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<document id="7AF747F6AF91E28197AF3DB243748450" ID-CLB-Dataset="300425" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.100.119292" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bd93a5c6-9029-4630-8554-7af18882cab2" ID-ZooBank="541660A7-7B6A-4432-AEF5-C689737C0A3C" ID-publisher-id="119292" URI-arpha="86FCD3C5-064B-5787-B77A-CE0073E9C995" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/541660A7-7B6A-4432-AEF5-C689737C0A3C" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1722522074068" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Han, Anne Charis N., Zhang, Yufeng, Miao, Pu, Wu, Shaolong, Xiao, Nengwen, Qin, Mingyan, Zhao, Huifeng, Wu, Donghui &amp; Aspe, Nonillon M." docDate="2024" docId="F53A9CD5B2155CF5921295658CAF6708" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(3): 1061-1073" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 100 (3)" docSource="https://zse.pensoft.net/article/119292/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Amynthas carnosus subsp. carnosus Goto &amp; Hatai 1899" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="1073" masterDocId="86FCD3C5064B5787B77ACE0073E9C995" masterDocTitle="Distribution and systematics of the cosmopolitan Amynthas carnosus complex (Crassiclitellata, Megascolecidae) from eastern Asia" masterLastPageNumber="1073" masterPageNumber="1061" pageNumber="1061" updateTime="1722529667274" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:affiliation id="C4D22E5D1AB963CB8FE223080DB6B2C1">Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="D601A54563504A2DA147CC0425EC8C0C" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus carnosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC4343F15E4F6D9D5E22CB341146457" author="Goto S &amp; Hatai S" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pagination="13-24" refId="B21" refString="Goto S, Hatai S (1899) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 3: 13 - 24." title="New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2." volume="3" year="1899">Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="BF6632023ADD5476C5738E0F80246FDB" italics="true">Perichaeta carnosa</emphasis>
Goto &amp; Haitai, 1899: 15
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<taxonomicName id="689BFA14468AE21A3A14203A36680A17" baseAuthorityName="Goto &amp; Haitai" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosa">
<emphasis id="1A77F274ABC5E31CC8F99D3B11E4D869" italics="true">Pheretima carnosa</emphasis>
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–
<treatmentCitation id="63F59F35B0DD781701C49780AB2477D7" author="Kobayashi S" page="115" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="A3DEA1FC8512E919524A25C5C3A8F051" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" page="115" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi 1936: 115</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="1E0580EA94552929ECCD737C43755AFA" ID-CoL="CFFJY" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="5D0F67F9BC1D7D9EB83EE99B296C8995" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
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–
<treatmentCitation id="54B15FBE5DE251F7BD04CAC02AEF3599" author="Sims RW &amp; Easton EG" page="235" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D88919FC97A8C9B1D9726273088C9ECE" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" author="Sims RW &amp; Easton EG" firstAuthor="Sims" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London" page="235" pagination="169-268" refId="B33" refString="Sims RW, Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London 4 (3): 169–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" title="A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition." volume="4" year="1972">Sims and Easton 1972: 235</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="A33C605A6A4D9611FDC75F95C6707627" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12784057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12784057" author="Blakemore R" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487FD3F5E36536DD9FE74FEA2FEDB" page="36" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="5583C2F75DA12BEC50ABCB309DF8A3BC" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore R" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" page="36" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore 2012: 36</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="8340364F8D9A125119768B37A6359481" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" author="Blakemore R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="99-126" refId="B7" refString="Blakemore R (2013 a) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 2 (2): 99–126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" title="Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="2">2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 58
