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<document id="FED7BB14A2875C55A3069720B94C9CFE" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14341218" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847695013" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Püschel, Hans P., Shelley, Sarah L., Williamson, Thomas E., Perini, Fernando A., Wible, John R. & Brusatte, Stephen L." docDate="2024" docId="03B9B735FFE90D0EC638F9B08B33FD9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae095.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Indaleciidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF80CF4DFFE60D1FC702FFD68932FFA1" masterDocTitle="A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1733771398044" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="830334033709965D898FBF426F98D271">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CA2056BCD407DC3FCE303B6B830A43B5">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="48B78FB40568145A0F3AFCE5BE30580A">Millenium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals (EVOTEM), Red Palentológica U-Chile, Santiago, 7800003, Chile & School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="26CFA6877FBA77BCEE16345D4AD6ED57">Shelley, Sarah L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="901AE4D6241ACC0E3D18BA4FFA2396A4">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="21E76E49DC1A9D2020F5612BE9F5F76E">Williamson, Thomas E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="230DF77038E03A9E57E3D4BE5471A03D">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="483CD11EB72E87CCF116E0A923F4F761">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E2545BDE885F66581E2D12CF31B0FCD7">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5C8FC444D0363EF5E3D3228F6BEAC4D6">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CFE41FF217A78459F8582FD5875BF966">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E42A3E968B0858E380D69E38A348A15">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="8E636D7D56669508A25DDCBC81F75B09">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE90D10C638F9B08B00F920" box="[314,562,1638,1665]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C638F9B08B00F920" blockId="15.[113,763,1638,1983]" box="[314,562,1638,1665]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C638F9B08B00F920" box="[314,562,1638,1665]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C638F9B08898F921" authority="(Bond & Vucetich, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[314,426,1638,1664]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C6BBF9B188CDF921" box="[441,511,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[193,1409,146,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[190,1412,143,1783]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Right upper molars of relevant SANUs. A, P1–M3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis in occlusal view [PVL 4186 (mirrored)]. B, crownless P1, and P2–M3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli in occlusal view [PVL 4298 (M1–M3 mirrored)]. C, crownless and broken M2, broken M1, and P5–P2 of the notonychopid Requisia vidmari in occlusal view (UNPSJB PV 944, crownless and broken M2, broken parastyle of M1, and P4–P5 (holotype); UNPSJB PV 947, broken M1; UNPSJB PV 945, P2). D, P1–M3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense in occlusal view [PVL 4216 (holotype)]. E, P1–M3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor in occlusal view [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. F–G, unworn M1 or M2 of the notoungulate Henricosbornia sp. (MACN A 10717) in occlusal (F) and distoocclusal (G) views.H, P2–M3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani (AMNH VP-28700). I, P5–M3 of the xenungulate Carodnia vieirai [cast of DGM 335M, P5–M2 (mirrored); cast of AMNH VP-49828, M3 (mirrored)]. J, P5–M3 of Propyrotherium saxeum [AMNH unnumbered (labelled as ‘O3’)], right M3 (there is a mesiobuccal portion missing); MLP 55-III-10-1a, right M1 or M2 (duplicated for illustrating M1–M2); MACN A 10929 (lectotype), left P5 (lectotype; mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisks mark the hypocone and prehypocrista in notoungulates, as they could potentially not be homologous with the hypocone and prehypocrista in other SANUs, considering a different origin of the hypocone in notoungulates (see more in the Material and methods and in Supporting information, File S2). For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods.Abbreviations:efx, ectoflexus; hy, hypocone; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista (or crochet in notoungulates); pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 6A</figureCitation>
|
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,
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||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C508F9B18B15F920" box="[522,551,1639,1665]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[177,1425,147,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-8@18.[174,1428,144,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7. Right lower molars of relevant SANUs in occlusal view.A, p1–m3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis [PVL 4186 (p1–p2 mirrored)]. B, p2–m3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli [PVL 4298 (mirrored)]. C, p1–m3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. D, p1–m3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani [MNHN.F.CAS188 (mirrored)]. E, p2– m3 of the xenungulate Etayoa bacatensis [cast of GM 32 (holotype; mirrored)]. F, p1–m3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense [PVL 4216, p1–m2 (holotype; p1–p5, m2 mirrored); PVL 4216, m3. G, p4–m3 ofPropyrotherium saxeum [LIEB-PV 3200 (mirrored)].Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisk is labelling either a paracristid in H1 or a very reduced paraconid in H2 in Simpsonotus praecursor, the tested hypotheses in our analyses. The question mark (?) next to the paraconid of Simpsonotus praecursor is to reflect that in the H1 matrix, this cusp was scored as a paraconid, whereas in the H2 matrix it was scored as a twinned metaconid.For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid). Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7A</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C773F95B8D53FBF5" blockId="15.[113,763,1638,1983]" lastBlockId="15.[808,1461,144,1985]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773F95B89C2F904" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[113,240,1677,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
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currently includes three accepted genera with an exclusive Palaeogene distribution (
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||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C6DFF97A8B24F965" box="[477,534,1708,1732]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE90D10C7A9F91A8839F945" box="[171,267,1740,1764]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
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).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C626F91A8891F945" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[292,419,1740,1764]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was initially proposed by Soria (1984a) and better justified in a later article (Soria 1989a), in which he elevated the rank of the previously proposed subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C7BFF8FC880CF8E3" box="[189,318,1834,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which included
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C6FEF8FC8BFBF8E3" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[508,713,1834,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C6FEF8FC8BFBF8E3" box="[508,713,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773F89F8B67F8C0" authority="(Bond and Vucetich 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Bond and Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[113,597,1865,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C773F89F882FF8C0" box="[113,285,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C636F89F8B7BF8C0" author="Bond and Vucetich" box="[308,585,1865,1889]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond and Vucetich 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Previously,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C5E1F89F89A8F821" baseAuthorityName="Bond and Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C5E1F89F89A8F821" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. leali</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Divisadero Largo Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE90D10C52EF8BE8BA6F821" box="[556,660,1896,1920]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(age uncertain;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C7C8F85E88AEF801" author="Cerdeno" box="[202,412,1928,1952]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerdeno" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="574 - 7" refId="ref40752" refString="Cerdeno E, Lopez GM, Reguero MA. Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 574 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 (574: bcotdf) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||||
Cerdeño
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C62FF85E8868F801" box="[301,346,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C532F85E8B6FF801" box="[560,605,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014a,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C5BBF85E8994F81E" author="Lopez" firstAuthor="Lopez" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="410 - 20" refId="ref44025" refString="Lopez GM. Dividaderan: Land Mammal Age or local fauna? In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds), The paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 410 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2010">López 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), was placed tentatively in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C6C9F8718B79F81E" box="[459,587,1959,1983]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on dental similarities with the adianthid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C398FF468C33FF09" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[1178,1281,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C398FF468C33FF09" box="[1178,1281,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adianthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Simpson and Minoprio 1949, Simpson
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C330FF668D68FF66" box="[1074,1114,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1962). Later,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C3EFFF798A46FF46" author="Bond and Vucetich" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond and Vucetich (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4FBFF198DF9FF46" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[1017,1227,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C4FBFF198DF9FF46" box="[1017,1227,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Lumbrera Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE90D10C4A5FF388D3DFEA7" box="[935,1039,238,262]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
[Early Eocene (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C3BDFF388CA5FEA7" author="Fernicola" box="[1215,1431,238,262]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernicola" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="621 - 33" refId="ref41787" refString="Fernicola JC, Zimicz AN, Chornogubsky L et al. The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, northwestern Argentina): origin and early diversification of the Cingulata. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2021; 28: 621 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 021 - 09545 - w" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Fernicola
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C22BFF398C69FEA7" box="[1321,1371,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)], that showed dental similarities with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C3ADFEDB8C65FE84" baseAuthorityName="Bond and Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1199,1367,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C3ADFEDB8C65FE84" box="[1199,1367,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, such as a buccolingually transverse crest connecting the hypocone with the metaconule, and the absence of a postprotocrista connecting the protocone with the metaconule on M1–M2, among other features that justified the proposal of a subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C429FE7C8A98FE63" box="[811,938,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4FAFE7C8D48FE63" box="[1016,1146,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C383FE7C8CB6FE63" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[1153,1412,426,450]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
tentatively followed
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C4E1FE1F8C37FE40" author="Bond and Vucetich" box="[995,1285,457,481]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond and Vucetich (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
