diff --git a/data/03/5B/87/035B87AC76355F28FF11F8C67404CB64.xml b/data/03/5B/87/035B87AC76355F28FF11F8C67404CB64.xml index e36b287048c..8b802d0e0bc 100644 --- a/data/03/5B/87/035B87AC76355F28FF11F8C67404CB64.xml +++ b/data/03/5B/87/035B87AC76355F28FF11F8C67404CB64.xml @@ -1,61 +1,63 @@ - - - -The third species of the genus Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991 from Asia (Araneae, Trechaleidae) + + + +The third species of the genus Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991 from Asia (Araneae, Trechaleidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Haibin -0009-0007-6642-9175 -Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China +Zhang, Haibin +0009-0007-6642-9175 +Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China - - -Author + + +Author -Yu, Kun -0000-0002-5517-4484 -Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China +Yu, Kun +0000-0002-5517-4484 +Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Feng -0000-0002-3347-1031 -Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China +Zhang, Feng +0000-0002-3347-1031 +Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China & Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-11-07 + +2024 + +2024-11-07 - -5537 + +5537 - -1 + +1 - -141 -146 + +141 +146 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.8 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.8 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.8 -1175-5326 -14239399 +journal article +306039 +10.11646/zootaxa.5537.1.8 +3cc04113-3025-4a16-b612-576f862c0ca0 +1175-5326 +14239399 @@ -80,12 +82,14 @@ Zhang, Yu & Zhang Type material. - + Holotype ♂ -(MHBU-ARA-2023-814-1), +( +MHBU-ARA-2023-814-1 +), CHINA @@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ Type material. Xizang Autonomous Region , -Rigaze City +Rigaze City , Dingkye County , @@ -129,13 +133,15 @@ and - + Paratype : 1♀ -(MHBU-ARA-2023-814-2), with same data as holotype +( +MHBU-ARA-2023-814-2 +), with same data as holotype . @@ -337,7 +343,6 @@ in China. Female - paratype ( Figs 1B–C, E @@ -379,9 +384,7 @@ in China. ALE ‒ PLE -0.29. OAW 1.01, -CRW 1.22 -, OAW/ +0.29. OAW 1.01, CRW 1.22, OAW/ CRW 0.83, MOA @@ -389,25 +392,19 @@ in China. CH 0.13, CH -/ -AME 1.18 -. +/AME 1.18. Labium 0.43 long, 0.46 wide. Sternum 1.19 long, 1.24 wide. Leg -measurements: I 8.07 (2.31, 0.78, 2.09, 1.91, 0.98), II 8.16 (2.37, 0.75, 2.18, 1.98, 0.88), III 7.49 (2.25, 0.76, 1.78, 1.84, 0.86), IV 8.60 (2.46, 0.71, 1.97, 2.45, 1.01), leg formula 4213. -Leg -spination and chelicerae teeth on each of retro- and pro-margin as in male ( +measurements: I 8.07 (2.31, 0.78, 2.09, 1.91, 0.98), II 8.16 (2.37, 0.75, 2.18, 1.98, 0.88), III 7.49 (2.25, 0.76, 1.78, 1.84, 0.86), IV 8.60 (2.46, 0.71, 1.97, 2.45, 1.01), leg formula 4213. Leg spination and chelicerae teeth on each of retro- and pro-margin as in male ( Fig. 1E ). Coloration ( Figs 1B–C -) like male, but opisthosoma without chevron-like white stripes - -. +) like male, but opisthosoma without chevron-like white stripes. Epigyne ( diff --git a/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEA12191DB8DAC9FA64FC69.xml b/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEA12191DB8DAC9FA64FC69.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2112304ccc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEA12191DB8DAC9FA64FC69.xml @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ + + + +First record of the genus Liocapsus Poppius, 1915 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species + + + +Author + +Kim, Junggon +The Center for Entomology & Parasitology Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Phan, Quoc Toan +The Center for Entomology & Parasitology Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Pham, Hong Thai +0000-0002-4763-3679 +Graduate School of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Jung, Sunghoon +Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea & Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea * Contributed equally as the corresponding author + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-11-08 + + +5537 + + +2 + + +295 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.10 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.10 +1175-5326 +14239411 + + + + + + +Key to the + +Liocapsus + +species (updated from +Yasunaga & Schwartz (2007)) + + + + + + + +1. Scutellum laterally pale................................................................................ 2 + + +- Scutellum entirely shiny dark brown...................................................................... 6 + + + + + +2. Body large, length more than +7.4 mm +..................................................................... 3 + + + + +- Body length less than +7.3 mm +........................................................................... 4 + + + + + + +3. Body length more than +7.6 mm +from North +India +........................................... + +L. brevirostris + +, female + + + + +- Body length about +7.4 mm +, from +China +.......................................................... + +L. inexpectata + + + + + + + +4. Cuneus subhyaline, its apex not triangular, tinged with red................................... + +L. vietnamensis + + +sp. nov. + + + + +- Cuneus not hyaline, its apex distinctly triangular, entirely dark brown............................................ 5 + + + + + +5. Found from +Nepal +, or south area of Himalayas............................................... + +L. langtang + +, female + + + + +- Found from +Taiwan +...................................................................... + +L. gotohi + +, female + + + + + +6. Pronotum almost unicolor, entirely dark brown.............................................................. 7 + + + +- Pronotum clearly bicolor, hemelytra glabrous..................................................... + +L. ochromelas + + + + + + + +7. Fore and mid femora mostly dark brown, from +India +.......................................... + +L. brevirostris + +, male + + + +- Fore and mid femora mostly pale brown................................................................... 8 + + + + + +8. Fourth antennal segment more than 1/2 third antennal segment, from +Nepal +.......................... + +L. langtang + +, male + + + + +- Fourth antennal segment subequal to 1/2 third antennal segment, from +Taiwan +.......................... + +L. gotohi + +, male + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEF121C1DB8D95EFEBEFB8B.xml b/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEF121C1DB8D95EFEBEFB8B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..81a73bcd6a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B9/3E/03B93E4AFFEF121C1DB8D95EFEBEFB8B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ + + + +First record of the genus Liocapsus Poppius, 1915 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species + + + +Author + +Kim, Junggon +The Center for Entomology & Parasitology Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Phan, Quoc Toan +The Center for Entomology & Parasitology Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Pham, Hong Thai +0000-0002-4763-3679 +Graduate School of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Jung, Sunghoon +Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea & Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea * Contributed equally as the corresponding author + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-11-08 + + +5537 + + +2 + + +295 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.10 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.10 +1175-5326 +14239411 + + + + + + +Genus + +Liocapsus +Poppius, 1915 + + + + + + + + + + +Liocapsus +Poppius 1915: 15 + + +. +Type +species: + +Liocapsus brevirostris +Poppius, 1915 + +; + +Yasunaga & Schwartz 2007: 165 + +; + +Yasunaga & Duwal 2008: 415 + +. + + + + + + +Paracyphodema + +Zheng +et al +. 2004: 760 + + + +(synonymized. by + +Yasunaga & Duwal, 2008: 415 + +). + + + + + +Diagnosis. +Differs from other representatives of Mirini as follows: body shiny and polished, elongated oval, covered with silvery setae; head projected dorsally, strongly shining (including vertex, frons and clypeus); carina prominent at posterior part of head; vertex not sulcate, shorter than first antennal segment; antennae generally linear; first segment as thick as second segment; first antennal segment much longer than fourth antennal segment; second segment slightly clavate; antennae originating above ventral margin of compound eye laterally; pronotal collar thinner than first antennal segment diameter; labium remarkably short, not reaching base of midcoxa; scutellum slightly swollen in lateral view; hemelytra partly glabrous; cuneus narrow shaped, length longer than width; spines of tibia dark and distinct; third tarsal segment much longer than first tarsal segment, as long as second tarsal segment; phallotheca with fin-like process; hypophysis of left paramere hook-shaped, sensory lobe of left paramere narrow; hypophysis of right paramere straight, sensory lobe of right paramere broadly developed; endosoma membranous with a long, slender and curved spicule; female genitalia with thickened and subtriangular sclerotized rings, and with paired sclerotized structure; interramal lobe in posterior wall with minute spinules. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/DE/87/03DE8788A43FFFBD38B7FC69FAC942DE.xml b/data/03/DE/87/03DE8788A43FFFBD38B7FC69FAC942DE.xml index bdfbd2ef618..8795ff8b01c 100644 --- a/data/03/DE/87/03DE8788A43FFFBD38B7FC69FAC942DE.xml +++ b/data/03/DE/87/03DE8788A43FFFBD38B7FC69FAC942DE.xml @@ -1,75 +1,75 @@ - - - -Systematic revision of the limestone karst-restricted land snail genus Aenigmatoconcha (Eupulmonata: Helicarionidae), with description of a new species + + + +Systematic revision of the limestone karst-restricted land snail genus Aenigmatoconcha (Eupulmonata: Helicarionidae), with description of a new species - - -Author + + +Author -Pholyotha, Arthit -6CC9B5FE-6586-4132-8289-102DC14D3844 -Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. -arthitpolyotha@gmail.com +Pholyotha, Arthit +6CC9B5FE-6586-4132-8289-102DC14D3844 +Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. +arthitpolyotha@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Sutcharit, Chirasak -ED1BD3A8-0B41-4062-A575-EEAC278A9D00 -Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. -jirasak4@yahoo.com +Sutcharit, Chirasak +ED1BD3A8-0B41-4062-A575-EEAC278A9D00 +Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. +jirasak4@yahoo.com - - -Author + + +Author -Tongkerd, Piyoros -18575FA7-4812-4D75-8568-24D9E7D90BC6 -Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. -piyorose@hotmail.com +Tongkerd, Piyoros +18575FA7-4812-4D75-8568-24D9E7D90BC6 +Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. +piyorose@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Panha, Somsak -AC935098-D901-4F35-A414-4B0D4FE44E79 -Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand. -somsak.pan@chula.ac.th +Panha, Somsak +AC935098-D901-4F35-A414-4B0D4FE44E79 +Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand. +somsak.pan@chula.ac.th -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2021 - -2021-09-10 + +2021 + +2021-09-10 - -767 + +767 - -55 -82 + +55 +82 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1487 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1487 -journal article -4208 -10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1487 -9e3374a3-73e0-4609-a80d-0de905904a37 -2118-9773 -5528134 -A875DB79-C0E1-4C79-A9D0-87CE1464503A +journal article +4208 +10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1487 +9e3374a3-73e0-4609-a80d-0de905904a37 +2118-9773 +5528134 +A875DB79-C0E1-4C79-A9D0-87CE1464503A - + @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ locality: Lao Mountains, - + Hyalinia mitis – diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF25FF74FDFAF8AEFEB88E16.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF25FF74FDFAF8AEFEB88E16.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..970fca4c7e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF25FF74FDFAF8AEFEB88E16.xml @@ -0,0 +1,716 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Crossopriza ibnsinai + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +7F98CE47-8276-444D-A2FC-E0B5BD965E1F + + + +Figs 352 +, +538–554 + + + + + + +Holocnemus pluchei + +(misidentification) – + +Roewer 1960: 40 + + +(all specimens except juvenile from Rig- Revan, which is a + +Pholcus + +). + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Easily distinguished from geographically close species ( + +C. maculipes + +, + +C. srinagar + +sp. nov. +, + +C. surobi + +sp. nov. +) by male chelicerae with single pair of apophyses in lateral position ( +Fig. 543 +) and corresponding pockets on female epigynal plate far apart ( +Figs 548 +, +551 +); from some very similar species on the Arabian Peninsula (especially + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +, + +C. tiwi + +sp. nov. +) by details of male palp ( +Figs 542, 545 +; ventral sclerite at tip of procursus long, much longer than dorsal element; distal bulbal sclerite with distinctive prolateral ridge and single apophysis) and by medially light epigynal plate with distinct semicircular internal median structure ( +Fig. 551 +). + + + + + +Etymology + + +The name honors Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna; ~980–1037), a Persian polymath, physician, astronomer, and thinker. + + + + +Type material + + + + + +Holotype + +UZBEKISTAN +– + +Surkhandarya + +• +♂ +; + +Baison Distr. +, E + +foothills of + +Dzhetymkalyas +Mt Range + +, ca + +4.5 km +SE of Sarykamysh + +, +Pul’khakim River valley +, +Karadara Boundary +; +38.0750° N +, +67.4425° E +; + +705 m +a.s.l. + +; + +3 May 2002 + +; +A.V. Gromov +leg.; +ZMMU +. + + + + +Other material examined + + + + +UZBEKISTAN +– + +Surkhandarya + +• +1 ♀ +; same collection data as for holotype; +ZMMU +(together with +holotype +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; Babatagh +Mt Range +, near +Ak-Machit +[Ak-Mechet’]; +38.032° N +, +68.295° E +; + +12–20 Apr. 1994 + +; +O. Lyakhov +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Uzun Distr. +, E slope of Babatagh +Mt Range +, ~ + +7 km +W of Akmechet + +[Ak-Mechet’]; +38.05° N +, +68.24° E +; + +1095 m +a.s.l. + +; + +1 May 2002 + +; +A.V. Gromov +leg.; +ZMMU + +. – + + +Choresmien + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Amudarya River +middle flow, +Kyzylkum Reserve +, “cliff on tugai side”; +41.1° N +, +61.9° E +; + +6 Apr. 1985 + +; +D.V. Logunov +leg.; +SZMN + +. – + + +Navoyi + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +7 ♀♀ +; +Bukhara Area +, ~ + +70 km +W of Uch-Kuduk + +, +Mynbulak +hollow, near +Dzhyra-Kuduk +; +42.26° N +, +62.86° E +; + +11 Sep. 1989 + +; +D.V. Logunov +leg.; small cave in clayey cliff; +SZMN + +. + + + +TAJIKISTAN +– + +Chatlon + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Gandzhino Vil. +; +37.965° N +, +68.560° E +; + +20 Apr. 1991 + +; +S. Ovtchinnikov +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding (“near +Gandzhino Vil. +”); + +19 Apr. 1990 + +; +S.L. Zonstein +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +13–15 Apr. 1986 + +; +S.L. Zonstein +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +7–12 Apr. 1987 + +; +S.L. Zonstein +and +A. Zor’kin +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Pandzh +, Karatau +Mt Range +, +Astana +; +37.23° N +, +69.11° E +; + +22 Apr. 1991 + +; +S. Ovtchinnikov +leg.; +ZMMU + +. + + + +TURKMENISTAN +– + +Mary + +• +2 ♀♀ +; +Kushka Distr. +, ~ + +18 km +S of Kyzyldzhar Kordon + +, ~ + +1 km +ESE of Eroilandaz + +; +35.661° N +, +61.837° E +; + +375 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Apr. 2002 + +; +A.V. Gromov +leg.; saline soil; +ZMMU + +. + + + +KAZAKHSTAN +– + +Chimkent + +• +1 ♀ +; +Kyzylkum Distr. +, +Kyzylkum Desert +, +Karaktau mountain +massif, +Karamola Mt +; +43.5° N +, +67.8° E +; + +8 Jun. 1989 + +; +A.A. Zyuzin +leg.; +ZMMU + +. + + + +AFGHANISTAN +• +1 ♀ +, 2 juvs; +Sorkh-Kotal +[Surkh Kotal], “bei Tehachmeh Cher”, “A361”; +36.006° N +, +68.544° E +; + +10 Oct. 1957 + +; +K. Lindberg +leg.; in pile of leaves; +NHMG + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Douchi +[Doshi], “A465”; +35.61° N +, +68.68° E +; + +11 Nov. 1957 + +; +K. Lindberg +leg.; +NHMG + +• + +1 juv. +(assigned tentatively); +N of Pol-Khomri +[ +Pol-e-Khomri +], unnamed cave of “Tschachméh Cher”, “A195”; +35.980° N +, +68.544° E +; + +10 Oct. 1957 + +; +K. Lindberg +leg.; +NHMG + +• + +2 juvs (assigned tentatively); +Salang valley +, +Djebel +os-Siradj [Jabal-os-Saraj], “A532”; +35.12° N +, +69.23° E +; + +26 Jul. 1957 + +; +K. Lindberg +leg.; +NHMG + +. + + + + + +Description + + + +Male +( +holotype +) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.0, carapace width 1.6. Distance PME–PME 55 µm; diameter PME 100 × 130 µm; distance PME–ALE 30 µm; diameter AME 90 µm; distance AME–AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 35.8 (10.2 + 0.7 + 9.6 + 12.9 + 2.4), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 5.6, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 L/d: 56; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.26, 0.22, 0.21, 0.22. +COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, anteriorly in median pit with distinct brown mark; sternum brown with dark brown radial marks; legs ochre-yellow, without darker rings, with small black lines on femora only; abdomen gray, with whitish internal marks, with few and indistinct dorsal marks; ventrally with broken dark band, with indistinct parallel longitudinal marks behind gonopore. + +BODY. Habitus similar to + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +(cf. +Fig. 391 +). Ocular area slightly raised. Deep thoracic pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified, only rim more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.2/0.7), unmodified. Abdomen slightly elongated, dorso-posteriorly angular to conical. + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Figs 543–544 +(very similar to + +C. moqal + +sp. nov. +), with pair of latero-distal apophyses provided with one large modified cone-shaped hair each; distance between tips of modified hairs: 430 µm; lateral stridulatory ridges clearly visible in dissecting microscope. + + +PALPS. As in +Figs 538–540 +; coxa with rounded retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur distally strongly widened, with rounded ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick, with indistinct retrolateral transversal line, without retrolateral proximal process but retrolateral-ventral ridge with some slightly stronger hair-bases; femur-patella joints shifted toward prolateral side; tibiatarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus without macrotrichia; procursus ( +Figs 541–542 +) straight, narrowing distally, with low prolateral hump proximally set with numerous long hairs, followed distally by thick ridge, long dorsal hairs mostly straight or weakly curved, procursus tip with long ventral sclerite and two distinctive prolateral sclerites; genital bulb ( +Figs 545–547 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite, sperm duct opening not seen; distal sclerite with retrolateral ridge, with distinctive prolateral transversal ridge and small apophysis on ventral semitransparent flap. + + + +Figs 538–540. + +Crossopriza ibnsinai + +sp. nov. +; male from Uzbekistan, near Dzhyra-Kuduk (SZMN); mirror images of right palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 541–549. + +Crossopriza ibnsinai + +sp. nov. +; male and female from Uzbekistan, near Dzhyra-Kuduk (SZMN). +541–542 +. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrows: distinctive prolateral sclerites. +543–544 +. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. +545–547 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. +548–549 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm. + + +LEGS. Femur 1 with single row of ~20 ventral spines; without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other leg tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments indistinct and irregular, only at distal tip ~3–4 regular pseudosegments. + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +seven males +(incl. +holotype +): 7.2–9.7 (mean 8.8). Some males with distinct dark and whitish marks on abdomen; dark lines sometimes also on leg tibiae. + + +Female + + +In general similar to male but without spines on legs, apparently without stridulatory files on chelicerae, and with stridulatory organ consisting of pair of weakly sclerotized but distinct processes posteriorly on carapace and pair of small but distinct light brown plates anteriorly on abdomen. Tibia +1 in +21 females +: 6.3–10.3 (mean 8.6). Epigynum as in +Figs 550–551 +, main epigynal plate semicircular, barely protruding, medially posteriorly light, laterally heavily sclerotized with pair of large but narrow pockets (distance 560 µm); internal median structure visible in uncleared specimens; posterior plate light brown, short but wide. Internal genitalia ( +Figs 548–549 +, +552–554 +) with large elongate pore plates converging anteriorly, dorsal arc slender, ventral arc with median pouch-like modification. + + + + +Figs 550–554. + +Crossopriza ibnsinai + +sp. nov. +; female from Uzbekistan, near Dzhyra-Kuduk (SZMN). +550–551 +. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. +552–554 +. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + + +Distribution + + + +Widely distributed In Central Asia ( +Uzbekistan +, +Tajikistan +, +Turkmenistan +, +Kazakhstan +, +Afghanistan +) ( +Fig. 352 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF30FF58FDCBFC7FFC128EF7.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF30FF58FDCBFC7FFC128EF7.xml index 9a011682ef4..378fe5c126e 100644 --- a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF30FF58FDCBFC7FFC128EF7.xml +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF30FF58FDCBFC7FFC128EF7.xml @@ -1,47 +1,47 @@ - - - -Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. -33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F -Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. -b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2022 - -2022-02-22 + +2022 + +2022-02-22 - -795 + +795 - -1 + +1 - -1 -241 + +1 +241 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 -2118-9773 -6299150 -7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: - + Crossopriza pristina @@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: 195 + (part; see Remark under C. sanaa sp. nov. ). - @@ -307,8 +307,7 @@ leg.; Aden x Little -Aden -”, “461”; +Aden”, “461”; 12.75° N , 44.86° E diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF35FF64FDD0F9F1FAD38FE0.