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<bibRefCitation id="A0BEA14C3A61BDFB0685D5109370F2EA" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" author="Blakemore R" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="55-68" refId="B9" refString="Blakemore R (2013 c) Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research 2 (1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" title="Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited." volume="2">2013 c</bibRefCitation>
: 101
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<treatmentCitation id="29043FAECEF37478E15A1F6CEF0CDDA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507566" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507566" author="Carrera-Martínez R &amp; Snyder B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87F0FFF0FFD3F38EF9D9FB19D679" page="297" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="64C64C9BDF6CDF7B4B9E9356C6AC9901" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7" author="Carrera-Martínez R &amp; Snyder B" firstAuthor="Carrera-Martinez" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="297" pagination="297-300" refId="B11" refString="Carrera-Martínez R, Snyder B (2016) First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere. Zootaxa 4111 (3): 297–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7" title="First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere." volume="4111" year="2016">Carrera-Martínez and Snyder 2016: 297</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="D6172B5B62C66530158C84E7E549D5F0" author="Chang C-H &amp; Snyder B &amp; Szlávecz K" page="505" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="1546E516C84F19AE379C4EA69E64F712" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" author="Chang C-H &amp; Snyder B &amp; Szlávecz K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chang" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="505" pagination="495-529" refId="B13" refString="Chang C-H, Snyder B, Szlávecz K (2016) Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 4179 (3): 495–529. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" title="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae)." volume="4179" year="2016">Chang et al. 2016: 505</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="2DBC8B9A34CE092E2F4FD7D49DF9B5FC" italics="true">Amynthas pingi</emphasis>
<comment id="E43A8296F2C9E8F3E79F9000A755F7E7">
(
<bibRefCitation id="4539A0838DAC0966469A72C327AD21E3" DOI="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1925.tb07109.x" author="Stephenson J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pagination="879-907" refId="B35" refString="Stephenson J (1925) Oligochaeta from various regions, including those collected by the Mount Everest Expedition 1924. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 95: 879 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1925. tb 07109. x" title="Oligochaeta from various regions, including those collected by the Mount Everest Expedition 1924." volume="95" year="1925">Stephenson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
) –
<treatmentCitation id="5387C79A18D69A56343610EB1442A261" author="Sims RW &amp; Easton EG" page="235" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="8F0115B37FA2C2E0A32F42D920AE0EA9" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" author="Sims RW &amp; Easton EG" firstAuthor="Sims" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London" page="235" pagination="169-268" refId="B33" refString="Sims RW, Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London 4 (3): 169–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" title="A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition." volume="4" year="1972">Sims and Easton 1972: 235</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="E92E054BA01A7A051DA3B9E3C3ABE03E" author="Blakemore R" page="112" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="BE5554347DABC8EB6440BAF707BAD916" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" author="Blakemore R" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="55-68" refId="B9" refString="Blakemore R (2013 c) Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research 2 (1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" title="Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited." volume="2">Blakemore 2013 c</bibRefCitation>
: 112
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1ABG" type="material">
<paragraph id="A988AA734B712A65363EE03AE918CFB6">
<heading id="3E8078ED4EE73BD2C0B1ECECC2846209" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26A91BC9A4534DA9AD20E336BC65DA42">
Specimen IDs: 362
<collectionCode id="711716D62C29008F74F46FFD40D159D1" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
1 _ 01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 09, seven matures from Nanshan Park, Jinzhou,
<collectingRegion id="BE2B09CB9EF95B6BECF8DDED902BE439" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
; 533
<collectionCode id="42DCECF3F9D7761372FE4E6550FC41B3" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
70 _ 08, 09, 10, three matures from Jinjiang Mt. Park, Dandong,
<collectingRegion id="8B9D0288170A98D4FC2F77161C5190D4" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
;
<collectionCode id="734886A15FCFE77B93DD82D197DF3394">LFXHR</collectionCode>
