32" box="[1274,1429,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. rubicundus</emphasis>
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.
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05EFFCB0EBEFE3DA156FDD6" author="Torka" box="[151,298,500,524]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Torka, V. (1925) Seltene Bienen Oberschlesiens. International entomologischer Zeitschrift, 18, 255 - 257. Torka, V. (1926) Die Bienenfauna Oberschlesiens. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 20, 125 - 130." type="journal article" year="1925">Torka (1925)</bibRefCitation>
brought data on possible parasitization in nests of
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. Currently, the mentioned hosts occur mostly in different biotopes from the cleptoparasite.
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Europe north to 56°N, present in
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Rare species of warm biotopes, usually steppes. In central Europe only few records in recent years. The only known host is
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<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFE7EA240FE0B" bold="true" box="[151,572,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFE7EA1F3FE0B" bold="true" box="[151,399,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphecodes schenckii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0FBFFE7EA240FE0B" author="Hagens" box="[406,572,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05FFFCA0EBEFE37A2B1FDE8" blockId="17.[151,825,510,594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFE37A154FDCE" bold="true" box="[151,296,510,533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Described as:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0F06FE36A2B8FDCE" authority="Hagens, 1882: 217" authorityName="Hagens" authorityPageNumber="217" authorityYear="1882" box="[303,708,511,533]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schenckii">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0F06FE36A182FDCF" box="[303,510,511,533]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphecodes schenckii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0C2DFE36A2EFFDCE" author="Hagens" box="[516,659,511,532]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hagens, J. (1882) Ueber die mannlichen Genitalien der Bienengattung Sphecodes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26, 209 - 229. Harris, M. (1776) An exposition of English Insects, including the several classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, &amp; Diptera, or bees, flies, &amp; libellulae. M. Harris, London, pp. i - viii + 9 - 72." type="journal article" year="1882">Hagens, 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 217
</taxonomicName>
–218.
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFDD5A173FDE9" bold="true" box="[151,271,540,563]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0F3DFDD4A212FDE8" authority="Perez, 1903" authorityName="Perez" authorityYear="1903" box="[276,622,541,563]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcicollis">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0F3DFDD4A191FDE9" box="[276,493,541,563]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphecodes sulcicollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0FDAFDD4A212FDE8" author="Perez" box="[499,622,541,563]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Perez, J. (1903) Especes nouvelles de Melliferes (palearctiques). Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 58, LXXVIII - XCIII, CCVIII - CCXXXVI." type="journal volume" year="1903">Pérez, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: CCVIII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6715077DB05FFFCA0EBEFDF2A345FD8B" blockId="17.[151,825,510,594]" box="[151,825,571,594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFDF2A16FFD88" bold="true" box="[151,275,571,594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Subspecies:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0F33FDF5A37CFD8B" authority="Meyer, 1920: 113" authorityName="Meyer" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1920" box="[282,768,572,594]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="schenckii" subSpecies="caspicus">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0F33FDF5A23BFD88" box="[282,583,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sphecodes schenckii caspicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0C64FDF4A2ADFD8B" author="Meyer" box="[589,721,572,594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Meyer, R. (1920) Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 85 A (1), 79 - 160." type="journal article" year="1920">Meyer, 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</taxonomicName>
–114.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05FFFCA0EBEFDB7A1CAFD60" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05FFFCA0EBEFDB7A1CAFD60" blockId="17.[151,1436,638,878]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EBEFDB7A14CFD4D" bold="true" box="[151,304,638,663]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</emphasis>
North-east
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0F9EFDB7A185FD4C" box="[439,505,638,662]" name="Spain" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0C2EFDB6A22AFD4C" box="[519,598,639,662]" name="France" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0C4BFDB7A297FD4C" box="[610,747,638,662]" name="Switzerland" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0CD1FDB7A350FD4C" box="[760,812,638,662]" name="Italy" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0D10FDB6A3E0FD4D" box="[825,924,639,663]" name="Hungary" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0D81FDB7A382FD4C" box="[936,1022,638,662]" name="Austria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0A23FDB7A413FD4C" box="[1034,1135,638,662]" name="Slovakia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0A55FDB7A499FD4C" box="[1148,1253,638,662]" name="Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0ADBFDB7A53CFD4C" box="[1266,1344,638,662]" name="Russia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0B65FDB7A5E0FD4C" box="[1356,1436,638,662]" name="Turkey" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0EEFFD6AA08FFD60" box="[198,243,675,698]" name="Iran" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0F28FD6BA1D5FD60" author="Warncke" box="[257,425,674,698]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Warncke, K. (1992) Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Sphecodes Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg, 52, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">Warncke 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FB054F6B05FFFCA0EE0FD0FA16EFCB4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6715077DB05FFFCA0EE0FD0FA16EFCB4" blockId="17.[151,1436,638,878]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0EE0FD0FA155FD05" bold="true" box="[201,297,710,735]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biology.</emphasis>
Rare species of warm localities, in most of the countries only few records.