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF35FF64FDD0F9F1FAD38FE0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..434db7f1d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF35FF64FDD0F9F1FAD38FE0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,660 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Crossopriza pristina +( +Simon, 1890 +) + + + + + + +Figs 353A +, +608–624 + + + + + + + +Artema pristina +Simon, 1890: 93 + + +. + + + + + +Pholcus rivulatus + +(misidentification) – L. + +Koch 1875: 25 + +(only specimens from Massaua, see Remarks below). + + + + + +Crossopriza pristina + +– + +Simon 1893: 475 + +, fig. 465. — + +Timm 1976: 73 + +, figs 5–6 (see Remarks below). — + +Pérez González 1996: 432 + +. – + + +Siyam +et al. +2015: 265 + + +, figs 2–6. + + + + + +Crossoprisa +[sic] +pristina + +– + +Wiehle 1933: 244 + +, fig. 3a. + + + + +Misidentifications + + + + +Crossopriza pristina + +– +Franganillo 1925: 33 +(see + +H. hispanicus + +); 1926a: 49 (see + +C. lyoni + +); 1926b: 11 (see + +C. lyoni + +); 1926c: 70 (see + +H. hispanicus + +); 1936a: 46 (see + +C. lyoni + +); 1936b: 77 (see + +C. lyoni + +). — +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: 195 +, figs 1–4, 7–10 (see + +C. sanaa + +sp. nov. +and + +C. manakhah + +sp. nov. +). + + + + + +Remarks + + + +L. +Koch (1875) +assigned +two juvenile +specimens from Massaua (Massawa) to “ + +Pholcus rivulatus + +”, a name that was later synonymized with + +Holocnemus pluchei + +. Photos of these specimens (deposited in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova, +Italy +) were kindly provided by M. Tavano ( +Jan. 2014 +) and the relatively short and posteriorly angular abdomen strongly suggests that this is + +C. pristina + +rather than + +H. pluchei + +. + + +Timm (1976) +illustrated the male palp without providing any data about the origin of the specimens. It seems likely that he used the specimens that L. Fage loaned to H. Wiehle in the 1930s ( +Wiehle 1933: 243 +, footnote) and that are now deposited in SMF. The labels with the SMF specimens do not specify the origin of the spiders. Considering the very large series of + +C. pristina + +from Massaua in MNHN, it seems likely that L. Fage took the specimens from that series rather than from the smaller +type +series from +Aden +. The SMF specimens below are thus thought to originate from Massaua. + + +The locality “Didi Davvs” (also published for + +Artema kochi + +in Aharon +et al. +2014) is here thought to be a misspelling of +Dire Dawa +in +Ethiopia +. The collector, Barnum Brown, accompanied the so-called Dudley Expedition, which in 1920 conducted geologic surveys in Harrar Province between +Harar +and Jijigga. Brown was in Aden on +June 16, 1920 +, and reached +Addis Ababa +on +July 1, 1920 +(Peter Purcell, pers. com., +Dec. 2020 +). It is thus very plausible that he was in +Dire Dawa +on the days specified on the label (June 20–26). + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Easily distinguished from known congeners by details of male palp ( +Figs 617–618 +; short and thick procursus with short ventral sclerite and distinctive retrolateral process; distinctive distal bulbal sclerite), male chelicerae ( +Figs 621–622 +; low sclerotized humps near median line), and female genitalia ( +Figs 612 +, +623–624 +; short but wide epigynum as in + +S. semicaudata + +but with large median internal structure and pore plates closer together). + + + + + +Type material + + + + + +Syntypes + +YEMEN +• +1 ♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +, examined; +Aden +; +12.80° N +, +45.03° E +; 1889; +E. Simon +leg.; +MNHN +Ar +10511 ( +E. Simon +collection number 10764) + +. + + + +Other material examined + + + + +ERITREA +• +6 ♂♂ +, +21 ♀♀ +, 8 juvs; +Massaua +; +15.61° N +, +39.44° E +; date and collector unknown; +MNHN +Ar 10510 (E. Simon collection number 11428) + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀♀ +; without collection data, presumably same collection data as for preceding (i.e., taken from +MNHN +Ar +10510 and loaned by L. Fage to H. Wiehle); +SMF +19429/1, 19433/3 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Massaua +; date unknown; +L. Vincentini +leg.; +MRAC 131273 +, +131274 + +. + + + +ETHIOPIA +• +1 ♂ +, 2 juvs; +Dire Dawa +(“Abyssinia: Didi Davvs”; see Remarks above); +9.60° N +, +41.85° E +; + +1200 m +a.s.l. + +; + +20 and 26 Jun. 1920 + +; +B. Brown +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +SUDAN +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Kassala State +, +New Halfa +; +15.317° N +, +35.600° E +(coordinates in + +Siyam +et al. +2015 + +wrong); + +26 Jun. 2013 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; +ZMB + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +(abdomen), +1 juv. +(prosoma) (in pure ethanol); same locality as for preceding; + +10 Aug. 2014 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; +ZFMK +Siy +4, +Siy +5 + +. + + +Credible published records +(not examined) + + +SUDAN +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Kassala +, New Halfa; +26 Jun. 2013 +; M. Siyam leg.; + +Siyam +et al. +2015 + +; +ZMB +48672 • +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; +10 Aug. 2014 +; M. Siyam leg.; + +Siyam +et al. +2015 + +; +ZMB +48674 • +1 ♀ +; +Red Sea State +, Tokar (Towkar); +18.452° N +, +37.727° E +(coordinates in + +Siyam +et al. +2015 + +wrong); +9 Oct. 2011 +; + +Siyam +et al. +2015 + +; +ZMB +48671. + + + + + +Redescription + + + +Male +(Massaua, MNHN Ar 10510) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.5, carapace width 1.6. Distance PME–PME 90 µm; diameter PME 120 × 140 µm; distance PME–ALE 35 µm; diameter AME 105 µm; distance AME–AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 49.1 (13.5 + 0.7 + 12.7 + 19.3 + 2.9), tibia 2: 8.5, tibia 3: 6.1, tibia 4: 6.9; tibia 1 L/d: 67; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.28, 0.23, 0.23, 0.23. +COLOR (in ethanol). Bleached specimen mostly pale ochre-yellow; carapace pit anteriorly light brown; sternum posteriorly slightly darkened, with radial marks; legs ochre-yellow, without darker rings, black lines on femora and tibiae barely visible; abdomen ochre-gray, with few indistinct dark marks dorsally; ventrally with distinct black median band, partly disrupted, with three parallel longitudinal marks behind gonopore. + +BODY. Habitus very similar to + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +(cf. +Fig. 391 +). Ocular area slightly raised. Deep thoracic pit and pair of furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified, only rim more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.15/0.75), unmodified. Abdomen slightly elongated, dorso-posteriorly angular. + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Figs 621–622 +, proximally with low sclerotized humps near median line, distally with pair of frontal apophyses provided with one large modified cone-shaped hair each; distance between tips of modified hairs: 50 µm; lateral stridulatory ridges fine but visible in dissecting microscope. + + +PALPS. As in +Figs 608–610 +; coxa barely modified, with low retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur short, distally strongly widened, with rounded ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick, retrolateral-ventral rim with row of sclerotized hair-bases, with indistinct retrolateral transversal line, without retrolateral proximal process; femur-patella joints very close together, not shifted toward prolateral side; tibia very large relative to femur, tibia-tarsus joints slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus without macrotrichia; procursus ( +Figs 616–617 +) short and straight, proximally on prolateral side with strong hump set with numerous long hairs, dorsal hairs not curved, procursus tip with short ventral sclerite and distinctive dorsal and retrolateral processes; genital bulb ( +Figs 618–620 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite, sperm duct opening on prolateral-dorsal side at basis of distal sclerite (arrow in +Fig. 619 +); distal sclerite with distinctive ventral process and prolateral ridge. + +LEGS. Femur 1 with single row of ~30 ventral spines; without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other leg tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments not seen. + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +11 males +: 11.6–13.6 (mean 12.7). Specimens from +Sudan +(collected between 2013 and 2015) with distinct pattern of dark and whitish marks on abdomen (similar + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +, cf. +Fig. 391 +), with distinct black lines on femora and tibiae, and with dark brown sternum. All other specimens are much older (100 years and more) and probably artificially pale. + + + +Figs 608–615. + +Crossopriza pristina +( +Simon, 1890 +) + +; male from Eritrea, Massaua (MNHN Ar 10510), syntype female from Yemen, Aden (MNHN Ar 10511). +608–610 +. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. +611–612 +. Female abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. +613–615 +. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 616–624. + +Crossopriza pristina +( +Simon, 1890 +) + +; male from Eritrea, Massaua (MNHN Ar 10510), syntype female from Yemen, Aden (MNHN Ar 10511). +616–617 +. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. +618–620 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: sperm duct opening. +621–622 +. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views; arrows: low sclerotized humps. +623– 624 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + +Female + + +In general similar to male but without spines on legs, apparently without stridulatory files on chelicerae, and with stridulatory organ consisting of pair of weakly sclerotized but distinct processes posteriorly on carapace and pair of indistinct light brown or non-darkened plates anteriorly on abdomen. Tibia +1 in +26 females +: 10.0–13.6 (mean 11.9). Epigynum as in +Figs 611–612 +, main epigynal plate short but wide, weakly protruding; with pair of shallow pockets very close to median line on both sides of median ridge (distance between pockets 40 µm); internal sclerotized arc and median round structure visible in uncleared specimens; posterior plate indistinct, short but wide. Internal genitalia ( +Figs 613–615 +, +623– 624 +) with large oval pore plates in transversal position and close together, dorsal arc strongly sclerotized laterally, ventral arc with median pouch or pocket of unknown function. + + + + + +Natural history + + + +At the +type +locality ( +Aden +), +Simon (1890) +collected this species in houses, together with “ + +Artema mauricia + +” (= + +A. atlanta +Walckenaer, 1837 + +). + + + + + +Distribution + + + +Known from NW Africa ( +Sudan +, +Eritrea +, +Ethiopia +) and the Arabian Peninsula ( +Yemen +) ( +Fig. 353A +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF3BFF61FE5BFD61FC0F8A6A.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF3BFF61FE5BFD61FC0F8A6A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..940f80b507c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF3BFF61FE5BFD61FC0F8A6A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,721 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + + + + + + +Figs 353A +, +574–607 + + + + + + + +Pholcus semicaudatus +O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 565 + + +. + + + + + +Crossopriza semicaudata + +– + +Simon 1893: 477 + +. — + +Wiehle 1933: 244 + +, fig. 3b. + + + + + +Holocnemus semicaudatus + +– + +Simon 1907: 5 + +. + + + +Probable misidentification +(see Remarks below) + + + + +Crossopriza semicaudata + +– + +Denis 1945: 8 + +, fig. 9. + + + + + + +Remarks + + + +Pickard-Cambridge (1876) +noted that this species was common in ruins near +Cairo +and Thebes (= +Luxor +) but did not specify the number of specimens actually available to him. The only specimen presumably originating from the type series I could locate is the +lectotype +below. The label says “ +lectotype +” but this designation was never published; therefore, the +lectotype +is formally designated herein. The exact geographic origin of this particular specimen ( +Cairo +or +Luxor +) is unknown. + + +Denis (1945) +published a credible record from +Egypt +, +Luxor +, but I could not locate his specimens (they do not seem to be at the MNHN) and his only figure (of a palp) does not show + +C. semicaudata + +. Confusingly, this same figure appears again as figure +10 in +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten (2001) +, supposedly showing the palp of + +C. pristina + +(which is also wrong). + + +The specimens from +Chad +below are here thought to originate from Bardaï, even though the labels say only “ +massif du Tibesti +”. In 1965, the collector Max-Yves Brandily accompanied the ethnomusicologist Monique Brandily who made recordings in the +Tibesti Mountains +.According to the locality data attached to each recording (Centre de Recherche en Ethnomusicologie 2020) they worked in Bardaï in July and in +October 1965 +. + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Easily distinguished from congeners by details of male palp ( +Figs 579–584 +; procursus with distinctive prolateral process, ventral sclerite with proximal ventral process; distal bulbal sclerite simple and flat, without ventral apophysis); also by male chelicerae ( +Figs 585–586 +; medially directed apophyses and enlarged hair bases) and female genitalia ( +Figs 587–593 +; epigynum short and wide as in + +C. pristina + +, but without distinct median internal structure and pore plates farther apart). + + + + + +Type material + + + + + +Lectotype + +(designated herein) +EGYPT +• +1 ♂ +, examined; +Cairo +or Luxor (see Remarks above); label data: “ + +Pholcus + +(= + +Crossopriza + +) + +semicaudata +OPC + +, Egypt, Lectotype +♂ +, loan 3846, B 53619 [or 536A?]”; + +Jan.–Apr. 1864 + +; O. Pickard- +Cambridge +leg.; +HECO +. + + + + +Other material examined + + + + +EGYPT +• +3 ♀♀ +; +Luxor +; +25.73° N +, +32.60° E +; + +2 Nov. 1996 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Luxor +, near airport; + +15 Nov. 1996 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; in house; +SMF + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +5 km +N of +Aswan +; +24.13° N +, +32.89° E +; + +8 Jan. 1987 + +; +V. and B. Roth +leg.; on sand dunes; +CAS 9027139 + +. + + + +SUDAN +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Kassala +( +Wilāyat +Kassalā), +New Halfa +; +21.80° N +, +31.37° E +; + +1 Aug. 2016 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; in house; +ZFMK +Ar 22430, Ar 22431 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Northern +( +Wilāyat +aš-Šamāliyya), +Dongola +; +19.17° N +, +30.47° E +; + +9 Jun. 2016 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22432, +Ar +22433 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +River Nile +( +Wilāyat +Nahr an-Nīl), +Atbara +; +17.70° N +, +34.00° E +; + +29–31 Oct. 2016 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; in house; +ZFMK +Ar 22434 to Ar 22437 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Khartoum +( +Wilāyat +Ḵarṭūm), Khartoum; +15.6° N +, +32.5° E +; + +Nov. 1964 + +; +J.S. Cloudsely-Thompson +leg.; +MRAC 127505 + +• + +1 ♀ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +Jan.–Mar. 1962 + +; +MRAC 121719 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Gezira +( +Wilāyat +al-Jazīra), +Hasaheisa +; +14.73° N +, +33.35° E +; + +14 Apr. 2007 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22438 + +. + + + +Figs 574–578. + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + +; male from Egypt, 5 km N of Aswan (CAS 9027139), and female from Egypt, Luxor (SMF). +574–576 +. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. +577–578 +. Female right femora 2 and 3, dorsal views. Scale bars: 574– 576 = 0.5 mm; 577–578 = 0.2 mm. + + + + +Figs 579–588. + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + +; male and female from Egypt, 5 km N of Aswan (CAS 9027139). +579–581 +. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: distinctive prolateral process. +582–584 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. +585–586 +. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. +587–588 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm. + + + + +CHAD +• +2 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +; +Tibesti Mountains +, +Bardaï +(see Remarks above); +21.35° N +, +17.00° E +; + +Jul.–Oct. 1965 + +; +Y. Brandily +leg.; +MRAC 132920 + +• + +8 ♂♂ +, +33 ♀♀ +(partly used for +SEM +); same collection data as for preceding; +MRAC 132959 + +• + +6 ♀♀ +, 16 juvs; same collection data as for preceding; MARC 132967 + +. + + + + + +Redescription + + + +Male +( +Khartoum +, MRAC 127505) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.4, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME–PME 80 µm; diameter PME 100 × 120 µm; distance PME–ALE 30 µm; diameter AME 95 µm; distance AME–AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 35.7 (10.3 + 0.6 + 9.4 + 13.3 + 2.1), tibia 2: 6.3, tibia 3: 4.7, tibia 4: 5.6; tibia 1 L/d: 59; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.20, 0.18, 0.17, 0.17. + +COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow; carapace pit anteriorly light brown; sternum brown with darker radial marks; legs ochre-yellow, without darker rings, with black lines on femora and tibiae (cf. +Figs 577–578 +); abdomen ochre-gray, with few indistinct dark marks dorsally; ventrally with black median band, partly disrupted. + + + +Figs 589–593. + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + +; female from Egypt, 5 km N of Aswan (CAS9027139). +589–590 +. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. +591–593 +. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards and epigynal plate accidentally flipped forward), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; po = pocket; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 594–601. + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + +; male and female from Chad, Bardaï (MRAC 132959). +594 +. Male ocular area and clypeus. +595 +. Female ocular area and carapace; arrows: stridulatory processes. +596 +. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view; arrow: hair-like process. +597 +. Distal sclerite of right genital bulb, prolateral (slightly distal) view; arrow: sperm duct opening. +598 +. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. +599–600 +. Male stridulatory file and corresponding smooth side of female chelicera. +601 +. Proximal prolateral hair on female palpal femur. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 594–595, 600 = 100 µm; 596 = 30 µm; 597 = 20 µm; 598–599, 601 = 10 µm. + + + +BODY. Habitus very similar to + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +(cf. +Fig. 391 +). Ocular area slightly raised. Deep thoracic pit and pair of furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified, only rim more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.0/0.7), unmodified. Abdomen slightly elongated, dorso-posteriorly angular. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( +Fig. 606 +); ALS with one widened spigot and one pointed spigot; PMS with two pointed spigots ( +Fig. 607 +). + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Figs 585–586 +, distally with pair of frontal apophyses provided with one large modified cone-shaped hair each ( +Fig. 598 +); distance between tips of modified hairs 90 µm; with ~12 enlarged hair-bases on each side ( +Fig. 599 +); lateral stridulatory ridges distinct ( +Fig. 599 +; distances between ridges ~4.5 µm), clearly visible in dissecting microscope. + + + +Figs 602–607. + +Crossopriza semicaudata +(O. +Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 +) + +; male and female from Chad, Bardaï (MRAC 132959). +602 +. Male palpal tarsal organ. +603–605 +. Tarsal organs on female tarsi 1, 2, and 4. +606 +. Male gonopore. +607 +. Male spinnerets. Scale bars: 602–605, 607 = 10 µm; 606 = 20 µm. + + + +PALPS. As in +Figs 574–576 +; coxa with low retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur distally strongly widened, with rounded ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick, with very indistinct retrolateral transversal line, without retrolateral proximal process; femur-patella joints close together, barely shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus without macrotrichia; tarsal organ capsulate ( +Fig. 602 +); procursus ( +Figs 579–581 +) short and straight, proximally on prolateral side with strong hump set with numerous long hairs, dorsal hairs mostly straight, some weakly curved, procursus tip with ventral sclerite with proximal ventral process, distinctive prolateral process, and semitransparent retrolateral-dorsal flap; with hair-like process on retrolateral side (arrow in +Fig. 596 +); genital bulb ( +Figs 582–584 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite, sperm duct opening on prolateral side (arrow in +Fig. 597 +); distal sclerite simple and flat, with semitransparent ventral process, without retrolateral ridge, without prolateral apophysis or ridge. + +LEGS. Femur 1 with single row of ~25 ventral spines; without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other leg tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments very indistinct, irregular except 1–2 at tip. + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +16 males +(incl. +lectotype +): 8.3–12.1 (mean 10.0); +lectotype +smaller (carapace width 1.25), with shortest tibia (8.3) and fewer spines on femur 1 (~18). More recently collected specimens with distinct pattern of dark and whitish marks dorsally on abdomen (similar + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +, cf. +Fig. 391 +); ventral pattern behind gonopore variably distinct, with 2–4 longitudinal bands often not clearly separate. + + +Female + + +In general similar to male but without spines on legs, without stridulatory files on chelicerae ( +Fig. 600 +), and with stridulatory organ consisting of pair of weakly sclerotized but distinct processes posteriorly on carapace (arrows in +Fig. 595 +) and pair of small light brown plates anteriorly on abdomen. Tibia +1 in +46 females +: 7.0–10.2 (mean 8.8). Epigynum as in +Figs 589–590 +; main epigynal plate semicircular, medially protruding; with pair of large pockets close to median line (distance between pockets 40 µm); internal sclerotized arc variably visible in uncleared specimens; posterior plate relatively large but mostly weakly sclerotized except frontally laterally. Internal genitalia ( +Figs 587–588 +, +591–593 +) with oval pore plates, dorsal arc weakly sclerotized laterally, ventral arc medially barely modified. + + + + + +Natural history + + + +Several specimens were collected in houses, suggesting that this is at least partly a synanthropic species. At Dongola, +spiders +were collected from webs among palm trees (M. Siyam, pers. com., +Apr. 2021 +). + + + + + +Distribution + + + +Widespread in NW Africa ( +Egypt +, +Chad +, +Sudan +) ( +Fig. 353A +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF6FFF30FDD4FCF5FD9F8A66.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF6FFF30FDD4FCF5FD9F8A66.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7c51cbad3ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FF6FFF30FDD4FCF5FD9F8A66.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4517 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Crossopriza lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + + + + + + +Figs 351 +, +702–705 +, +783–805 + + + + + + + +Pholcus Lyoni +Blackwall, 1867: 392 + + +. + + + + + + +Crossopriza brasiliensis +Mello-Leitão, 1935: 94 + + +, fig. 13a–c. Synonymized in + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +. + + + + + + +Crossopriza mucronata +Mello-Leitão, 1942: 389 + + +, figs 1–2. Synonymized in + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +. + + + + + + +Crossopriza françoisi +Millot, 1946: 154 + + +, figs 29a–b, 30b. Synonymized in + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +. + + + + + + +Crossopriza stridulans +Millot, 1946: 156 + + +, fig. 31a–b. Synonymized in + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +. + + + + + + +Crossopriza nigrescens +Millot, 1946: 155 + + +, fig. 30a. +syn. nov. + + + + + + +Tibiosa caracensis +González-Sponga, 2006: 11 + + +, pl. 1 figs 1–10. Synonymized in +Huber 2009b +. + + + + + + +Tibiosa casanaimensis +González-Sponga, 2006: 14 + + +, pl. 2 figs 1–9. Synonymized in +Huber 2009b +. + + + + + + +Tibiosa coreana +González-Sponga, 2006: 17 + + +, pl. 3 figs 1–9. Synonymized in +Huber 2009b +. + + + + + + +Tibiosa guayanesa +González-Sponga, 2006: 20 + + +, pl. 4 figs 1–9. Synonymized in +Huber 2009b +. + + + + + + +Tibiosa moraensis +González-Sponga, 2006: 23 + + +, pl. 5 figs 1–9. Synonymized in +Huber 2009b +. + + + + + +Smeringopus lyonii + +– + +Thorell 1895: 70 + +; + +1898: 274 + +. + + + + + +Crossopriza lyoni + +– + +Pocock 1900: 240 + +. — + +Strand 1907: 125 + +. — + +Simon 1909: 80 + +. — + +Sherriffs 1919: 229 + +. — + +Chamberlin 1924: 4 + +. – + +Dyal 1935: 168 + +, pl. 15 figs 90–96. — + +Zhu & Wang 1963: 462 + +, figs 4, 7–8. — + +Chrysanthus 1967: 96 + +, figs 20–24. — + +Tikader & Biswas 1981: 18 + +, pl. 1 figs 13–15. — + +Yaginuma 1982: 15 + +; + +1986: 31 + +, fig. 17.5a, e, p. — + +Kim 1988: 35 + +, figs 1–6. — + +Chikuni 1989: 29 + +, fig. 7. – + +Chen & Zhang 1991: 72 + +, fig. 61.1–3. — + +Edwards 1993: 1 + +, figs 1–2. — + +Majumder & Biswas 1993: 2 + +. — + +Roth 1994: 145 + +. — + + +Huber +et al. +1999: 1 + + +, figs 1–12; 2014a: 6. — + + +Song +et al. +1999: 52 + + +, fig. 22h–o. — +Huber 2000 +: fig. 98; 2001: 136; 2009b: 65; 2014: 140; 2019: 51. — + +Murphy & Murphy 2000: 247 + +. — + +Irie 2001: 7 + +, figs 1–2(1–8); 2009: 106, figs (2-2-13) 3–5, pl. 4 fig. 2. — + + +Van +Keer & +Van +Keer 2001: 82 + + +; + +2004: 79 + +. — + +Guarisco & Cutler 2003: 105 + +, fig. 1. — + + +Van +Keer 2007: 53 + + +. — + + +Jäger +2007: 34 + + +. — + +Colmenares García 2008: 88 + +, fig. 2a–c. — + + +Beatty +et al. +2008: 9 + + +, figs 17–18, 46–47. — + +Carvalho & Avelino 2010: 6 + +. — + +Huber & Warui 2012: 8 + +. — + + +Jäger +et al. +2012: 80 + + +, fig. 3. — + + +Yin +et al. +2012: 163 + + +, fig. 30. — + +Huber & Kwapong 2013: 7 + +, fig. 16. — + +Tong 2013: 61 + +. — + + +Raychaudhuri & +Saha +2015: 85 + + +, pl. 19 figs 514–518. — + + +Bauer +et al. +2016: 4 + + +, figs 1–7. — + +Huber & Villarreal 2020: 57 + +. + + + + +Crossopriza stridulans + +– +Roth 1985 +: B33-1. + + + + + +Justification of new synonymy + + + +Even though the +type +material of + +C. nigrescens + +(a single juvenile specimen) is apparently lost, the name is here synonymized, for three reasons. First, all adult Madagascan specimens of + +Crossopriza + +studied are + +C. lyoni + +( + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +; +Irie 2001 +; herein); second, the +type +of + +C. nigrescens + +was collected in a house, suggesting a synanthropic species; third, the character that +Millot (1946) +considered diagnostic (the dark coloration) varies considerably among specimens, even within a locality. + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Distinguished from known congeners by details of male palp ( +Figs 786–791 +; procursus ventral sclerite with