From 22d9bc5da62bdd318c94d74a97ed5f77372dd093 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Mon, 16 Dec 2024 14:32:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-16 14:27:22 --- .../87/A83187AAFFF9351989C7E27421611724.xml | 788 +++++++++++++++++ .../87/A83187AAFFFD351589C9E4CB21611084.xml | 835 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 1623 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFF9351989C7E27421611724.xml create mode 100644 data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFFD351589C9E4CB21611084.xml diff --git a/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFF9351989C7E27421611724.xml b/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFF9351989C7E27421611724.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dcd75b9f0da --- /dev/null +++ b/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFF9351989C7E27421611724.xml @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ + + + +Two new species of Characidium Reinhardt (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from northeastern Brazilian coastal drainages + + + +Author + +Zanata, Angela M. + + + +Author + +Camelier, Priscila + +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology + + +2015 + +Neotrop. Ichthyol. + + +2015-09-30 + + +13 + + +3 + + +487 +498 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140106 + +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-20140106 +1982-0224 +12717994 + + + + + + + +Characidium kamakan + +, +new species + + +u r n:l s i d:z o o b a n k.o rg:a c t: + +3 D2E D +4 0E +-3 3 0 2-4 9 5 3 -8 2D 0- 9F3B1B3E822C + + + + + +Fig. 1 + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +MZUSP 115000 +, +51.9 mm +SL, +Brazil +, +Bahia +, +Camacan +, +rio Panelão +on the road between +Camacan +and +Jacareci +, +rio Pardo +basin, +15°25’16”S +39°31’48”W +, + +162 m + +above sea level, + +15 Sep 2013 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +T. Ramos +, +L. Oliveira +& +T. Duarte. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +All from +Brazil +, +Bahia +, +rio Pardo +basin. +UFBA 7563 +, +5 +, +38.7-46.2 mm +SL, collected with holotype. + + +MNRJ 42132 +, +6 +, +39.8-47.2 mm +SL, + + +MZUSP 115008 +, +6 +, +34.7-53.7 mm +SL, + + +UFBA 5679 +, +14 +, +1 +c&s, +29.6-55.3 mm +SL, same locality as holotype, + +4 Nov 2009 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +P. Camelier +& +R. Burger +; + + +MZUSP 112697 +, +3 +, +42.6-52.6 mm +SL, same locality as holotype, + +11 Ago 2012 + +, +O. T. Oyakawa +, +A. M. Zanata +, +P. Camelier +& +T. F. Teixeira +. + + +UFBA 6531 +, +7 +, +32.6- 54.3 mm +SL, +Camacan +, +rio Panelão +, near the entrance to the +Reserva Particular de Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita +, +15°22’46.1”S +39°32’34.5”W +, + +184 m + +above sea level, + +2 Nov 2009 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +P. Camelier +& +R. Burger +. + + +UFBA 7565 +, +1 +, +47.1 mm +SL, same locality as UFBA 6531, + +16 Sep 2013 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +T. Ramos +, +L. Oliveira +& +T. Duarte +. + + +UFBA 7564 +, +11 +, +35.1-53.1 mm +SL, Pau Brasil, +rio Água Preta +, + +1 km + +from +Pau Brasil +, +15°25’51.1”S +39°39’34.4”W +, + +173 m + +above sea level, + +16 Sep 2013 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +T. Ramos +, +L. Oliveira +& +T. Duarte +. + + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Characidium kamakan + +can be readily distinguished from all congeners by its unique color pattern, with distinct black borders of scales forming short vertical traces on body. The new species is further distinguished from other congeners, except + +C. alipioi +Travassos, +C. + +boavistae +Steindachner, +C. crandellii +Steindachner, + +C. declivirostre +Steindachner + +, + +C. gomesi +Travassos + +, + +C. grajahuensis +Travassos + +, + +C +. +japuhybense +Travassos + +, + +C. lauroi +Travassos, +C. + +macrolepidotum +(Peters), + +C. oiticicai +Travassos + +, + +C. pterostictum +Gomes, +C. + +schubarti +Travassos, + +C. timbuiense +Travassos + +, + +C. vidali +Travassos + +, and members of the + +C. fasciatum +Reinhardt + +clade, by lacking scales on isthmus. + +Characidium kamakan + +further differs from these congeners by the absence of conspicuous vertically elongated bars or blotches on body ( +vs. +presence in + +C +. +alipioi + +, + +C. declivirostre + +, + +C. fasciatum + +, + +C. gomesi + +, + +C. grajahuensis + +, + +C. lauroi + +, + +C. oiticicai + +, + +C. timbuiense + +, and + +C. vidali + +), presence of a conspicuous black blotch at midlength of caudal-fin rays shaped like a 3 and unpigmented rounded areas close to the base of the lobes ( +vs. +two or more dark bars on caudal fin and/or absence of rounded clear areas at the base of caudal-fin lobes in + +C. gomesi + +, + +C. grajahuensis + +, + +C. japuhybense + +, + +C. lauroi + +, + +C. oiticicai + +, + +C. pterostictum + +, +C. schubarti +, and + +C.timbuiense + +), having only the anteriormost portion of isthmus naked ( +vs. +naked area broader, from isthmus to the vertical through contralateral bases of last pectoral-fin ray in +C +. +macrolepidotum +; from isthmus to median area of belly in +C. crandellii +and + +C. declivirostre + +), and presence of small foramen for the ophthalmic nerve bordered by a well-developed bony crest ( +vs +. exceptionally large pterosphenoid foramen for the ophthalmic nerve, not usually bordered by bony crests in +C. boavistae +). More specifically, from congeners known to occur in rivers draining northeastern +Brazil +, + +C. kamakan + +further differs by having all fins with conspicuous dark bars or blotches ( +vs +. absence of blotches on fins, except by an inconspicuous dark bar crossing dorsal-fin midlength of + +C. bahiense + +, + +C. deludens + +new species +, and + +C. samurai + +, or a well-marked dark bar at base of dorsal-fin rays and a second faded bar at distal portion of fin in + +C. bimaculatum + +). + + + + +Fig. 1. + +Characidium kamakan + +, holotype, MZUSP 115000, 51.9 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Camacan, rio Panelão, tributary of lower rio Pardo basin. + + + + +Table 1. +Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes of + +Characidium kamakan + +(n = 36). The range includes the holotype. SD = standard deviation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
HolotypeRangeMeanSD
Total length (mm)62.538.1-66.0--
Standard length (mm)51.929.6-55.3--
Percents of standard length
Depth at dorsal-fin origin22.919.5-25.121.71.4
Depth at anal-fin origin16.815.2-19.617.30.8
Caudal-peduncle depth12.511.3-13.812.50.5
Caudal-peduncle length19.116.3-19.918.30.8
Snout to dorsal-fin origin44.944.1-49.746.61.3
Snout to pectoral-fin origin22.219.3-25.923.41.4
Snout to pelvic-fin origin51.647.7-53.750.71.2
Snout to anal-fin origin77.874.8-79.877.61.1
Anal-apex distance95.491.9-99.095.31.6
Body width14.611.3-14.612.80.9
Head length23.121.9-27.424.51.0
Percents of head length
Horizontal eye diameter25.824.2-30.927.41.3
Snout length27.524.0-28.926.21.2
Snout to maxillary tip28.320.0-29.827.01.7
Anterior naris to orbit8.38.1-12.510.21.0
Posterior naris to orbit5.03.6-6.35.00.7
Cheek depth12.58.6-13.410.51.1
Least interorbital width18.316.0-21.218.31.2
+ + + +Description. +Morphometric data for +holotype +and +paratypes +presented in +Table 1 +. Body fusiform and moderately compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile convex from upper lip to vertical through nares, slightly convex from this point to end of occipital process, slightly convex or straight from this point to dorsal-fin base origin, slightly convex or straight along dorsal-fin base, straight between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose fin, and slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile straight along length of head, slightly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin, straight from latter point to origin of anal fin, and slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent caudal-fin ray. Snout triangular-shaped from lateral view. Mouth subterminal, aligned with or slightly lower than ventral edge of orbit. Distal tip of maxilla barely reaching anterior margin of orbit. Orbit rounded, approximately with same length as snout. Cheek thin, its depth about a third of orbit diameter. Nares separated, both with skin flaps and raised margins; posterior naris closer to eye than to anterior naris. Supraorbital somewhat drop-shaped in dorsal view, medial margin convex abutting frontal and lateral margin straight to slightly concave, anterior portion directed away from frontal bone, somewhat wider than posterior portion. Parietal fontanel limited anteriorly by parietals. Parietal branch of supraorbital canal present, not trespassing frontal-parietal