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0A81FD0FA091FCD8" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0A81FD0FA5E0FD04" box="[1192,1436,710,734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lasioglossum discum</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
is supposed to be a host due to the similar distribution area, size and appearance (
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0AB0FD23A53AFCD8" author="Bluthgen" box="[1177,1350,746,770]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Bluthgen, P. (1934) Die Wirte der Palaarktischen Sphecodes - Arten. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftlicher Insekten-Biologie, 27, 33 - 42, 61 - 66. Bluthgen, P. (1935) Halictus, Nomioides und Sphecodes, pp. 360 - 367. In: Popov, V. V. (ed.) Beitrage zur Bienenfauna von Tadzhikistan. Trudy Tajikskoy Bazy Akademie Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="1934">Blüthgen 1934</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="033B7A8CB05FFFCA0B73FD23A15AFCFC" author="Grozdanic" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Grozdanic, S. (1971) Biologische Untersuchungen an den Bienen. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 18, 217 - 226." type="journal article" year="1971">Grozdaniċ (1971)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed this species as host of
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0C83FCC6A353FCFC" box="[682,815,782,806]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schenckii">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0C83FCC6A353FCFC" box="[682,815,782,806]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. schenckii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In northern
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0DECFCC7A437FCFC" box="[965,1099,782,806]" name="Switzerland" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
and in
<collectingCountry id="1FBD47EDB05FFFCA0A8BFCC7A576FCFC" box="[1186,1290,782,806]" name="Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Germany</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0B3AFCD9A5FCFCFC" box="[1299,1408,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discum">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0B3AFCD9A5FCFCFC" box="[1299,1408,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L. discum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is missing, so there has to be one or more other hosts, probably
<taxonomicName id="A0AA7CFEB05FFFCA0D4AFCFAA45CFC91" box="[867,1056,819,843]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="55DEDB6FB05FFFCA0D4AFCFAA45CFC91" box="[867,1056,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Halictus simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(M. Herrmann, pers. comm. and pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="EF03B876303946427BF8113A4F286C21" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152054465" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF03B876303946427BF8113A4F286C21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF03B876303946427BF8113A4F286C21" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
<subSubSection id="891CFEDFD8951079699336DECB5C590F" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="FABE7DECD3DEF3C3E038DB45ABEA49AE" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Taxon classification Animalia Phyllodocida Nereididae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="284FDA9174A04F1BF6D078397AC52FE6" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="032A354FB92ACCDC8E36995378161C36" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="DE2F9E7528A83F79BEC2FCA6450A1E9C" ID-CoL="6GYGJ" authority="McIntosh, 1885" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Eunereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunereis patagonica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="patagonica">Eunereis patagonica (McIntosh, 1885)</taxonomicName>
Figure 3
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE28E03986F2F7FEA16D280B32D809DF" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E398AD3FF9920F3A9712C7735BF0E65E" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="942C2A3D1C54E4AD08236085DE0CDD42" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis patagonica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="patagonica">Nereis patagonica</taxonomicName>
McIntosh, 1885: 228-229, Pl. XXXV, figs 13-15, Pl. XVIIA, figs 1-2. -
<bibRefCitation id="52286B0EF76F0E53769B9C89C9891B37" author="Pratt, EM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs and Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 26" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Falkland Islands." volume="13" year="1898">Pratt 1898</bibRefCitation>
: 15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8025FEC3A3A03E59CD57A5D413E34B86" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="98F7576289FDF05B0232D5545B6BDDC3" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi" subGenus="Eunereis">Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi</taxonomicName>
Monro, 1930: 109-111, fig. 39. -