transparent retrolateral branch; procursus tip with wide and rounded dorsal process; distal bulbal sclerite with distinctive row of apophyses on prolateral side); from the similar + +C. surobi + +sp. nov. +(identical male chelicerae) also by shorter epigynum and elongate pore plates ( +Figs 794–795 +); from the similar + +C. maculipes + +also by male chelicerae ( +Fig. 793 +; lateral apophyses in lateral view long) and by female internal genitalia ( +Fig. 795 +; pore plates elongated). + + + + + +Type material + + + + +Syntypes +of + +Pholcus lyoni + + + + + +INDIA +• +♂♂ +, +♀♀ +(unspecified number); +Delhi +; +28.6° N +, +77.2° E +; Meerut; 28.97° N, 77.70° E; and Agra; 27.2° N, 78.0° E; dates and collector(s) unknown; possibly lost + +. + + + +Syntypes +of + +Crossopriza brasiliensis + + + + + +BRAZIL +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +(examined); +Bahia +, +Paraguassú +; +12.80° S +, +38.87° W +; date unknown; +O. Leonardos +leg.; MNRJ 42313 + +. + + + +Syntypes +of + +Crossopriza mucronata + + + + + +ARGENTINA +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +(examined); +Santiago del Estero +, +Beltrán +; +27.83° S +, +64.06° W +; date unknown; +M. Birabén +leg.; MLP 15800 + +• + +1 ♀ +(not examined) (see + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +); same collection data as for preceding; with P. Brignoli`s (unpublished) +lectotype +designation; MLP + +. + + + +Holotype +of + +Crossopriza francoisi + + + + + +MADAGASCAR +• +♂ +(examined); +Mahajanga +, +Maevatanana +; +16.95° S +, +46.83° E +; + +Jul. 1945 + +; +J. Millot +leg.; in bathroom; +MNHN +. + + + + +Holotype +of + +Crossopriza stridulans + + + + + +MADAGASCAR +• +♀ +(examined); +Mahajanga +, +Majunga +[= Mahajanga]; +15.71° S +, +46.32° E +; date and collector unknown; +MNHN +. + + + + +Holotype +of + +Crossopriza nigrescens + + + + + +MADAGASCAR +• +1 juv. +; +Antsiranana +, +Ankarana Sud +; +12.97° S +, +49.14° E +; 1945; +J. Millot +leg.; apparently lost (not found in +MNHN +). + + + + +Tibiosa +spp. + + + +VENEZUELA +. See +Huber & Villarreal (2020) +. + + + +Other material examined + + +Arranged from West to East and (within longitudes) from North to South. + + +USA – + +California + +• +1 ♀ +; +Orange County +, +Orange +; +33.80° N +, +117.85° W +; + +23 Feb. 2000 + +; +J. Coleman +leg.; +CAS 9027397 +. + + +– + +New Jersey + +• +1 ♀ +; +Somerset County +, +Neshanic +; +40.498° N +, +74.720° W +; date unknown; +E.S. Gaffney +leg.; +AMNH +. + + +– + +Texas + +• +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Brazos County +, +College Station +; +30.63° N +, +96.33° W +; date unknown; +R.G. Breene +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +NICARAGUA +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Ciudad +de +León +; +12.43° N +, +86.88° W +; + +10 Aug. 1995 + +; +L.F. Armas +leg.; in house; +MELN + +• + +1 juv. +; +Managua +, +Laguna Xiloa +; +12.209° N +, +86.320° W +; + +13 Jul. 1995 + +; +L.F. Armas +, +J.M. Maes +, and +J.T. Goodwin +leg.; +MELN + +. + + + +DOMINICAN REPUBLIC +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); +Barahona +; +18.217° N +, +71.100° W +; + +30 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 Dec. 2007 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; in building; +ZFMK +Hai +103 + +. + + + +COLOMBIA +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Meta +, +Puerto Lleras +, +Lomalinda +; +3.305° N +, +73.364° W +; + +300 m +a.s.l. + +; + +Mar. 1994 + +; +B.T. Carroll +, +V. and B. Roth +leg.; +CAS 9027460 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; date unknown; +Roth +leg.; +CAS 9027261 + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +May 1987 + +; +B.T. Carroll +leg.; +CAS 9027465 + +. + + + +VENEZUELA +• approximately +40 ♂♂ +, +40 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Villarreal (2020) + +. + + + +BRAZIL +– + +Mato Grosso + +• +1 ♂ +; +Corumba +; +19.01° S +, +57.65° W +; + +21 Sep. 1956 + +; +C. Sincole +leg.; under rocks; +CAS 9027331 + +. – + + +Mato Grosso do Sul + +• +1 ♀ +; +Upper Paraguay River +, +Porto Esperança +; +19.61° S +, +57.45° W +; date and collector unknown; +AMNH + +. – + + +Minas Gerais + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Governador Valadares +, +Ibituruna +; +18.845° S +, +41.943° W +; + +9 Sep. 1982 + +; +L. Sorkin +et al. +leg.; in building; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Governador Valadares +, northern part of city; +18.84° S +, +41.95° W +; + +1 Sep. 1982 + +; +L. Sorkin +and +C.E. de Assis Bandeira +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +; +Governador Valadares +; +18.86° S +, +41.95° W +; + +26 Mar. 1981 + +; +L. Sorkin +and +T. Spitzman +leg.; ceiling in marketplace; +AMNH + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Curvelo +; +18.75° S +, +44.43° W +; + +23 Oct. 1943 + +; +F. Pough +leg.; +AMNH + +. – + + +Pará + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Itaituba +; +4.26° S +, +56.00° W +; + +7 Dec. 1991 + +; +A.A. Lise +leg.; +MCN + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +7 Dec. 1991 + +; +F. Guilhow +leg.; +MCP 4629 +, +4630 + +. – + + +São Paulo + +• several +♀♀ +and juvs (not counted); +Jaboticabal +; +21.25° S +, +48.32° W +; 1979; +W. and L. Miller +leg.; +MCZ + +. + + + +PARAGUAY +• +1 juv. +; +Boquerón +, + +19 km +N of Filadelfia + +, +Estancia Iparoma +; +22.150° S +, +60.034° W +; + +5. Oct. 1978 + +; +K.L. Anderson +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +ARGENTINA +– + +Chaco + +• +1 ♀ +; +Resistencia +; +27.45° S +, +59.00° W +; + +Oct. 1942 + +; +Freiberg +leg.; +MACN +Ar +4347 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Parque Nacional Chaco +; +26.8081° S +, +59.6075° W +; + +80 m +a.s.l. + +; + +11–13 Nov. 2007 + +; +C. Grismado +et al. +leg.; +MACN +Ar +13662. + + +– + +La Rioja + +• +1 ♀ +; +La Rioja +; +29.41° S +, +66.86° W +; + +Apr. 1914 + +; +E. and P. Boman +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; same locality as for preceding; + +15 Apr. 1914 + +; +Boman +et al. +leg.; +MACN +Ar +4345 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, 3 juvs; “Guayapa”, +Patquia +; +30.04° S +, +66.88° W +; + +Oct. 1963 + +; +E. Galiano +leg.; +MACN +Ar +20118 + +• + +3 juvs; same locality as for preceding (“ +Guayapa +”); + +Oct. 1965 + +; +Maury +leg.; +MACN +Ar +20033 + +. – + + +Santiago del Estero + +• +2 ♀♀ +; +Santiago del Estero +; +27.786° S +, +64.266° W +; + +Nov. 1966 + +; +E. Galiano +leg.; +MACN +Ar +19949 + +• + +4 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +Aug. 1939 + +; +A. Prasen +leg.; +MACN +Ar +4346 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same locality as for preceding; + +20 Sep. 1963 + +; collector unknown; +MACN +Ar +20119 + +. – + + +Tucumán + +• +1 ♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +San Miguel de Tucumán +; +26.81° S +, +65.22° W +; + +1–15 May 1950 + +; +M.L. Aczel +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +GERMANY +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; see + +Bauer +et al. +(2016) + + +. + + + +SENEGAL +• +1 ♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) +. + + + + +THE GAMBIA +• +1 ♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +MALI +• +1 ♂ +; +Bamako +; +12.6° N +, +8.0° W +; + +May–Jun. 1977 + +; +W.S. Settle +leg.; +CAS + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs; +Gao +; +16.275° N +, +0.050° W +; + +23–25 Nov. 1948 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +9 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) +. + + + + +GUINEA +• +6 ♂♂ +, +9 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +SIERRA LEONE +• +1 ♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +IVORY COAST +• +5 ♂♂ +, +14 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +BURKINA FASO +• +12 ♂♂ +, +18 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +GHANA +• +13 ♂♂ +, +13 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +BENIN +• +5 ♂♂ +, +12 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +NIGER +• +8 ♂♂ +, +28 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Kwapong (2013) + +. + + + +NIGERIA +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Oguta Lake +; +5.71° N +, +6.80° E +; + +10–24 Feb. 1992 + +; +H. Segers +leg.; motel; +MRAC 174630 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Ile-Ife +, +Obafemi +, +Awolowo University Campus +; +7.43° N +, +3.89° E +; 1991; +H. Segers +leg.; +MRAC 174602 +part + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Lagos +, Lagos +University +; +6.519° N +, +3.392° E +; 1973; +Usua +leg.; +BMNH + +. + + + +CHAD +• +4 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +, 5 juvs; +Bol +; +13.46° N +, +14.71° E +; + +9–15 Dec. 1978 + +; +A. Spielman +leg.; +MCZ + +• + +approximately +6 ♂♂ +, +13 ♀♀ +, + juvs; between +Bongor +(“ +Bougar +”) and +N’Djamena +(“ +Fort Lamy +”), “depression inondée de la Karaska”; +11.1° N +, +15.1° E +; + +Oct.–Dec. 1965 + +; +Y. Brandily +leg.; +MRAC 132894 +, +132896 +, +132897 + +• + +approximately +9 ♂♂ +, +12 ♀♀ +, + juvs; +N’Djamena +, +Gardolé +(“ +Fort Lamy +”); +12.12° N +, +15.04° E +; + +1 Nov. 1965 + +; +Y. Brandily +leg.; +MRAC 132914 +to +132916 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, 3 juvs; +Bébédja +; +8.68° N +, +16.57° E +; + +1–10 Jul. 1977 + +; +G. Ruella +leg.; +MRAC 151455 + +. + + + +CAMEROON +• +3 ♂♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +; +Extrême-Nord +, +Yagoua +; +10.34° N +, +15.23° E +; + +1–5 Aug. 1971 + +; +F. Puylaert +leg.; +MRAC 143673 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; see + +Huber +et al. +(2014b) + +. + + + + +GABON +• +3 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; see + +Huber +et al. +(2014b) + + +. + + + +SUDAN +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Khartoum +; +15.55° N +, +32.55° E +; + +1 May 2016 + +; +M. Siyam +leg.; in houses; +ZFMK +Ar +22451, +Ar +22452 + +. + + + +ETHIOPIA +• +2 ♂♂ +, +8 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs (in pure ethanol); +Southern Nations +, Nationalities and +People’s Region +, +Arba Minch +, +Nech Sar National Park +; +6.0002° N +, +37.5429° E +; + +1390 m +a.s.l. + +; + +19 Jun. 2011 + +; +M. Moradmand +, +V. Hula +, and +J. Niedobová +leg.; in houses; +SMF + +. + + + +UGANDA +• +3 ♀♀ +; see +Huber & Warui (2012) +. + + + + +KENYA +• +1 ♀ +; see +Huber & Warui (2012) +. + + + + +TANZANIA +• +1 ♂ +; +Dar es Salaam +; +6.82° S +, +39.27° E +; + +25–26 Oct. 1995 + +; +D. Ubick +leg.; in house; +CAS + +. + + + +ZIMBABWE +• approximately +8 ♂♂ +, +16 ♀♀ +; +Kariba +; +16.52° S +, +28.85° E +; + +10 Feb. 1995 + +; +W.J. Pulawski +leg.; +CAS + +• + +4 ♂♂ +, +8 ♀♀ +, + juvs; +Victoria Falls +; +17.93° S +, +25.83° E +; + +1–8 Feb. 1995 + +; +W.J. Pulawski +leg.; +CAS +(4 vials) + +• + +approximately +3 ♂♂ +, +8 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +19–22 Dec. 1995 + +; +W.J. Pulawski +leg.; +CAS + +• + +6 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +29 Nov. 1996 + +; +W.J. Pulawski +and +V. Ahrens +leg.; +CAS + +. + + + +MADAGASCAR +– + +Toliara + +• +1 ♂ +; +Toliara +; +23.35° S +, +43.67° E +; + +17 Sep. 1993 + +; +W.E. Steiner +and +R. Andriamasimanana +leg.; +USNM + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +20 km +N of Toliara + +“on +Ferme d’Auberge +rd”; +23.429° S +, +43.830° E +(the coordinates are not N but +SE of Toliara +); + +200 m +a.s.l. + +; + +15–16 Dec. 1999 + +; +E.I. Schlinger +and +M.E. Irwin +leg.; +CAS + +. + + + +SEYCHELLES +• +1 ♀ +; +Mahé +, +Bel Ombre +; +4.6187° S +, +55.3971° E +; + +30 m +a.s.l. + +; + +6 Mar. 2013 + +; +C. Hoareau +leg.; on wall near buildings; +ZFMK +Ar +22453 + +. + + + +PAKISTAN +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Lahore +, +University +of the +Punjab +; +31.5° N +, +74.3° E +; + +Sep. 2013 + +; collector unknown; +ZFMK +Ar 22454 + +. + + + +INDIA +– + +Andhra Pradesh + +• +1 ♀ +; +Deccan +highlands; +14° N +, +77° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF +RII/3735 + +. – + + +Delhi + +• +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +New Delhi +, +Russian Embassy +; +28.593° N +, +77.186° E +; + +1–2 May 1999 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +5206 + +. – + + +Haryana + +• +1 ♂ +; +Kasauli +; +30.1210° N +, +76.4075° E +; + +240 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 Mar. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; in house and surroundings, farmland; +SMF + +. – + + +Karnataka + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Mysore +; +12.30° N +, +76.65° E +; + +Dec. 1987 + +; +J. Murphy +leg.; +MMUE +Murphy +#15830, 15831 + +. – + + +Maharashtra + +• +1 ♀ +; +Pune +, +Agharkar Research Institute +; +18.520° N +, +73.832° E +; + +2 Sep. 1992 + +; +G.W. Kendrick +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1489 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs; “Kirkoskarvadt, Distr. South Sathra”, probably +Kirloskarvadi +; +17.08° N +, +74.42° E +; date unknown; +W. Bindermann +leg.; +SMF +. – + +Punjab + + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs; +Patiala +, +University +campus; +30.35° N +, +76.45° E +; + +24–25 Jun. 1999 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +5205 + +• + +1 ♀ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +3–8 May 1999 + +; +ZFMK +Ar +5201 + +• + +7 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs; +Patiala +(“ +Patriala +”); +30.35° N +, +76.45° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF +RII/6617 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Balanda +; +31.0441° N +, +75.4265° E +; + +220 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 Mar. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; in house, courtyard, and farm; +SMF + +. – + + +Rajastan + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Pushkar +; +26.49° N +, +74.55° E +; + +11 Nov. 1989 + +; +V. Roth +leg.; in building; +CAS + +. – + + +Tamil Nadu + +• +1 ♀ +; +Chennai +(“ +Madras +”); +13.07° N +, +80.25° E +; + +Aug. 1924 + +; collector unknown; +SMF +Roewer +#1148 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +10 mi +SW of +Gudiyattam +; +12.86° N +, +78.80° E +; + +3 Apr. 1962 + +; +Ross +and +Cavagnaro +leg.; +CAS + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Alagar +[koil], + +21 km +NE of Madurai + +; +10.074° N +, +78.215° E +; + +27–28 Dec. 1989 + +; +V. and B. Roth +leg.; +CAS + +• + +1 ♂ +, +12 ♀♀ +; +Coimbatore +; +11.017° N +, +76.960° E +; + +430 m +a.s.l. + +; + +8 Mar. 1962 + +; +E.S. Ross +and +D.Q. Cavagnaro +leg.; +CAS + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +80 km +S of Madras + +, +Mahabalipuram +; +12.62° N +, +80.19° E +; + +5 Mar. 1994 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; in house; +WAM 99 +/1802 + +• + +approximately +6 ♂♂ +, +11 ♀♀ +; +Vellore +; +12.91° N +, +79.13° E +; date unknown; +Löwenthal +leg.; +ZMUC + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Mandapam Camp +; +9.28° N +, +79.12° E +; + +5 Oct. 1957 + +; +H. Lemche +leg.; +ZMUC + +. – + + +Uttarakhand + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Dehradun City +, +Forest Research Institute +, campus and nearby; +30.342° N +, +78.000° E +; + +660 m +a.s.l. + +; + +6–13 May 1999 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +5204 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Dehradun Valley +; +30.34° N +, +78.00° E +; ~ + +700 m +a.s.l. + +; + +4–13 Aug. 1978 + +; collector unknown; +ZMUC + +. – + + +West Bengal + +• numerous +♂♂ +and +♀♀ +(not counted); +Kanchrapara +; +22.93° N +, +88.43° E +; + +1–12 Aug. 1944 + +; +M. Cazier +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +NEPAL +• +1 ♀ +; +Kathmandu valley +, +Baneshwar +, +Ganaba-hal +; +27.70° N +, +85.32° E +; + +1350 m +a.s.l. + +; + +16–20 Aug. 1980 + +; + +Martens + +and +Schawaller +leg.; +SMF + +. + + + +SRI LANKA +• +4 ♂♂ +, +12 ♀♀ +; see + +Huber +et al. +(1999) + +and +Huber (2019) +. + + + + +MYANMAR +• approximately +10 ♂♂ +, +20 ♀♀ +; +Rangoon +; +16.806° N +, +96.150° E +; date unknown; +Lövendal +leg.; +ZMUC + +. + + + +THAILAND +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Saraburi Province +, + +8 mi +SE of Saraburi + +; +14.45° N +, +100.95° E +; + +100 m +a.s.l. + +; + +28 Jul. 1962 + +; +Ross +and +Cavagnaro +leg.; +CAS + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, + juvs; +Bangkok +(= +Krung Thep +), +Chulalong University +; +13.74° N +, +100.53° E +; + +18–19 Oct. 1957 + +; +N. Meinkoth +leg.; +MCZ +76654 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Lopburi Province +, +Khok Samrong District +, +Khao Wong Phrachan +; +14.9633° N +, +100.7103° E +; + +600 m +a.s.l. + +; + +24 Jun. 2014 + +; +P. Schwendinger +leg.; dry secondary forest with bamboo; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Prachuap Khiri Khan Province +, +Reclining Buddha Cave +; +11.864° N +, +99.823° E +; + +70 m +a.s.l. + +; + +13 Mar. 2015 + +; +B.A. Huber +and +B. Petcharad +leg.; among rocks outside cave; +ZFMK +Ar 23880 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mal367 + +. + + + +LAOS +– + +Vientiane + +• +1 ♀ +; Vang Vieng, Nam Song; +18.912° N +, +102.456° E +; +230 m +a.s.l.; +12 Nov. 2009 +; P. +Jäger +and S. Bayer leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, 2 juvs; Sisathona Distr., Sapanthong Neua; +17.957° N +, +102.629° E +; +170 m +a.s.l.; +26 Mar. 2011 +; L. Nophasead leg.; +SMF +. + +– + + +Oudomxai + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +4 km +S of Oudomxai, Lipi provincial protected area; +20.653° N +, +102.003° E +; +870 m +a.s.l.; +18 Apr. 2011 +; L. Nophasead leg.; +SMF +. + +– + + +Bolikhamsai + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; Nam Kading National Protected Area; +18.341° N +, +104.144° E +; +23 Mar. 2011 +; P. +Jäger +and L. Nophasead leg.; disturbed secondary forest; +SMF + +• + +1 juv. +; same collection data as for preceding; +25 Mar. 2011 +; +SMF + +• + +5 ♂♂ +, +13 ♀♀ +; see + +Jäger +(2007) + +and + +Jäger +et al. +(2012) + +. + + + + +CAMBODIA +• +1 juv. +; +Banteay Meanchey +, +Sisophon +, + +La Ang Chinchian + +5; +13.5905° N +, +102.9442° E +; + +16 Jan. 2017 + +; +H. Steiner +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22455 + +. + + + +VIETNAM +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 juv. +; +Kien Giang Prov. +, +Ha Tien +, +Da Dung mountain +; +10.427° N +, +104.476° E +; + +6 Jan. 2010 + +; +H. Steiner +leg.; in cave; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Kien Giang Prov. +, +Kien Luong +, +Nui Ca Danh mountain +; +10.283° N +, +104.565° E +; + +9 Jan. 2010 + +; +H. Steiner +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Ho Chi Minh +(“Saigon”); +10.81° N +, +106.64° E +; + +Nov. 1966 + +– + +Feb. 1967 + +; +P. Fleischer +leg.; +MCZ + +. + + + +CHINA +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Guilin +(“Kweilin”); +25.24° N +, +110.18° E +; + +20 Jul. 1976 + +; +A. Jung +leg.; +CAS + +. + + + +TAIWAN +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Taichung +, +Tunghai University +campus, near +Tunghai Lake +; +24.1815° N +, +120.6086° E +; + +140 m +a.s.l. + +; + +17 Jun. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; at building; +ZFMK +Ar +23881 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Tai81 + +. + + + +JAPAN +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Kagawa Pref. +, +Mitoyo-shi +, +Yamamoto-chô +; +34.18° N +, +133.71° E +; + +7 Jan. 2000 + +; +Y. Ihara +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +5209 + +. + + + +MALAYSIA +• +1 ♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +, 2 juvs; +Kedah +, Kedah +Peak +(Gunung Jerai), at foot of mountain; +5.8° N +, +100.4° E +; + +6 Jan. 1985 + +; +J.A. Beatty +leg.; on buildings; +BPBM + +. + + + +SINGAPORE +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Pulau Ubin +, near park headquarters; +1.403° N +, +103.967° E +; + +20 m +a.s.l. + +; + +16 Feb. 2015 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +J. Koh +, and +D. Court +leg.; in building; +ZFMK +Ar 23882 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mal233 + +. + + + +PHILIPPINES +– +Luzon +• +1 ♂ +; +Manila +, +Umber +; +14.37° N +, +121.02° E +; + +27 Aug. 1950 + +; collector unknown; +MCZ +76679 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Batangas +; +13.76° N +, +121.06° E +; + +4 Aug. 1986 + +; +C.K. Starr +leg.; in building; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Rizal +, +Alabang +; +14.42° N +, +121.04° E +; + +Sep. 1945 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Lingayen +; +16.02° N +, +120.23° E +; + +Jun.–Jul. 1945 + +; +R.B. Burrows +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Banaue +; +16.919° N +, +121.058° E +; + +Jan. 1980 + +; +P. Schwendinger +leg.; +MHNG +. – + + + +Leyte + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Baybay +; +10.68° N +, +124.80° E +; + +3–6 Sep. 1984 + +; +C.K. Starr +leg.; +AMNH + +. – + +Mindanao +• +2 ♀♀ +; +Bukidnon Province +, +Central Mindanao University +; +7.859° N +, +125.051° E +; + +350 m +a.s.l. + +; + +10 Feb. 2014 + +; +B.A. Huber +and +E. Mondejar +leg.; in building; +ZFMK +Ar 22456 + +. + + + +INDONESIA +• +6 ♀♀ +(2vials); +Papua +, +Merauke +(“Merambe”); +8.49° S +, +140.40° E +; 1956/57; +M. Monulphus +leg.; +P. Chrysanthus +ded.; +SMF + +. + + + +PAPUA NEW GUINEA +• +1 ♂ +; +National Capital District +; +9.45° S +, +147.21° E +; + +23 Jul. 1985 + +; +D. Court +leg.; +NMNL +ARA 17485 + +. + + + +AUSTRALIA +– + +Northern Territory + +• +1 ♀ +; +Darwin +; +12.45° S +, +130.84° E +; + +20–31 Mar. 1945 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Darwin +, +Alawa +, +Eileen St. +; +12.377° S +, +130.874° E +; + +23 May 1992 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1672 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; + +70 mi +S of Darwin + +, +Adelaide River +; +13.24° S +, +131.10° E +; + +20–27 Mar. 1945 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +120 mi +SE of Darwin + +, +Edge Arnhemland Res. +, +Ben Hole Billabong +; +13.8° S +, +131.8° E +; + +Jan.–Feb. 1972 + +; +J. Anderson +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +, 3 juvs; +Alice Springs +; +23.70° S +, +133.88° E +; + +29 Oct. 1983 + +; +E.I. Schlinger +and +M.E. Erwin +leg.; +CAS 9027208 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Katherine +; +14.47° S +, +132.26° E +; + +Dec. 1980 + +; +R.R. Jackson +leg.; in communal webs; +QMB +S49735 + +• + +numerous +♂♂ +and +♀♀ +(not counted); +Kakadu National Park +, +Narramoor +; +12.696° S +, +132.373° E +; + +25 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2 Jul. 1987 + +; +M.S. Harvey +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1604 to 99/1613 + +• + +1 ♂ +; + +Jabiru +Residency + +; +12.67° S +, +132.84° E +; + +28 May 1992 + +; +Harvey +and +Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1674 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Nhulunbuy +; +12.18° S +, +136.68° E +; + +8 Aug. 1991 + +; +A.F. Longbottom +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1675 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Berry Springs +; +12.7° S +, +131.0° E +; + +26 May 1992 + +; +Harvey +and +Waldock +leg.; woodland, on house; +WAM 99 +/1671 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Humpty Doo +, +Marjerrison Rd +; +12.57° S +, +131.1° E +; + +30 Oct. 1985 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1614 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Uluru National Park +; +25.3° S +, +131.0° E +(label: 25.038° S, 131.070° E); + +15 May 1999 + +; +Gray +, +Milledge +, and +Smith +leg.; in house; +AMS +KS 56180 + +. – + + +Queensland + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Widgee +, + +NW of +Gympie + +; +26.170° S +, +152.425° E +; + +16–20 Feb. 1987 + +; +J. Gallon +leg.; +QMB +S50290 + +• + +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Lake Broadwater +, near +Dalby +; +27.35° S +, +151.10° E +; + +26 Jan. 1984 + +; +M. Bennie +leg.; house; +QMB +S49726 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Gatton Agricultural College +; +27.554° S +, +152.336° E +; + +29 May 1986 + +; +Bayer +leg.; +QMB +S50276 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Proa Shi +, + +20 mi +S of Nelia + +; +20.9° S +, +142.2° E +; + +7–13 May 1978 + +; +J. Covacevich +leg.; +QMB +S50262 + +• + +1 ♀ +, 2 juvs; +Mt Isa +, township; +20.732° S +, +139.485° E +; + +16–21 Apr. 1996 + +; + +R. +Raven + +leg.; +QMB +S33757 + +• + +♂♂ +(not counted); near +Edungalba +; +23.72° S +, +149.85° E +; + +Jul. 1993 + +; + +D. +Walker + +leg.; +QMB +S22175 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Torres Strait +, + +Yam +Island + +; +9.90° S +, +142.77° E +; + +28 Nov.