7 _ 02, 04, 05, three matures from Zhuti Park, Xianghe County, Langfang,
<collectingRegion id="F64DC504BC5A97D8AE8ADD3D569E8222" country="China" name="Hebei">Hebei</collectingRegion>
;
<collectionCode id="FD4F728D498978C7E20D0D3F61CA7ED2">LFSF</collectionCode>
_ 013, one mature from Langfang Normal University, Anci District Langfang,
<collectingRegion id="9D9D0244F783371D9D09F0BC6B62264D" country="China" name="Hebei">Hebei</collectingRegion>
; E 29 _ 05, one mature from an anonymous park in Dongli District,
<collectingCountry id="EDA3AFA086B85C42ACFF537E6DEB368A" name="China">Tianjin</collectingCountry>
Municipality;
<collectionCode id="A4688A4E3BD08CE24652AEF534BB9BAB">HNLNR</collectionCode>
2 _ 04, 05, 06, three matures from the tobacco field in Xiaojie Town, Luoning County, Luoyang,
<collectingRegion id="AD150F406BBA12298723FA5E8A734164" country="China" name="Henan">Henan</collectingRegion>
;
<collectionCode id="4F89FF3E5C7E8A8A78F9A8F7E2141771">HNSQ</collectionCode>
_ 07, 13, 15, three matures under the bushes in Shangqiu Normal University, Liangyuan District, Shangqiu,
<collectingRegion id="95141563B361318CA2EC632399A4697F" country="China" name="Henan">Henan</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E6ABG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F92315D04EF6EF53ACBB180B2A062BAD">
<heading id="979B81A3E4EA9327CF5B74F820094E28" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDC0066F70F32B057A70C02BE36A759B">
Length
<quantity id="70469DA26DD6A7ABBC2EB2DEE4422C89" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.05" unit="mm" value="157.5" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="105.0">105–210 mm</quantity>
. Spermathecal pores having four pairs in 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9, rarely 3 pairs in 6 / 7 / 8 / 9, with pre-intersegmental hemispherical arc (spermathecal papillae). Dorsal pores typically from 12 / 13. Pre-clitellar genital markings typically with two pairs, pre-setal in
<collectionCode id="692B2C76100F8412059BD87F0C826F94">VIII</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="178537388882D307DAFC5BEA6D1F49AD">IX</collectionCode>
; these genital markings paired either widely or closely apart (B 1 and B 2, Fig.
<figureCitation id="B62D45EAC60B1CCCEF7DB5458B5FAAE6" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Pre-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of Amynthas carnosus. A. Modified fig. 1 of the variations of pre-clitellar genital markings from Kobayashi (1936); B. This study. B 1. (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 01); B 2. (specimen ID 533 R 70 _ 09), and B 3. (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by Blakemore (2012)] of Kobayashi’s (1936) Type III (red), VI (blue), and VIII (green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105974">3</figureCitation>
); Post-clitellar genital markings prominent, up to three pairs median to male pores; first pair pre-setal on XVIII, slightly median to male pores; second pair post-setal and more medial than the first; third pair pre-setal in XIX (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1370B0EC937EFBC9F9EE966C47F43031" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Post-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of Amynthas carnosus. A. Modified fig. 2 of the variations of post-clitellar genital markings from Kobayashi (1936); B. This study. B 1, B 2. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 07 and HNLNR 2 _ 04); B 3 (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 04); B 4, B 5. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 01 and 533 R 70 _ 10) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by Blakemore (2012)] of Kobayashi’s (1936) Type II (red), IV (blue), and V (green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105975">4</figureCitation>
). Male pores superficially paired in XVIII close to the lateral margin on round or elliptical porophores (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1862B0501B6F669B5B60BEA96D7FD5D4" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Post-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of Amynthas carnosus. A. Modified fig. 2 of the variations of post-clitellar genital markings from Kobayashi (1936); B. This study. B 1, B 2. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 07 and HNLNR 2 _ 04); B 3 (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 04); B 4, B 5. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 01 and 533 R 70 _ 10) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by Blakemore (2012)] of Kobayashi’s (1936) Type II (red), IV (blue), and V (green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105975">4</figureCitation>
). Ampulla ovate to narrowly ovate (Fig.
<figureCitation id="44CA5B742DEE355E9857AF576879E1A8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Amynthas carnosus carnosus variations on the number of spermathecal pores and spermathecae: four pairs (A, D) (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 06), three pairs (B, E) (specimen ID LFXHR 7 _ 05), five pairs (C, F) (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105973">2 D-F</figureCitation>
). Intestinal caeca simple at XXVII.