considering the shared presence of fossettes formed by hypertrophied conular cristae in the upper molars in members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C206FDDE8CB1FD81" box="[1284,1411,520,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and typical adianthids. However, they also noticed some important features that separated them, such as the lack of a mesostyle on the upper molars and the lack of an entolophid (hypolophid in our matrix nomenclature;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C343FD538D48FD3C" box="[1089,1146,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[220,1352,145,1745]" captionTargetId="graphics-399@9.[425,1168,891,1380]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Dental nomenclature used in the text and the characters. A, right upper molar in occlusal view.B–D, right lower molars in occlusal view. The main cusps of the molars are highlighted in bold.The molars represent structures sometimes present in SANUs and with relevance in the character scoring of this study. The molars do not represent any particular SANU.Molars in A and B were partially based on drawings from Gelfo (2006). Abbreviations upper molar: ecg, buccal cingulum or ectocingulum; es, entostyle; hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mt, metastyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; ppc, preparacrista (or paracrista); pplc, preparaconular crista; pprc, preprotocrista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; pshyc, posthypocrista; psmc, postmetacrista (or metacrista); psmlc, postmetaconular crista; pspc, postparacrista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Abbreviations lower molar: co, cristid obliqua; encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; dbgd, distobuccal cingulid; dlgd, distolingual cingulid; hlph, hypolophid; hycd, hypocristid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; mbgd, mesiobuccal cingulid; med, metaconid; mlgd, mesiolingual cingulid; mlph, mesolophid; msd, mesoconid; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prcd, protocristid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid); pseld, postentoconulid; psgd, postcingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) on the lower molars, among other features.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C4D2FD738DD4FD1C" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[976,1254,677,701]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also added a new species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C482FD128D7DFD7D" authorityName="Cifelli & Soria" authorityYear="1983" box="[896,1103,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C482FD128D7DFD7D" box="[896,1103,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adiantoides magnus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cañadon Vaca,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE90D10C247FD128C9DFD7D" box="[1349,1455,708,732]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C44DFD358AE3FD5A" box="[847,977,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The differences between indaleciines and adianthids and also the dental similarities of the former with ‘amilnedwarsiids’, led Soria (1989a) to propose elevating the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C499FC978D28FCF8" box="[923,1050,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C3C2FC978C73FCF8" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1216,1345,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, including indaleciids, ‘amilnedwarsiids’, and notonychopids under the same order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4DAFC568D60FC36" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[984,1106,896,919]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C390FC568C64FC39" authorityName="Püschel & Shelley & Williamson & Perini & Wible & Brusatte" authorityYear="2024" box="[1170,1366,896,920]" family="Amilnedwardsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="family">Amilnedwardsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C469FC768AD7FC16" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[875,997,928,951]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section). Apart from some common dental features, indaleciids share features of the ear region with notonychopids, such as anteriorly acuminate petrosals; however, they diverge in the presence of enamel fossettes in the P2– M3 and less developed parastyles in indaleciids, among other dental features (Soria 1989b).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D0EC447FB8D8853FEC5" blockId="15.[808,1461,144,1985]" lastBlockId="17.[112,763,144,575]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C447FB8D8AE9FBD2" author="Cifelli" box="[837,987,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
conducted a phylogenetic analysis that included indaleciids (i.e.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C344FBAD8DADFB32" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[1094,1183,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C344FBAD8DADFB32" box="[1094,1183,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C3EFFBAD8C53FB32" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" box="[1261,1377,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C3EFFBAD8C53FB32" box="[1261,1377,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adiantoides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) in a sample of different litoptern families and didolodontids, and found them to form a monophyletic group closely related to sparnotheriodontids (i.e.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C335FB0F8DFBFB50" box="[1079,1225,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C335FB0F8DFBFB50" box="[1079,1225,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and these three taxa together were sister to didolodontids (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C3D6FB2E8C17FAB1" box="[1236,1317,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This result was probably influenced by Cifelli’s (1983b) indirect assignment of tarsals for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4FCFAE18DA2FAEE" box="[1022,1168,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C4FCFAE18DA2FAEE" box="[1022,1168,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C3D3FAE18C81FAEE" box="[1233,1459,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section). When
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C4DAFA808C17FACF" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[984,1317,1366,1390]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
repeated the analysis removing didolodontids and adding notonychopids, they similarly found this close relationship between indaleciids and sparnotheriodontids, without a close relationship with notonychopids (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C4D7FA058D2DFA4A" box="[981,1055,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, in a different analysis based only on lower molars,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C313FA258DE2F9AA" author="Gelfo" box="[1041,1232,1523,1547]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="329 - 35" refId="ref42504" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Bond M. A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 2008; 82: 329 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 06 - 099.1" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C352FA258D4BF9AA" box="[1104,1145,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2008)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
found indaleciids in a polytomy with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4C9F9C48DA3F98B" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[971,1169,1554,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C4C9F9C48DA3F98B" box="[971,1169,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Notonychops powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and this polytomy as sister of the sparnotheriodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C33DF9E78DD3F9E8" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1980" box="[1087,1249,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Sparnotheriodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C33DF9E78DD3F9E8" box="[1087,1249,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sparnotheriodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Most authors since then have included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4FBF9878D47F9C8" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1017,1141,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a family of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C20DF9878C4EF9C8" box="[1295,1404,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g., Croft
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C469F9A78AABF929" box="[875,921,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020). Nevertheless, a preliminary study that included ear region characters among other craniodental characters found the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C306F9798D6FF966" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[1028,1117,1711,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C306F9798D6FF966" box="[1028,1117,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a sister taxon to astrapotheres and notoungulates, instead of having a close relationship with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C428F93B8DDAF8A4" authority="(Garcia-Lopez and Babot 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[810,1256,1773,1797]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
|
||||
Litopterna (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C4A5F93B8DEEF8A4" author="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" box="[935,1244,1773,1797]" firstAuthor="Garcia-Lopez" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref42013" refString="Garcia-Lopez DA, Babot J. The auditory region of the Middle Eocene Litopterna Indalecia grandensis Bond & Vucetich 1983: anatomical and phylogenetic approach. In: IV International Paleontological Congress, Mendoza, Argentina, 2014; p. 183." type="journal volume" year="2014">García-López and Babot 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. More recently, in a study that included litopterns, kollpanines, and didolodontids, the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C4C2F8FA8D06F8E5" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" box="[960,1076,1836,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C4C2F8FA8D06F8E5" box="[960,1076,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adiantoides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was found at the stem of litopterns, being more closely related to them than to didolodontids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C437F8BD8D34F822" author="Kramarz" box="[821,1030,1899,1923]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref43620" refString="Kramarz AG, Bond M, MacPhee RDE. On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the ' condylarth' Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2021; 41: e 1986716." type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
Kramarz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C495F8BD8AF1F822" box="[919,963,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In a different study that also included some early notoungulates, the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C3D3F85C8C18F803" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[1233,1322,1930,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C3D3F85C8C18F803" box="[1233,1322,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was found in a polytomy that includes sparnotheriodontids, protolipternids, didolodontids, and North American phenacodontids (Zimicz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC5EBFF4789B1FF66" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2022). It is important to mention that most of these studies have a relatively limited taxon and character sample, and none of them have included members of all the litoptern families and early members of the various SANU orders (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC530FEDB8B4EFE84" box="[562,636,269,293]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore, including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC7DAFEFB8866FEE4" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[216,340,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
within the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC50FFEFB8B48FEE4" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[525,634,301,325]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can only be considered as tentative.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFF60D0EC783F8C589ECF81B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[129,194,1811,1835]" targetBox="[193,1409,146,1780]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF60D0FC783F8C58CA3F88A" blockId="16.[129,1465,1811,1976]" box="[129,1425,1811,1836]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC783F8C589EAF88A" bold="true" box="[129,216,1811,1835]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
Right upper molars of relevant SANUs. A, P1–M3 of the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC455F8C58D3EF88A" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[855,1036,1811,1835]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC455F8C58D3EF88A" box="[855,1036,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [PVL 4186 (mirrored)].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF60D0EC783F8E689ECF81B" blockId="16.[129,1465,1811,1976]" lastBlockId="17.[113,1454,1675,1979]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
B, crownless P1, and P2–M3 of the notonychopid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC558F8F98A20F8E6" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[602,786,1839,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC558F8F98A20F8E6" box="[602,786,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Notonychops powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [PVL 4298 (M1–M3 mirrored)]. C, crownless and broken M2, broken M1, and P5–P2 of the notonychopid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC599F89A8A06F8C2" authorityName="Bonaparte and Morales" authorityYear="1997" box="[667,820,1867,1891]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Requisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidmari">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC599F89A8A06F8C2" box="[667,820,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Requisia vidmari</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view (UNPSJB PV 944, crownless and broken M2, broken parastyle of M1, and P4–P5 (holotype); UNPSJB PV 947, broken M1; UNPSJB PV 945, P2). D, P1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC3C3F8B18C81F8DE" authorityName="Soria & Powell" authorityYear="1981" box="[1217,1459,1895,1919]" class="Mammalia" family="Eoastrapostylopidae" genus="Eoastrapostylops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riolorense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC3C3F8B18C81F8DE" box="[1217,1459,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eoastrapostylops riolorense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [PVL 4216 (holotype)]. E, P1–M3 of the notoungulate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC428F8528ACCF83A" box="[810,1022,1924,1947]" class="Mammalia" family="Henricosborniidae" genus="Simpsonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praecursor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC428F8528ACCF83A" box="[810,1022,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simpsonotus praecursor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. F–G, unworn M1 or M2 of the notoungulate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF60D0FC59FF8498A77F816" box="[669,837,1951,1975]" class="Mammalia" family="Henricosborniidae" genus="Henricosbornia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF60D0FC59FF8498A15F816" box="[669,807,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Henricosbornia</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 10717) in occlusal (F) and distoocclusal (G) views. H, P2–M3 of the astrapothere