<bibRefCitation id="7941EC898CC82AC0BC5721793E6F4E0A" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">Monro 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 134-135.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7FC675D13E2D811F73CA4B640AD43CD9" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="9964DA1489F8C4BDBF21077BCB236371" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Eunereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunereis patagonica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="patagonica">Eunereis patagonica</taxonomicName>
. -
<bibRefCitation id="8DCFB08377401023C4719E3DF613B1D4" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">Hartman 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 29. -
<bibRefCitation id="21F3708AE7011ABE0272C27E45772357" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 131" title="Polychaeta Errantia of Antarctica." url="10.1029/AR003" volume="3" year="1964">Hartman 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 97, Pl. XXX, figs 3-4. -
<bibRefCitation id="E515AD9074B0019FE6D499EC79B316C4" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">Hartman 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 62-64, Pl. 15.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BD9FFB8ADDC2F243E6CA34E30E953711" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="8AAA5958951E64790ECAF2A626A841AF" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F2F3E086792D0553E7C8EDA32003764" pageId="8" pageNumber="83">
Strait of Magellan, stn 313 (
<geoCoordinate id="94EBE57F79B24B595470E36A7280D31B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-52.333332">52°20'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="53AB023BE2847026266F5C05239BB1B4" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.65">067°39'W</geoCoordinate>
), sand, 100.6 m, 2 syntypes (NHMUK 1885.12.1.171) 20.01.1876; South America, off Uruguay, stn 1 (
<geoCoordinate id="621A0AAFBC46F3FC9632F8DAA6306AF1" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-33.0">33°00'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A17BD56AC2B11DE1816445786DC5936E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-51.166668">051°10'W</geoCoordinate>
), blackish clay, 80 m, 2 specimens (SMNH 37888), 12.12.1901; south of West Falkland, Burdwood Bank, stn 59 (
<geoCoordinate id="E8CE51DA0311A291C26FD68A33EAFAB4" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-53.75">53°45'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="42686B98408A7A0A51CED87081D356AA" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.166668">061°10'W</geoCoordinate>
), gravel &amp; stones, 137-150 m, 13 specimens (9-SMNH 37894; 4-SMNH 37902), 12.09.1902; off Falkland Islands, stn WS 86 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE36A3943453742A8E88BA2F2070FCA2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-53.89167">53°53'30&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="BDB07C078EE2796CE2E2B1B6F3F134FC" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-60.575">060°34'30&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 6 syntypes
<taxonomicName id="AC05F45576CAA3CACA6D7F083E604D87" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi" subGenus="Eunereis">Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi</taxonomicName>
(NHMUK 1930.10.8.841-844), 03.04.1927; Strait of Magellan, stn WS 834 (
<geoCoordinate id="9E8E1444DF0EA4AC3A46167107C5F655" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-52.9625">52°57'45&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="691F9157C423A308FD5DCF34D0031552" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.1375">068°08'15&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 4 specimens
<taxonomicName id="34F796A0C2224FB8C65DB70851D2EC82" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="83" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi" subGenus="Eunereis">Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi</taxonomicName>
(NHMUK 1936.2.8.1463-1476), 02.02.1932.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52F3F24CC90A9D58F2B823D980C7C70F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" type="description">
<paragraph id="23A80BFFB0A496CBF27D4F658B0D99C0" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">
<pageBreakToken id="17C150C2C4D2DEE54A175B8CCB776D1A" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95A2D7E030F7ED76BFF768DA3EDAE6BF" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">
Length up to 130 mm, width to 5 mm (excluding parapodia) for up to 85 chaetigers. Eyes present (Fig. 3
<normalizedToken id="54F5FF7A71B033144544C9BC7859328C" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
). Tentacular cirri reaching to chaetiger 6-8 (postero-dorsal pair). Paragnaths absent from maxillary ring; arranged on oral ring as follows (Fig. 3
<normalizedToken id="1F2E5D34A7EDE539A38A71D4A84B8186" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
): Area V =1-2; Area VI = 0; Areas
<normalizedToken id="2DF365C5F450D11F989E017AF5A4E707" originalValue="VII–VIII">VII-VIII</normalizedToken>
= 7-8 in a row. Jaws dark, 5-10 teeth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9F0CE81035D1CC34D0F629FB7A3E6F40" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">
<paragraph id="71805870D14C18B041E9797FDD8EAB81" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">
Figure 3.