</paragraph>
<caption id="60CAEA69B53FFC5A74DFE922251DFFEF" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure2" ID-arpha="1627C508-00D7-538A-A674-DB8763F9819A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105973" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="672660456D93407A3EBE75912119D219">
<label id="B5E9D62C00F97B66B5FBFBE2AE74F539">Figure 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0135FF9307D3F7249646FFBB8C02EC03">
<taxonomicName id="616891752BB292CF9263BE2956D62B6B" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hatai" authorityYear="1899" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="carnosus" subSpecies="carnosus">
<emphasis id="FB26B0FBFE12901D47CAAD7EE2C564C1" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
variations on the number of spermathecal pores and spermathecae: four pairs (
<emphasis id="15469D6CDAEACAA0CB04A75A15FBD35A" bold="true">A, D</emphasis>
) (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 06), three pairs (
<emphasis id="3011BD1C513E471CB48BB4D337C7E5C9" bold="true">B, E</emphasis>
) (specimen ID LFXHR 7 _ 05), five pairs (
<emphasis id="259C29972250924FA51694B321D30EC2" bold="true">C, F</emphasis>
) (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05). Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F75183991E4EC9FCFDDB0552B7B4A90C" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure3" ID-arpha="0F6389CE-9EF4-5B5A-B2EE-F3F377F9AAD9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105974" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="22045FB63C8BA12ECBF4DDFE9C3553D8">
<label id="3E97956DE07F32C4CA0CC29778E59690">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFD516A95C747B37C4D1EDC8AA3E7966">
Pre-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of
<taxonomicName id="DF691DDE6195BA6EB04BBD755FB0A972" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="C71F4653F609221CAAB1BE9C5B6E7518" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B6B99976341DAD319779C0A49F5E6900" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Modified fig. 1 of the variations of pre-clitellar genital markings from
<bibRefCitation id="E71A4FB2A2D546CB60F46565384277E7" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis id="DC651CD5C0A942E9859F323DDDCFA805" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
This study.
<emphasis id="41133E188EEB45B7635410F223BB8F8B" bold="true">B 1.</emphasis>
(specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 01);
<emphasis id="D4A00695381C96F0BBB015B67CB45F56" bold="true">B 2.</emphasis>
(specimen ID 533 R 70 _ 09), and
<emphasis id="200BEF67F60C0EF5056A9B0A2262D575" bold="true">B 3.</emphasis>
(specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by
<bibRefCitation id="050D475F3649416584EFD932FBAAD8F6" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore R" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore (2012)</bibRefCitation>
] of
<bibRefCitation id="8D5A5DB24ECF574BFD8968A9C4E47764" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi's" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi’s (1936)</bibRefCitation>
Type III (red), VI (blue), and VIII (green).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A93BF4EF6D9CAC6F738ECAE7990B0F58" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure4" ID-arpha="6ECF76B9-FC39-554F-8BC3-4DD92CD45C81" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105975" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="CD0CDF6CDA1B7051B2FEB28AC69DA9F0">
<label id="4F90C11E9BD611B9E62F8277C36AA1F6">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7DCE4C1FF9FC9CECB4B5DC3DF73EEF6B">
Post-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of
<taxonomicName id="AF6A80FCB6AE80096DB8C7918D5735A0" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="C26A0922AF7ED0D125F07EA78BA318C4" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="827B632A930DF597571185AEE040C716" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Modified fig. 2 of the variations of post-clitellar genital markings from
<bibRefCitation id="0020E0BC4877F16D04918C6DB7C16075" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis id="8B285334622BC78FC1B257906BDB704A" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
This study.
<emphasis id="447127B226C3B100D50105B3AA15C94A" bold="true">B 1, B 2.</emphasis>
(specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 07 and HNLNR 2 _ 04);
<emphasis id="A8DB306FFE5E574BF6D527DE789EEF75" bold="true">B 3</emphasis>
(specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 04);
<emphasis id="6D1B62C9D3FBB5486A4B6C4E5127AF63" bold="true">B 4, B 5.</emphasis>
(specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 01 and 533 R 70 _ 10) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by
<bibRefCitation id="CB0498E415E23F69078869118D2CF303" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore R" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore (2012)</bibRefCitation>
] of
<bibRefCitation id="6565D2BE7C1610F97D604368718255B3" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi's" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi’s (1936)</bibRefCitation>
Type II (red), IV (blue), and V (green).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETFBG" type="variation">
<paragraph id="8597F8894228F99C2BD4591BC8C502F9">
<heading id="7D200971324CAF7F91F906D7EAC19CB9" reason="title">Variations.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D38074B039B6955A32671C6A7B0D94B5">