border. Orbithosfenoid slightly rectangular in lateral view, connected anteriorly to rhinosphenoid. Pterosphenoid foramen for ophthalmic nerve relatively small, formed by a tunnel crossing diagonally pterosphenoid and bordered by bony crest preventing direct lateral view of brain cavity through foramen. + +Dentary teeth in two rows; outer series with 7(9), 8*(12), 9(8), or 10(4) teeth; anterior teeth tricuspid, posterior conical; teeth decreasing in size from symphysis; inner series, with several minute conical teeth inserted on edge of replacement tooth trench. Premaxilla with single series of 5(2), 6*(19), or 7(14) tricuspid teeth, decreasing in size from symphysis; lateral cusps very small, central somewhat elongate. Maxillary edentulous. Ectopterygoid teeth 20(1), conical, in a patch of two or three somewhat disorganized series. Mesopterygoid teeth absent. + +Scales cycloid; +circulii +absent on posterior field of scales located immediately below 10 +th +scale of lateral line, 17 to 20 +radii +present. Lateral line complete, pored scales 33(5), 34*(27), or 35(3); horizontal rows of scales above lateral line 3*(32) or 4(3); horizontal rows of scales below lateral line 3*(14) or 4(20). Scales along middorsal line between supraoccipital and origin of dorsal fin 9*(15), 10(11), or11(1) in single row or irregularly arranged(6). Scales rows around caudal peduncle 12(7), 13(11), or 14*(16); some specimens with scale rows somewhat irregularly arranged. Axillary scale absent. Isthmus naked on its anterior portion; naked portion not reaching pectoral-fin area. Pseudotympanum present, represented by muscular hiatus at vertical through anterior portion of swim bladder; most of hiatus situated between ribs of fifth and sixth vertebrae, but with small opening anterior to rib of 5 +th +vertebra ( +Fig. 2a +). + + + +Fig. 2. +Pseudotympanum of (a) + +Characidium kamakan + +, paratype, UFBA 5679, 45.7 mm SL, and (b) + +C. deludens + +, parat y pe, U FBA 3850, 41.9 m m SL. Number corresponds to the pleural rib of the 5 +th +vertebra. Lef t side, anterior to left. Overlying skin, adipose tissue, and lateral-line nerve removed. + + + +Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(36); distal margin of dorsal fin somewhat rounded. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays highly variable iii,7,ii(2), iii,8,i(24), iii,8,ii(5), iii,9(7), iii,9,i(8), iii,10*(2), iv,8,i(2), iv,9,i(1), or v,8,i(1), with 3 +rd +and 4 +th +branched pectoral-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pectoral fin usually reaching pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays ii,5,i(1), i,6,i(1), ii,6,i(2), i,7,i(26), ii,7*(4), or i,8(2), with 3 +rd +or 4 +th +branched pelvic-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays ii,5(2) or ii,6*(34); posterior margin of anal fin straight, slightly rounded, or somewhat pointed in some mature males. Caudal-fin rays i,9,8,i*(30). Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 7(1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 6(1). + + +Total number of vertebrae 34(1); precaudal vertebrae 16(1); caudal vertebrae 18(1). Supraneural bones 5(1), 1 anterior to neural spine of 5 +th +centrum. Epural bones 2(1). Uroneural bones 1(1). Branchiostegal rays 4(1); 3 connected to anterior ceratohyal, 1 connected to area between anterior and posterior ceratohyal. + + +Color in alcohol. +Ground color of head and body whitish to pale yellow ( +Fig. 1 +). Dark stripe from snout tip to anterior margin of orbit. Dark blotch posterior to orbit usually separated from it by narrow clear area; some specimens with blotch forming stripe aligned with that of snout, although somewhat broader. Opercle dark, mainly in its dorsal half. Dark irregular blotches on head dorsum. Area around nares somewhat clear. Ventral half of head clear, with sparse small melanophores. Scales with melanophores densely concentrated along posterior margin, forming short vertical black traces; some specimens with dark borders of scales aligned, forming traces somewhat longer; few scales on lateral surface of body without concentration of melanophores, resulting in small clear areas. Dark midlateral stripe inconspicuous, formed by underlying dark pigment, extending from rear of head to caudal peduncle. Dark humeral blotch on rear of opercle usually inconspicuous, merged with longitudinal band. Nine or 10 