<taxonomicName id="36486A553D45B86A836E2EF607B656B0" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Eunereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunereis patagonica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="patagonica">Eunereis patagonica</taxonomicName>
(McIntosh, 1885) (after Monro, 1930, as
<taxonomicName id="1742F8F2EA46EBEDDCEAB061D135C9CF" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="84" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi" subGenus="Eunereis">Nereis (Eunereis) hardyi</taxonomicName>
): A Anterior end, dorsal view B Prostomium and proboscis, dorsal view C Proboscis, ventral view D Parapodium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4D501BD0DB33AE0793B9FCF05227BDD9" pageId="9" pageNumber="84">Dorsal cirrus longer than notopodia throughout (Fig. 3D), becoming more pronounced posteriorly. Anterior notopodia with dorsal and median ligules conical, median slightly more stout than dorsal. Small, notopodial prechaetal lobe present in anterior chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD8F991B86E88C1683982E1DB8BC156F" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
<pageBreakToken id="FA2DC4C2A4D3645FDD3AAC16F52BBB25" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" start="start">Neuropodia</pageBreakToken>
with postchaetal lobe and ventral ligule equal-sized anteriorly; postchaetal lobe conical, reducing in size posteriorly, ventral ligule rounded in the anterior, conical posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC05A96C897BB786001D927B8017E15B" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Notopodia with homogomph spinigers throughout, falcigers absent. Neuropodia with homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in superior fascicle, inferior fascicle with heterogomph spiniger and falcigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29E39842F7FB7A12A4870271C05F30B1" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Species builds tough-walled tubes coated in sand grains and other coarse particles.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="02807C8A8D7A9305CABF5F07D571B204" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="FE36901B2B87748B2475B0F6CB05810A" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD634D9D067C7BBDED65AEAB7B529480" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
The above description is based on
<bibRefCitation id="D87DBDA53CC30474682225AAA4B528E5" author="McIntosh, WC" journalOrPublisher="Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 76" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 554" title="Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76." volume="12" year="1885">McIntosh (1885)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A6E47BA21C1D5E367423C248F7CC9ACF" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 222" title="Polychaete worms." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="2" year="1930">Monro (1930</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="91610F9D79D60F34F1FB72B32304BDD7" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="855779CEC2EB1255EAC6E25220A0FD0F" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="85" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi">Nereis hardyi</taxonomicName>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="5DAF0D03A92CFD67AFCCCA784C2DD215" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">Hartman (1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5674F4E0924B3C4E67591569046E5FB6" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
). However, there is some discrepancy between the original descriptions that can now be clarified following examination of the specimens from those accounts. All three authors agree that paragnaths are absent in Areas I and II and that Area
<normalizedToken id="BAA91FF458A7408D39812B65E18D2608" originalValue="VII–VIII">VII-VIII</normalizedToken>
has a single row of 7-8. In Area III, paragnaths are absent on the specimens of both
<bibRefCitation id="E02104EE2DE0CE5ABBC510B9DEBD3D27" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 222" title="Polychaete worms." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="2" year="1930">Monro (1930</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="27A6AD81D76732A3A1B42BF4B0DCBED0" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="E823336EA92670836A8700A9F63D49A9" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">Hartman (1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5B51879A6516691E9803A0B955BE7E33" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