For the
<emphasis id="B66CEA844FE06F45CE04C15095E70BAA" italics="true">
A. c.
<taxonomicName id="3DB9343F94A0F7FB02B04FDDF38EB086" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">carnosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
from
<collectingCountry id="B97FC81AB5B53B8BC5B0D11F13A11944" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, the number of spermathecal pores and spermathecae are variable: 14 out of
<specimenCount id="5105862283C712D9EF737AA23430E9FF" count="16" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
typically have four pairs in 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9,
<specimenCount id="6983598FA845E0C324A70F73AEBB0509" count="1" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
has three pairs in 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 (
<collectionCode id="6A9F837ABF302629C57AECC0982CA097">LFXHR</collectionCode>
7 _ 05), and another one has five pairs in 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 (
<collectionCode id="FADE73269B56287BBD2821DD795AE20B">HNLNR</collectionCode>
2 _ 05) (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DDA8294C52A26B56839B30B11964BCE3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Amynthas carnosus carnosus variations on the number of spermathecal pores and spermathecae: four pairs (A, D) (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 06), three pairs (B, E) (specimen ID LFXHR 7 _ 05), five pairs (C, F) (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105973">2</figureCitation>
). However, despite these variations, molecular analyses have shown them to belong in the same clade with little genetic divergence within the clade (Table
<tableCitation id="D62E10E1A120D5F1727F972D4A039033" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Percentage of K 2 P distance of the three subspecies of A. carnosus with inclusion of other pheretimoid species (values in %)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9ED8C7D86E3DB091B14D062EE33995F3" tableUuid="9ED8C7D86E3DB091B14D062EE33995F3">2</tableCitation>
, Fig.
<figureCitation id="8CB07B9510AF94E63ECDCC61A7D882B7" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. The geographical distribution of the A. carnosus complex in eastern Asia and its corresponding phylogenetic tree based on COI using the maximum likelihood method. Color coding: red for China, purple for South Korea, and green for Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105972">1</figureCitation>
).
<specimenCount id="5BF87983E51EED7E3214BF4646C36E4B" count="2" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="B822444ACE36A9235FFD1BD267BCAD14" name="South Korea">South Korea</collectingCountry>
and
<specimenCount id="690EF3063F73B0835B4399004602AE63" count="1" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
from the
<collectingCountry id="93D11E58402449FB5287ACE9C116FB5A" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
have three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 (
<bibRefCitation id="8AB2A08203D93A83C0E6E2A935B6A3AA" author="Kobayashi" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi 1936</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5AE528098E64C380083AD36F0B21FF36" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7" author="Carrera-Martinez and Snyder" firstAuthor="Carrera-Martinez" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="297-300" refId="B11" refString="Carrera-Martínez R, Snyder B (2016) First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere. Zootaxa 4111 (3): 297–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7" title="First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere." volume="4111" year="2016">Carrera-Martínez and Snyder 2016</bibRefCitation>
). However, prior to this study, no other specimen with five pairs was recorded elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3GBG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="65078A4DF651DB9B98F52817B83CA41E">
<heading id="98155BEAF794E9030D14770005B10581" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F40C104CF8F8FA79A4439EE9F6A02319">
<collectingCountry id="1D677FDB1238C4CA463217594031E45F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="27457070F7CC5EC2FB386B3B97DC7497" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="ED111F7AA5FC318789AE7C661F80CBB5" country="China" name="Beijing">Beijing</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="324BD7E71CEE2316D076CE69612E49DA" name="China">Tianjin</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="AF1356FD5E5F2F3664283E04D03993A4" country="China" name="Hebei">Hebei</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="9A907A033A1DBEA814DC931B30D3311B" country="China" name="Henan">Henan</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="C9B6A8EDB5697B55DFCD664840EF7040" country="China" name="Shanghai">Shanghai</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="661AEA07AAD1C01A7463667F1986BD30" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(Kyushu, Honshu, and
<collectingRegion id="D3853086E2D379B0096F41B56F016841" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
), and
<collectingCountry id="502674C0FF04CE506216F075CE2C571A" name="South Korea">South Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="2F4DC527EC7599CB51C34C811FF0A582" country="South Korea" name="Incheon">Incheon</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="70FA1C9DED5F5264DFE2C714C32E1423" country="South Korea" name="Jeju">Jeju</collectingRegion>
Island).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBHBG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="20C6AEE8D9E021BD690F341B0064AF97">