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC677F95D8B66F903" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[373,596,1675,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Trigonostylopidae" genus="Trigonostylops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wortmani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC677F95D8B66F903" box="[373,596,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Trigonostylops wortmani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH VP-28700). I, P5–M3 of the xenungulate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC338F95D8DFEF903" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1082,1228,1675,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Carodniidae" genus="Carodnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Xenungulata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vieirai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC338F95D8DFEF903" box="[1082,1228,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Carodnia vieirai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[cast of DGM 335M, P5–M2 (mirrored); cast of AMNH VP-49828, M3 (mirrored)]. J, P5–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC447F9718D2CF91F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[837,1054,1703,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Pyrotheriidae" genus="Propyrotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxeum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC447F9718D2CF91F" box="[837,1054,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Propyrotherium saxeum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[AMNH unnumbered (labelled as ‘O3’)], right M3 (there is a mesiobuccal portion missing); MLP 55-III-10-1a, right M1 or M2 (duplicated for illustrating M1–M2); MACN A 10929 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFF70D0EC77AF90989EAF956" box="[120,216,1759,1783]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
), left P5 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFF70D0EC633F90988A2F956" box="[305,400,1759,1783]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
; mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisks mark the hypocone and prehypocrista in notoungulates, as they could potentially not be homologous with the hypocone and prehypocrista in other SANUs, considering a different origin of the hypocone in notoungulates (see more in the Material and methods and in Supporting information, File S2). For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: efx, ectoflexus; hy, hypocone; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista (or crochet in notoungulates); pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFF70D0EC7A8F87589EBF81B" box="[170,217,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC78FFEBD8B33FD9E" blockId="17.[112,763,144,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
The earliest member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC69BFEBD8B27FE22" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[409,533,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the Early Eocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC773FE5D8808FE02" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[113,314,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC773FE5D8808FE02" box="[113,314,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Lumbrera Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF70D0EC597FE5D8BC8FE02" box="[661,762,395,419]" name="Argentina" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(55.0–46.2 Mya;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC627FE7C88C1FE63" author="Fernicola" box="[293,499,426,450]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernicola" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="621 - 33" refId="ref41787" refString="Fernicola JC, Zimicz AN, Chornogubsky L et al. The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, northwestern Argentina): origin and early diversification of the Cingulata. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2021; 28: 621 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 021 - 09545 - w" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Fernicola
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC688FE7D8881FE63" box="[394,435,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the youngest would be an undescribed indaleciid from the Abanico Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF70D0EC5C1FE1F8BC9FE40" box="[707,763,457,481]" name="Chile" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Wyss
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC7BAFE3F89D5FDA0" box="[184,231,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1994), which gives the family a temporal interval of 55.0–~31.5 Mya (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC630FDDE884CFD81" box="[306,382,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC595FDDE8BC7FD81" box="[663,757,520,544]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC773FDF18828FD9E" author="Flynn" box="[113,282,551,575]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Flynn" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="229 - 59" refId="ref41858" refString="Flynn JJ, Wyss AR, Croft DA et al. The Tinguiririca fauna, Chile: biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography, and a new earliest Oligocene South American land mammal ' age'. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2003; 195: 229 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0031 - 0182 (03) 00360 - 2" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||||
Flynn
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC7B1FDFE89D0FD9E" box="[179,226,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2003
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC627FDF188C3FD9E" author="Fernicola" box="[293,497,551,575]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernicola" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="621 - 33" refId="ref41787" refString="Fernicola JC, Zimicz AN, Chornogubsky L et al. The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, northwestern Argentina): origin and early diversification of the Cingulata. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2021; 28: 621 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 021 - 09545 - w" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Fernicola
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC688FDFE888AFD9E" box="[394,440,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="3DB043A802034F55439D6EDF2B761F78">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="780B31BD1A885A9E8D3FC014E702BBF2">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="965BAEE2CBFE86E5F0320052CEE55B7B">Millenium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals (EVOTEM), Red Palentológica U-Chile, Santiago, 7800003, Chile & School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="06345BAB95F3298983D445DC62A6CF49">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="FFC2B8B720D15B27481860E2D58DE66B">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A9183B2F8B22A19F8DFFACCAB8995A01">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="75DAB92D587FC39A042D70C4A0279408">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A509DC2BE60B180910E52D1665713B74">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1501E5930B764C8CD879B78B4FC6C561">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6B723F1FA18F1A7EF1542137C754AB6C">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="607CC022013F819C8C98E35C7D47D83D">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE90D10C7E1FF2E8BBAFEB3" box="[227,648,248,274]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C7E1FF2E8BBAFEB3" blockId="15.[227,648,248,274]" box="[227,648,248,274]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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|
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C7E1FF2E88AAFEB3" box="[227,408,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C519FF2F8BBAFEB3" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[539,648,249,274]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
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|
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|
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<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE90D10C773FEC988DCF99D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="multiple">
|
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C773FEC988A1FBE7" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773FEC98805FE96" box="[113,311,287,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was proposed preliminarily by Soria (1984b) and better justified in a later article (Soria 1989a). It is based on two genera (i.e.,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C687FE888B25FED7" box="[389,535,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amilnedwarsia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C522FE888BFEFED7" author="Ameghino" box="[544,716,350,374]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773FEA88890FE34" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[113,418,381,405]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" genus="Rutimeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C773FEA889DAFE34" box="[113,232,382,405]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rutimeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C7F1FEAB8890FE34" author="Ameghino" box="[243,418,381,405]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and three species named after small bunodont isolated upper molars whose positions were assigned tentatively by Soria (1989a) by comparing them with the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C606FE0D88FAFE52" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[260,456,475,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C606FE0D88FAFE52" box="[260,456,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C6D6FE0D8BA8FE52" box="[468,666,475,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was considered to be the most basal family of the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C580FE2D89D9FD93" authority="Soria, 1989" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna Soria, 1989</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which also includes the families
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C54DFDCC8BF9FD93" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[591,715,538,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773FDEF888BFDF0" authority="(Soria 1989 b)" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[113,441,569,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae (Soria 1989b)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C6C4FDEF8B0CFDF1" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[454,574,569,592]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is diagnosed by a well-developed and buccally projected parastyle and the absence of a mesostyle in the upper molars, bicrescentic and selenodont lower molars, and anteriorly acuminate petrosals, among other anatomical features that distinguish them from other SANUs (Soria 1989a). Soria (1989a, b) argued that, considering their dental similarities, ‘amilnedwarsids’ could be the structural ancestor of both indaleciids and notonychopids. However, a phylogenetic analysis failed to recover the members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C558FCE28BE0FCEA" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[602,722,820,843]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a monophyletic group (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C656FC858B4FFCCA" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[340,637,851,875]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which has led to some authors to include its members tentatively within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C773FC4489ECFC0B" box="[113,222,914,938]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C622FC4488F8FC0B" author="Gelfo" box="[288,458,914,938]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C65DFC4488A2FC0B" box="[351,400,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Croft
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C514FC448B75FC0B" box="[534,583,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C58CFC448997FC68" author="Goin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goin" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1029 - 53" refId="ref42920" refString="Goin FJ, Gelfo JN, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, et al. Mamiferos del Banco Negro Inferior, Formacion Salamanca, Cuenca del Golfo de San Jorge. In: Giacosa RE (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Chubut. Puerto Madryn, Relatorio del XXI Congreso Geologico Argentino, 2022, 1029 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2022">
|
||||
Goin
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C5C8FC448BC9FC0B" box="[714,763,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, this is a problematic assumption as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C593FC678873FC49" author="Bonaparte and Morales" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
used a matrix that includes only litopterns, so the broader relationships of notopterns have not yet been tested in an analysis that includes other SANUs such as notoungulates and astrapotheres.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C78FFB988B46FA3E" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C78FFB988811FBC7" box="[141,291,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amilnedwardia</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C655FB9888FCFBC4" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[343,462,1102,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" genus="Rutimeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C655FB9888FCFBC4" box="[343,462,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rutimeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were previously referred tentatively to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C64EFBBB88CEFB24" box="[332,508,1133,1157]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and regarded as close to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C771FB5A8837FB05" box="[115,261,1164,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C771FB5A8837FB05" box="[115,261,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Simpson 1945, 1948), although the latter now is now considered to be part of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C511FB7A8BC5FB65" box="[531,759,1196,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Cifelli (1983a)considered referred specimens of these taxa to be too fragmentary to determine a clear affinity,but suggested the referred specimens represent deciduous teeth of a henricosborniid notoungulate based on the presence of a metaconule-derived crest connecting with the ectoloph wall. Indeed, probably due to their limited fossil record, thus far no members of this family have ever been included in a phylogenetic analysis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE90D10C78FFA7088DCF99D" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