–2 Dec. 1986 + +; +K. Saddler +and +J. Gallon +leg.; under bark; +QMB +S12418 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Palm River +Café; +10.96° S +, +143.70° E +; + +21 Oct. 1974 + +; +V.E. Davies +leg.; +QMB +S49730 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Lockerbie Scrub Wilderness Lodge +; +10.78° S +, +142.47° E +; + +9 Dec. 1980 + +; +J. Gallon +leg.; +QMB +S13021 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Townsville +; +19.26° S +, +146.82° E +; + +Sep. 1986 + +; collector unknown; +QMB +S49734 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Boulia +; +22.91° S +, +139.91° E +; + +Jun. 1981 + +; +S. van Dyck +and +R. Molnar +leg.; +QMB +S49727 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Doondi +, + +50 km +SW of St. George + +; +28.28° S +, +148.56° E +; + +10 Sep. 1979 + +; + +R. +Raven + +leg.; +QMB +S49732 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; The Lion’s Den Hotel [near +Rossville +?]; +15.705° S +, +145.223° E +; + +15 Apr. 1994 + +; +J. Thompson +, +M. Moulds +, and +F. Mac Killop +leg.; +AMS +KS 45744 + +. – + + +Western Australia + +• +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Kalumburu +; +14.295° S +, +126.640° E +; + +19 Aug. 1969 + +; +A.R. Main +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1754 to 99/1758 part + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Barrow Island +, WAPET camp; +20.817° S +, +115.433° E +; + +1–5 Nov. 1993 + +; +M.S. Harvey +and +J.M. Waldock +leg.; indoors; +WAM 99 +/1739, 99/1740 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Kununurra +; +15.77° S +, +128.74° E +; 1962; +K. Richards +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1679 to 99/1683 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same locality as for preceding; + +8 Jun. 1992 + +; +M.S. Harvey +and +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1653 + +• + +1 ♂ +, 4 juvs; same locality as for preceding; + +25 Nov. 1978 + +; +D. Roberts +and +J. Staddart +leg.; in hostel; +WAM 99 +/1598 to 99/1602 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Derby +; +17.317° S +, +123.633° E +; + +May 1963 + +; +A.R. Main +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1688 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same locality as for preceding; + +3 Nov. 1961 + +; +A.R. Main +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1702 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Drysdale River Station +; +15.702° S +, +126.380° E +; + +15 Jan. 1994 + +; +A.F. Longbottom +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1747, 99/1748 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +21 Jun. 1993 + +; +A.F. Longbottom +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1745, 99/1746 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Geikie Gorge +; +18.08° S +, +125.71° E +; + +24 Jul. 1987 + +; +B.Y. Main +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1777, 99/1778 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Geikie Gorge National Park +; +18.110° S +, +125.697° E +; + +7 Jun. 1999 + +; +Gray +, +Milledge +, and +Smith +leg.; under bark; +AMS +KS 56189 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Care Spring +; +15.533° S +, +128.833° E +; + +8 Jun. 1992 + +; +M.S. Harvey +and +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1637 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Fitzroy Crossing +; +18.19° S +, +125.57° E +; + +11 Aug. 1991 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; outside of house; +WAM 99 +/1589 to 99/1591 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Meda Station +; +17.4° S +, +124.0° E +; + +22 Aug. 1987 + +; +A.E. de Jong +leg.; +WAM 99 +/1616, 99/1617 + +. + + + +FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, 1 gynandromorphic specimen; +Chuuk +(“Truk”) +Island +; +7.45° N +, +151.85° E +; + +10 Mar. 1969 + +; +Sabath +leg.; +MCZ +76633, +76634 + +. + + + + + +Redescription + + + +Male +( +Guinea +, ZFMK Ar 10456) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 6.5, carapace width 2.4. Distance PME–PME 140 µm; diameter PME 140 × 170 µm; distance PME–ALE 50 µm; diameter AME 130 µm; distance AME–AME 45 µm. Leg 1: +63.4 (18.7 + 0.9 + 17.6 + 22.7 + 3.5), tibia 2: 12.4, tibia 3: 9.2, tibia 4: 10.5; tibia 1 L/d: 70; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.36, 0.32, 0.28, 0.31. +COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow; carapace pit anteriorly light brown; sternum dark brown; legs ochre-yellow, with indistinct darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae, with black lines on femora and tibiae, patellae brown; abdomen ochre-gray, with whitish internal marks and some dark marks dorsally and laterally; ventrally with distinct black median band, partly disrupted, with three parallel longitudinal marks behind gonopore. + +BODY. Habitus as in +Figs 702–703 +. Ocular area slightly raised. Deep thoracic pit and pair of furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified, rim barely more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.7/1.0), unmodified. Abdomen slightly elongated, dorso-posteriorly angular. + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Figs 792–793 +, with two pairs of apophyses, lateral pair with 2–3 small processes (distinct in lateral view), median pair with one large modified cone-shaped hair each; distance between tips of modified hairs 80 µm; lateral stridulatory ridges fine but visible in dissecting microscope; distances between ridges: ~7.5 µm ( + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +). + + +PALPS. As in +Figs 783–785 +; coxa with rounded retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur distally widened, with rounded ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick, retrolateral-ventral rim with row of projecting and sclerotized hair-bases, with barely visible retrolateral transversal line, without retrolateral proximal process; femur-patella joints slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia large relative to femur, tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus without macrotrichia; procursus ( +Figs 786–788 +) straight, densely set with long hairs dorsally, few hairs slightly curved upwards; proximally on prolateral side with strong hump set with numerous long hairs and followed distally by thick sclerotized ridge, procursus tip with several distinctive elements: ventral sclerite with transparent retrolateral branch (arrow in +Fig. 788 +), rounded dorsal sclerite, semitransparent prolateral pointed process, and pair of crescent-shaped retrolateral elements; genital bulb ( +Figs 789–791 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite, sperm duct opening not seen; distal sclerite with retrolateral ridge and distinctive set of one large and four smaller rounded prolateral apophyses. + + + +Figs 783–785. + +Crossopriza lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + +; male from Guinea, Kindia (ZFMK Ar 10456, see +Huber & Kwapong 2013 +); left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. + + + + +Figs 786–795. + +Crossopriza lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + +; male from Guinea, Kindia (ZFMK Ar 10456, see +Huber & Kwapong 2013 +), female from Japan, Yamamoto-chô (ZFMK Ar 5209). +786–788 +. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: branch of ventral sclerite. +789–791 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. +792–793 +. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. +794–795 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 796–802. + +Crossopriza lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + +; females from Japan, Yamamoto-chô (796–798, 801–802; ZFMK Ar 5209) and from Guinea, Kindia (799–800; ZFMK Ar 10456, see +Huber & Kwapong 2013 +). +796–797 +. Abdomen, ventral and frontal views; arrows: stridulatory plates. +798–799 +. Epigyna, ventral views. +800–802 +. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards, ventral view, and regular dorsal view; arrow: asymmetric median sclerite. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynum; va = ventral arc. Scale bars: 796–797 = 1.0 mm; 798–802 = 0.5 mm. + + +LEGS. Femur 1 with single row of ~23 ventral spines; without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other leg tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments indistinct except 2–3 distally. + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +43 males +: 11.5–18.0 (mean 14.5). Dark ventral band on abdomen variably distinct, section behind gonopore with 2–4 longitudinal bands. Small apophyses prolaterally on bulbal sclerite variably distinct, usually one large plus four small apophyses, rarely one large plus three or five small apophyses. Retrolateral branch on ventral sclerite of procursus slightly variable in shape. + + +Female + + +In general similar to male ( +Figs 704–705 +) but without spines on legs, with smaller and less distinct stridulatory files on chelicerae (sometimes not visible in dissecting microscope; distances between ridges: ~8.5 µm, + +Huber +et al. +1999 + +), and with stridulatory organ consisting of pair of weakly sclerotized but distinct processes posteriorly on carapace and pair of light brown plates anteriorly on abdomen ( +Fig. 797 +). Tibia +1 in +57 females +: 9.2–15.5 (mean 12.5). Epigynum as in +Figs 796–799 +, main epigynal plate short and wide, weakly protruding; posteriorly laterally strongly sclerotized, anteriorly weakly sclerotized, with variably distinct light brown median area; with pair of pockets very close to median line on both sides of median ridge (distance between pockets 30 µm), posteriorly barely protruding; internal sclerotized arc and median round structure visible in uncleared specimens; posterior plate short but wide. Internal genitalia ( +Figs 794–795 +, +800–802 +) with large elongate pore plates converging anteriorly, dorsal arc wide but simple, ventral arc medially slightly modified, with asymmetric sclerites ( +three females +cleared), with simple median pouch. + + +Gynandromorphic specimen + + +Specimens that combine male and female morphological characters (sometimes in a left-right asymmetry) are extremely rare in pholcid spiders. The only previously known case was reported by +Blackwall (1867) +, who described a specimen of + +C. lyoni + +from +India +that had a male left palp and a male left chelicera, but a female right palp, female right chelicera, and incompletely developed female genitalia (epigynum) on the right side. He noted that this was the only case of gynandromorphism among “many thousands” of specimens of spiders studied. Surprisingly, the only gynandromorphic pholcid specimen I have ever seen (among roughtly 50,000 specimens) is also a representative of + +C. lyoni + +. This specimen (from +Chuuk +Island, +Micronesia +), has a half epigynum ( +Figs 804–805 +; relatively normally developed on the left side), but an enlarged right palp that reminds of a penultimate instar male palp (arrow in +Fig. 803 +). The right chelicera and the right femur are not modified, as would be expected from a penultimate instar male. Surprisingly, however, the female stridulatory apparatus between prosoma and abdomen appears fully and symmetrically developed on both sides (arrows in +Fig. 805 +). Leg length is also symmetric. + + + + +Figs 803–805. + +Crossopriza lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + +; gynandromorphic specimen from Micronesia, Chuuk Island (MCZ 76633). +803 +. Prosoma, frontal view; arrow: penultimate instar male palp. +804– 805 +. Abdomen, ventral and frontal views; arrows: female stridulatory plates.Abbreviation: e = epigynum. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + + +Natural history + + + +Surprisingly little is known about the biology of this large and widely distributed synanthropic +spider +. + +Strickman +et al. +(1997) + +give basic bionomic data for +spiders +collected in +Thailand +and held at 30°C: eggs were laid 4–6 days after copulation; a mean of 34 spiderlings (range: 5–54) hatched form each eggsac 11–13 days after egg-laying; maturity was reached after only 74 days. Females were significantly heavier than males (mean weight +28.6 mg +vs +17.6 mg +). As soon as spiderlings started to eat (after the first molt), they were capable of overpowering a mosquito; prey was wrapped by ‘throwing’ silk with the hind legs, without rotating the prey. The prey was not bitten until the moment the +spider +started feeding, sometimes days after wrapping. No female was observed to eat her own eggs (as reported by +Downes 1987 +). Observations on US populations give slightly to significantly higher numbers of eggs per egg sac (or spiderlings accompanying the female): +53–58 in +Edwards (1993) +, and +72 in +Guarisco & Cutler (2003) +. In Florida, +Edwards (1993) +observed a wide variety of +insect +prey in + +C. lyoni + +webs. For further observations, see +Nandi & Raut (1985) +(publication only partly seen) and +Irie (2001) +(in Japanese). + + + + + +Distribution + + + +The closest known relatives of + +C. lyoni + +( + +C. maculipes + +, + +C. surobi + +sp. nov. +, + +C. sengleti + +sp. nov. +) live in an area that is mainly composed of +Pakistan +, +Afghanistan +, and +Iran +( +Fig. 353 +), suggesting that + +C. lyoni + +originated from this region. It seems to have expanded from its original area at a time from which few records are available, so the early expansion is difficult to reconstruct. The earliest records from supposedly non-native regions date from the late 19 +th +century ( +Myanmar +; +Thorell 1895 +) and the early 20 +th +century ( +China +; +Strand 1907 +). Towards the east, + +C. lyoni + +may have reached the +Philippines +and +Australia +not before the 20 +th +century (oldest records: 1940s). Towards the west, + +C. lyoni + +seems to have reached South America much sooner than North America: while the oldest record from +Argentina +dates from 1914, and the species was “not rare” in +Bahia +( +Brazil +) by the early 1930s ( +Mello-Leitão 1935 +), it may not have reached the +USA +before the early 1980s ( +Roth 1985 +, +Edwards 1993 +). In Central Europe, the species appears to be slowly spreading since approximately 2000, but it is still largely confined to buildings ( +Van Keer 2007 +, + +Bauer +et al. +2016 + +). + + +Mysteriously, this synanthropic species is largely absent from the original area of distribution of + +Crossopriza + +( +Fig. 351 +). Such a pattern is mirrored in some other synanthropic pholcids but remains unexplained (see Discussion). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFA7FFE7FDA9F93DFD878E6A.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFA7FFE7FDA9F93DFD878E6A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d4f0260ee1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFA7FFE7FDA9F93DFD878E6A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,7695 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + + + + + + +Figs 2 +, +5–6 +, +13–58 + + + + + +Aranea + + +pluchii +Scopoli, 1763: 404 + + +. + + + + + +Aranea rivulata +Forsskål, 1775: 86 + +. Synonymized with + +Pholcus pluchii + +by + +Simon 1866: 122 + +(but: +Simon 1873 +). + + + + + + +Pholcus impressus +C.L. +Koch, 1837: 99 + + +, pl. 137 fig. 313. Synonymized with + +H. rivulatus + +by + +Simon 1873: 49 + +. + + + + + + +Pholcus barbarus +Lucas, 1846: 237 + + +, pl. 15 fig. 1, 1a–f. Synonymized with + +H. rivulatus + +by + +Simon 1873: 49 + +. + + + + + + +Pholcus ruralis +Blackwall, 1858: 432 + + +. Synonymized by + +Simon 1873: 49 + +. + + + +Aranea rivulata +– +Forsskål 1776: 7 +, pl. 24 fig. f. + + + + +Aranea pluchii +? + +(question mark in original publication) – + +Rossi 1790: 134 + +. + + + + + +Pholcus rivulatus + +– + +Savigny & Audouin 1826: 140 + +, pl. 3 fig. 12. — + +Walckenaer 1837: 653 + +. — Pickard- Cambridge 1872: 277; 1876: 566. — L. + +Koch 1875: 25 + +(specimens from +Cairo +). + + + + + +Pholcus impressus + +– C.L. + +Koch 1850: 31 + +. — + +Simon 1866: 122 + +. + + + + + +Pholcus pluchii + +– + +Simon 1866: 122 + +, pl. 2 fig. 11. + + + + + +Pholcus barbarus + +– + +Simon 1866: 123 + +. — C. + +Koch 1873: 113 + +. + + + + + +Holocnemus rivulatus + +– + +Simon 1873: 49 + +; + +1874: 256 + +; +1875 +: pl. 4 fig. 16; 1885: 28; 1893: 471; 1908: 427. — + +Damin 1900: 21 + +. — + +Strand 1908: 93 + +. — + +Lessert 1910: 89 + +. — + +Franganillo 1925: 35 + +; + +1926c: 70 + +. + + + + + +Holocnemus pluchii + +– + +Roewer 1928: 120 + +. — + +Kratochvíl 1932: 2 + +, figs 1, 3–4. — + +Drensky 1936: 55 + +; + +1939: 248 + +. — + +Kolosváry 1938: 65 + +. — + +Senglet 1971: 354 + +. — + +Timm 1976: 70 + +, figs 1–2. — + +Nicolić & Polenec 1981: 20 + +. — + +Kritscher 1996: 123 + +. + + + + + +Holocnemus pluchei + +– + +Simon 1914: 237 + +. — + +Dalmas 1920: 59 + +. — + +Wiehle 1933: 242 + +, 247, figs 2a, 7c. — + +Kratochvíl 1940: 7 + +, fig. 1b, d. — + +Caporiacco 1948: 38 + +. — + +Roewer 1959: 10 + +. — + +Brignoli 1971a: 82 + +, figs 1–6; 1971b: 130; 1971c: 257; 1976: 559; 1977: 31; 1978: 486; 1979: 189; 1984: 289. — + +Constantini 1975: 90 + +. — + +Wunderlich 1980: 227 + +, figs 31–32. — + +Barrientos & Ferrández 1982: 82 + +. — +Roth 1985 +: B-33-1; 1994: 145. — + +Jakob & Dingle 1990: 95 + +. — + +Porter & Jakob 1990: 313 + +. — + +Jakob 1991: 711 + +. — + +Heimer & Nentwig 1991: 40 + +, fig. 80.1–3. — + +Melic 1994: 15 + +. — + +Huber 1995: 291 + +, figs 1a, 2, 4, 6–8, 10a; 2000: figs 14, 120, 176; 2001: 136; 2014: 140. — + + +Jäger +1995: 20 + + +; + +2000: 51 + +. — + +Johnson & Jakob 1999: 957 + +. — + + +Van +Keer & +Van +Keer 2001: 82 + + +; + +2004: 79 + +. — + + +Deltshev +et al. +2003: 12 + + +; + +2011: 130 + +; + +2013: 7 + +. — + +Gasparo 2003: 62 + +. — + +Hajer & Řeháková 2003: 345 + +. — + + +Topçu +et al. +2005: 289 + + +. — + + +Ferrández +et al. +2006: 77 + + +. — + + +Kovács +et al. +2006: 9 + + +, figs 1–3. — + + +Van +Keer 2007: 48 + + +. — + +Laborda & Simó 2008: 262 + +. — + + +Kunt +et al. +2010: 32 + + +. — + + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2010: 1267 + + +; + +2013: 407 + +; + +2019a: 1 + +, fig. 1; 2019b: 1, figs 1–3. — + + +Van +Helsdingen 2010: 27 + + +. — + +Drakšić & Katušić 2011: 168 + +. — + + +Dutto +et al. +2011: 1040 + + +. — + + +Vetter +et al. +2011: 601 + + +. — + + +Bosmans +et al. +2013: 24 + + +. — + +Türkeş & Karabulut 2013: 619 + +. — + + +Benhadi-Marín +et al. +2013: 75 + + +, fig. 2 (C1–3). — + +Reiser & Neumann 2014: 24 + +. — + +Gajić & Grbić 2016: 54 + +. — + + +Naumova +et al. +2016: 434 + + +; + +2019: 76 + +. — + + +Rozwałka +et al. +2016: 73 + + +. — + +Barrientos & Bosco Febrer 2017: 22 + +. — + + +Cargnelutti +et al. +2018: 616 + + +; + +2020: 536 + +. — + +Lecigne 2018: 50 + +, pl. 1 figs h–i, photo 3. — + + +Ponomarev +et al. +2019: 233 + + +, figs 2–4. — + +Kumada 2021: 17–19 + +, figs 1–9. + + + + +Misidentifications + + + + + +Pholcus rivulatus + +– L. + +Koch 1875: 25 + +(specimens from Massaua: + +Crossopriza +sp. + +juveniles; see + + + + + +Distribution below). + +Pholcus rivulatus + +– +Leardi in Airaghi 1902: 348 +( +India +; identity unclear; see Distribution below). + +Holocnemus pluchei + +– +Roewer 1960: 40 +( +Afghanistan +; juvenile from Rig-Revan: + +Pholcus +sp. + +; for other + + +specimens, see + +Crossopriza ibnsinai + +sp. nov. +). + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Easily distinguished from all other known +Smeringopinae +by enlarged female palps ( +Figs 29–30 +), by median process on female sternum ( +Figs 31 +, +58 +), and by pair of distinctive processes on male distal bulbal sclerite ( +Figs 24, 26 +); also by shape of procursus ( +Figs 20–22 +; distinct prolateral proximal process, short distal ventral sclerite), by female external and internal genitalia ( +Figs 27–28 +, +36–42 +; epigynum anteriorly with pair of sculptured areas; internal ventral arc with pair of strong pockets), and by heavily sclerotized female pedicel opposing pair of small sclerites on abdomen ( +Fig. 32 +). + + + + + +Type material + + + + + +Syntypes +of + +Aranea +pluchii + + +SLOVENIA +• Unknown number; “ +Carniola +” [part of present-day Slovenia], possibly Idria [Scopoli’s place of residence at the time]; ~ +46.00° N +, +14.03° E +; 1759–1762; +G.A. Scopoli +leg.; probably lost + +. + + + + +Syntypes +of +Aranea rivulata + +EGYPT +• Unknown number; +Cairo +; ~ +30.0° N +, +31.2° E +; probably 1762; +P. Forsskål +leg.; probably lost + +. + + + + +Syntypes +of + +Pholcus impressus + + +GREECE +• +4 ♂♂ +; +Peloponnese +, +Nafplion +(“Nauplion”); +37.57° N +, +22.81° E +; date unknown; [F.J.?] +Schuch +leg.; probably lost + +. + + + + +Syntypes +of + +Pholcus barbarus + + +(examined) +ALGERIA +• +4 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, + juvs (possible syntypes); +near Algiers +; +36.75° N +, +3.05° E +; 1839–1842; +P.- H. Lucas +leg.; with two labels: “Algerie, Lucas, + +Holocnemus rivulatus +Forsk. + +sub + +barbarus + +Type” and “ + +Holocnemus rivulatus +Forsk + +(sub + +barbarus + +) type, Algerie, Lucas”; +MNHN + +. + + + + +Syntypes +of + +Pholcus ruralis + + +ALGERIA +• Unknown number (possibly only +1 ♂ +); locality not specified; possibly 1856; +Gray +and +Clarck +leg.; probably lost + +. + + + +Material examined + + +Arranged from West to East and (within longitudes) from North to South. + + +USA +– + +California + +• +1 ♂ +; +Sonoma County +, +Petaluma +; +38.224° N +, +122.626° W +; + +15 Jul. 2002 + +; +C.E. Griswold +leg.; +on house +; +CAS 9027116 +part + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Napa County +, +Lake Hennessey +, +below Lonn Dam +; +38.48° N +, +122.38° W +; + +11 May 1985 + +; +L. Vincent +leg.; +CAS 9027422 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Los Angeles County +, + +Diamond +Bar + +; +34.03° N +, +117.80° W +; + +23 Sep. 1999 + +; +C. Yang +leg.; +CAS 9027418 + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +Orange +County + +, +Yorba Linda +; +33.889° N +, +117.812° W +; + +2 May 2000 + +; +S. Clayton +leg.; +CAS 9027393 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +San Diego County +, +northern end of Harbison Canyon +; +32.811° N +, +116.844° W +; + +250 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Jul. 2012 + +; +under stones and wood panels in scrubland +; +A. Schönhofer +leg.; +SMF + +. + + + +ARGENTINA +– + +Mendoza + +• +1 ♀ +; +Mendoza +; +32.89° S +, +68.84° W +; + +900 m +a.s.l. + +; + +30–31 Mar. 1965 + +; +H. Levi +leg.; +MCZ + +. – + + +San Luis + +• +1 ♂ +; +Naschel +; +32.915° S +, +65.375° W +; + +Feb.–Mar. 1962 + +; +A. Luchini +leg.; +MACN 19955 + +. – + + +La Pampa + +• +1 ♀ +; +Rancul +; +35.07° S +, +64.68° W +; + +Jan. 1975 + +; +Maury +leg.; +MACN 20101 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Santa Rosa +[de Toay]; +36.62° S +, +64.29° W +; date and collector unknown; +MACN 20039 + +. – + + +Buenos Aires + +• +1 ♂ +; +Carlos Casares +; +35.62° S +, +61.36° W +; + +27 Feb.–2 Mar. 1980 + +; collector unknown; +MACN 20087 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Buenos Aires +, +Cerrito +; +34.60° S +, +58.38° W +; + +19 Sep. 1972 + +; +C. Cesari +leg.; +in basement +; +MACN 20080 + +. + + + +PORTUGAL +– + +Faro + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Silves +[Munic.], +Norinha +; +37.198° N +, +8.400° W +; + +14 Sep. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. + + + +SPAIN +– + +Extremadura + +• +1 ♂ +; +Cáceres +, +Jarandilla +[de la Vera]; +40.126° N +, +5.658° W +; + +22–23 Aug. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Castilla-La Mancha + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, +9 juvs +; +Toledo +, +Escalona del Alberche +; +40.167° N +, +4.400° W +; + +14 Jun. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Andalusia + +• +6 ♂♂ +, +7 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Córdoba +, +Palma del Río +; +37.70° N +, +5.28° W +; + +26–27 Jun. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Córdoba +, +Peñarroya +; +38.30° N +, +5.27° W +; + +30 Jun. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Cádiz +, +Algodonales +; +36.88° N +, +5.40° W +; + +19 Jul. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +5 juvs +; +Málaga +, +Estepona +; +36.43° N +, +5.15° W +; + +24–26 Jul. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Málaga +, +Valle de Abdalajís +; +36.93° N +, +4.68° W +; + +28 Jul. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +4 ♀♀ +; +Málaga +, +Antequera +; +37.02° N +, +4.56° W +; + +1–2 Aug. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +; +Málaga +, +Torre del Mar +; +36.75° N +, +4.10° W +; + +27 Jul. 1969 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Granada +, +Ugíjar +; +36.96° N +, +3.05° W +; + +15 Jul. 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♀♀ +; +Granada +, +Huéneja +; +37.176° N +, +2.948° W +; + +16 Jul. 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Sevilla +; +37.39° N +, +5.98° W +; + +16 Jun. 1953 + +; +A. Comellini +leg.; +MHNG +. + + +– + +Region of Murcia + +• +1 ♀ +; +Caravaca +[ +de la Cruz +]; +38.104° N +, +1.860° W +; + +5 Jul. 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +San Pedro del Pinatar +; +37.83° N +, +0.78° W +; + +Sep. 1984 + +; +G. Hormiga +leg.; +USNM + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Fortuna +, +Cueva Las Magras +; +38.290° N +, +1.143° W +; + +30 Jan. 2006 + +; +“ACP” +leg.; +CRBA 1146 + +. – + + +Valencian Community + +• +4 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; Valencia, +La Albufera +; +39.30° N +, +0.33° W +; + +16 Jun. 