inconspicuous dark vertical bars formed by underlying pigment on lateral surface of body, usually more visible on area over longitudinal stripe; some specimens without vertical bars. Ventral portion of body yellowish; area anterior to pelvic fins usually without concentration of melanophores on scale margins, area posterior to pelvic fins with borders of scales dark. All fins with dark pigmentation pattern. Dorsal-fin base with a dark bar formed by melanophores over rays and interradial membranes, broader anteriorly; second dark bar around midlength of rays, usually broad anteriorly over two or three branched rays, divided into two bands posteriorly; or, in some specimens, continuous throughout fin, without division; distal borders of rays usually dark. Caudal fin with conspicuous 3-shaped black blotch covering basal portion of four or five median caudal-fin rays black and midlength of lobes; area of lobes anterior to blotch completely clear; distal margins of caudal-fin rays somewhat dark. Some specimens with 3-shaped blotch somewhat inconspicuous due to extra short dark traces on posterior half of fin. Pectoral fin with concentration of melanophores at dorsal portion of rays, usually more evident on distal half. Pelvic fin with dark bar over midlength of rays. Anal fin with similar dark bar, primarily at midlength of rays. Central portion or posterior half of adipose fin usually darkly colored. + + +Color in life. +Dark pattern on scales and fins similar to that of specimens in alcohol. Ground color of body and fins yellow or orange; dorsal and caudal-fins strongly pigmented, particularly with yellow marks at base of caudal-fin lobes. Lateral of head silvery. + + +Sexual dimorphism. +No hooks were observed on fins of the specimens examined. Mature males (around 50.0 mm SL) have the 3 +rd +and 4 +th +branched pelvic-fin rays somewhat longer than in females of similar standard length, reaching closer to anal-fin origin when adpressed. Furthermore, in some mature males the posterior border of the anal fin is somewhat more pointed due to the elongation of some branched rays (especially the 2 +nd +), while in females the branched anal-fin rays usually have similar lengths and straight or rounded fin border. However, a more detailed analysis of a greater number of mature specimens is necessary for a precise evaluation of the dimorphic features described above. + + + + +Distribution. + +Characidium kamakan + +was sampled in the rio Água Preta and rio Panelão, tributaries of the lower portion of rio Pardo basin, +Bahia State +, +Brazil +( +Fig. 3 +). + + +Habitat and ecological notes. +The rio Pardo is an eastern coastal drainage with its upper and part of middle portions located in the state of +Minas Gerais +and its lower portion in the state of +Bahia +, within the domain of the Atlantic Forest. The new species occurs in the latter area and was captured in stretches of the rio Água Preta and rio Panelão ( +Fig. 4 +), at altitudes ranging from +162-184 m +above sea level, with moderate to rapid water current, running over rock, pebbles and sand bottoms, +0.3-1.5 m +deep, with rapids, pools, and meanders. Locally, the riparian vegetation has shrubs, trees, and grass. The surrounding original Atlantic Forest had been converted to cocoa plantations and more recently to cattle ranches, coffee, and rubber crops. + +Characidium kamakan + +inhabits places with fast water current over substrate composed of medium to somewhat large sized stones. The analysis of stomach contents of +two specimens +revealed the presence of allochthonous and autochthonous items, composed by fragments of vascular plants, organic debris, insect larvae ( +Diptera +: +Chironomidae +and other unidentified orders), and fragments of unidentified arthropods. + + + + +Etymology. +Named after the Kamakã indigenous people that originally inhabited the area. A noun in apposition. + + +Conservation status. + +Characidium kamakan + +is so far known from localities in the lower rio Pardo basin, with a relatively restricted distribution. The species occurs in rapid water stretches within domain originally covered by the Atlantic Forest, posteriorly converted to cocoa plantations and more recently to cattle ranches, coffee, and rubber crops. However, since no imminent threats to the species were detected + +C. kamakan + +could be classified as east Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria ( +IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014 +). Additional collecting efforts should be conducted in that region in order to better understand biological aspects and distribution of the species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFFD351589C9E4CB21611084.xml b/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFFD351589C9E4CB21611084.