<heading id="96A58884758128675F24E437FE08C7EF" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FB7CB4AE8CA110FA838FB9957461562">
Detailed descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="A0ACCA1092A6F3FFF814BA004A82C4F9" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="177FB4B5647DFA0205B580E8FAE71AA5" italics="true">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="0A8657284F23D334D223DF784F50644A" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E1A3759D4AB68F0973B7AA13FA242B1A" author="Ohfuchi S" firstAuthor="Ohfuchi" refId="B32" refString="Ohfuchi S (1937) On the species possessing four pairs of spermathecae in the genus Pheretima, together with the variability of some external and internal characteristics. Saito Ho-On Kai Museum Research Bulletin: 31–136." year="1937">Ohfuchi (1937)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="17A0A013737E058218D0284E8F9B5C18" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore (2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6128A8A724EFAAABFF6C271E670DD4D3" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" author="Blakemore R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="99-126" refId="B7" refString="Blakemore R (2013 a) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 2 (2): 99–126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" title="Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="2">2013 a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E2EAA95915EB47AA19D19227CE7BA948" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" author="Blakemore R" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="55-68" refId="B9" refString="Blakemore R (2013 c) Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research 2 (1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.1.055" title="Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited." volume="2">c</bibRefCitation>
). Rather than typical closely spaced mid-ventral pre-clitellar genital markings (
<bibRefCitation id="3D6101DF3CBA53C603DA4FFBF57679EB" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
), widely spaced ones are mostly observed with the
<taxonomicName id="C3AFB055B7BEBA6CA7FA8B6FB52C4DAD" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="BB6331C63DAA5DCABB2759B286C5AF66" italics="true">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen from
<collectingCountry id="8EACEF8CAFE7F598B1F028764252A7C6" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, which resembles those Hikone specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F3D2D4ADF30F76E82CD7AE89DFA4A42A" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="87DEE6B04CCC568B44A2888EFD5236F5" country="Japan" name="Tokyo">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
An- 460 - DNA JET- 112) [cf. fig. 3 by
<bibRefCitation id="1199978CBC1A4CCCA79A6573043F2C5B" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" author="Blakemore R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="99-126" refId="B7" refString="Blakemore R (2013 a) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 2 (2): 99–126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" title="Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="2">Blakemore (2013 a</bibRefCitation>
)]. In contrast, the closely spaced pre-clitellar genital markings of the Liaoning specimens (Dandong, DNA 533
<collectionCode id="07050801A2425ECB463BF66D60CBDE6F" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
) match those of the South Korean specimen from Geoman (
<collectionCode id="172155ED80768CD6C476D6228D35FB22" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4iq-k5jx" name="National Institute of Biological Resources" type="">NIBR</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="3AF7DFF027532DBACC7EF9153B42DBAA">IV</collectionCode>
261234 - DNA w 37) and the Japanese
<typeStatus id="688BEA05C61F15356576E21D6947A83B" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="50E57C8FE5D75846D86A8FD8C977A6DB" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="532891547703FF229918A96A76D449B9" italics="true">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="2998F00EC416B1678E49CE3AE150FF85" country="Japan" name="Tokyo">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
An 435) [cf. fig. 2 by
<bibRefCitation id="05A1EA387373D86E6D64A89CA6E5201E" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" author="Blakemore R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="99-126" refId="B7" refString="Blakemore R (2013 a) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 2 (2): 99–126. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.099" title="Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="2">Blakemore (2013 a</bibRefCitation>
)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0EE06F8FB22C0311BB9A18F1CE81AC8">
A comparison of characters from the specimens of
<collectingCountry id="CBD3A3B7DA923963BAEBD90AC74D32CA" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="708A0067398CD0A7DC4F13F836094FAB" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(a
<typeStatus id="BD39E5D70E121FCD27183D68C27AF134" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="3FC936E1582805C16F8F89601508A3D4" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" type="">NSMT</collectionCode>
An 435 from the
<collectingRegion id="5649BE3F4FEBA40AC23ED6AA66043167" country="Japan" name="Tokyo">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
Museum) (
<bibRefCitation id="A0913177730F127486F20BF7368D40E2" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
), and the