If we consider
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE90D10C633FA7088C5FA1F" box="[305,503,1446,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be a valid family, as its three species all come from Patagonian fossil localities of a similar age that correlate with the Vacan SALMA, the temporal interval of this family is ~45–42 Mya (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE90D10C6F6F9D28B09F9BD" box="[500,571,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE90D10C7C7F9F2882DF99D" box="[197,287,1572,1596]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE90D10C628F9F288EFF99D" author="Krause" box="[298,477,1572,1596]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Krause
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE90D10C674F9F28897F99D" box="[374,421,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,763 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C61EFDD788DBFDBA" authority="Soria, 1980" box="[284,489,513,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C6FAFDD48B0FFDBA" box="[504,573,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 4L</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C545FDD78B51FDBA" box="[583,611,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5L</figureCitation>
|
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)
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FDF18851FD9E" box="[129,355,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently has five accepted genera, all with a fossil record exclusively in the Palaeogene (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C54DFD918BBAFDFE" box="[591,648,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C609FDB0885BFDDF" box="[267,361,614,638]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6FBFDB08BE9FDDF" box="[505,731,614,638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was initially proposed by Soria (1980a) to include
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C56AFD5388AAFD1C" authority="Soria, 1980 a" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Sparnotheriodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epsilonoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56AFD5389C6FD1C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides</emphasis>
|
||||
Soria, 1980a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cañadón Vaca Member, Sarmiento Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C683FD1288DBFD7D" box="[385,489,708,732]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, which was classified as
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FD328836FD5A" box="[129,260,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||||
within the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6CBFD358B68FD5A" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[457,602,739,763]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The family was later removed from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C658FCD588DAFCBA" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[346,488,771,795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and incorporated into the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7BDFCF4881CFC9B" box="[191,302,802,826]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, being expanded by Soria (1980b) adding the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7D2FC978850FCF8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[208,354,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C7D2FC978850FCF8" box="[208,354,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6A3FC978A36FCF8" authority="Simpson et al. 1962" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1962" box="[417,772,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6A3FC978B2FFCF8" box="[417,541,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||||
Simpson
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C58DFC948BF6FCF8" box="[655,708,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1962
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FCB78821FCD8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,275,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FCB78821FCD8" box="[129,275,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was previously considered an early macraucheniid (Simpson 1945, 1948), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6B0FC568B1CFC39" box="[434,558,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6B0FC568B1CFC39" box="[434,558,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was previously considered with doubts as a proterotheriid (Simpson
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C58EFC768B8CFC16" box="[652,702,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1962). Soria’s (1980b) proposal was based on shared similarities in the upper and lower molars, such as the presence of a lophoid metaconule and a closed trigon basin in M2.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C56AFC2B8BD6FBB4" box="[616,740,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56AFC2B8BD6FBB4" box="[616,740,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
includes one species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C65AFBCB8B7EFB94" authorityName="Simpson, Minoprio y Patterson" authorityYear="1962" box="[344,588,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divortiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C65AFBCB8B7EFB94" box="[344,588,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus divortiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, from Divisadero Largo Formation,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFEA0D13C638FBEA88AEFBF5" box="[314,412,1084,1108]" country="Argentina" name="Mendoza" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mendoza</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C6A7FBEA8B38FBF5" box="[421,522,1084,1108]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(age uncertain;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5B2FBEA89D5FBD2" author="Cerdeno" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerdeno" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="574 - 7" refId="ref40752" refString="Cerdeno E, Lopez GM, Reguero MA. Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 574 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 (574: bcotdf) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||||
Cerdeño
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FB8A899AFBD2" box="[129,168,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C7F3FB8D8858FBD2" author="Lopez" box="[241,362,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Lopez" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="410 - 20" refId="ref44025" refString="Lopez GM. Dividaderan: Land Mammal Age or local fauna? In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds), The paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 410 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2010">López 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6F6FB8A8B2EFBD2" box="[500,540,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014a). An interesting feature of the teeth of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C680FBAD8B56FB32" box="[386,612,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is that they possess vertical Hunter–Schreger bands, a feature unknown in any other litoptern (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C624FB6F88F8FB70" author="Bond" box="[294,458,1209,1233]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Bond
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C661FB6C88A0FB70" box="[355,402,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C79EFB0F8D68FE22" blockId="12.[127,780,513,1641]" lastBlockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Simpson (1948) tentatively accepted three Patagonian species of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C64CFB2E88D2FAB1" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[334,480,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C64CFB2E88D2FAB1" box="[334,480,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6F7FB2E881DFA8E" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6F7FB2E8A3BFAB1" box="[501,777,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C783FAC1881DFA8E" author="Ameghino" box="[129,303,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C63DFAC18A36FA8E" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[319,772,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C63DFAC18B79FA8E" box="[319,587,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea emarginata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C557FAC18A36FA8E" author="Ameghino" box="[597,772,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7AFFAE18B62FAEE" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[173,592,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C7AFFAE188ADFAEE" box="[173,415,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea longidens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C6A7FAE18B62FAEE" author="Ameghino" box="[421,592,1335,1359]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as they were represented only by isolated teeth, the first two being represented by upper teeth, and the last by lower teeth. This means that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FA4389C5FA0C" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,247,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FA4389C5FA0C" box="[129,247,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. longidens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could correspond to teeth from the lower dentition of either
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C611FA638891FA6D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[275,419,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C611FA638891FA6D" box="[275,419,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6C8FA638B66FA6D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[458,596,1461,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6C8FA638B66FA6D" box="[458,596,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. emarginata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in particular the mandibular fragment with m1–m2 of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFEA0D13C54BFA058B97FA4A" box="[585,677,1491,1515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(MACN A-10670), as the allegedly associated premolars of this specimen seem to correspond to an isotemnid notoungulate (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5D3F9C489D9F9E8" author="Bond" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Bond
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783F9E48983F9E8" box="[129,177,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C600F9E4882AF9E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFEA0D11C61EFDD78B0BFC57:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C600F9E4882AF9E8" box="[258,280,1586,1609]" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="In" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In</location>
|
||||
the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C688F9E78BD5F9E8" authority=", Bond et al. (2006)" authorityName="Bond" authorityYear="2006" box="[394,743,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C688F9E78B28F9E8" box="[394,538,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C525F9E78BD5F9E8" author="Bond" box="[551,743,1585,1609]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Bond
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C564F9E48BA4F9E8" box="[614,662,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2006)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
included only
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C607F98788A4F9C8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[261,406,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C607F98788A4F9C8" box="[261,406,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in their list of formally recognized sparnotheriodontid species, and more recently some authors have mentioned only
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C311FF668D92FF66" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1043,1184,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C311FF668D92FF66" box="[1043,1184,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for the
|
||||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C3EFFF798C67FF66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFEA0D11C61EFDD78B0BFC57:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C3EFFF798C67FF66" box="[1261,1365,175,199]" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="Riochican" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Riochican</location>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C287FF668A98FF46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFEA0D11C61EFDD78B0BFC57:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C287FF668A98FF46" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="Vacan Patagonian" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vacan Patagonian</location>
|
||||
faunas, omitting
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C35CFF198DD4FF47" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1118,1254,207,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C35CFF198DD4FF47" box="[1118,1254,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. emarginata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C21AFF198CB9FF46" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1304,1419,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C21AFF198CB9FF46" box="[1304,1419,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. longidens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g., Reguero
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C497FF398AF6FEA7" box="[917,964,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014, Gelfo 2016,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C381FF388C1AFEA7" author="Gelfo" box="[1155,1320,238,262]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3C0FF398DC2FEA7" box="[1218,1264,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2019