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Castellón +, +N of L’Alcora +; +40.090° N +, +0.199° W +; + +300 m +a.s.l. + +; + +30 May 2010 + +; +S. Huber +and +A. Schönhofer +leg.; +at stone walls +; +SMF + +. – + + +Catalonia + +• +1 ♂ +; +Barcelona +, +Gelida +; +41.44° N +, +1.86° E +; + +14 Jun. 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +3 juvs +; +near Barcelona +, +Cerdanyola +[del Vallès]; +41.49° N +, +2.14° E +; + +7 Dec. 2004 + +; +D. Dimitrov +leg.; SMF 56746 + +. + + + +FRANCE +– + +Pyrénées-Orientales + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Banyuls +; +42.48° N +, +3.13° E +; date and collector unknown; +MNHN Ar 13337 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +(3 vials); same locality as for preceding; + +9–20 May 1952 + +; +A. Comellini +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; no further data; +MHNG + +. • + +1 ♀ +; +Cerbère +; +42.44° N +, +3.165° E +; + +11 May 1952 + +; +A. Comellini +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Var + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Bormes-les-Mimosas +(“ +Bornes +”); +43.15° N +, +6.34° E +; + +Jul. 1960 + +; +O. Kraus +leg.; SMF 24800 + +. – + + +Gard + +• +3 ♀♀ +; +Aigues-Mortes +; +43.57° N +, +4.19° E +; + +8 May 1952 + +; +A Comellini +leg.; +MHNG +. – + +Corsica + + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Propriano +; +41.67° N +, +8.91° E +; + +29 May 1971 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +7 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Ponte Leccia +; +42.463° N +, +9.207° E +; + +19 Sep. 1952 + +; +Kahmann +leg.; +SMF 8799 +, +8800 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Biguglia +; +42.62° N +, +9.44° E +; + +30 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2 May 1952 + +; +Kahmann +leg.; +SMF 8801 + +. + + + +BELGIUM +– + +East +Flanders + +• +1 ♀ +; +near Gent +; +51.10° N +, +3.70° E +; + +Jul. 2004 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 12608 + +. + + + +GERMANY +– + +Nordrhein-Westfalen + +• +1 ♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, +6 juvs +; +Bonn +, +Botanical Garden +(?) (“Treibhaus”); +50.724° N +, +7.091° E +; + +Nov. 1967 + +; +E. Kullmann +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 5219 + +. – + + +Rheinland-Pfalz + +• +1 ♀ +; +Hatzenport +; +50.2265° N +, +7.4108° E +; + +80 m +a.s.l. + +; + +26 Sep. 2014 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +among wooden boards outside of building +; +ZFMK Ar 12304 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Mainz +, +Draisberghof +; +48.987° N +, +8.203° E +; + +1 Feb. 1998 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; SMF 40411 + +. – + + +Hamburg + +• +1 ♂ +; +Hamburg Mitte +, +Hamm +; +53.5481° N +, +10.0381° E +; + +25 m +a.s.l. + +; + +6 Jun. 2019 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +in building +; +ZFMK Ar 22292 + +. + + + +AUSTRIA +– + +Vienna + +• +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +(in pure ethanol); +Brigittenau +; +48.2283° N +, +16.3710° E +; + +Aug. 2001 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +at windows in attic (fifth floor) +; +ZFMK +G64 +to +G66 + +. + + + +ITALY +– + +Sardinia + +• +1 ♂ +; +S. Pietro +; +40.717° N +, +8.550° E +; + +15 Aug. 1960 + +; +E. Kullmann +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 10705 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Castelsardo +; +40.91° N +, +8.71° E +; + +11 Jun. 1958 + +; +E. Kullmann +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 10746 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Lago Bunnari +; +40.716° N +, +8.634° E +; + +11 Apr. 1952 + +; collector unknown; +SMF 9273 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 juvs +; +Ozieri +; +40.58° N +, +9.00° E +; + +23 Sep. 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Terralba +; +39.72° N +, +8.63° E +; + +4 Aug. 1960 + +; +E. Kullmann +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 10696 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Muravera +, +Nuraghe +; +39.318° N +, +9.531° E +; + +19 Aug. 1960 + +; +E. Kullmann +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 8214 + +• + +4 ♂♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Sardinia +, no further data; +SMF +RII 6384 + +. – + + +Apulia + +• +2 ♂♂ +; +south side of Monte Gargano near Manfredonia +; +41.638° N +, +15.890° E +; + +60 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Apr. 2006 + +; +A. Schönhofer +and +J. Hillen +leg.; + +under stones in cultivated field, +Opuntia +field, native rock + +; +SMF + +. – + + +Sicily + +• +1 ♂ +; +Syracuse +, +Viale Ermocrate +; +37.07° N +, +15.27° E +; + +18 Aug. 1993 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 5217 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Syracuse +, +Theatre +; +37.074° N +, +15.279° E +; + +18 Aug. 1993 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 5218 + +. + + + +CROATIA +• +1 ♀ +; +Karlovac +, +Ogulin +; +45.266° N +, +15.233° E +; + +320 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 May 2010 + +; +J. Altmann +and +J. Meier +leg.; +in room +; +SMF + +• + +6 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Ploče +; +43.05° N +, +17.43° E +; + +21 May 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Dubrovnik +, +Mt Srđ slopes +; +42.65° N +, +18.10° E +; + +0–400 m +a.s.l. + +; + +21 Apr. 1971 + +; +J. Murphy +leg.; +MMUE +Murphy #5477 + +. + + + +BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Popovo-Polje +, +Zavala +; +42.848° N +, +17.979° E +; + +19 Sep. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Popovo-Polje +, +Sedlari +; +42.826° N +, +18.056° E +; + +18 Sep. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +(in pure ethanol); +near Trebinje, near Pavlova pećina +; +42.666° N +, +18.308° E +; + +400 m +a.s.l + +.; + +26 May 2014 + +; +B.A. Huber +and +M. Komnenov +leg.; +under rocks +; +ZFMK +Bal10 +, +Bal19 + +. + + + +MONTENEGRO +• +1 ♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +Podgorica +, +Velje Brdo +, +Megara Cave +; +42.463° N +, +19.199° E +; + +17 Feb. 2010 + +; +M. Komnenov +leg.; +CMK + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Podgorica +, +Ljuboviči +; +42.433° N +, +19.255° E +; + +21 Apr. 2011 + +; +M. Komnenov +leg.; +artificial tunnel +; +CMK + +. + + + +ALBANIA +• +1 ♀ +; +Kulla +ë +Lumës +(“Kula Lums”); +42.098° N +, +20.418° E +; 1918; collector unknown; +SMF +RII 3726 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Durrës +; +41.33° N +, +19.45° E +; + +26 May 1993 + +; +P. Stoev +and +C. Deltshev +leg.; +NMNHS + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Përmet +, +near Petrani +; +40.208° N +, +20.419° E +; + +12 May 1995 + +; +B. Petrov +and +P. Stoev +leg.; +artificial gallery +; +NMNHS + +. + + + +NORTH MACEDONIA +• +1 ♀ +; +Gevgelija +; +41.14° N +, +22.50° E +; + +10 Jul. 1956 + +; +Lamel +leg.; +HECO + +. + + + +BULGARIA +– + +Blagoevgrad + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Blagoevgrad +; +42.014° N +, +23.097° E +; + +380 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2 Aug. 2005 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; SMF 40643 + +• + +6 ♀♀ +; + +N foothills of Krupnishna Planina Mt Range, ~ +0.2 km +NNE of Krupnik + +; +41.850° N +, +23.125° E +; + +375 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 Aug. 2005 + +; +A.V. Gromov +leg.; +ZMMU + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Sandanski +; +41.566° N +, +23.280° E +; + +28 Jul. 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; + +~ +0.5 km +S of Banya + +; +41.873° N +, +23.528° E +; + +825 m +a.s.l. + +; + +11 Aug. 2005 + +; +A.V. Gromov +leg.; +ZMMU + +. – + + +Pazardzhik + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Panagyuriste +; +42.505° N +, +24.186° E +; + +720 m +a.s.l. + +; + +1 Jul. 1997 + +; +S. Lazarov +leg.; +NMNHS +. – + + + +Ruse + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Byala +; +43.46° N +, +25.74° E +; 2013; collector unknown; +MGAB + +. + + + +GREECE +– + +Ionian Islands + +• +1 ♂ +; +Corfu +, +Agios Stephanos +; +39.79° N +, +19.81° E +; + +26 May 1999 + +; +A. Russell-Smith +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 22293 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Corfu +, +Loutses +; +39.786° N +, +19.880° E +; + +20 Sep. 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Corfu +, +Agios Matheos +; +39.495° N +, +19.872° E +; + +18 Sep. 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Pantocrator +, +Spilaio Katsampa near Strinilas +; +39.744° N +, +19.839° E +; + +650 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 May 1974 + +; +B. Hauser +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Pantocrator +, +Spilaio Katsouri +; +39.743° N +, +19.925° E +; + +130 m +a.s.l. + +; + +29 Apr. 1975 + +; +D. Tzanoudakis +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Lefkada +, +W of Mikros Gialos +; +38.64° N +, +20.69° E +; + +25 May 1995 + +; +A. Russell-Smith +leg.; +ZFMK Ar 22294 + +• + +8 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Cephalonia +, +Sisia +; +38.10° N +, +20.66° E +; + +29 May 1987 + +; +J.A. Murphy +leg.; +MMUE Murphy #A231 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; same collection data as for preceding; +reared from eggs +; +MMUE Murphy #15938 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Cephalonia +, “Patra”; date unknown; +Malicky +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Cephalonia +, “Castle Hill”; + +19 May 1987 + +; +J.A. Murphy +leg.; +MMUE Murphy #15013 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Cephalonia +, no further locality data; + +21 May 1987 + +; +J.A Murphy +leg.; +MMUE Murphy #16161 + +. – + + +Epirus + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Igoumenitsa +; +39.50° N +, +20.27° E +; data unknown; +F. Sauer +leg.; +SMF + +. – + + +Central Macedonia + +• +1 ♂ +; +Yerakini +(“ +Gerakina +”); +40.27° N +, +23.45° E +; + +14 Apr. 1978 + +; +J.A. Murphy +leg.; stony area; +MMUE Murphy #6830 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; “ +Halkidiki +”; + +6 Apr. 1978 + +; +J.A. Murphy +leg.; +MMUE Murphy #6709 +. – +Eastern + + + +Macedonia and Thrace + +• +1 ♀ +; +Limni Vistonis +(“ +Limni Bouroú +”); +41.05° N +, +25.10° E +; + +Sep. 1984 + +; collector unknown; +SMF + +. – + + +Thessaly + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Larissa +, “Omôlion (Tembe)”; +39.88° N +, +22.58° E +(coordinates between Omolio and Tempi); + +17 Jun. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Central Greece + +• +1 ♂ +; +Euboea +, +Lichada +/ +Istiaia +; +38.9° N +, +23.0° E +(coordinates between Lichada and Istiaia); + +30 Aug. 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +9 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Phthiotis +, +Tragána +; +38.62° N +, +23.12° E +; + +21 May 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Phthiotis +, +Theologus +/ +Atalanti +( +Glyphada +); +38.62° N +, +23.10° E +(coordinates between Theologos and Atalanti); + +20 Jun. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Phthiotis +, +near Malesina +; +38.62° N +, +23.22° E +; + +21 May 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Boeotia +, “Topôlia/Thiva”; +38.32° N +, +23.32° E +(coordinates of Thiva); + +25 Aug. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Euboea +, +Kato Steni +; +38.571° N +, +23.825° E +; + +2 Sep. 1972 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +; +Northern Sporades +, +Skyros Island +; +38.90° N +, +24.56° E +; + +22 Mar. 1958 + +; +Schelkopf +leg.; +SMF + +. – + + +Attica + +• +5 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +(partly used for SEM); +Daphni +/ +Athens +; +38.013° N +, +23.636° E +; + +23 Jun. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +19 Jun. 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Athens +, +Akropolis +; +37.971° N +, +23.727° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF +RII 3724 + +• + +4 juvs +; same locality as for preceding; + +May 1926 + +; +F. Roewer +leg.; +SMF + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Athens +, +near Koropi +; +37.900° N +, +23.867° E +; + +19 Mar. 2007 + +; +A. Schönhofer +leg.; + +under stones in +olive +grove and phrygana + +; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +Vari + +, +Spilaio Nympholyptou +; +37.858° N +, +23.802° E +; + +25 Feb. 2018 + +; +N. Fytrou +and +E. Zenzefyli +leg.; +HISR 3042 + +• + +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +near Var +, “ +Havara +”; + +27 Jan. 1954 + +; +P. Strinati +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Peloponnese + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +Tripolis +; +37.51° N +, +22.37° E +; + +Jun. 1926 + +; +F. Roewer +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +; +Gulf of Argolis +, +Kantia +(“ +Argolide +, +Kandia +”); +37.52° N +, +22.96° E +; + +12 Aug. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +NE of Gytheio +(“ +Yithion +”); 1977; +Kinzelbach +leg.; SMF 37616 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Laconia +, +Pyrgos Dirou +; +36.625° N +, +22.380° E +; + +18 Aug. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +North Aegean + +• +2 ♂♂ +; +Chios +, +Emboria Beach +; +38.355° N +, +26.143° E +; + +8 May 2006 + +; +A. Russell-Smith +leg.; +in public fountain +; +ZFMK +Ar 22295 + +. – + + +South Aegean + +• +4 ♀♀ +; +Paros +, +Naousa +; +37.12° N +, +25.24° E +; + +21 Jun. 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +; +Paros +, +Parikia E +, “Moni Aghii Anarghii”; +37.08° N +, +25.16° E +; + +10 Aug. 2006 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; +on walls +; +CRB + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Naxos +, +Chalkio +(“ +Chalkis +”); +37.063° N +, +25.482° E +; + +27 Jun. 1968 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Karpathos +, +near Pigadia +; +35.51° N +, +27.20° E +; + +Apr. 1963 + +; +Kinzelbach +leg.; SMF 15489 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Rhodes +, “ +rocca di Lindos +”; +36.091° N +, +28.088° E +; + +2 Jul. 1996 + +; +F. Gasparo +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22296 + +. – + + +Crete + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Chania +, +Azogires Palaeochoras +; +35.272° N +, +23.719° E +; + +4–6 Aug. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Chania +, +Sougla +; +35.25° N +, +23.81° E +; + +9 Oct. 1999 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♀♀ +; +Chania +, +Halepa +(“ +Chalepa +”); +35.52° N +, +24.05° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF +RII 3725 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Chania +, +Akrotiri +, +Kumaro Caves +; +35.579° N +, +24.143° E +; + +May 1926 + +; +F. Roewer +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Chania +, +Georgioupoli +; +35.36° N +, +24.26° E +; + +9 Jun. 2005 + +; +W. Schedl +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22297 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Chania +, +edge of Lake Kourna +; +35.33° N +, +24.28° E +; + +28 May 1993 + +; +A. Russell-Smith +leg.; +dense scrub, under stone +; +ZFMK +Ar 22298 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Chania +, +Kournas +; +35.327° N +, +24.279° E +; + +10 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 Mar. 2007 + +; +A. Schönhofer +leg.; +under stones, mostly open terrain +; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Chania +, +Grambousa +, +Spilaio Agiou Ioanni Prodromou +; + +5 Mar. 1995 + +; +K. Paragamian +leg.; +HISR 1773 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Chania +, +Hora Sfakion +(“ +Sfakia +”); +35.20° N +, +24.14° E +; + +17 Jul. 2009 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Rethymno +, +Choumeri +/ +Perama +; +35.35° N +, +24.72° E +; + +1 Jul. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Rethymno +, +Anogia +; +35.24° N +, +24.87° E +; + +11 May 2006 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; SMF 56588 + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +3 juvs +; +Rethymno +, +Mpali +, +Anonymo Spilaio +( +National Road +); + +2 Nov. 2003 + +; +K. Foteinakis +and +K. Paragamian +leg.; +HISR 2428 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +4 juvs +; +Heraklion +, +Gournes +; +35.32° N +, +25.28° E +; + +3 May 2008 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +15 May 2010 + +; +K. Eckl +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Rodia +(“ +Rogdia +”); +35.365° N +, +25.020° E +; + +27 Jun. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Knossos +; +35.30° N +, +25.16° E +; + +25 Jun. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +5 ♀♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Malia +; +35.29° N +, +25.46° E +; + +8 Jul. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +; same locality as for preceding; + +11 May 2008 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; +SMF + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Charakas +; +35.01° N +, +25.12° E +; + +24 Jul. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Marathos +, +Arkalospilios +; +35.245° N +, +24.968° E +; + +24 Dec. 2000 + +; +K. Paragamian +leg.; +HISR 1971 +part + +• + +1 ♀ +, +6 juvs +; +Heraklion +, +Kastri +; +35.00° N +, +25.37° E +; + +7 May 2008 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Heraklion +, +Kastri +, +Keratokambos +; +35.000° N +, +25.375° E +; + +14 May 2006 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; SMF 56589 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Lasithi +, +Plati +; +35.17° N +, +25.44° E +; + +17 Dec. 2006 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Lasithi +, +Atsiganospilios +; +35.205° N +, +25.618° E +; + +16 Apr. 2003 + +; +F. Gasparo +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22299 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Lasithi +, +Agia Fotia +; +35.02° N +, +25.87° E +; + +6 Jul. 2007 + +; +H. Eikamp +and +U. Kluge +leg.; SMF 57161 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Lasithi +, +Bembonas +, +Tripti Mts +; +35.1° N +, +25.9° E +; + +10 May 2009 + +; +K. Eckl +and +H. Eikamp +leg.; +SMF + +• + +5 ♀♀ +; +Lasithi +, +Exo Mouliana +; +35.17° N +, +25.99° E +; + +18 Jul. 1970 + +; +A. Senglet +leg.; +MHNG + +. + + + + +TURKEY + +– + +Çanakkale + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Kavak River +, +near bridge of road Keşan-Gallipoli +(“ +Gelibolu +”); +40.60° N +, +26.87° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Truva +, “84/15”; +39.95° N +, +26.24° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF + +. – + + +Izmir + +• +1 ♀ +; +Vişneli +, “Fetrek-2 Cave”; +38.346° N +, +27.421° E +; + +310 m +a.s.l. + +; + +5 Jun. 2009 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 5469 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Çiğli +(airport); +38.516° N +, +27.013° E +; + +15 Apr. 1973 + +; +A Vigna +leg.; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; “ +Agamemnon +”; + +10 May 1975 + +; +C. Bisuchet +and +I. Löbl +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Aydin + +• +3 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +Güzelçamli +; +37.695° N +, +27.163° E +; + +105 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Jun. 2009 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 5215 + +. – + + +Bursa + +• +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Görükle +, +Uludağ Univ. Campus +; +40.226° N +, +28.869° E +; + +420 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2–3 Jun. 2009 + +; +Y.M. Marusik +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 5468 + +. – + + +Muğla + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Dalyan to Kaunos +(“ +Cavnos +”) path; +36.82° N +, +28.61° E +; + +18 May 1997 + +; +A. Russell-Smith +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22300 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Marmaris +; +36.85° N +, +28.26° E +; + +Sep. 1973 + +; +C. and E. Supper +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Antalya + +• +1 ♂ +; +Xanthos +ruins; +36.356° N +, +29.318° E +; + +7 Mar. 1977 + +; +Kinzelbach +leg.; SMF 37622 + +• + +1 ♂ +(in pure ethanol); +Kemer District +, +Çıralı +; +36.399° N +, +30.475° E +; + +10 m +a.s.l. + +; + +3 Aug. 2016 + +; +H. Öztürk +leg.; +in building +; +ZFMK +Tur64 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +İbradı District +, +Altınbeşik Mağarası +; +37.039° N +, +31.631° E +; + +660 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 Jul. 2016 + +; +H. Öztürk +leg.; +among rocks near cave entrance +; +ZFMK +Ar 22301 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Tur46 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Alanya Kalesi +, +above Kleopatra beach +; +36.539° N +, +31.992° E +; + +2 Nov. 2013 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22302 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Alanya District +, +Cüceler Mağarası +; +36.489° N +, +32.276° E +; + +270 m +a.s.l. + +; + +31 Jul. 2016 + +; +H. Öztürk +leg.; +among rocks near cave entrance +; +ZFMK +Ar 22303 + +. – + + +Mersin + +• +1 ♂ +; +Anamur District +, +Köşekbükü Astım Mağarası +; +36.127° N +, +32.760° E +; + +130 m +a.s.l. + +; + +29 Jul. 2016 + +; +H. Öztürk +leg.; +in cave near entrance +; +ZFMK +Ar 22304 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +NE of Silifke, above Narlıkuyu +; +36.45° N +, +34.10° E +; + +24 Apr. 2012 + +; +J. Altmann +and +J. Meier +leg.; +maquis +; +SMF + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Içel Narlıkuyu +; +36.44° N +, +34.11° E +; + +5 May 1994 + +; +“L.M.” +leg.; +in rubbish by restaurant +; +WML + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Taş Obası +(cave); +37.079° N +, +34.928° E +; + +24 Aug. 2007 + +; +A. Topçu +leg.; +NOHUAM + +. – + + +Nevşehir + +• +2 ♂♂ +; +Özkonak +; +38.81° N +, +34.84° E +; + +16 Jun. 1993 + +; +C. Felton +leg.; +WML + +. – + + +Diyarbakır + +• +2 ♂♂ +; +Çermik +(“ +Germik +”); +38.13° N +, +39.45° E +; + +27 Jul. 2004 + +; +T. Danışman +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 5216 + +. + + + +CYPRUS +– + +Limassol + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Pissouri +; +34.67° N +, +32.70° E +; + +27 Apr. 1982 + +; +J. Murphy +leg.; +beach litter +; +MMUE +Murphy #12617 + +. – + + +Famagusta + +• +2 ♀♀ +, +3 juvs +; + +Fig Tree +Bay + +, “Cave I”; +35.01° N +, +34.06° E +; + +23 Oct. 1996 + +; +P. Strinati +leg.; +MHNG + +. + + + +GEORGIA +– + +Tbilisi + +• +1 ♀ +; +Tbilisi +, +Dighom I +; +41.778° N +, +44.701° E +; + +17 Jul. 2019 + +; +Karalashvili +, +Seropian +and +Krammer +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 21279 + +. – + + +Kakheti + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, +5 juvs +; +Sighnaghi +; +41.621° N +, +45.918° E +; + +9 Jul. 2019 + +; +Karalashvili +and +Krammer +leg.; on houses; +ZFMK +Ar 21372 +, +Ar 21373 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Lagodekhi National Park +; +41.847° N +, +46.284° E +; + +9 Jul. 2019 + +; +Karalashvili +and +Krammer +leg.; forest; +ZFMK +Ar 21261 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Vashlovani National Park +, +bungalows near border to Azerbaijan +; +41.111° N +, +46.647° E +; + +26–27 Jul. 2019 + +; +Karalashvili +and +Krammer +leg.; steppe; +ZFMK +Ar 21569 +, +Ar 21570 + +. + + + +SYRIA +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Latakia +, +ruins of Ugarit, Ra’s as-Samra, creek N of Tell Ugarit +; +35.602° N +, +35.783° E +; + +4 Mar. 1979 + +; +R. Kinzelbach +leg.; +SMF + +• + +4 ♀♀ +, +3 juvs +; +Jayrud +(“Djeroud”); +33.807° N +, +36.742° E +; 1911; +H. Gadeau de Kerville +leg.; +in house +; +MNHN + +• + +1 ♂ +; +between Hamaa and Aleppo +, “ +Kaha al Suban +” (locality not identified); + +500 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 Apr. 1982 + +; collector unknown; +SMF + +. + + + +LEBANON +• +1 ♂ +; +Antelias +; +33.92° N +, +35.59° E +; + +May 1952 + +; +K. Christiansen +leg.; MCZ 34059 + +. + + + +ISRAEL +• +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Ahihud +, +E Akko[n] +; +32.91° N +, +35.17° E +; + +10 Apr. 1987 + +; +W. Heinz +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Haifa Distr. +, +Karmiya Ridge +, +Mt Karmel +; +32.7185° N +, +35.0065° E +; + +280 m +a.s.l. + +; + +17 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22305 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); +Haifa Distr. +, +Mt Karmel +, +Oren Cave +; +32.7145° N +, +34.975° E +; + +70 m +a.s.l. + +; + +17 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +in cave +; +ZFMK +Isr57 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +N of Teverya +( +“ +Tiberias +”); +32.80° N +, +35.52° E +; +stony meadow +; + +4 Mar. 1975 + +; +H. Levi +, +G. Levy +, and +G. Tsabor +leg.; MCZ 34062 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Northern Distr. +, +Mt Berenice +, +S of Teverya +; +32.777° N +, +35.541° E +; - + +120 m +b.s.l. + +; + +16 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22306 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Isr39 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Northern Distr. +, +near Afula +, +HaGilbo’a Reserve +; +32.52° N +, +35.38° E +; + +300–500 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Apr. 1987 + +; +W. Heinz +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +Nof +Yam + +; +32.19° N +, +34.81° E +; + +17 Feb. 1968 + +; collector unknown; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Judea +and +Samaria Distr. +, +Memorial Ha-Biq’a +, +NE Peza’el [Fatsa’el] +; +32.0524° N +, +35.4589° E +; - + +210 m +b.s.l. + +; + +15 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +in cave +; +ZFMK +Ar 22307 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +near Ramla +, +Kibbuz Gezer +; +31.88° N +, +34.92° E +; + +11 Aug. 1984 + +; +H. Feldmann +leg.; +indoors on ceiling +; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Central Distr. +, +Modi’in +; +31.8951° N +, +34.9618° E +; + +160 m +a.s.l. + +; + +8 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22308 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +2 juvs +; +near Ramallah +, +Bayt Ghur al-Tahta +; +31.895° N +, +35.080° E +; + +6 Apr. 1987 + +; +W. Heinz +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Judea +and +Samaria Distr. +, ’ +En Perat +, +Nahal Perat +[Prat]; +31.833° N +, 35.303°– +35.311° E +; + +260–300 m +a.s.l. + +; + +15 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22309 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Jerusalem +; +31.77° N +, +35.21° E +; + +Apr. 1952 + +; +Khuri +leg.; MCZ 34064 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; + +21 km +E of Jerusalem + +, +Jericho Road +, +wadi in hills +; + +23 Feb. 1975 + +; +H.W. Levi +and +G. Levy +leg.; MCZ 34067 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +3 juvs +; +Hebron +, +Beit Kahil +; +31.57° N +, +35.07° E +; ~ + +800 m +a.s.l. + +; + +30 Apr. 1987 + +; +W. Heinz +leg.; +SMF + +• + +6 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +3 juvs +; +Dead Sea +, +Ein Feshkha +; +31.716° N +, +35.452° E +; + +27 Feb. 1975 + +; +H. Levi +, +P. Amitai +, and +G. Levy +leg.; MCZ 34061 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Southern Distr. +, +Nahal Dawid +( +David +), ’ +En Gedi +; +31.47° N +, +35.39° E +; -250 to - + +300 m +b.s.l. + +; + +10 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22310 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same date as for preceding; +ZFMK +Isr59 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Southern Distr. +, +Nahal Boqeq +, +W of ’En Boqeq +; +31.1992° N +, +35.3571° E +; - + +350 m +b.s.l. + +; + +8 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22311 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Southern Distr. +, +NW of ’En Tamar +, +Nahal Zin +; +30.991° N +, +35.347° E +; - + +340 m +a.s.l. + +; + +9 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22312 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Negev +, +Mash’abei Sadeh +, +Golda Park +; +31.0185° N +, +34.7645° E +; + +340 m +a.s.l. + +; + +6 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +stony desert, under stones +; +SMF + +• + +1 juv. +; +Negev +, +Mash’abei Sadeh +, +1.5 air km S of Golda Park +; +31.0026° N +, +34.7576° E +; + +340 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +sand dunes, stony desert, under stones +; +SMF + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, + juvs; +Sede Boqer +; +30.85° N +, +34.78° E +; + +Jan. 1987 + +; +V. +and +B. Roth +; MCZ 34069 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Sede Boqer +, +1.9 air km W of Midreshet Ben Gurion +; +30.8554° N +, +34.7642° E +; + +530 m +a.s.l. + +; + +8 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +stony desert, bushes, under stones +; +SMF + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +SMF + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +3 Sep. 2011 + +; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Sede Boqer +, +2.9 air km W of Midreshet Ben Gurion +, +Wadi Hawarim +; +30.8476° N +, +34.7550° E +; + +500 m +a.s.l. + +; + +4 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +under stones +; +SMF + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Sede Boqer +, +Ein Avedat +, +3.3 air km W of Midreshet Ben Gurion +; +30.8486° N +, +34.7492° E +; + +400–480 m +a.s.l. + +; + +4 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +shrubs, under stones, in small caves +; +SMF + +• + +6 juvs +; same locality as for preceding; + +6 Sep. 2011 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +stream with water, reed, shrubs, under stones +; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Southern Distr. +, +Har +’ +Ayit +; +30.0142° N +, +35.0527° E +; + +470 m +a.s.l. + +; + +11 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +in deep crevice +; +ZFMK +Ar 22313 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Southern Distr. +, +Samar +; +29.8342° N +, +35.0215° E +; + +100 m +a.s.l. + +; + +11 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +, +S. Aharon +, and +E. Gavish-Regev +leg.; +in building +; +ZFMK +Ar 22314 + +. + + + +JORDAN +– + +Balqa + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +; +Fuhais +[Fuhays]; +32.010° N +, +35.768° E +; + +Apr. 1980 + +; +F. Krupp +and + +W. +Schneider + +leg.; +SMF + +. – + + +Madaba + +• +2 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Mt Nebo +; +31.77° N +, +35.73° E +; + +Jul. 1989 + +; +E. Hyazin +leg.; +MRAC 169974 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Hammamat az-Zarqa’ Ma’in +, +hot springs +, + +150 m +to Dead Sea + +; +31.608° N +, +35.610° E +; + +14 Mar. 1977 + +; +R. Kinzelbach +leg.; +SMF + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Wadi Mūjib +; +31.465° N +, +35.578° E +; - + +380 m +b.s.l. + +; +among rocks +; + +14 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22315 + +. – + + +Kerak + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Wadi Hasā +; 31.004°–31.014° N, 35.494°–35.506° E; -330 to + +- +250 m +b.s.l. + +; among rocks; + +14 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar 22316 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Isr53 + +. – + + +Ma’an + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Petra +; +30.324° N +, +35.447° E +; + +900–950 m +a.s.l. + +; + +13 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22317 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Isr37 + +. – + + +Aqaba + +• +1 ♂ +; +Wadi Rām +; +29.7405° N +, +35.4574° E +; + +830 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 Sep. 2013 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +among rocks +; +ZFMK +Ar 22318 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Isr52 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Wadi Rām +; +29.683° N +, +35.450° N +; + +9 Apr. 2004 + +; +J. Altmann +leg.; +SMF + +. + + + +MOROCCO +– + +Béni Mellal-Khénifra + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); +Imi n’Ifri +; +31.724° N +, +6.972° W +; + +1070 m +a.s.l. + +; + +26 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +in building +; +ZFMK +Mor105 + +. – + + +Drâa-Tafilalet + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Midelt +; +32.68° N +, +4.73° W +; + +19 Dec. 1986 + +; +V. and B. Roth +leg.; +CAS + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +22 km +N of Errachida, between Sefrou and Tanout +ou +Filal + +; +32.04° N +, +4.42° W +; + +24 Dec. 1986 + +; +V. +and +B. Roth +leg.; +CAS 9027138 +. + + + + +Figs 5–12. +Live specimens and webs. +5–6 +. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +; male and female from Morocco, Imi n’Ifri. +7–8 +. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; male from Morocco, near Tilamizene; female from Morocco, W of Tamtetoucht. +9–10 +. + +Maghreba amezyan + +gen. et sp. nov. +, male and female from Morocco, between Lakhssas and Bouizakarne. +11–12 +. + +Maghreba amezyan + +gen. et sp. nov. +, pair in spotted web, and detail of web with silk puffs, SW of Ida Ougnidif. + + + + +ALGERIA +– + +Médéa + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Médéa +; +36.26° N +, +2.75° E +; date unknown; +P.-H. Lucas +leg.; +MNHN + +. – + + +Algiers + +• +1 ♀ +; +Algiers +; +36.75° N +, +3.05° E +; + +3 Nov. 1948 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +4 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +, + juvs (possible syntypes of + +Pholcus barbarus +Lucas + +); +near Algiers +; +36.75° N +, +3.05° E +; date unknown (between 1839 and 1842); +P.-H. Lucas +leg.; +MNHN +. – +Tozeur + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +Tozeur +; +33.92° N +, +8.12° E +; + +Jul. 1972 + +; +E. and C. Supper +leg.; +MHNG + +. + + + +TUNISIA +– + +Jendouba + +• +2 ♂♂ +, + juvs; “ +Tabarca +( +Khroumirie +)”; ~ +36.9° N +, +8.7° E +; 1907; +H. Gadeau de Kerville +leg.; +MNHN + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +(2 vials); +Ayn Darahim +(“ +Ain-Draham +”); +36.78° N +, +8.69° E +; 1899; +G. Seurat +leg.; +MNHN + +. – + + +Tunis + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Carthago +; +36.86° N +, +10.33° E +; + +11–12 Oct. 1948 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +• + +1 ♀ +; +La Marsa +; +36.89° N +, +10.32° E +; + +Jul. 1972 + +; +E. and C. Supper +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Gabès + +• +1 ♂ +; +Gabès +; +33.88° N +, +10.10° E +; + +20 Mar. 1961 + +; + +Walch + +leg.; SMF 24801 + +. – + + +Beja + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +; +Beja +; +36.73° N +, +9.19° E +; + +23 Mar. 2006 + +; +A. López +and +C. Ribera +leg.; +CRBA 1271 + +. – + + +Kairouan + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Djebel-Trozza +; +35.56° N +, +9.59° E +; 1932; +F. Santschi +leg.; +MHNG + +. – + + +Kef + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +El Kef +; +36.17° N +, +8.70° E +; + +Jul. 1972 + +; +E. and C. Supper +leg.; +MHNG + +. + + + +LIBYA +– + +Al Marquab + +• +1 ♀ +; +Leptis Magna +; +32.63° N +, +14.29° E +; + +18–26 Aug. 1948 + +; +B. Malkin +leg.; +AMNH + +. – + + +Al Jabal +al +Akh +ḑar + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Al Bayda +(“El Baida”); +32.765° N +, +21.743° E +; + +23 Jul. 1979 + +; +C. Goodnight +and +N. Barbash +leg.; +AMNH + +. + + + +EGYPT +– + +Dakahlia + +• +6 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +, +6 juvs +; +Mansoura +(“ +Mansurah +”); +31.04° N +, +31.38° E +; date unknown; +I. Sörensen +leg.; +ZMUC + +. – + + +Beheira + +• +3 ♂♂ +, +8 ♀♀ +, + juvs; +Bir Hooker +; +30.38° N +, +30.35° E +; 1901; +J. Dewitz +leg.; +MNHN + +. – + + +Cairo + +• +1 ♀ +; +Maadi +; +29.96° N +, +31.26° E +; further collection data on label unclear; +MHNG + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Cairo +[city]; +30.0° N +, +31.2° E +; date and collector unknown; +SMF +Roewer #4783 + +. – + + +Luxor + +• +2 ♂♂ +, + juvs; +Luxor +; +25.70° N +, +32.65° E +; + +2 Nov. 1996 + +; + +P. +Jäger + +leg.; +in house +; +SMF + +. + + + +AUSTRALIA +– + +Western Australia + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Morawa Motel +; +29.217° S +, +116.017° E +; + +23 May 1996 + +; +M.S. Harvey +leg.; +in building +; +WAM + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +; +West Swan +, +behind Caversham Wildlife Park +; +31.850° S +, +115.983° E +; + +17 May 1992 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +on building +; +WAM 99/1790 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Maylands +; +31.93° S +, +115.90° E +; + +7 Jan. 1992 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99/1579 + +• + +1 ♀ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +27 Dec. 1991 + +; +WAM 99/1578 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +East Victoria Park +; +31.983° S +, +115.900° E +; + +15 Jan. 1997 + +; +J.M. Waldock +leg.; +WAM 99/2097 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +13 Sep. 1992 + +; in house; +WAM 99/1776 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same collection data as for preceding; + +19 Nov. 1994 + +; +WAM 99/1752 + +. – + + +South Australia + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Pondanna Outstation +; +32.56° S +, +135.55° E +; + +10 Dec. 1989 + +; +D. Hirst +leg.; +SAM 99/680 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Flinders Range National Park +, +Oraparina +; +31.37° S +, +138.73° E +; + +Dec. 1984 + +; +B. Guerin +leg.; +SAM 99/679 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Erudine Station via Yunta +; +31.43° S +, +139.43° E +; + +22 Apr. 1980 + +; +J. McEntee +leg.; +SAM 99/678 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Middleback Station +; +32.94° S +, +137.40° E +; + +Oct. 1983 + +; +B. Guerin +leg.; +SAM 99/682 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Mt Lofty Ranges +, +Hawthorndene +; +35.02° S +, +138.63° E +; + +18 Jan. 1992 + +; +L.N. Nicolson +leg.; +in garden +; +SAM 99/683 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Stoneleigh Park near Meningie +; +35.70° S +, +139.35° E +; + +Mar. 1969 + +; +A.W. Forbes +leg.; +SAM 99/684 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 juvs +; +Murray Range near Kingston +; +34.2° S +, +140.3° E +; + +17 Dec. 1978 + +; +M.R. Gray +leg.; +AMS + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +, +4 juvs +; +near Pryap +; +34.45° S +, +140.50° E +; + +2–9 Jun. 1990 + +; +L.N. Nicolson +leg.; +SAM 99/670 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +, +2 juvs +; + +7 km +W of Loxton + +; +34.45° S +, +140.50° E +; + +20 May 1990 + +; +L.N. Nicolson +leg.; +shed and house verandah +; +SAM 99/662 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Loxton +; +34.45° S +, +140.57° E +; + +11 Jun. 1990 + +; +L.N. Nicolson +leg.; +in house +; +SAM 99/669 + +. – + + +Queensland + +• +1 ♀ +; +south side of Lake Broadwater +; +27.357° S +, +151.098° E +; + +1–15 Nov. 1984 + +; +V. Wood +leg.; +buildings +; +QMB +S49733 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +; +SW of Dalby +, +Lake Broadwater +; +27.35° S +, +151.10° E +; + +9 Dec. 1987 + +; +J. Gallon +leg.; +cottage +; +QMB +S14509 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Texas +; +28.85° S +, +151.17° E +; date unknown; +Harvey +and +Katzman +leg.; +in building +; +WAM + +. – + + +New South Wales + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Duntroon Station +; +31.03° S +, +143.04° E +; + +Oct.–Nov. 1980 + +; +D. Hirst +leg.; +SAM 99/655 + +• + +1 ♀ +, +2 juvs +; +Weinteriga +; +31.60° S +, +142.95° E +; + +15 Apr. 1981 + +; +D. Hirst +leg.; +SAM 99/659 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +; +Menindee Lakes Caravan Park +; +32.354° S +, +142.404° E +; + +12 Apr. 1981 + +; +D. Hirst +leg.; +SAM 99/657 +, +99/658 + +• + +3 ♂♂ +, +1 juv. +; +Sulcor +; +30.85° S +, +150.81° E +; + +27 May 1995 + +; +S. Eberhard +leg.; +cave, twilight zone +; +AMS +KS 49263 + +. – + + +Victoria + +• +1 ♂ +; + +30 km +N of Kaniva, near Broughton + +; +36.17° S +, +141.35° E +; + +25 May 1988 + +; +D. Hirst +leg.; +SAM 99/661 + +. + + + + +Figs 13–19. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +. +13–15 +. Male from Israel, S of Teverya (ZFMK Ar 22306); left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. +16 +. Male from Israel, Samar (ZFMK Ar 22314); ocular area, clypeus, and chelicerae, frontal view. +17–19 +. Male from Israel, S of Teverya (ZFMK Ar 22306); spines on femur 1, tibia 1, and femur 2 (right legs, retrolateral views). Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + + +Redescription + + + +Male +( +Israel +, ZFMK Ar 22306) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 6.0, carapace width 2.3. Distance PME–PME 220 µm; diameter PME 140 × 150 µm; distance PME–ALE 70 µm; diameter AME 125 µm; distance AME–AME 25 µm. Leg 1: 45.4 (12.9 + 1.1 + 12.7 + 16.4 + 2.3), tibia 2: 8.1, tibia 3: 6.0, tibia 4: 7.2; tibia 1 L/d: 42; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.46, 0.39, 0.37, 0.38. +COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, posterior part of ocular area brown; clypeus not darkened; sternum dark brown to black; legs ochre-yellow, with darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), with oval to elongate black marks on femora and tibiae; abdomen ochregray, with dark and whitish marks dorsally and laterally; ventrally with distinct black median band, partly disrupted, with three parallel longitudinal marks behind gonopore. + +BODY. Habitus as in +Fig. 5 +. Ocular area slightly raised; each secondary eye with small accompanying elevation ( +Fig. 43 +). Deep thoracic pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified (contra + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2019b + +; see Discussion), only rim more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.5/1.1), unmodified (i.e., without indentations as in + +H. caudatus + +and + +H. reini + +). Abdomen cylindrical, dorso-posteriorly weakly angular. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( +Fig. 55 +). ALS with one widened spigot and one pointed spigot; PMS with two pointed spigots ( +Fig. 56 +). + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Fig. 16 +; see also +Huber (1995 +: figs 1a, 4a; 2000: fig. 14); with pair of frontal lateral apophyses, each with one large modified cone-shaped hair ( +Fig. 54 +); distance between tips of modified hairs: 390 µm; without proximal frontal protrusion; lateral stridulatory ridges distinct ( +Fig. 47 +), distances between ridges ~12 µm. + + +PALPS. As is +Figs 13–15 +; coxa with rounded retrolateral hump (not a distinct apophysis); trochanter barely modified (slightly protruding ventrally); femur curved towards dorsal, distally widened but without ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick, without retrolateral transversal line, with prominent retrolateral proximal process; femur-patella joints only slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia large compared to femur, tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsal organ capsulate ( +Fig. 51 +); tarsus without macrotrichia; procursus ( +Figs 20–22 +) straight, dorsal hairs not or only slightly curved upwards; proximally on prolateral-ventral side with prominent process free of hairs (arrow in +Fig. 20 +), procursus tip with strong but short ventral sclerite, membranous elements on dorsal and prolateral side, and 4–5 hair-like transparent processes on retrolateral side ( +Fig. 49 +); genital bulb ( +Figs 23–26 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite; distal sclerite with two distinctive processes; sperm duct opening on membranous area on prolateral side at basis of distal bulbal sclerite (arrow in +Fig. 50 +). + + +LEGS. With single ventral rows of spines on femur 1 (~31), tibia 1 (~38) and femur 2 (~14) ( +Figs 17– 19 +); without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium present on all tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments indistinct and irregular (cf. +Fig. 35 +) except 2–3 distally; all tarsal organs capsulate with simple round rim ( +Fig. 53 +). + + + +Figs 20–28. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +; male from Israel, S of Teverya (ZFMK Ar 22306), female from Georgia, Sighnaghi (ZFMK Ar 21373). +20–22 +. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: prolateral-ventral process. +23–26 +. Left genital bulb, ventral, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. +27–28 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrow: pair of sculptured areas; asterisks: pair of internal pockets. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; ds = distal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 20–26 = 0.3 mm; 27–28 = 0.5 mm. + + + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +95 males +: 7.9–15.5 (mean 11.6) (mean tibia 1 length in +204 males +in +Jakob & Dingle 1990 +: 10.67); body length ~3.5–7.5. Most specimens with more or less distinct dark median band on carapace; sternum sometimes with distinct black radial marks; abdomen sometimes without dark marks, but always with white marks in distinctive pattern. Smaller males with fewer spines, often without spines on tibia 1 and femur 2. Distance between tips of modified hairs on cheliceral apophyses: ~280–390 µm. Gonopore with 4–5 epiandrous spigots. + + +Female + + +In general similar to male ( +Fig. 6 +) but palp with strongly widened distal segments (tibia and tarsus; +Figs 29–30 +), without joints between tibia and tarsus; with strong median process posteriorly on sternum ( +Figs 31 +, +58 +) possibly acting against ventral process anteriorly on abdomen ( +Figs 38 +, +57 +; but see Discussion); with fewer but stronger stridulatory ridges ( +Fig. 48 +; see also +Huber 1995 +; +Huber 2021a +: fig. 12), distances between stridulatory ridges ~13.5 µm; without spines on legs; dark marks on femora and tibiae ( +Fig. 34 +) often more distinct than in males; with strong anterior sclerite dorsally on pedicel possibly acting against pair of sclerotized areas anteriorly on abdomen ( +Fig. 32 +). Without stridulatory apparatus between carapace and abdomen. Tibia +1 in +140 females +: 7.2–14.1 (mean 10.5) (mean tibia 1 length in +172 females +in +Jakob & Dingle 1990 +: 10.05); body length: ~4.0–8.0 mm. Epigynum as in +Figs 36–39 +and +57 +; main epigynal plate wide, weakly protruding, posteriorly whitish, anteriorly with pair of depressions ~280–300 µm apart, with sculptured cuticle (cf. +Huber 1995 +: fig. 6c), median internal round element and pair of lateral internal triangular elements usually visible in uncleared specimens; posterior epigynal plate large but simple; large anterior plate in front of epigynum with pair of low humps and distinct anterior elevated rim (arrow in +Fig. 38 +). Internal genitalia ( +Figs 27–28 +, +40–42 +) with elongate pore plates in transversal position narrowing medially, dorsal arc relatively simple, ventral arc with distinctive pair of lateral sclerotized pockets, medially widened, with ventral median process (pocket?). Spigots as in male. + + + +Natural history + + + +Together with + +Pholcus phalangioides +(Fuesslin, 1775) + +, + +H. pluchei + +is probably the best studied pholcid spider with respect to its biology. Much of what we know about + +H. pluchei + +has been studied in the +USA +and +Argentina +, i.e., using non-native populations. Whether they differ in any significant way from Mediterranean populations has never been studied. Data on egg numbers (see below) suggest that such differences may exist. + + +Around the Mediterranean, + +H. pluchei + +is ubiquitous in almost any habitat suitable for its web, including places fully exposed to the sun. Occasionally, + +H. pluchei + +lives in peripheral parts of webs of the araneid +Cyrtophora citricola +( +Forsskål, 1775 +), together with the cobweb spider +Argyrodes argyrodes +(Walckenaer, 1841) ( +Blanke 1972 +; +Hajer 1995 +; + +Leborgne +et al +. 1998 + +; +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +). In Central Europe, where + +H. pluchei + +has been massively spreading over the last decades, it may be displacing + +P. phalangioides + +, at least in warm/dry/light parts of buildings, close to windows ( +Jäger 2000 +; +Van Keer 2007 +). In the southwestern +USA +, + +H. pluchei + +is often the dominant spider on outside surfaces in urban areas around homes and other structures ( + +Vetter +et al. +2011 + +). It sometimes occurs is high densities: up to 600 spiders were estimated to inhabit a 3 × +15 m +juniper bush in +California +( + +Blanchong +et al. +1995 + +). + + +The usual +web +of + +H. pluchei + +is dome-shaped, as in most space-dwelling pholcids. A skeleton made of 1.2 µm fibrils is filled with 0.8–0.9 µm fibrils ( +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +). Occasionally, webs are densely covered with silk puffs, a common behavior in +Smeringopinae +that interferes with a clear view of the spider. The fact that silk puffs are produced 3–4 days before molting and before egg-laying supports the view that puffs may protect the spider from visual predators when it is most vulnerable ( +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +). Unusual spherical webs are built by females before egg-laying. Females remain in + + +these small spheres (diameter ~ +5 cm +) until the spiderlings hatch, and females do not prey during this time ( +Sedey & Jakob 1998 +; + +Jäger +2000 + +; +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +). + + + +Holocnemus pluchei + +is +facultatively group-living +, i.e., several conspecifics of all sizes may share a web ( +Jakob 1991 +). Groups are constantly forming and disintegrating as the spiders move frequently among webs, depending on size, feeding status, and presence or absence of conspecifics ( +Jakob 2004 +). Surprisingly, small spiders in a group seem to pay a high prize for group living: they feed less than solitary siblings and larger companions, they tend to lose contests, and they are sometimes cannibalized ( +Gerhardt 1927 +; +Jakob 1991 +; + +Jakob +et al. +2000 + +). The reason they join conspecifics may be the cost of building an own web: it takes a spiderling at least 5 days to feed enough to build a web ( +Jakob 1991 +), and webs are not recycled ( + +Jakob +et al. +2000 + +). + + + +Figs 29–35. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +. +29–30 +. Female from Georgia, Sighnaghi (ZFMK Ar 21373); left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. +31 +. Female from Georgia, Sighnaghi (ZFMK Ar 21373); sternum, ventral (slightly frontal) view; arrow: posterior process. +32–33 +. Female and male from Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad (SMF), showing modified female pedicel and pair of plates frontally on female abdomen (arrows). +34 +. Female from Israel, Mount Karmel (ZFMK Ar 22305); left femur 3 ventral view. +35 +. Female from Israel, S of Teverya (ZFMK Ar 22306); female tarsus, showing irregular pseudosegmentation. Scale bars: 29–33 = 0.5 mm; 34 = 0.2 mm; 35 = 0.1 mm. + + + + +Figs 36–42. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +. +36–37 +. Female from Georgia, Sighnaghi (ZFMK Ar 21373), abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. +38–39 +. Female from Jordan, Petra (ZFMK Ar 22317), epigynum lateral and ventral views; arrow: anterior process. +40–42 +. Female from Georgia, Sighnaghi (ZFMK Ar 21373), cleared genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards, ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviation: e = epigynum. Scale bars: 36 = 1.0 mm; 37–42 = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 43–50. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +; male and female from Greece, Daphni/Athens (MHNG). +43 +. Left male ocular area, oblique view; arrows: ‘accessory lenses’. +44 +. Male clypeus, frontal-dorsal view. +45 +. Female ocular area and clypeus, oblique frontal view. +46 +. Detail of preceding figure. +47–48 +. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. +49 +. Left procursus, retrolateral view. +50 +. Distal (main) sclerite of left genital bulb, prolateral (slightly distal) view; arrow: sperm duct opening. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 43 = 30 µm; 44–45, 49–50 = 100 µm; 46–48 = 10 µm. + + + +Sperm uptake +was described by +Gerhardt (1927) +. First, a line of silk between the tips of legs 3 is moved against the gonopore until the sperm droplet emerges. Then the line with the drop is brought to the chelicerae from where it is taken up by the genital bulbs. In alternating movements, each bulb contacts the drop three times for approximately 30 s each. Within the bulb, sperm remains viable at least for several weeks (99.6% viable after two weeks; + +Cargnelutti +et al. +2020 + +). + + +Basic aspects of +courtship and copulation +have been described by +Gerhardt (1927) +, +Huber (1995) +, and + +Dutto +et al. +(2011) + +. Both males and females (and juveniles) use their chelicerae to stridulate, but in different contexts. While male stridulation seems to have a luring function, female stridulation conveys a negative message, mainly to males (signaling non-receptivity), but also to other females and maybe even to other species (e.g., the web-invading + +Pholcus phalangioides + +) ( +Huber 1995 +; + +Dutto +et al. +2011 + +). The stridulation of juveniles has never been studied. Female stridulatory behavior has been found to be consistent, i.e., individual females differ consistently in the frequency of stridulating during consecutive inter-sexual encounters ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2019a + +). + + +In copulations with virgin females, sperm is transferred during a first phase that is characterized by rhythmic simultaneous movements of the male palps ( + +Cargnelutti +et al. +2018 + +). This is followed by a second phase where the palps remain inserted but seemingly immobile. The significance of this second phase is only partly understood. It might be a form of mate-guarding, and the duration of the immobile phase positively affected sperm viability in females (which decreased more rapidly in females than in males) ( + +Cargnelutti +et al. +2020 + +). + + +Copulations with non-virgin females are common; they take longer (~40 vs 30 min; +Kaster & Jakob 1997 +), and they follow a slightly different pattern. They start with non-rhythmic alternating movements of only partially inserted palps (only procursus inserted) during which sperm of previous males is partially removed ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2013 + +). Second males fertilize an average of ~65–83% of the eggs, but the actual values range from 0 to 100% ( +Kaster & Jakob 1997 +). Second-male sperm precedence depends on timing: it is strongest in the few hours after copulation ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2010 + +) (explaining the pattern of mate guarding; see below). + + +The projection on the female sternum has been interpreted as a structure that controls the intensity and range of male palpal movements during copulation ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2019b + +). These authors support their conclusion mainly by the fact that the projection contacts the male clypeus at the moment of maximum palpal contraction. They exclude a stidulatory function (with the “pre-epigynum”) because the structures do not contact each other during intersexual interactions (but see Discussion). + + +The biological significance of the dorsal female modification (pedicel, abdomen) has never been studied (it has apparently not even been described before). It may function during abdominal twitching, a component of low-level aggressive interactions ( +Jakob 1991 +, +1994 +). Abdomen twitching was the only antagonistic behavioral component that differed between sexes, but it was males (that lack pedicelabdomen modifications) that performed more twitches ( + +Blanchong +et al. +1995 + +). Escalating fights involve the legs, and +Johnson & Jakob (1999) +found that 7–8% of spiders in natural populations were missing at least one leg, usually (in 86% of the cases) one of the anterior two pairs. However, leg loss does not significantly affect the male’s ability to compete over webs and prey ( +Johnson & Jakob 1999 +). + + + +Figs 51–58. + +Holocnemus pluchei +( +Scopoli, 1763 +) + +; male and female from Greece, Daphni/Athens (MHNG). +51–52 +. Male and female palpal tarsal organs. +53 +. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. +54 +. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. +55 +. Male gonopore. +56 +. Male spinnerets. +57 +. Epigynum and anterior abdominal process (arrow). +58 +. Female sternum, showing posterior process (arrow). Scale bars: 51–54, 56 = 10 µm; 55 = 20 µm; 57–58 = 100 µm. + + + +Reports on +mate guarding +are somewhat contradictory. For Californian populations, +Kaster & Jakob (1997) +report the absence of guarding; +Sedey & Jakob (1998) +found that most females with eggs were initially accompanied by at least +one male +. In Argentinean populations, + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +(2010) + +observed post-copulatory mate guarding: males stayed close to females for approximately 12–24 hrs after copulation, and actively defended females (or rather their own investment) from intruding males. This does not seem to imply chivalrous behavior: males do not cede prey to females, and they win interactions as often as females do ( + +Blanchong +et al. +1995 + +). + + +Females produce several +egg-sacs +per season, and +Hajer & Řeháková (2003) +reported a maximum of eight clutches in the lab. As usual in pholcids ( +Huber & Eberle 2021 +), larger females lay more eggs (and thus produce heavier clutches), but egg weight is not affected by female body size ( +Skow & Jakob 2003 +). +Kaster & Jakob (1997) +, working on Californian populations, reported a mean clutch size of 33 (9–70), while +Ahmed (2021) +, working on Egyptian spiders, reported a mean of 89. While +Ahmed’s (2021) +publication is flawed in many respects, this number is not unfeasible. A single egg-sac of a female from +Croatia +reported in +Huber & Eberle (2021) +was estimated at having +77 eggs +. + + +While caring for an egg-sac, females are reluctant to remate, but occasionally they do, especially at a late stage of embryo development ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2017 + +). In order to mate, they have to temporarily suspend the egg-sac in the web, which supposedly carries some risk for the eggs, especially from (conspecific) predators ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2017 + +). Egg-sac carrying has also been shown to protect the eggs from fungi ( + +Calbacho-Rosa +et al. +2017 + +), but this is not likely to have a significant effect during the relatively short time of mating. + + +Developmental +time depends on food level, and well-fed spiders often reach maturity after five molts, while poorly-fed spiders usually need six molts ( +Jakob & Dingle 1990 +). However, spiders maturing after six molts are on average larger, irrespective of food level ( +Jakob & Dingle 1990 +). When legs were removed at the third instar, they were not regenerated ( +Johnson & Jakob 1999 +). + + +When +disturbed +, + +H. pluchei + +starts to move vigorously like many long-legged pholcids. However, the movement has been described as ‘bouncing’, different from the ‘whirling’ of + +P. phalangioides +( + +Jackson +et al. +1993 + +) + +. When bouncing, + +H. pluchei + +lifts and lowers the body by flexing and extending the femurpatella and tibia-metatarsus joints at an amplitude of +2–20 cm +and at a rate of 5–10/s ( + +Jackson +et al. +1993 + +). This is thought to protect the spider from visual predators, and it may also interfere with a predator’s movement in the web ( +Jackson 1992 +; + +Jackson +et al. +1993 + +). An alternative strategy is to leap out of the web and ‘play dead’ ( + +Jackson +et al. +1993 + +). + + + + + +Distribution + + + +The original distribution of + +H. pluchei + +is the Mediterranean or part of it. Compared to some other synanthropic and anthropophilic pholcids, it has established permanent colonies in other regions relatively recently ( +Fig. 2 +). Surprisingly, this seems to have happened within a relatively short period of time around the world. For the +USA +, + +Vetter +et al. +(2011) + +did a survey among regional arachnologists and concluded that + +H. pluchei + +had been introduced in the San Francisco Bay area in the 1950s. The oldest South American records date back to the early 1960s ( +Argentina +; see Material examined). By that time, the species was present in at least two provinces, suggesting that it may well have been introduced in the 1950s as well. The species is now very common in central +Argentina +as well as in +Uruguay +( +Laborda & Simó 2008 +). + + +The oldest confirmed Central European and Australian records are also from the 1960s ( +Germany +: 1962; South Australia: 1969; see Material examined section). Older records from +the Netherlands +(19 +th +century) are dubious ( +van Helsdingen 2010 +). In Central Europe the species has been spreading massively since the 1990s ( +Van Keer & Van Keer 2001 +; +Reiser & Neumann 2014 +) and has relatively recently reached countries like +Denmark +(oldest record 2006; https://www.danmarks-edderkopper.dk/), +Great Britain +(oldest record 2004; https://www.britishspiders.org.uk/), and the Caucasus ( + +Ponomarev +et al. +2019 + +). The oldest known record for +Japan +is from 2008 ( +Kumada 2021 +), suggesting that the introduction to +Japan +happened relatively recently. + + +L. +Koch’s (1875) +record for Massaua ( +Eritrea +) is based on misidentified juvenile specimens of + +Crossopriza + +, presumably + +C. pristina + +(photos kindly provided by M. Tavano, +30 Jan. 2014 +). +Leardi in Airaghi’s (1902) +record for +Mahé +( +India +) could not be checked but it here also considered to be based on misidentified specimens. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFB3FFDEFD91FDF0FEAA880B.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFB3FFDEFD91FDF0FEAA880B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4c2478b1a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFB3FFDEFD91FDF0FEAA880B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2190 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. + + + + + +Figs 3 +, +7–8 +, +59–96 + + + + + + + +Pholcus reini +C. +Koch, 1873: 113 + + +. + + + + + +Holocnemus caudatus + +(misidentification) – + + +Barrientos +et al. +2019: 12 + + +. + + + + + +Crossopriza +sp. + +– + +Hajer & Řeháková 2003: 345–354 + +. + + + + + + +Remarks + + + +While +Roewer (1955) +considered + +Pholcus reini + +a nomen dubium (“nicht zu deuten”), +Bonnet (1958) +treated it as an available name. +Platnick (2000) +, in his first online catalogue, adopted Roewer’s view, and + +Pholcus reini + +has been listed as a nomen dubium ever since ( +World Spider Catalog 2021 +). The single male +type +specimen is apparently lost. It is not in SMF, in contrast to the +types +of at least one other species collected during the same expedition and published in the same paper ( +Ocypete fritschi +C. +Koch, 1873 +, now +Eusparassus fritschi +). However, even though C. +Koch’s (1873) +original description does not provide any figure, it gives some details (size, ventral color pattern) that fit only two pholcid species known to be present in +Morocco +: + +Holocnemus pluchei + +and the species here interpreted to represent + +Holocnemus reini + +. Since C. +Koch (1873) +distinguished between + +Pholcus barbarus + +(now + +H. pluchei + +) and + +P. reini + +, it seems reasonable to assume that C. Koch’s name does not refer to + +H. pluchei + +but to the species treated here. + + +I have not seen the specimens of + +Barrientos +et al +. (2019) + +but since all newly examined Moroccan specimens were + +H. reini + +rather than the similar + +H. caudatus + +, the specimens of + +Barrientos +et al +. (2019) + +are regarded as misidentified. Vocher specimens of +Hajer & Řeháková’s (2003) +“ + +Crossopriza +sp. + +” were examined (see below). + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Easily distinguished from most known +Smeringopinae +(except + +H. caudatus + +) by deep indentations on sternum ( +Fig. 81 +; in males and females; deepest pair between coxae 4), by shape of procursus ( +Fig. 63 +; distinctive retrolateral membrane), by shape of genital bulb ( +Figs 66 +, +92 +; distal bulbal sclerite triangular in prolateral view, with one large and two small rounded processes); from known congeners and representatives of + +Crossopriza + +also by 2–3 modified hairs on each male cheliceral apophysis ( +Figs 64 +, +82–83 +; rather than one); from + +H. caudatus + +only by slightly wider distances between male cheliceral apophyses (70–80% of cheliceral maximum width) and between female epigynal pockets (> +0.5 mm +). + + + + + +Type material + + + + + +Holotype + +MOROCCO +• +♂ +; +Mtuga +plateau (roughly in the area between Essaouira, Marrakesh, and +Agadir +); 1872; +K. von Fritsch +and +J. Rein +leg.; apparently lost. + + + + +Material examined + + + + +MOROCCO +– + +Marrakesh-Safi + +• +9 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +(partly used for +SEM +); near +Tilamizene +; +31.3500° N +, +7.7645° W +; + +950 m +a.s.l. + +; + +11 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; near ground; +ZFMK +Ar +22319 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +72 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +High Atlas +, near +Asni +; +31.24° N +, +7.98° W +; + +1200 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 May 1977 + +; “PDH” leg.; +BMNH + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; near +Toufliht +; +31.4715° N +, +7.4332° W +; + +1465 m +a.s.l. + +; + +27 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near ground above ravine; +ZFMK +Ar +22320 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +108 + +• + +1 ♀ +; near +Rakte +; +31.033° N +, +8.137° W +; + +1060 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks in dry riverbed; +ZFMK +Ar +22321 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; N of +Marrakesh +, +Oued Tensift +; +31.69° N +, +8.03° W +; + +9 Feb. 1996 + +; +J. Van Keer +leg.; under stones; +CJVK + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; in and along riverbed; + +9 Feb. 1996 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; +CRB + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; near +Irhoud +(= +Ighoud +); +31.854° N +, +8.873° W +; + +285 m +a.s.l. + +; + +29 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; along river and among cacti; +ZFMK +Ar +22323 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +NE of Tamelelt +[Tamallalt], +El Kelaa des Sraghna +; +32.055° N +, +7.400° W +; + +590 m +a.s.l. + +; + +16 Apr. 2012 + +; +J. Van Keer +leg.; stones in wasteland; +CJVK + +. – + + +Souss-Massa + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +S of Tizi n’Test +at R203; +30.850° N +, +8.375° W +; + +1580 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near ground; +ZFMK +Ar +22322 + +• + +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +75 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 juv. +; +80 km E of Taroudant +, +Oued Lemdad +; +30.64° N +, +8.38° W +; + +18 May 1939 + +; +Berland +leg.; +MNHN +Ar +10313 + +• + +1 ♂ +; N of +Agadir +, +Imouzzer +; +30.678° N +, +9.483° W +; + +960 m +a.s.l. + +; + +8 Sep. 2014 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; small cave near waterfall; +ZFMK +Ar +22326 + +• + +1 ♀ +; N of +Agadir +, +Imouzzer +; +30.678° N +, +9.482° W +; + +960 m +a.s.l. + +; + +27 Nov. 2016 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +olive tree +plantation; +ZFMK +Ar +22327 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Paradise Valley +; +30.588° N +, +9.528° W +; + +305 m +a.s.l. + +; + +13 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near ground; +ZFMK +Ar +22328 + +• + +2 ♀♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +77 + +• + +1 ♀ +; +7 km N of Agadir +, +Anza +; +30.45° N +, +9.65° W +; + +50 m +a.s.l. + +; + +3 Feb. 1996 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; stones in + +Euphorbia + +vegetation; +CRB + +• + +1 ♂ +; +N of Agadir +, road +Agadir-Alma +; +30.486° N +, +9.565° W +; + +440 m +a.s.l. + +; + +27 Nov. 2016 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22329 + +• + +4 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Agadir +, path to +Kasbah Hill +; +30.430° N +, +9.619° W +; + +110 m +a.s.l. + +; + +7 Sep. 2014 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22330 + +• + +1 ♂ +; same locality as for preceding; + +60 m +a.s.l. + +; + +28 Nov. 2016 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22331 + +• + +1 ♀ +; wadi ~ +5 km NE of Agadir +; +30.456° N +, +9.610° W +; + +150 m +a.s.l. + +; + +14 Sep. 2014 + +; +S. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22332 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; between +Gourizim +and +Tiznit +; +29.6690° N +, +9.8545° W +; + +330 m +a.s.l. + +; + +14 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near ground; +ZFMK +Ar +22333 + +• + +5 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; near +Jamaa Idaoussemlal +; +29.5306° N +, +9.2375° W +; + +1220 m +a.s.l. + +; + +15 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; along small brook; +ZFMK +Ar +22334 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +84 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +SW of Tafraoute +; +29.696° N +, +9.010° W +; + +1025 m +a.s.l. + +; + +15 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks and boulders; +ZFMK +Ar +22335 + +. – + + +Béni Mellal-Khénifra + +• +4 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +N of Demnate +; +31.761° N +, +7.006° W +; + +895 m +a.s.l. + +; + +26 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near small cave; +ZFMK +Ar +22324 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Imi n’Ifri +; +31.724° N +, +6.971° W +; + +1050 m +a.s.l. + +; + +26 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near river at natural bridge; +ZFMK +Ar +22325 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; 35 km [3.5 km?!] W of +Kasba Tadla +, +Al Kamoun +(“ +Kamoune +”); +32.56° N +, +6.26° W +; + +21 Dec. 1986 + +; +V. and B. Roth +leg.; + +CAS +9027140 + + +• + +1 ♂ +; +Oued Zem +; +32.86° N +, +6.57° W +; + +750 m +a.s.l. + +; + +12 May 1984 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; among stones in + +Pinus +halepensis + +plantation; +CRB + +• + +1 juv. +; +E of Kasba Tadla +, SW +Aït-Roadi +; +32.62° N +, +6.11° W +; + +560 m +a.s.l. + +; + +17 Apr. 2012 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; stones in grassland; +CRB + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +; near +El Ksiba +, +Kehf +d’bouba; +32.5165° N +, +6.0679° W +; + +1640 m +a.s.l. + +; + +24 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks at cave entrance and near cave; +ZFMK +Ar +22336 + +• + +1 ♂ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +101 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; near +Sidi +Ben Daoud; +32.5336° N +, +6.1282° W +; + +700 m +a.s.l. + +; + +25 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among cacti and in small cave; +ZFMK +Ar +22337 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +N of Imilchil +, near R317; +32.300° N +, +5.660° W +; + +1585 m +a.s.l. + +; + +25 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks near ground in dry riverbed; +ZFMK +Ar +22338 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +SE of El Ksiba +, near R317; +32.486° N +, +5.942° W +; + +1315 m +a.s.l. + +; + +25 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks in gorge; +ZFMK +Ar +22339 + +• + +5 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +Sources of l’Oum +er +Rbia +; +33.051° N +, 5.412° W–33.049° N, +5.411° W +; + +1270–1330 m +a.s.l. + +; + +21 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; in small cave and among rocks above waterfall; +ZFMK +Ar +22342 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +99 + +. – + + +Drâa-Tafilalet + +• +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); +Timoula +; +31.791° N +, +5.463° W +; + +2000 m +a.s.l. + +; + +19 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; under rocks at roadside; +ZFMK +Mor +93 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +E of Tamtetoucht +; +31.686° N +, +5.521° W +; + +1775 m +a.s.l. + +; + +19 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; at rocks near spring; +ZFMK +Ar +22340 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +94 + +• + +8 ♂♂ +, +1 ♀ +, 7 juvs; N of +Tinerhir +, +Tamtetoucht +; +31.68° N +, +5.54° W +; + +6 Dec. 1986 + +; +V. and B. Roth +leg.; +CAS 9027135 + +• + +4 ♂♂ +, +4 ♀♀ +; +W of Tamtetoucht +; +31.659° N +, +5.581° W +; + +1745 m +a.s.l. + +; at rocks; + +19 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; +ZFMK +Ar +22341 + +• + +1 ♀ +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +95 + +• + +1 ♂ +; +SE of Zebzat +; +32.625° N +, +4.540° W +; + +1675 m +a.s.l. + +; + +20 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks outside of cave; +ZFMK +Ar +22343 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; near +Tizi n’Tairhemt +; +32.593° N +, +4.526° W +; + +1855 m +a.s.l. + +; + +20 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks in +pine +forest; +ZFMK +Ar +22344 + +• + +1 juv. +(in pure ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Mor +97. + +– + + +Rabat-Salé- Kénitra + +• +1 ♂ +, 2 juvs; +2 km N of Sidi Allal El Bahraoui +, +Forêt de la Maâmora +; +34.03° N +, +6.55° W +; + +8 Feb. 1996 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; litter in + +Quercus +suber + +forest; +CRB + +• + +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Oued Beht +; +33.88° N +, +5.93° W +; + +7 Feb. 1996 + +; +J. Van Keer +leg.; + +Pinus + +plantation, stones; +CJVK + +• + +1 ♀ +; same locality as for preceding; + +7 Feb. 1996 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; +CRB + +. – + + +Fès-Meknès + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +; +Sefrou +; +33.83° N +, +4.83° W +; + +25 Dec. 1986 + +; +V. and B. Roth +; travertine falls; +CAS 9027126 + +• + +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +NE of Bab Boudir +; +34.0895° N +, +4.1080° W +; + +1400 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks; +ZFMK +Ar +22345 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +SW of Bab Boudir +; +34.0618° N +, +4.1317° W +; + +1570 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks; +ZFMK +Ar +22346 + +• + +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Grotte Kef +el +Ghar +(= +Rhar +); +34.4788° N +, +4.2766° W +; + +600 m +a.s.l. + +; + +22 Sep. 2018 + +; +B.A. Huber +leg.; among rocks outside of cave; +ZFMK +Ar +22347. + + +– + +Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +El Araich +(“ +Larache +”), near +Lixus +; +35.20° N +, +6.11° W +; + +Sep. 1997 + +; +J. Hajer +leg.; edge of phosphate mining pit; +ZFMK +Ar +22348 + +• + +6 ♂♂ +, +6 ♀♀ +(vouchers of +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +); same collection data as for preceding; +ZFMK +Ar +22349 + +. – + + +Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Laayoune +, +40 km S of Tarfaya +; +27.70° N +, +12.95° W +; + +11 Feb. 2007 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; stony desert, stones along road; +CRB + +. + + + +Figs 59–61. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; male from Morocco, near Tilamizene (ZFMK Ar 22319); left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 62–70. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; male from Morocco, near Tilamizene (ZFMK Ar 22319), female from Morocco, Al Kamoun (CAS 9027140). +62–63 +. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral membrane. +64–65 +. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. +66–68 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: sperm duct opening. +69–70 +. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; ds = distal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 62–63, 66–68 = 0.3 mm; 64–65, 69–70 = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 71–76. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; female abdomens and epigyna, ventral views. +71–72 +. Morocco, SW of Bab Boudir (ZFMK Ar 22346). +73–74 +. Morocco, near El Ksiba, Kehf d’bouba (ZFMK Ar 22336). +75–76 +. Morocco, W of Tamtetoucht (ZFMK Ar 22341). Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + +Figs 77–80. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +77–79 +. Female from Morocco, Al Kamoun (CAS 9027140); internal genitalia, ventral view, regular dorsal view, and dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards. +80 +. Female from Morocco, near Tilamizene (ZFMK 22319); internal genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. + + + + +ALGERIA +– + +Sidi bel Abbès + +• +1 ♀ +; +Mezaourou +; +34.81° N +, +0.62° W +; + +900 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 May 1990 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; clearing in + +Pinus +halepensis + +forest, under stones; +CRB + +. – + + +Blida + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +3 ♀♀ +; +Atlas Blidéen +, W of +Chréa +, +Pic. +E Abdelkader +; +36.42° N +, +2.86° E +; + +1520 m +a.s.l. + +; + +20 Jun. 1987 + +– + +9 May 1988 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; open + +Cedrus +forest + +with + +Berberis + +; +CRB + +. – + + +M’Sila + +• +1 ♀ +, +1 juv. +; +Djebel Maadid +towards south; +35.80° N +, +4.79° E +; + +1350 m +a.s.l. + +; + +29 Apr. 1988 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; along river, under rocks; +CRB + +• + +2 ♂♂ +; +M’Sila +, +Oultem +; +35.12° N +, +4.38° E +; + +600 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2 Nov. 1987 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; under rocks in steppe; +CRB + +. – + + +Sétif + +• +1 ♀ +(only cleared epigynum); +N of Magra +, along +Oued Nakhar +; +35.727° N +, +5.161° E +; + +850 m +a.s.l. + +; + +2 Nov. 1988 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; litter; +CRB + +. – + + +Batna + +• +1 ♀ +; +S of Tazoult Lambese +, road to +Forêt +de S’gag; +35.45° N +, +6.25° E +; + +1800 m +a.s.l. + +; + +16 Oct. 1987 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; stones along dry +rivulet +in grassland; +CRB + +. – + + +Biskra + +• +1 ♂ +, +2 ♀♀ +(without abdomens), 19 juvs; +Biskra +; +34.84° N +, +5.73° E +; date and collector unknown; +Simon +collection #12283; +MNHN +Ar +10325 + +. + + + +TUNISIA +– + +Siliana + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +E of Makhtar +[ +Mactaris +]; +35.85° N +, +9.22° E +; + +900 m +a.s.l. + +; + +23 Jan. 1995 + +; +R. Bosmans +leg.; stones along oued; +CRB + +. – + + +Sidi Bouzid + +• +1 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +; +Djebel Bou Hedma National Park +; +34.5° N +, +9.6° E +; + +25–29 Mar. 2001 + +; +U. Moldrzyk +leg.; +CRB + +. – + + +Gafsa + +• +1 ♀ +; near +Bou Omrane +; +34.35° N +, +9.11° E +; + +26 Mar. 2006 + +; +A. López +and +C. Ribera +leg.; +CRBA 1315 + +. – + + +Kebili + +• +2 ♂♂ +, +9 ♀♀ +, 8 juvs; “Nefzana” [presumably +Nefzaoua +]; +33.5° N +, +9.0° E +; date and collector unknown; +Simon +collection #4890; +MNHN +Ar +10338 + +. + + + + + +Redescription + + + +Male +( +Morocco +, near Tilamizene, ZFMK Ar 22319) + +MEASUREMENTS. Total length 6.7, carapace width 1.75. Distance PME–PME 120 µm; diameter PME 120 × 140 µm; distance PME–ALE 50 µm; diameter AME 100 µm; distance AME–AME 25 µm. Leg 1: 38.4 (11.7 + 0.8 + 10.0 + 13.6 + 2.3), tibia 2: 6.9, tibia 3: 5.5, tibia 4: 6.5; tibia 1 L/d: 47; femora 1–4 diameters: 0.31, 0.25, 0.22, 0.23. +COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow; ocular area posteriorly with light brown V-mark; sternum dark brown; legs ochre-yellow, femora and tibiae with light tips and indistinct darker subdistal rings, with black lines on femora and (few) on tibiae, very few also on metatarsi; abdomen with distinct pattern of dark marks and whitish marks dorsally and laterally; ventrally with distinct black median band, partly disrupted, behind gonopore divided by two thin longitudinal light lines. + +BODY. Habitus as in +Fig. 7 +. Ocular area slightly raised. Deep thoracic pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from pit toward posterior margin. Clypeus unmodified but rim more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long (1.10/0.85), with distinct indentations between consecutive leg coxae and between coxae 4 (cf. +Fig. 81 +). Abdomen strongly elongated beyond spinnerets, dorso-posteriorly pointed. Gonopore with seven epiandrous spigots ( +Fig. 93 +); ALS with one widened spigot and one pointed spigot ( +Fig. 94 +). + + +CHELICERAE. As in +Figs 64–65 +, with pair of low proximal frontal humps and pair of frontal lateral apophyses, each with two large modified cone-shaped hairs; distance between tips of modified hairs: 520 µm; several ‘regular’ frontal hairs with small but distinct processes at basis; lateral stridulatory ridges very fine ( +Fig. 84 +; distances between ridges: 2–3 µm), barely visible in dissecting microscope. + + +PALPS. As is +Figs 59–61 +; coxa with rounded retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur slightly curved towards dorsal, distally widened, with rounded ventral protrusion, proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick ( +Fig. 86 +), with barely visible retrolateral transversal line, without retrolateral proximal process; femur-patella joints shifted toward prolateral side; tibia very large compared to femur, tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus without macrotrichia; procursus ( +Figs 62–63 +) straight, few hairs slightly curved upwards; tarsal organ capsulate ( +Fig. 87 +); proximally on prolateral side with strong hump free of hairs, procursus tip with distinctive flat membranous element retrolaterally (arrow in +Fig. 63 +) covering proximal part of ventral sclerite, with dorsal transversal flap and complex retrolateral elements ( +Figs 89–91 +); genital bulb ( +Figs 66–68 +) with simple basal sclerite connected to distal (main) sclerite, sperm duct opening in membranous area prolaterally at basis of distal sclerite ( +Fig. 92 +); distal sclerite with one large apophysis (fold) and two smaller apophyses on prolateral side; with indistinct retrolateral parallel ridges ( +Fig. 68 +). + +LEGS. Femur 1 with single row of ~24 ventral spines; without curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other leg tibiae; tarsal pseudosegments indistinct and irregular except 4–5 distally. + +Male +(variation) + + +Tibia +1 in +73 males +: 7.6–12.8 (mean 10.6). Chelicerae maximum width (N = 57): 0.56–0.80 (mean 0.67); distance between tips of cheliceral apophyses: 0.41–0.58; cheliceral apophyses sometimes with 3 modified hairs, sometimes asymmetric (2 and 3 hairs, respectively; +Figs 82–83 +). Procursus length (N = 58): 0.82–1.16 (mean 1.03). Coloration of fresh specimens slightly variable, usually with dark median band on carapace. Posterior elongation of abdomen variably long, ~0.5–1.0 × distance pedicel– spinnerets. Gonopore with 6–8 epiandrous spigots. + + +Female + + +In general similar to male ( +Fig. 8 +) but without spines on legs; often with slightly longer dorsal abdominal elongation. Without stridulatory apparatus between carapace and abdomen; with fine cheliceral stridulatory ridges as in male ( +Fig. 85 +; distances between ridges ~3 µm). Tibia +1 in +53 females +: 6.4– 12.5 (mean 9.2). Epigynum as in +Figs 71–76 +and +96 +, main epigynal plate triangular to trapezoidal, weakly protruding; only posteriorly laterally strongly sclerotized; with pair of variably distinct pockets (distance between pockets 0.5–0.6); internal sclerotized arc and median round structure variably visible in uncleared specimens; posterior epigynal plate large but simple; pair of low but distinct elevations in front of epigynum. Internal genitalia ( +Figs 69–70 +, +77–80 +) with triangular pore plates converging anteriorly, dorsal arc simple and slender, ventral arc laterally strongly widened, medially strong, with simple median pouch. + + + +Figs 81–88. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; male and female from Morocco, near Tilamizene (ZFMK Ar 22319). +81 +. Female sternum; arrows: indentations. +82–83 +. Modified hairs on male cheliceral apophyses (from same specimen). +84–85 +. Male and female cheliceral stridulatory files. +86 +. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. +87–88 +. Male and female palpal tarsal organs. Scale bars: 81 = 100 µm; 82–83, 86–88 = 10 µm; 84–85 = 20 µm. + + + + +Figs 89–96. + +Holocnemus reini +(C. +Koch, 1873 +) + +comb. nov. +; male and female from Morocco, near Tilamizene (ZFMK Ar 22319). +89–91 +. Tips of right (89) and left (90–91) procursi, retrolateral and slightly distal views; arrow: retrolateral membrane. +92 +. Left genital bulb, prolateral view; arrow: sperm duct opening. +93 +. Male gonopore. +94 +. Male ALS. +95 +. Female spinnerets. +96 +. Epigynum; arrows: pockets. Scale bars: 89, 93 = 20 µm; 90–91, 94–95 = 10 µm; 92, 96 = 100 µm. + + + + +Natural history + + + +This species lives in a variety of habitats, ranging from shady pine forests and river valleys to very dry arid slopes. Most specimens were found in sheltered spaces among and under rocks. The large webs (diameter ~ +30 cm +) were often exposed to direct sunlight, but during the day the spiders rested on the shady rock surface. On some occasions, the species was present outside of caves while the caves were occupied by a different species (e.g., SE of Zebzat: + +Maghreba aurouxi + +gen. nov. +; Grotte +Kef +el Ghar: + +Micropholcus +sp. + +). On several occasions, + +H. reini + +was found on rocks very close to undescribed representatives of + +Micropholcus + +, occupying much the same microhabitat (Paradise Valley; Imi n’Ifri; near Ksiba). Near Sidi +Ben +Daoud, the spiders were extremely abundant in a very dense field of cacti. The domed webs transformed to distinct funnels that led into the barely accessible space among the cacti. High abundances were also reported by +Hajer & Řeháková (2003) +, who observed “communities of up to several hundred individuals” (vouchers of their “ + +Crossopriza +sp. + +” were reexamined; see above). + + +Hajer & Řeháková (2003) +also described web construction and the production of silk puffs, which were in principle identical to those of + +H. pluchei + +(see above). Unlike, + +H. pluchei + +, however, mated females built a more open spotted dome (rather than a sphere) within the main web and left this dome for attacking prey. Also, females tolerated the presence of males inside the dome and copulated repeatedly while still holding the egg sac. After the second molt of the spiderlings, females destroyed the dome and the spiderlings dispersed ( +Hajer & Řeháková 2003 +). + + + + + +Distribution + + + +The species is widely distributed in northwestern Africa, ranging from +Morocco +to +Tunisia +( +Fig. 3 +). The MNHN has a female with a dubious label saying “ +Espagne +”, while the original label is no longer readable. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFCEFF9EFDCDFBFFFC6F8DCA.xml b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFCEFF9EFDCDFBFFFC6F8DCA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d7c76951550 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/67/1C/B8/671CB865FFCEFF9EFDCDFBFFFC6F8DCA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,730 @@ + + + +Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +Author + +Huber, Bernhard A. +33607F65-19BF-4DC9-94FD-4BB88CED455F +Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. +b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2022 + +2022-02-22 + + +795 + + +1 + + +1 +241 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2022.795.1663 +2118-9773 +6299150 +7394D45E-46E1-453C-BF7E-1FE1B2CEBB0A + + + + + +Genus + +Crossopriza +Simon, 1893 + + + + + + + + + +Crossopriza +Simon, 1893: 476 + + + +( + + + + +type +species: + +Artema pristina +Simon, 1890 + +). + + + + +Ceratopholcus +Spassky, 1934: 361 +( +type +species: + +C. maculipes +Spassky, 1934 + +). Synonymized in + +Huber +et al. +2014a: 420 + +. + + +Tibiosa +González-Sponga, 2006: 10 +( +type +species: + +T. caracensis +González-Sponga 2006 + +). Synonymized in +Huber 2009b: 65 +; see also +Huber & Villarreal 2020: 57 +. + + + + +Crossopriza + +– + +Wiehle 1933: 241 + +. — + + +Huber +et al. +1999: 7 + + +. — + +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: 194 + +. + + + + + + +Diagnosis + + + +Long-legged pholcids with spotted leg femora and tibiae (e.g., +Figs 558 +, +577 +, +709 +), abdomen dorsoposteriorly often angular or pointed (e.g., +Figs 394, 398 +, +699 +), females with paired stridulatory apparatus between carapace and abdomen ( +Figs 468 +, +595 +, +660 +, +797 +). Distinguished from similar genera ( + +Maghreba + +gen. nov. +, + +Stygopholcus + +, + +Holocnemus + +) by combination of: male chelicerae with only one pair of modified (cone-shaped) hairs at tips of main cheliceral apophyses (e.g., +Figs 598 +, +845 +, +859 +; in contrast to + +Stygopholcus + +, + +H. reini + +, and + +H. caudatus + +); male palpal coxa with rounded retrolateral hump, without distinct process (in contrast to + +Maghreba + +); male palpal femur without retrolateral proximal process (in contrast to + +Stygopholcus + +and + +Maghreba + +); male palpal femur without dorsal process (in contrast to + +Maghreba + +); male palpal tarsal organ capsulate (e.g., +Figs 426 +, +602 +, +849 +, +862 +; in contrast to + +Stygopholcus + +); procursus usually with distinct prolateral hump set with numerous hairs (e.g., +Figs 357 +, +376 +, +616 +, +628 +); procursus tip not strongly bent towards dorsal (in contrast to + +Maghreba + +); procursus usually without transparent membranous process at tip (in contrast to + +Maghreba + +; present in + +C. soudanensis + +); genital bulb without slender dorsal process (in contrast to + +Stygopholcus + +); distal (main) bulbal sclerite without deep retrolateral pocket (in contrast to + +Maghreba + +). + + + + + +Description + + + +Male + + +BODY. Total body length ~2.5–6.5; carapace width ~1.0–2.4. Carapace with deep central pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from posterior side of pit toward posterior rim of carapace (cf. +Figs 468 +, +595 +); ocular area slightly raised, eye triads relatively close together (distance PME–PME = 0.5–1.2 × PME diameter), each secondary eye (especially PME) accompanied by small elevation (arrows in +Fig. 467 +; “pseudo-eyes”; cf. +Huber 2009a +), sometimes very distinct (i.e., reflecting light), e.g., in + +C. miskin + +sp. nov. +PME oval; AME large (~70–110% of PME small diameter). Clypeus high, usually unmodified, in + +C. sengleti + +sp. nov. +with rounded median process ( +Fig. 768 +), in + +C. johncloudsleyi +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001 + +with pair of small hooked processes ( +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 +: fig. 14; +Huber 2009a +). Abdomen oval, dorsally posteriorly usually angular ( +Fig. 394 +), sometimes rounded ( +Fig. 476 +) or pointed ( +Fig. 699 +). Male gonopore with 4–6 epiandrous spigots (sometimes asymmetric: 2+3; +Figs 420 +, +507 +, +606 +, +854 +), ALS with only two spigots each: one large widened spigot and one pointed spigot ( +Figs 424 +, +505 +, +607 +); PMS with two spigots each ( +Figs 424 +, +505 +, +607 +); PLS without spigots. + + +COLOR. In general ochre-yellow to light brown. Carapace mostly pale, with darker median mark, without lateral marks (cf. +Figs 391 +, +481 +, +702 +); sternum light brown to dark brown, with darker radial marks. Legs without or with indistinct darker rings, with oval to short longitudinal line-shaped dark marks on femora and tibiae (cf. +Figs 558 +, +577 +, +709 +), sometimes also a few on metatarsi, rarely on femora only. Abdomen usually with distinct dorsal and ventral patterns: dark heart-mark and further dark and whitish marks dorsally and laterally, ventral median band variably distinct, rarely absent (e.g., + +C. sengleti + +sp. nov. +). Cave-dwelling species slightly lighter/paler (see + +C. moqal + +sp. nov. +; + +C. kittan + +sp. nov. +). + + +CHELICERAE. Chelicerae with one large modified (cone-shaped) hair on each main cheliceral apophysis ( +Figs 598 +, +845 +, +859 +); main cheliceral apophyses usually in lateral position, in some species moved to frontal position; in latter case sometimes with additional pair of lateral apophyses (without modified hairs; e.g., +Figs 731 +, +774 +, +814 +). With fine to distinct stridulatory ridges ( +Figs 421 +, +500 +, +599 +, +841 +), distances between ridges ~3.5–8.0 µm, sometimes variable within file (distances proximally larger than distally; see + +C. sahtan + +sp. nov. +, + +C. maculipes + +). + + +PALPS. Coxa with rounded retrolateral-ventral hump, without distinct apophysis; trochanter barely modified, slightly protruding ventrally; femur distally widened, on ventral side usually protruding, without dorsal apophysis, without proximal retrolateral process, without or with indistinct transversal dark line on retrolateral side, with stridulatory pick (modified hair) on prolateral side ( +Fig. 842 +); femurpatella joints shifted toward prolateral side (arrows in +Fig. 354 +); tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side (arrows in +Fig. 356 +); palpal tarsus without dorsal macrotrichia, palpal tarsal organ capsulate ( +Figs 426 +, +602 +, +849 +, +862 +); procursus dorsally with straight or weakly curved hairs; procursus with prolateral process set with numerous long hairs, without ventral ‘knee’, distally usually with ventral sclerite (absent in + +C. miskin + +sp. nov. +), usually without membranous transparent process (present in + +C. soudanensis + +; +Fig. 358 +), tip of procursus not curved towards dorsal, with one or more transparent hair-like or spine-like processes on retrolateral side ( +Figs 417 +, +506 +, +596 +, +847 +, +857 +); genital bulb with basal sclerite connecting to tarsus (bs in +Fig. 361 +), and distal (main) sclerite often with distinctive set of prolateral (slightly ventral) apophyses and ridges (e.g., +Figs 406 +, +440 +, +716 +, +789 +), without retrolateral pocket; sperm duct opening in membranous area on prolateral side of distal bulbal sclerite (arrows in +Figs 419 +, +597 +, +848 +, +858 +). + + +LEGS. Long and relatively thin, leg 1 length ~20–65, tibia 1 length ~5.5–18, tibia 2 longer than tibia 4 (~1.1–1.3 ×). Tibia 1 L/d usually ~50–80,> +80 in +the slightly troglomorphic + +C. kittan + +sp. nov. +Femur 1 usually thicker than other femora; femur 1 with spines ventrally in one row, in very small males rarely without spines; spines proximally gradually transforming into regular setae; spines rarely present on femur 2 ( + +C. sanaa + +sp. nov. +); legs without curved hairs; with few short vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium in proximal position (at 2–5% of tibia length in tibia 1), prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae. Tarsal pseudosegments very indistinct except a few (~2–3) distally, proximally with indistinct irregular platelets rather than distinct rings. Tarsal organs of legs capsulate, with round or weakly undulating rim ( +Figs 428–431 +, +863 +). + + +Female + + +In general similar to male; chelicerae either with indistinct and small stridulatory files (with slightly larger distances between ridges than in males; 4.0–8.5 µm) or without stridulatory files ( +Figs 422 +, +469 +, +501 +, +600 +, +843 +, +861 +); legs slightly shorter than in male, without spines. Usually with pair of variably distinct processes posteriorly on carapace (arrows in +Figs 468 +, +595 +) acting against pair of variably distinct plates on abdomen ( +Figs 660 +, +797 +), absent in + +C. johncloudsleyi + +. Epigynum usually consisting of large, simple anterior plate and short but wide posterior plate; anterior plate usually with pair of distinct pockets, sometimes close together on median elevated ridge, sometimes more like furrows than pockets; epigynum usually without processes, only in + +C. johncloudsleyi + +with two pairs of distinct apophyses ( +Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 +: fig. 11; +Huber 2009a +: fig. 30); without bulging areas in front of anterior plate. Internal genitalia with sclerotized arc that consists of dorsal and ventral parts (da and va in +Figs 388 +, +447 +) and is variably visible in uncleared specimens; uterus externus sometimes with small median ventral structure (pouch or pocket?), sometimes visible as round structure in untreated specimens (e.g., +Figs 463 +, +551 +, +612 +, +837 +); pore plates large, flat, of variable shape and position, pores either homogeneously distributed or in groups. + + + + + +Distribution + + + +All species except + +C. lyoni + +are restricted to an area that ranges from +Mali +to +India +and from +Kenya +to +Kazakhstan +( +Fig. 351 +). The +type +species + +C. lyoni + +has expanded around the globe ( +Fig. 351 +), apparently since approximately the second half of the 19 +th +century (see below). + + + + + +Relationships + + + +Together with + +Holocnemus + +, + +Stygopholcus + +, and + +Maghreba + +gen. nov. +, + +Crossopriza + +is an unambiguous representative of the spotted-leg clade, but beyond that the cladistic analysis provides only weak evidence for inter-generic relationships. Even the monophyly of + +Crossopriza + +is poorly supported by a single character of questionable strength (Appendix 3, char. 18). Within + +Crossopriza + +, a group of 14 species (including the +type +species) is reasonably well supported by two functionally related characters (medially-directed male cheliceral apophyses and medially positioned female epigynal pockets). Within this group, a further sub-group of eight species (again including the +type +species) share a second pair of male cheliceral apophyses. Finally, + +C. lyoni + +shares with three other species a ventral sclerite on the procursus provided with a retrolateral side branch (arrows in +Figs 769 +, +788 +, +810 +, +828 +). The few remaining sister-group relationships suggested by the cladogram are either weakly supported or of little relevance, or both. + + + + + +Composition + + + +The genus now includes 24 named species, of which 18 are newly described. All named species are treated below except for + +C. johncloudsleyi + +which was redescribed in +Huber (2009a) +. Several additional undescribed species are present in collections. The ZMMU has an undescribed species from +Pakistan +(N of Islamabad, +33.75° N +, +73.06° E +), which is not formally described because the only available male is in very poor condition. The ZFMK (Ar 22391) has +two females +from +Iran +( +Hormozgan +, Siyahu; +27.75° N +, +56.34° E +) that resemble + +C. miskin + +sp. nov. +in habitus, size, and epigynum, but with the epigynal pockets wider apart. For further undescribed species that are very similar to species (re)described herein, see under + +C. dhofar + +sp. nov. +, + +C. khayyami + +sp. nov. +, and + +C. maculipes + +. + + + + + +Natural history + + + +Most species have been collected in sheltered spaces under rocks, in small cavities of the ground, and in the twilight area of caves. A few species build their webs in more exposed habitats, among rocks and on plants (e.g., + +C. tiwi + +sp. nov. +). Others are occasionally or regularly found in houses (e.g., + +C. semicaudata + +, + +C. pristina + +, + +C. maculata + +, + +C. lyoni + +). Little is known about the biology of + +Crossopriza + +beyond these basic microhabitat data (see individual natural history sections below). Only the +cosmopolitan + +C. lyoni + +has been studied in some detail, including development and prey capture (see below). + + + + +Fig. 351. +Known distribution of + +Crossopriza +Simon, 1893 + +. Orange: + +C. lyoni +( +Blackwall, 1867 +) + +; blue: all other species (cf. Figs 352–353). + + + + +Fig. 352. +Distribution of + +Crossopriza +Simon, 1893 + +; autochthonous species part 1 (cf. Fig. 353): species with main cheliceral apophyses in lateral position. + + + + + +Identification + + + +A key that works for both males and females proved difficult to construct.At the same time, a combination of geography ( +Figs 351–353 +) and diagnostic characters (mainly male palp, male chelicerae, female epigynal plate) usually makes identification relatively quick and easy. + + + + \ No newline at end of file