<collectingCountry id="970E5BE1D3E9079D17F398AF4F2D400F" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="89ADAC6A8E6AD69871D64DEF5C4112B5" country="United States of America" name="Kansas">Kansas</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="54ADF0A829BBF624FC5DEAE6BC1D01E5" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" author="Chang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chang" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="495-529" refId="B13" refString="Chang C-H, Snyder B, Szlávecz K (2016) Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 4179 (3): 495–529. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" title="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae)." volume="4179" year="2016">Chang et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) is presented in Suppl. material
<xref id="228B91A067DA13E0A99C4E885A6649E8" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: table S 2. External characters such as the number of spermathecal pores and segment locations of pre-clitellar genital markings match among specimens from different countries. However, internal character variations are observed in the position of the intestinal caeca, which was reported to begin at XXVII and extend to XXIII or XXIV (
<bibRefCitation id="2EC699457EBFC170B3DD14647DA64986" DOI="10.12651/JSR.2012.1.1.035" author="Blakemore R" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Species Research" pagination="35-46" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore R (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research 1 (1): 35 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1. 1.035" title="Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)." volume="1" year="2012">Blakemore, 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 2013 b; 2013 c;
<bibRefCitation id="65CFD1A6BA84DC27ED4E786989596C33" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" author="Chang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chang" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="495-529" refId="B13" refString="Chang C-H, Snyder B, Szlávecz K (2016) Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 4179 (3): 495–529. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" title="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata, Megascolecidae)." volume="4179" year="2016">Chang et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), while the intestinal caeca in the Chinese specimens extends up to XX, XXI (or
<collectionCode id="B9A71F6565F9CDDABF39B89F6E49F62C">XXIII</collectionCode>
) (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FBEBAD5D1E8EA0E3E536FDC8FA4BD42F" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Amynthas carnosus carnosus intestinal caeca showing the segment length variations: A. (specimen ID 533 R 70 _ 10); B. (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 05), and C. (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105976">5</figureCitation>
), 2–3 segments more anterior than those from the two previous accounts. Moreover, some character measurements that were not presented in the other two accounts, such as the ventral distances between male pores (
<quantity id="9C20EBB8D5AAFC1AAB1355A006E32528" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.5" unit="mm" value="0.27" valueMax="0.29" valueMin="0.25">0.25–0.29 mm</quantity>
), spermathecal pores (
<quantity id="B35DB1FD0A564A0DC7B543A9CFDD7FC4" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.8" unit="mm" value="0.29" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.30 mm</quantity>
), and genital markings (latero-ventrally with
<quantity id="B3D5319C7871F4E4D68D2FE9B0C749F0" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.1" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.29" valueMin="0.21">0.21–0.29 mm</quantity>
distance apart or mid-ventrally with
<quantity id="063F0F3D5AA3E881F6744A1F89DC7701" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
distance apart), were added to further aid species identification.
</paragraph>
<caption id="817DA1BCA477AC13D26C0D5E12F55F93" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure5" ID-arpha="635B09AD-3573-587B-B870-AEA303514916" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105976" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="41A8E6F144ABC2C6432981CF943F1662">
<label id="AE4D346C694D4649D718FE922218CEFC">Figure 5.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C162FE76FA4BBAC342A423502F6620B9">
<taxonomicName id="868C90833404C4213B6ABF1AD077107D" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hatai" authorityYear="1899" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="carnosus" subSpecies="carnosus">
<emphasis id="A1FB7289C58CF447692B30A25C3D4F17" italics="true">Amynthas carnosus carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
intestinal caeca showing the segment length variations:
<emphasis id="77B40B054B1EAABED7470C1ADDC6AA13" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
(specimen ID 533 R 70 _ 10);
<emphasis id="BEAB865B69B83152388145AD68EAAC98" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
(specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 05), and
<emphasis id="F04F2F8F9DF92A1048BFE702EF53AB57" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
(specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05). Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="81160DC43C5135837C7E129050341033">
<bibRefCitation id="EADFCE634DD9BA850D71A9C2762C13B9" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
, in his thorough investigation of
<taxonomicName id="0C0030E073441C73ACA57096A7E5B11D" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="447489153F6FE94AF5875614CEF3AD47" italics="true">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presented “ permissible ” variations on the pre-clitellar and post-clitellar genital markings [text-figs.