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which can be interpreted as implicitly synonymizing them with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C232FED88C8EFE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1328,1468,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C232FED88C8EFE84" box="[1328,1468,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCB9C59FFEA0D13C43BFEFB8A7DFEE5" box="[825,847,301,324]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
addition, there is one
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C346FEFB8C1AFEE4" box="[1092,1320,301,325]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C346FEFB8DE4FEE4" box="[1092,1238,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="62CE7EAFFFEA0D13C26EFEFB8C8CFEE4" box="[1388,1470,301,325]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Itaboraí</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C43BFE9A8A44FEC5" box="[825,886,332,356]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C47DFE9A8C76FEC5" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[895,1348,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C47DFE9A8DB6FEC5" box="[895,1156,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, also known mostly from dental material.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C457FE5D8D43FC57" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Cifelli (1983b) indirectly assigned some tarsals (i.e., calcaneum and astragalus) to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C342FE7D8DF8FE63" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1088,1226,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C342FE7D8DF8FE63" box="[1088,1226,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, based on their relative size and abundance. These tarsals were large and scarce, so considering linear regressions with the dentition (m2 area), he argued it could only correspond to either the sparnotheriodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C438FDFE8AE3FD9E" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[826,977,552,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C438FDFE8AE3FD9E" box="[826,977,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or the didolodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3E1FDFE8C8FFD9E" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1251,1469,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Lamegoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conodonta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3E1FDFE8C8FFD9E" box="[1251,1469,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lamegoia conodonta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Considering the similarities of the tarsals assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C2ADFD918A9AFDDF" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C2ADFD918A9AFDDF" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and others indirectly assigned to didolodontids, such as presenting a medial malleolar facet of the astragalus extending onto the neck and the presence of a dorsal beak on the distal end of the calcaneum,Cifelli (1983a) grouped
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3E2FD128CF0FD7D" box="[1248,1474,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C466FD358D3AFD5A" box="[868,1032,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
under the superfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3F7FD358C94FD5A" box="[1269,1446,739,763]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Didolodontoidea">Didolodontoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4A2FCD58D19FCBA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1881" box="[928,1067,771,795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Condylarthra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C33EFCD58DBAFCBA" box="[1084,1160,771,795]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). This hypothesis found some phylogenetic support (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C328FCF48D94FC9B" author="Cifelli" box="[1066,1190,802,826]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C3B7FCF48C61FC9B" author="Bergqvist" box="[1205,1363,802,826]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C266FCF48C83FC9B" box="[1380,1457,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and has been followed by some authors (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C215FC978C83FCF8" author="Bergqvist" box="[1303,1457,833,857]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="107 - 33" refId="ref39850" refString="Bergqvist LP. Postcranial skeleton of the Upper Paleocene of Itaborai Basin, Brazil. In: Sargis EJ, Dagosto M, (eds), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederik S. Szalay. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2008, 107 - 33." type="book chapter" year="2008">Bergqvist 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, other authors have questioned the indirect anatomical assignment of these tarsals to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C364FC578DDFFC39" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1126,1261,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C364FC578DDFFC39" box="[1126,1261,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C22AFC568A98FC16" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Soria 2001,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C337FC768DF0FC16" author="Lorente" box="[1077,1218,927,951]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and even suggested an affinity of these tarsals with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C35AFC698C43FC76" authority="(Soria 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1112,1393,959,983]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata (Soria 2001)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C438FC088D5EFC57" authority="(Lorente 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Lorente" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[826,1132,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
|
||||
Astrapotheria (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4D4FC088D52FC57" author="Lorente" box="[982,1120,990,1014]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C457FC288CA6FACC" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Among the different litoptern families, Soria (2001) considered that sparnotheriodontids were more closely related to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C479FBEA8D10FBF5" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[891,1058,1084,1108]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to overall dental similarities between both families, and also considering an isolated M1 (MNRJ
|
||||
<date id="FFAE20E3FFEA0D13C287FB8D8A7CFB32" bridgedPair="-" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1479-05">1479- V</date>
|
||||
) from Itaboraí showing an intermediate anatomy between sparnotheriodontids and anisolambdids. Therefore, he created the suborder
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4C0FB6F8D70FB70" box="[962,1090,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eolitopterna">Eolitopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to include both families (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C248FB6F8CA4FB70" box="[1354,1430,1209,1233]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). In addition, Soria (2001) tentatively added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3CFFB0F8A9CFAB1" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dewoletzky">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3CFFB0F8CF2FB50" box="[1229,1472,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteroglyphis dewoletzky</emphasis>
|
||||
Roth, 1899
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4D3FB2E8D81FAB1" box="[977,1203,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
without any detailed anatomical justification; this species is known from a broken upper molar probably from Cerro del Humo,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C3BDFAE18C15FAEE" box="[1215,1319,1335,1359]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. This taxon was previously referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C31AFA808DF2FACF" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1048,1216,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by Simpson (1948).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D11C457FAA088D9FD9E" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" lastBlockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
More recently, one genus and two new species from the Eocene La Meseta and Submeseta formations,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C21FFA438CBBFA0C" box="[1309,1417,1429,1453]" name="Antarctica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, have been added to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C369FA628C7DFA6D" box="[1131,1359,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C25DFA628DB3FA4A" authority="Bond et al. 2006" authorityName="Bond" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arquinotiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C25DFA628A8DFA4A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos arquinotiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4C9FA058DB3FA4A" author="Bond" box="[971,1153,1491,1515]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Bond
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C30CFA028D71FA4A" box="[1038,1091,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3BFFA058D7EF9AA" authority="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana, 2017" authorityName="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana" authorityYear="2017" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regueroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3BFFA058C4AFA4A" box="[1213,1400,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos regueroi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C286FA058D7EF9AA" author="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="445 - 55" refId="ref42591" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Santillana SN. Eocene ungulate mammals from West Antarctica: implications from their fossil record and a new species. Antarctic Science 2017; 29: 445 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0954102017000244" type="journal article" year="2017">Gelfo, López & Santillana, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. They are differentiated mainly by their size and represented by isolated teeth (the latter species only by a m3;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4CCF9E78D44F9E8" author="Gelfo" box="[974,1142,1585,1609]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C30FF9E48D0FF9E8" box="[1037,1085,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2019
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C38FF9E78C4EF9E8" box="[1165,1404,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arquinotiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C38FF9E78C4EF9E8" box="[1165,1404,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos arquinotiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is particularly interesting as it is the most abundant land mammal in the Palaeogene of the La Meseta and Submeseta formations, presenting a continuous fossil record of at least 10 Mya [44–34 Mya (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C7BDFF1988B1FF46" author="Douglas" box="[191,387,207,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Douglas" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="6582 - 7" refId="ref41674" refString="Douglas PMJ, Affek HP, Ivany LC et al. Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014; 111: 6582 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1321441111" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Douglas
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C618FF198878FF46" box="[282,330,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C68DFF198B5BFF46" author="Amenabar" box="[399,617,207,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Amenabar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="351 - 66" refId="ref39524" refString="Amenabar CR, Montes M, Nozal F et al. Dinoflagellate cysts of the La Meseta Formation (Middle to Late Eocene), Antarctic Peninsula: implications for biostratigraphy, palaeoceanography and palaeoenvironment. Geological Magazine 2020; 157: 351 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756819000591" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Amenábar
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C502FF198B02FF46" box="[512,560,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but see Gelfo (2016) for a different age interpretation], which has been interpreted as a case of morphological stasis (Gelfo 2016). The presence of the sparnotheriodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6D6FEFB8B05FEE4" box="[468,567,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6D6FEFB8B05FEE4" box="[468,567,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C55FFEFB8BF5FEE4" box="[605,711,301,325]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
raises important biogeographic questions, as no other litoptern lineage seems to have crossed to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C6C7FEBD8B03FE22" box="[453,561,363,387]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and among SANUs excluding
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7EEFE5D887DFE02" box="[236,335,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C7EEFE5D887DFE02" box="[236,335,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, only the astrapothere
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C544FE5D8876FE63" authority="(Bond et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Bond" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" genus="Antarctodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C544FE5D8A3BFE02" box="[582,777,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctodon sobrali</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C789FE7C880BFE63" author="Bond" box="[139,313,426,450]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref40245" refString="Bond M, Kramarz A, Macphee RD, Reguero M. A new astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, and a reassessment of previous records of Antarctic astrapotheres. American Museum Novitates, 2011 (3718), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Bond