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..10624328e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/A8/31/87/A83187AAFFFD351589C9E4CB21611084.xml @@ -0,0 +1,835 @@ + + + +Two new species of Characidium Reinhardt (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from northeastern Brazilian coastal drainages + + + +Author + +Zanata, Angela M. + + + +Author + +Camelier, Priscila + +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology + + +2015 + +Neotrop. Ichthyol. + + +2015-09-30 + + +13 + + +3 + + +487 +498 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140106 + +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-20140106 +1982-0224 +12717994 + + + + + + + +Characidium deludens + +, +new species + + +u r n:l s i d:z o o b a n k.o r g:a c t: +63 6 8 7 D 43-13B3 - 42F 3 -9 76 4 - 604B4716EDF6 + + + + +Fig. 5 + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +MZUSP 115009 +, +48.3 mm +SL, +Brazil +, +Bahia +, +Piatã +, +rio Cochó +, tributary of the upper +rio Paraguaçu +, +13°00’37”S +41°53’14”W +, + +1,231 m +above sea level + +, + +15 Sep 2007 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +P. Camelier +& +A. B. A. Góes. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +MNRJ 42133 +, +8 +, +27.3-45.1 mm +SL, + + +MZUSP 115010 +, +9 +, +26.6-40.8 mm +SL, + + +UFBA 3850 +, +22 +, +1 +c&s, 27.0- +47.8 mm +SL, collected with holotype. + + +UFBA 7720 +, +14 +, +34.7-39.1 mm +SL, same locality as holotype, + +1 Dec 2013 + +, +A. T. da Silva +, +S. B. Barreto +& +L. Argôlo +. + + +UFBA 7815 +, +4 +, 35.0- +44.7 mm +SL, +Brazil +, +Bahia +, +Palmeiras +, +rio Santo Antônio +, tributary of the upper +rio Paraguaçu +, +12°22’17.3”S +41°31’05”W +, + +641 m +above sea level + +, + +28 Jan 2014 + +, +A. M. Zanata +, +R. Burger +, +L. Sales +& +R. Abreu + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Characidium deludens + +can be distinguished from congeners by having dark blotches irregular in form along dorsum, alternating elongation to one or other side of body and usually not connected to lateral blotches. The new species further differs from congeners that occur in Brazilian rivers by having isthmus completely covered by scales ( +vs. +naked isthmus or partially covered by scales in + +C. alipioi + +, +C. boavistae +, +C. crandellii +, + +C. declivirostre + +, + +C. fasciatum + +, + +C. gomesi + +, + +C. grajahuensis + +, + +C +. +japuhybense + +, + +C. kamakan + +new species +, + +C. lauroi + +, +C. macrolepidotum +, + +C. oiticicai + +, + +C. pterostictum + +, +C. schubarti +, + +C. timbuiense + +, and + +C. vidali + +), lateral line complete ( +vs +. incomplete in + +C. bahiense + +, + +C. interruptum +Pellegrin + +, + +C +. +laterale +(Boulenger) + +, +C. mirim +Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Buckup, + +C +. +nupelia +da Graça, Pavanelli & Buckup + +, + +C +. +rachovii +Regan + +, + +C. stigmosum +Melo & Buckup + +, and + +C. xavante +da Graça, Pavanelli & Buckup + +), 14 scales around caudal peduncle ( +vs +. 10 or +12 in + +C. bahiense + +, +C. brevirostre +Pellegrin, + +C +. +gomesi +Travassos + +, + +C +. +heirmostigmata +da Graça & Pavanelli + +, + +C +. +lagosantense +Travassos, +C. + +litorale +Leitão & Buckup, +C. macrolepidotum +(Peters), +C. mirim +, + +C +. +nupelia + +, +C +. +occidentale +Buckup & Reis, +C +. +orientale +Buckup & Reis, +C. papachibe +Peixoto & Wosiacki, + +C +. +rachovii + +, +C +. +serrano +Buckup & Reis, + +C +. +tenue +(Cope) + +, +C +. +xanthopterum +Silveira, Langeani, da Graça, Pavanelli & Buckup, + +C. xavante + +, and + +C. zebra +Eigenmann + +), and presence of adipose fin ( +vs. +absent in +C. mirim +, + +C. nupelia + +, + +C. stigmosum + +, + +C. xavante + +, and absent or reduced in +C +. +vestigipinne +). + +Characidium deludens + +differs further from +C. satoi +Melo & Oyakawa, by having one or two scales between anus and origin of anal fin ( +vs +. 