<quantity id="735D61AA547A27AADCA8FC7B1C53BFB2" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="2.54" unit="in" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="AD05DA7F1767F984054C8D54C125539D" author="Kobayashi S" firstAuthor="Kobayashi" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University" pagination="115-138" refId="B26" refString="Kobayashi S (1936) Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University 11: 115–138." title="Distribution and some external characteristics of Pheretima (Ph.) carnosa (Goto et Hatai) from Korea." volume="11" year="1936">Kobayashi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
]. The pre-clitellar genital making variations in the
<emphasis id="85D80B9C147DF203857DD2DDF9757ED7" italics="true">
A. c.
<taxonomicName id="A9A4198409FD764702CD7D2B99DE561C" authorityName="&quot; (Blakemore" authorityYear="2012" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">carnosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
from
<collectingCountry id="191C55F1454BC665572F54561E64F72F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
comply with Kobayashi’s Types
<collectionCode id="E10DBAF79554CE4DAA592FB6C58968DA">IIII</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="D18F7630F3AD756338F15A7F7374859B" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
, and
<collectionCode id="C954A2B4AEA4FD54C8BB61A03DB64284">VIII</collectionCode>
(see Fig.
<figureCitation id="13F7FB226454DEF35D02ED4E8BBD2EDC" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Pre-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of Amynthas carnosus. A. Modified fig. 1 of the variations of pre-clitellar genital markings from Kobayashi (1936); B. This study. B 1. (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 01); B 2. (specimen ID 533 R 70 _ 09), and B 3. (specimen ID HNLNR 2 _ 05) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by Blakemore (2012)] of Kobayashi’s (1936) Type III (red), VI (blue), and VIII (green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105974">3</figureCitation>
), while the post-clitellar genital marking variations comply with Kobayashi’s Types
<collectionCode id="CF9F6C7BD2434305C447A9AF81913F1A">II</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="7921F58DB99AB267B917C0FA61C82638">IV</collectionCode>
, and
<collectionCode id="31E88D789F717BFC1C5C76DD7563A262" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
(see Fig.
<figureCitation id="9748CDE926344C5553738E4357E51A7F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Post-clitellar genital marking (arrows) variations of Amynthas carnosus. A. Modified fig. 2 of the variations of post-clitellar genital markings from Kobayashi (1936); B. This study. B 1, B 2. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 07 and HNLNR 2 _ 04); B 3 (specimen ID 362 R 1 _ 04); B 4, B 5. (specimen IDs 362 R 1 _ 01 and 533 R 70 _ 10) comply with the “ permissible variations ” [termed by Blakemore (2012)] of Kobayashi’s (1936) Type II (red), IV (blue), and V (green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.119292.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1105975">4</figureCitation>
). It is important to take note that genital marking patterns can also be considered a distinctive character for species identification (e. g.,
<bibRefCitation id="6EDF9C50A7DFE78E700DDC84842BC84E" DOI="10.26107/RBZ-2020-0019" author="Nguyen" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nguyen" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pagination="220-236" refId="B30" refString="Nguyen TT, Nguyen NQ, Lam DH, Nguyen AD (2020) Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims &amp; Easton, 1972 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 220–236. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0019" title="Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims &amp; Easton, 1972 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam." volume="68" year="2020">Nguyen et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="55888A056D5DDFE1EA3B77A911FD833A" DOI="10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849" author="Aspe" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Aspe" refId="B3" refString="Aspe NM, Manasan RE, Manlavi AB, Ma. Patiluna LE, Sebido MA, Obusan MCM, Simbahan JF, James SW (2021) The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (11–12): 11–12, 733–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849" year="2021">Aspe et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>