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C7CEFE7D89CCFE63" box="[204,254,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been found thus far on this continent. However, as the preservation of mammals is allochthonous in the marine sediments of La Meseta and Submeseta formations a sampling issue cannot be disregarded for explaining the absence of other SANUs (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C636FDF188E8FD9E" author="Gelfo" box="[308,474,551,575]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C671FDFE88A9FD9E" box="[371,411,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2019
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFEB0D11C773F92588DFF81B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" targetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEB0D12C773F9258CA7F812" blockId="13.[113,1456,1779,1971]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C773F92589FBF8AA" bold="true" box="[113,201,1779,1803]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Right lower molars of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C69CF9258B31F8AA" box="[414,515,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view. A, p1–p4 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C41BF9258A8DF8AA" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[793,959,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lechei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C41BF9258A8DF8AA" box="[793,959,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Polymorphis lechei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C78BF8D98853F886" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[137,353,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C78BF8D98853F886" box="[137,353,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C5FCF8D98AE4F886" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[766,982,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C5FCF8D98AE4F886" box="[766,982,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C221F8D989F0F8E2" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Theosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lydekkeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C221F8D989F0F8E2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Theosodon lydekkeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C568F8FA8BC2F8E2" box="[618,752,1836,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C568F8FA8BE3F8E2" box="[618,721,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C33BF8FD8C27F8E2" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1081,1301,1835,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspidatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C33BF8FD8C27F8E2" box="[1081,1301,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tricoelodus bicuspidatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C412F8918AE8F8FE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[784,986,1863,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="excavatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C412F8918AE8F8FE" box="[784,986,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Proadiantus excavatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C78BF8B58877F8DA" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[137,325,1891,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C78BF8B58877F8DA" box="[137,325,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C364F8B58C79F8DA" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1126,1355,1891,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="majusculus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C364F8B58C79F8DA" box="[1126,1355,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadiaphorus majusculus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C574F8A98A09F836" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[630,827,1919,1943]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fissidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C574F8A98A09F836" box="[630,827,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anisolambda fissidens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 10668; holotype). K, m2–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C3DDF8A989E0F812" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C3DDF8A989E0F812" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C4FFF84D8DC3F812" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1021,1265,1947,1971]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C4FFF84D8DC3F812" box="[1021,1265,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MNRJ 1482V).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C79EFD91880BFCF8" blockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Apart from early phylogenetic studies (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C525FD918BACFDFE" author="Cifelli" box="[551,670,583,607]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C5AAFD918987FDDF" author="Bergqvist" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C7C1FDB088C7FDDF" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[195,501,614,638]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C507FDB08B46FDDF" box="[517,628,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), most recent phylogenetic studies have included one sparnotheriodontid species among a wide sample of different SANUs (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C5D2FD7389C3FD7D" author="Gelfo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="329 - 35" refId="ref42504" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Bond M. A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 2008; 82: 329 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 06 - 099.1" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C783FD138986FD7D" box="[129,180,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2008
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C601FD128860FD7D" box="[259,338,708,732]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
), instead of testing their interfamilial relationships. In terms of the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FCD58857FCBA" box="[129,357,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, there is currently only one phylogenetic study that used a small taxon and character sample (Reguero
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C5FAFCF589ABFCF8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C7DCFC97881AFCF8" box="[222,296,833,857]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C79EFCB78B0BFC57" blockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
The earliest accepted member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C509FCB78BDFFCD8" box="[523,749,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is probably the Early Eocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C68CFC578B26FC39" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[398,532,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C68CFC578B26FC39" box="[398,532,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with records in Itaboraí,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C782FC49898FFC16" box="[128,189,927,951]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and the last could be
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6ACFC498B23FC16" box="[430,529,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6ACFC498B23FC16" box="[430,529,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C551FC498B8DFC16" box="[595,703,927,951]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, giving a temporal interval of 56.0–34.0 Mya to this family (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C5B4FC698A33FC76" box="[694,769,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C67DFC0888E5FC57" box="[383,471,990,1014]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
, File S2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C605FBC38BB1FB91" box="[263,643,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" family="Anisolambdidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C6A6FBC08BB1FB91" box="[420,643,1046,1072]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C6A6FBC08BB1FB91" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" box="[420,643,1046,1072]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C6ACFBC08B2CFB91" box="[430,542,1046,1072]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 4M–O</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C525FBC08B4BFB8E" box="[551,633,1046,1072]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5J–K, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C783FBEA8ACFF947" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783FBEA8DCFFDFE" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" lastBlockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FBEA881CFBF5" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[129,302,1084,1108]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is currently represented by eight genera with mostly a Palaeogene distribution (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C53CFB8D8B4CFBD2" box="[574,638,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C614FBAD884FFB32" box="[278,381,1147,1171]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C524FBAD8BE1FB32" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[550,723,1147,1171]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was proposed by Soria (2001), who elevated the rank of the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7F4FB6F8897FB70" box="[246,421,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This subfamily was previously proposed by Cifelli (1983a) to group what he considered early members of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6C4FB2E8B47FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[454,629,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with records in the Early Eocene such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6C7FAC18B78FA8E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[453,586,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6C7FAC18B78FA8E" box="[453,586,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, distinctive from proterotheriids with more derived features (subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FA808801FACF" box="[129,307,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C641FA8088A4FACF" box="[323,406,1366,1390]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6B6FA808B53FACF" box="[436,609,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
stands out for the presence of a strong paralophid ending in a large and distinct paraconid.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C62CFA4388E9FA0C" box="[302,475,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(currently
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C550FA438A30FA0C" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[594,770,1429,1453]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7BAFA628855FA6D" box="[184,359,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(currently
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6F2FA628B90FA6D" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[496,674,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) share a molarized penultimate premolar or P4 (P
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFE80D11C537FA058B6FFA4A" box="[565,605,1491,1515]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||||
Cifelli (1983a); see Material and methods section for tooth position criteria) with a well-developed metacone and mesostyle present, among other features. To a certain extent, Cifelli’s (1983a) proposal was similar to previous arrangements (Simpson 1945, 1948). However, Simpson (1945, 1948) included anisolambdids in the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C545F9598BDEF906" box="[583,748,1679,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a subfamily that also included the Late Eocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C570F9798BC2F966" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[626,752,1711,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C570F9798BC2F966" box="[626,752,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a taxon later included in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C674F9188B1EF947" box="[374,556,1742,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001). In addition, Cifelli (1983a) renamed an anisolambdid from the Early Eocene of Itaboraí,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C3B4FF798DC7FF66" box="[1206,1269,175,199]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C21CFF798D0FFF46" authority="Cifelli 1983 a" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C21CFF798A97FF46" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||||
Cifelli 1983a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(previously known as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C23FFF198D47FEA7" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C23FFF198A97FEA7" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), based on some dental differences with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4B6FEDB8D0BFE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[948,1081,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4B6FEDB8D0BFE84" box="[948,1081,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
such as the absence of a postcristid in m3. Based on previous observations (Simpson 1948, Paula Couto 1952) and comparisons with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3CFFE9A8AA2FE22" authority=", Cifelli (1983 a)" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3CFFE9A8C43FEC5" box="[1229,1393,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paranisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
, Cifelli (1983a)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
synonymized the anisolambdids