), however there is a single conical paragnath present on
<normalizedToken id="65E3D49BBB1B7C98539B9BE85F682A51" originalValue="McIntosh’s">McIntosh's</normalizedToken>
specimen. Paragnaths are absent from Area IV on specimens of McIntosh and Monro as well as
<bibRefCitation id="5DA35B5D98B3DEFD262C68074CD947FD" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">
<normalizedToken id="2CA499DBCA8DBDADA99CAE1F3BEBA9C3" originalValue="Hartman’s">Hartman's</normalizedToken>
(1953)
</bibRefCitation>
Falkland Island specimens (SMNH 37894, 37902) but 3 conical paragnaths are present on her Uruguay specimens (SMNH 37888). The paragnaths described for Area V in
<bibRefCitation id="1B1C4EB1A0C7E0C74052CE7745441EBF" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 222" title="Polychaete worms." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="2" year="1930">Monro (1930</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D9D75541722984009654F73C9A0E060C" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
) are present in identical form on
<bibRefCitation id="B740AF414C6C1CE5C715FA8351231894" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">
<normalizedToken id="4F3C2BB76CF935C99356AA49E1026329" originalValue="Hartman’s">Hartman's</normalizedToken>
(1953)
</bibRefCitation>
Falkland Island specimens, although she placed them in Area VI in her description, however her Uruguay specimens from the same survey have 3 conical paragnaths in the same position. A single paragnath is present in Area V of
<normalizedToken id="9134EB2EDC45A022E038EB1CB7EED361" originalValue="McIntosh’s">McIntosh's</normalizedToken>
specimen and it is assumed that the second paragnath has been lost or is absent through aberration as McIntosh states in his description that the single paragnath is &quot;nearly, but not quite median&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D0A1321BB83605B952A266E8E51ABFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="85">
It is clear that
<bibRefCitation id="72CCE5148D601CEFDAB3B46004BB5A4E" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">
<normalizedToken id="D47B81A98EE6BFF4D80F9D3810F7ABA5" originalValue="Hartman’s">Hartman's</normalizedToken>
(1953)
</bibRefCitation>
Uruguay specimens are a different, currently unidentified species but that her Falkland Island specimens are identical to those of
<bibRefCitation id="11629962A07B77EF7173AFA2EBBC7DF0" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 222" title="Polychaete worms." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="2" year="1930">Monro (1930</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3CF29E9DB057DB8F84110A583C48ED3F" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="4AB06C9D84F5032BFD951DCE3BB502B5" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">
<normalizedToken id="12DB5EA5C0CAD1BFFB0F494F39AD6A01" originalValue="Hartman’s">Hartman's</normalizedToken>
1967
</bibRefCitation>
description also agrees with
<normalizedToken id="2B07417BE6DD53950A6E5DE8148723E4" originalValue="Monro’s">Monro's</normalizedToken>
and the modified description above reflects these specimens. The presence of the single paragnath in Area III of
<normalizedToken id="B6D0A9D65FB0F22EC54CCF68B1643B55" originalValue="McIntosh’s">McIntosh's</normalizedToken>
specimen requires further investigation as to whether this means that the species needs future re-assessment, as this would place the species in a different genus. Unfortunately, the specimen is in poor condition and a second, smaller specimen from the same location is even worse. However, a comparison of parapodia and what chaetae are available (the vast majority are broken on the McIntosh specimens) show them to be comparable. The paragnath arrangement above is therefore based on the specimens of
<bibRefCitation id="D75095552A42D2960C18131799053EA6" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 222" title="Polychaete worms." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="2" year="1930">Monro (1930</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7332F47E146CE582EBA3F0FCA1990F8B" author="Monro, CCA" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="59 - 193" title="Polychaete worms II." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6168/summary" volume="12" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="E93B5B12563C03F76E474C46525C8DEC" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">Hartman (1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3566539B4E56E8E6F665D75A4A6638D5" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
) that were actually collected from the Falkland Islands. The designation of