4-7 scales), area between pelvic and anal-fin origin straight ( +vs +. area moderate to strongly convex), and absence of sexually dimorphic coloration ( +vs +. presence). More specifically, from congeners known to occur in rivers draining northeastern +Brazil +and adjacent drainages to south of +Bahia +, + +C. deludens + +further differs from + +C. bahiense + +by the presence of parietal branch of supraorbital canal ( +vs. +absence); from + +C +. +bimaculatum + +by having a higher number of lateral line scales (35-37 +vs. +32-34), one faded dark bar on proximal half of dorsal-fin rays ( +vs +. a well-marked dark bar at proximal portion of rays and a second faded bar on distal portion); from + +C +. +fasciatum + +by having one series of dentary teeth ( +vs. +two). In addition to distinctive color pattern, + +C. deludens + +can be further distinguished from + +C. kamakan + +by having 5 series of scales between lateral line and insertion of pelvic fin ( +vs. +3 or 4); from + +C. samurai + +by the presence of dark marks on ventral half of body and the presence of a narrow dark stripe on lateral of body ( +vs. +ventral half of body without dark marks and presence of a broad dark stripe on lateral of the body), dentary with one series of 6-10 teeth ( +vs. +dentary with two series of teeth, outer series with 10-13 teeth), and premaxilla with 5-7 teeth ( +vs. +7-10); and from + +C. timbuiense + +by having one faded dark bar on proximal half of dorsal-fin rays ( +vs +. two dark bars crossing dorsal fin). + + + + +Description. +Morphometric data of +holotype +and +paratypes +presented in +Table 2 +. Body fusiform and moderately compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile convex from upper lip to vertical through nares, slightly convex to nearly straight from this point to end of occipital process, slightly convex from this point to origin of dorsal-fin base, convex along dorsal-fin base, almost straight between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose fin and slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile straight to slightly convex along length of head, slightly convex from isthmus to origin of pelvic-fin origin, straight from latter point to origin of anal-fin, and slightly concave from this point to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent caudal-fin ray. Snout triangular-shaped from lateral view. Mouth subterminal, aligned with or slightly lower than ventral edge of orbit. Distal tip of maxilla barely reaching anterior margin of orbit. Orbit approximately rounded, horizontal length similar to or slightly longer than snout length. Cheek thin, its depth about a third to a quarter of orbital diameter. Nares separated; anterior naris with raised margins; posterior naris considerably closer to orbit than to anterior naris, usually without skin flaps. Supraorbital elongated in dorsal view, medial margin abutting frontal, slightly convex on posterior half and concave on anterior; lateral slightly straight; anterior portion directed away from frontal bone, somewhat narrower than posterior portion. Parietal fontanel limited anteriorly by frontals. Parietal branch of supraorbital canal present, slightly exceeding frontal-parietal border. Orbithosfenoid slightly rectangular from lateral view, connected anteriorly to rhinosphenoid. Pterosphenoid foramen for ophthalmic nerve relatively small, formed by a tunnel crossing pterosphenoid diagonally, bordered by bony crest that prevents direct lateral view of brain cavity through foramen. + +Dentary with a single series of 6(2), 7(13), 8*(12), 9(1), or 10(1) teeth; anterior three or four teeth from the symphysis usually tricuspid, posterior teeth triangular or conical; teeth decreasing in size from symphysis. Dentary teeth usually inclined anteriomedially; distal portion of symphyseal tooth overlapping its contralateral in some specimens. Premaxilla with a single series of 5(1), 6*(21), or 7(8) tricuspid teeth, decreasing in size from symphysis; smaller specimens with some conical teeth. Maxillary edentulous. Ectopterygoid teeth 12(1), conical, distributed in one or two series somewhat disorganized. Mesopterygoid teeth absent. + +Scales cycloid; +circulii +absent on posterior field of scales located immediately below 10 +th +scale of lateral line, 10 to 16 +radii +present. Lateral line complete, perforated scales 35(4), 36*(22), or 37(1); horizontal scale rows above lateral line 4*(30); horizontal scale rows below lateral line 5*(30). Scales along middorsal line between supraoccipital and origin of dorsal fin 10(11), 11*(13), or 12(3) in a single row. Scales rows around caudal peduncle 14*(30). Axillary scale absent. Isthmus completely covered by scales. Pseudotympanum present, represented by muscular hiatus at vertical through anterior portion of swimbladder; hiatus situated between ribs of 5 +th +and 6 +th +vertebrae ( +Fig. 2b +). + + +Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(30); distal margin of dorsal fin slightly rounded. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays highly variable iii,6,ii(2), iii,6,iii(6), iii,7,i*(1), iii,7,ii(5), iii,8,1(7), iii,8ii(1), iii,9,i(3), iv,7,i(1) or iv,8,i(1); 1 +st +and 2 +nd +branched pectoral-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pectoral fin not reaching pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,6,ii(3), i,7,i*(26), or i,7,ii(1); 2 +nd +to 4 +th +branched pelvic-fin rays longest; posterior tip of pelvic fin usually not reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays ii,6(1) or ii,7*(28); posterior margin of anal fin straight or slightly rounded. Caudal-fin rays i,9,8,i*(26). Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 8(1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 7(1). + + + +Fig. 5. + +Characidium deludens + +, holotype, MZUSP 115009, 48.3 mm SL, female, Brazil, Bahia, Piatã, rio Cochó, tributary of upper rio Paraguaçu basin: (a) lateral and (b) dorsal views. + + + +Total number of vertebrae 34(1); precaudal vertebrae 19(1); caudal vertebrae 15(1). Supraneural bones 6(1), one anterior to neural spine of 5 +th +centrum. Epural bones 2(1). Uroneural bones 1(1). Branchiostegal rays 4(1); 3 connected to anterior ceratohyal, 1 connected to area between anterior and posterior ceratohyal. + + + +Table 2. +Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes of + +Characidium deludens + +(n = 30). The range includes the holotype. SD = standard deviation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
HolotypeRangeMeanSD
Total length (mm)59.233.0-59.3--
Standard length (mm)48.326.6-48.3--
Percents of standard length
Depth at dorsal-fin origin24.021.1-26.023.61.0
Depth at anal-fin origin17.014.3-17.816.50.8
Caudal-peduncle depth12.410.5-12.811.90.5
Caudal-peduncle length19.717.1-20.818.80.8
Snout to dorsal-fin origin48.947.0-51.549.31.1
Snout to pectoral-fin origin22.422.4-26.424.41.1
Snout to pelvic-fin origin51.150.4-55.252.51.1
Snout to anal-fin origin76.074.4-77.975.80.9
Anal-apex distance91.390.5-94.892.11.1
Body width13.011.5-14.312.70.7
Head length22.622.6-26.324.41.0
Percents of head length
Horizontal eye diameter23.923.9-28.826.11.5
Snout length23.919.4-24.422.31.3
Snout to maxillary tip24.819.4-25.222.81.2
Anterior naris to orbit11.06.9-11.09.20.8
Posterior naris to orbit3.72.6-5.33.40.6
Cheek depth9.26.5-9.77.70.9
Least interorbital width22.018.2-22.620.11.2
+ + +Color in alcohol. +Ground color of head and body yellowish ( +Fig. 5 +). Dorsal half of head darker due to concentration of small melanophores. Majority of specimens with dark band from tip of the snout to anterior margin of orbit. Ventral half of head clearer, with sparsely distributed melanophores; fewer or no melanophores at isthmus, contrasting the dotted pattern around it. Scales on dorsal half of body with melanophores concentrated on exposed margin, resulting in a somewhat reticulated aspect; some of these scales darker overall, forming blotches that extend partially lateroventrally ( +Fig. 5b +); blotches observed in dorsal view usually alternating elongation to one or the other side of body and not conforming continuous bars through the lateral of body. Vertically elongated dark blotches on lateral of body, usually not corresponding in number and position with middorsal blotches; usually 8 to 12, although variable; lateral blotches centered mainly over narrow dark longitudinal stripe that extends from rear of head to caudal peduncle, though some of them are positioned exclusively ventral or dorsal to dark median stripe. Small and somewhat inconspicuous vertically elongated dark humeral blotch on rear of opercle. Body yellowish in ventral view, without dark bars or spots, except by a narrow dark band in the median area between pelvic and anal fins, formed by underlying pigment. Fins with sparsely-distributed melanophores on border of rays and between ray