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C20AFEBD8CBDFE22" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1288,1423,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Josepholeidya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C20AFEBD8CBDFE22" box="[1288,1423,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Josepholeidya</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFE5D8ADDFE02" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,1007,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Ricardolydekkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFE5D8ADDFE02" box="[825,1007,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ricardolydekkeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, taxa based on isolated upper teeth, with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFE7C8A8CFE63" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,958,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFE7C8A8CFE63" box="[825,958,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which was based only on lower dentition. In addition, Cifelli (1983a) included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3CDFE1F8C4CFE40" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[1231,1406,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3CDFE1F8C4CFE40" box="[1231,1406,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cerro Redondo,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C4EFFE3F8D6AFDA0" box="[1005,1112,489,513]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, in the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C214FE3F8CF0FDA0" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1302,1474,489,513]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdidae">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on an m3 with an overall structure very similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFDF18A8CFD9E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,958,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFDF18A8CFD9E" box="[825,958,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4CFFDF18D46FD9E" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[973,1140,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4CFFDF18D46FD9E" box="[973,1140,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was previously assigned tentatively to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C496FD918DCAFDFE" authority="(Simpson 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[916,1272,583,607]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae (Simpson 1948)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457FDB08AA9FB13" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Apart from elevating the rank of this subfamily to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C439FD538D5DFD3C" authority=", Soria (2001)" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[827,1135,645,669]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae, Soria (2001)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
mostly followed Cifelli’s (1983a) interpretations. However, Soria (2001) removed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C25FFD738CF0FD1C" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[1373,1474,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C25FFD738CF0FD1C" box="[1373,1474,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C46BFD128ADCFD7D" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[873,1006,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C46BFD128ADCFD7D" box="[873,1006,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteroglyphis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the family, tentatively placing them in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFD358AEFFD5A" box="[825,989,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C30FFD358DC3FD5A" box="[1037,1265,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, respectively, as they showed important differences in their dentition compared to other anisolambdids. He also added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3B1FCF48CF0FC9B" authority="Soria, 2001" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1203,1474,802,826]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3B1FCF48C75FC9B" box="[1203,1351,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lambdaconops</emphasis>
|
||||
Soria, 2001
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C456FC978AC9FCF8" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[852,1019,833,857]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to close dental similarities with the Late Oligocene (Deseadan SALMA) anisolambdid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C23CFCB78D70FC39" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coniferus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C23CFCB78ABDFC39" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Protheosodon coniferus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C494FC568D70FC39" author="Ameghino" box="[918,1090,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the latter being the only member of this family with associated tarsal remains (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C3F5FC498CB0FC16" author="Loomis" box="[1271,1410,927,951]" firstAuthor="Loomis" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref44004" refString="Loomis FB. The Deseado Formation of Patagonia. Amherst, MA: The Trustees of Amherst College, 1914." type="book" year="1914">Loomis 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The validity of the different species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3A3FC698C10FC76" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1185,1314,959,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3A3FC698C10FC76" box="[1185,1314,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was not evaluated by Soria (2001). In addition, Soria (2001) erected the suborder
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C475FC2B8AC8FBB4" box="[887,1018,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eolitopterna">Eolitopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, to include the families
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3ECFC2B8CA7FBB4" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1262,1429,1021,1045]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C438FBCB8D2EFB94" box="[826,1052,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to overall dental similarities between both families (more details in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C387FBEA8C55FBF5" box="[1157,1383,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C43BFB8D8AB1FBD2" box="[825,899,1115,1139]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Most recent authors have followed Soria’s (2001) taxonomic proposal for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C30AFBAD8D9DFB32" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1032,1199,1147,1171]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C3F2FBAD8C57FB32" author="Gelfo" box="[1264,1381,1147,1171]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Croft
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C2B3FBAD8A60FB13" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457FB6F8DA3F98B" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Early studies examining the interfamilial relationships of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFB0F8A94FB50" box="[825,934,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
assumed a monophyletic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3C3FB0F8C5BFB50" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1217,1385,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that included anisolambdids, without testing this hypothesis (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C281FB2E8A5FFA8E" author="Cifelli" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C47AFACE8D93FA8E" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[888,1185,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C3ACFAC18C2BFA8E" box="[1198,1305,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More recently, in phylogenetic studies evaluating phylogenetic affinities within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C438FA808AD0FACF" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[826,994,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
including some anisolambdids as outgroups, anisolambdids were recovered nested within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C218FAA38CF0FA2C" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1306,1474,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C46DFA438D77FA0C" author="McGrath" box="[879,1093,1429,1453]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||||
McGrath
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4D0FA438D32FA0C" box="[978,1024,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C352FA438DA8FA0C" box="[1104,1178,1429,1453]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). However, as not all families of litopterns were included in these analyses, the interfamilial affinities of anisolambdids remain to be tested. In addition, to this date there has been no study examining the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4E6F9C48DBFF98B" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[996,1165,1554,1578]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457F9E78ACFF947" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
The earliest accepted member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3ADF9E78C64F9E8" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1199,1366,1585,1609]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C274F9E78AB4F9C8" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C274F9E78AB4F9C8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cerro Redondo,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFE80D11C36CF9878DF2F9C8" box="[1134,1216,1617,1641]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C3CAF9878C02F9C8" box="[1224,1328,1617,1641]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and the last is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BF9A68D2BF929" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[825,1049,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coniferus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BF9A68D2BF929" box="[825,1049,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Protheosodon coniferus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cabeza Blanca,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFE80D11C3F9F9A68C7FF929" box="[1275,1357,1648,1672]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C255F9A68C8DF929" box="[1367,1471,1648,1672]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, giving a temporal interval of 62.5–26.0 Mya for this family (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C29EF9598A64F966" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C361F9798D8FF966" box="[1123,1213,1711,1735]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C24BF9798C4AF966" box="[1353,1400,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014a,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C43BF9188ADFF947" author="Krause" box="[825,1005,1742,1766]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Krause
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C484F9198A86F947" box="[902,948,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783F8E58CA3F8C6" blockId="14.[129,1463,1843,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
M, p1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C603F8E58B3AF8EA" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1980" box="[257,520,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Sparnotheriodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epsilonoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C603F8E58B3AF8EA" box="[257,520,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN 18225;
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFE80D11C5AEF8E58A35F8EA" box="[684,775,1843,1867]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
). N, O, m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C48BF8E58D2EF8EA" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[905,1052,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C48BF8E58D2EF8EA" box="[905,1052,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783F8BD88DFF81B" blockId="14.[129,1463,1843,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid. Scale bars equal
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFE80D11C6BBF87588DAF81B" box="[441,488,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,373 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C62AFAC688AEFA8B" authority="Ameghino, 1891" box="[296,412,1296,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C6A9FAC78B20FA8B" box="[427,530,1296,1322]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4F–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C519FAC78B6AFA8A" box="[539,600,1297,1323]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5E–G</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEC0D13C783FAE189D8FE40" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C783FAE18C3EFEC2" blockId="10.[129,779,1296,1735]" lastBlockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FAE189CCFAEE" box="[129,254,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently includes six genera, being considerably less diverse than proterotheriids and macraucheniids during the Neogene (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C7EFFAA38817FA2C" box="[237,293,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C533FAA38BB9FA2C" box="[561,651,1397,1421]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59DFAA38823FA0C" author="Cifelli and Soria" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