<normalizedToken id="268F036C54E06E9ECD42D4F04395515C" originalValue="McIntosh’s">McIntosh's</normalizedToken>
specimen requires further investigation although as it only deviates from the others in the presence of that single paragnath in Area III it is possible it is aberrant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8009DC5E707507C4D8324E25E40CFFE1" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="B2CD344E0F963E4457637B5DF96727D9" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Eunereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunereis patagonica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="patagonica">
<pageBreakToken id="7C5917DA4E1B9F23B61854201952D6EC" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" start="start">Eunereis</pageBreakToken>
patagonica
</taxonomicName>
was first recorded from the Falkland Islands by
<bibRefCitation id="D7B70A8F98DFC2FF09F066D631D95574" author="Pratt, EM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs and Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 26" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Falkland Islands." volume="13" year="1898">Pratt (1898)</bibRefCitation>
from samples that were probably from intertidal or shallow water samples, however no actual habitat, depth or locality details were given. The only other records from the Falkland Islands are those of Monro (as
<taxonomicName id="6C608A8E52414C4ECC611A72F5195051" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis hardyi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hardyi">Nereis hardyi</taxonomicName>
: 1930, 1936) and
<bibRefCitation id="5C0E4AD192218B635B327B0B7D9CA9DA" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 83" title="Non-pelagic polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903." volume="4" year="1953">Hartman (1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5330D14A1FCF6F87DE3390B8F71FA662" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
) from offshore (106-150 m) samples, as well as an even deeper record at 1879-1886 m by
<bibRefCitation id="F12115D60AF33227472C7DD550D6814D" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">Hartman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD05FEFE8866691760F4E18C3E1EB7BE" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">
Outside of the region, the species was recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="1C6AD991F7FE6CE522CB3BB90AA295D6" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 387" title="Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas." volume="2" year="1967">Hartman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
from 31 m (Cape Horn) to 300 m (South Shetland Islands) together with an additional record of a pelagic epitoke from the Pacific Antarctic Ridge at 3660 m considered to have been carried beyond its viable range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="808C2811384F4045BCD84F2106FAD388" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">
The species is here believed unlikely to be found intertidally around the Falkland Islands but with potential to be found in the
<normalizedToken id="E2F449435A5EB0A9B4779C468AAFA17C" originalValue="region’s">region's</normalizedToken>
nearshore (&lt;30 m) waters;
<bibRefCitation id="3F5B66F7AD63658F12EDBEFF92B84E01" author="Pratt, EM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs and Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 26" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Falkland Islands." volume="13" year="1898">
<normalizedToken id="2487CBFB5770BF0779103573BD4A2446" originalValue="Pratt’s">Pratt's</normalizedToken>
1898
</bibRefCitation>
record (if accurate), likely being from this region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D2FA2C19F614F509A6A64DE08EA2AA3" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="4C2AFCE1D62A58EFD06B1BCF1416F097" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="265E7C7796ED746ABD16FDF22EA165EC" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Sand, shell, stones; 31-1886 m (?3660 m)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A796C7E168A9FA203927514B54AE3D56" pageId="11" pageNumber="86" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2BDCA42444A947B4EAB1A0F52C75E173" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7B3571F17EE1B052E0FBFA52A09EAAE" pageId="11" pageNumber="86">Tierra del Fuego, Strait of Magellan, Cape Horn, Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands,?Pacific Antarctic Ridge</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>