segments. Fins without blotches, except by a faded dark band that may occurs below midlength of dorsal-fin rays. Small rounded black spot near base of middle caudal-fin rays. Adipose fin somewhat dark, with sparse melanophores. + + +Color in life. +Pattern of coloration similar to that of specimens in alcohol, except for a well-defined yellow background. + + +Sexual dimorphism. +Small bony hooks on pelvic fins were observed in 18 mature males of + +Characidium deludens + +, around 34.0 mm SL or larger ( +Fig. 6a +). Well-developed hooks are distributed usually over distal half of 2 +nd +to 4 +th +branched rays but +four specimens +have also hooks on 1 +st +branched ray. In large mature males hooks are more numerous on 3 +rd +and 4 +th +rays, with around 20 hooks dorsally directed; 1 +st +and 2 +nd +with a few similar hooks. Hooks on maturing males occur in lower number and are distributed solely on distal 3 +rd +of pelvic rays. The mature females examined had no bony hooks on any of fins. Along with the presence of hooks, mature males have 3 +rd +to 5 +th +branched pelvic-fin rays somewhat more elongate than in females, reaching or almost reaching anal-fin origin when adpressed ( +Fig. 6a +). Females of similar size possess a more rounded pelvic-fin border, distant from anal-fin origin when adpressed ( +Fig. 6b +). + + + + +Fig. 6. +Pelvic and anal fins of + +Characidium deludens + +, parat y pes, U FBA 3850: (a) male, 35.3 mm SL, and (b) female, 36.1 mm SL. + + + + +Distribution. + +Characidium deludens + +is known from the rio Cochó and rio Santo Antônio, tributaries of upper rio Paraguaçu basin, +Bahia State +, +Brazil +( +Fig. 3 +). + + +Habitat and ecological notes. +The rio Cochó has part of its headwaters in Piatã, around +1,200 m +above sea level, and runs on the eastern slopes of the Serra do Sincorá, on the west side of the Chapada Diamantina National Park. Included in the Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone, the area of the rio Cochó is dominated by Cerrado vegetation, usually composed of scattered small trees, shrubs and grasses. The stretch of the rio Cochó sampled is +5-10 m +wide, up to one m deep, characterized by relatively slow water current and clear water running over portions of rocky bed alternating with sandy substrate ( +Fig. 7 +). The river is perennial in Piatã, but may become intermittent in several sections downstream, suffering considerable impact along its course due to frequent burning cycles of native vegetation, impoundment of the river associated with irrigation, and use of pesticides for coffee, sugar cane and fruit farming ( +Rocha, 2002 +). The stretch sampled in the rio Santo Antônio is around +7 m +wide, a few centimeters to +1.5 m +deep, surrounded by trees and shrubs, and with clear water running on sandy bottom with rocks and pebbles. The analysis of stomach contents of +two specimens +of + +C. deludens + +revealed the presence of allochthonous and autochthonous items, composed by fragments of vascular plants, organic debris, insect aquatic larvae and shelters ( +Trichoptera +: +Hydroptilidae +), Crustacea, and fragments of unidentified arthropods. + + + + +Etymology. +From the Latin +delude +, which means false, deceive, alluding to the deceitful vertical bars on body, in comparison to those common in congeners as + +Characidium fasciatum + +. + + +Conservation status. + +Characidium deludens + +is so far known only from two localities on the upper rio Paraguaçu basin, one of them represented by a small intermittent river, suffering considerable impact along its course due to frequent burning cycles of native vegetation, impoundment of the river associated with irrigation, and use of pesticides for coffee, sugar cane, and fruit farming. However, given the absence of studies on population biology and on geographical range reductions for the species, we are unable to assess the effect of these putative threats on the conservation of + +C. deludens + +and on the maintenance of its populations. Thus, + +C. deludens + +could be classified as data deficient (DD) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria ( +IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014 +). Additional collecting efforts should be conducted in that region in order to better understand biological aspects and distribution of the species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file