presented a detailed revision of this family, so to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the most relevant taxonomic aspects are discussed here, along with the main advances since their revision. Known as the pygmy litopterns because of their reduced size, the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C67DF9C488CEF98B" box="[383,508,1554,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was named by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59FF9C489E7F9E8" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="129 - 67" refId="ref39125" refString="Ameghino F. Caracteres diagnosticos de cincuenta especies nuevas de mamiferos fosiles argentinos. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural 1891 a; 1: 129 - 67." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino (1891a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to place the Early Miocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C541F9E78804F9C8" authority="Ameghino 1891 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bucatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C541F9E78A38F9E8" box="[579,778,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adianthus bucatus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C783F9878804F9C8" author="Ameghino" box="[129,310,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="129 - 67" refId="ref39125" refString="Ameghino F. Caracteres diagnosticos de cincuenta especies nuevas de mamiferos fosiles argentinos. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural 1891 a; 1: 129 - 67." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino 1891a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Santa Cruz Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C5A6F9878A3BF9C8" box="[676,777,1617,1641]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C789F9A68847F929" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[139,373,1648,1672]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Among other distinct anatomical features, adianthids present a trilobed m3 and enamel fossettes in the P4–M3 formed by hypertrophied conular cristae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C5C8F9798AD0FF09" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[714,994,144,1735]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Following new fossil discoveries,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C254FF468AB1FF66" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 568" refId="ref39456" refString="Ameghino F. Les formations sedimentaires du cretace superieur et du tertiaire de Patagonie avec un parallele entre leurs faunes mammalogiques et celles de l'ancien continent. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1906; 15: 1 - 568." type="journal article" year="1906">Ameghino (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added three additional genera to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C23FFF798C8DFF66" box="[1341,1471,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFF198D54FF46" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[825,1126,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C43BFF198A82FF46" box="[825,944,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proadiantus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4BAFF198D54FF46" author="Ameghino" box="[952,1126,207,231]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C39FFF198CF0FF46" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1181,1474,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C39FFF198C3EFF46" box="[1181,1292,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tricoelodus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C217FF198CF0FF46" author="Ameghino" box="[1301,1474,207,231]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Sarmiento Formation (Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C20CFF398C0DFEA7" box="[1294,1343,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014a), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C439FEDB8D47FE84" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[827,1141,269,293]" class="Mammalia" genus="Pseudadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C439FEDB8AFAFE84" box="[827,968,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pseudadiantus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4C9FEDB8D47FE84" author="Ameghino" box="[971,1141,269,293]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The last was later excluded from the family and formally synonymized with the notopithecine interatheriid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4BCFE9A8D08FEC5" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[958,1082,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Interatheriidae" genus="Antepithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C4BCFE9A8D08FEC5" box="[958,1082,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Antepithecus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by Simpson (1967).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C457FEBD8D30FBB4" blockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C457FEBD8ADDFE22" author="Bordas" box="[853,1007,363,387]" firstAuthor="Bordas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="413 - 33" refId="ref40435" refString="Bordas AF. Diagnosis sobre algunos mamiferos de las capas con Colpodon, del valle del rio Chubut (Republica Argentina). Physis 1939; 14: 413 - 33." type="journal article" year="1939">Bordas (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C33CFEBD8C6CFE22" authority="Bordas, 1936" authorityName="Bordas" authorityYear="1936" box="[1086,1374,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proheptaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C33CFEBD8DFEFE22" box="[1086,1228,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proheptaconus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3D7FEBD8C6CFE22" author="Bordas" box="[1237,1374,363,387]" firstAuthor="Bordas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="110 - 2" refId="ref40403" refString="Bordas AF. Un nuevo mamifero del Colpodon de Gaiman (Proheptaconus trelewense, gen. et sp. nov.). Physis 1936; 12: 110 - 2." type="journal article" year="1936">Bordas, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Colhue-Huapi Member of the Sarmiento Formation (Soria 1981) to what he considered the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3F9FE7C8C48FE63" box="[1275,1402,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Adianthinae">Adianthinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a subfamily of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4A0FE1F8D66FE40" box="[930,1108,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which was followed by other authors (Patterson 1940, Simpson and Minoprio 1949). However, Simpson
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C49CFDDF8AE1FD81" box="[926,979,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1962) later restored the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C242FDDE8C8DFD81" box="[1344,1471,520,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but now including a new taxon,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C398FDF18AEAFDFE" authority="Simpson & Minoprio, 1949" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C398FDF18C72FD9E" box="[1178,1344,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||||
Simpson & Minoprio, 1949
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Divisadero Largo Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C25FFD918CF0FDFE" box="[1373,1474,583,607]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(age uncertain;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4DDFDB08D9CFDDF" author="Cerdeno" box="[991,1198,614,638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerdeno" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="574 - 7" refId="ref40752" refString="Cerdeno E, Lopez GM, Reguero MA. Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 574 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 (574: bcotdf) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||||
Cerdeño
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C343FDB18D5EFDDF" box="[1089,1132,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2008
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3BEFDB08C0BFDDF" author="Lopez" box="[1212,1337,614,638]" firstAuthor="Lopez" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="410 - 20" refId="ref44025" refString="Lopez GM. Dividaderan: Land Mammal Age or local fauna? In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds), The paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 410 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2010">López 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C43BFD508A51FD3C" box="[825,867,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014a).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4C7FD538DEEFD3C" author="Bond and Vucetich" box="[965,1244,645,669]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond and Vucetich (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C247FD538CF0FD3C" box="[1349,1474,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C439FD738DC5FD1C" authority="Bond & Vucetich, 1983" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[827,1271,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C439FD738D32FD1C" box="[827,1024,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C306FD738DC5FD1C" author="Bond & Vucetich" box="[1028,1271,677,701]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond & Vucetich, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Lumbrera Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C4BBFD128D2CFD7D" box="[953,1054,708,732]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Early Eocene;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3D0FD128C83FD7D" author="Fernicola" box="[1234,1457,708,732]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernicola" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="621 - 33" refId="ref41787" refString="Fernicola JC, Zimicz AN, Chornogubsky L et al. The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, northwestern Argentina): origin and early diversification of the Cingulata. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2021; 28: 621 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 021 - 09545 - w" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Fernicola
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C23CFD138C41FD7D" box="[1342,1395,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), based on unique shared anatomical features with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C24CFD358A53FCBA" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C24CFD358A53FCBA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, such as the absence of a postprotocrista connecting the protocone with the metaconule and a strong parastyle in M1– M2. These features are not present in other adianthids, so they grouped them in the new subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3B6FCB78C00FCD8" box="[1204,1330,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, keeping both species tentatively within the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3CAFC568C75FC39" box="[1224,1351,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which was later followed with doubts by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C376FC498C45FC16" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[1140,1399,927,951]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. In the same work,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4B2FC698D9FFC76" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[944,1197,959,983]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C258FC698D3EFC57" authority="Cifelli & Soria, 1983" authorityName="Cifelli & Soria" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Thadanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C258FC698CF3FC76" box="[1370,1473,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thadanius</emphasis>
|
||||
Cifelli & Soria, 1983
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from La Salla-Luribay Basin,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C23BFC088CB3FC57" box="[1337,1409,990,1014]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C47DFC2B8ACCFBB4" box="[895,1022,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D13C457FBCB887DFF66" blockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" lastBlockId="12.[128,778,144,481]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Cifelli (1983a) revisited the members of the family, and included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C48EFBEB8DF0FBF5" authority="Ameghino 1904 b" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[908,1218,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C48EFBEB8AC9FBF5" box="[908,1019,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C30AFBEA8DF0FBF5" author="Ameghino" box="[1032,1218,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref39426" refString="Ameghino F. Recherches de morphologic phylogenetique sur les molaires superieures des ongules. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1904 b; 3: 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">Ameghino 1904b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[previously considered a didolodontid by Simpson (1948)] as the earliest member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFBAD8A84FB32" box="[825,950,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on dental similarities. In addition, he proposed a new superfamily called Macrauchenioidea, to group adianthids and macraucheniids based on dental similarities, such as an absent paraconid and the presence of a paralophid in the lower molars (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C31AFB2E8D57FAB1" box="[1048,1125,1272,1296]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Soria (1984a), based on dental similarities with ‘amilnedwarsids’, elevated the rank of the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C481FAE18ACDFAEE" box="[899,1023,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C399FAE18C2BFAEE" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1179,1305,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and later Soria (1989b) classified them as a family of the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C248FA808CF0FACC" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1354,1474,1366,1389]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see sections of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4E3FAA38D95FA2C" box="[993,1191,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C246FAA08C8CFA2C" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1348,1470,1398,1421]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4E2FA438D50FA0C" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[992,1122,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C374FA438DC1FA0C" box="[1142,1267,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has also been considered by some authors as part of the suborder
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C22CFA628CF0FA6D" box="[1326,1474,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Lopholipterna">Lopholipterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001), which includes the families
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFA258ADBF9AA" box="[825,1001,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C31DFA258DF5F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1055,1223,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C3D8FA258C1AF9AA" box="[1242,1320,1523,1547]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), a hypothesis that later found phylogenetic support (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3C4F9C48C0DF98B" author="Cifelli" box="[1222,1343,1554,1578]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C24EF9C48CA4F98B" box="[1356,1430,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the same study, Macrauchenioidea also found support, but only when indaleciids are excluded (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C38AF9878C31F9C8" author="Cifelli" box="[1160,1283,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Strikingly, there has been not a single study examining the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4BCF9598D09F906" box="[958,1083,1679,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
using modern phylogenetic methods, and most recent phylogenetic studies have included adianthids as outgroups for phylogenies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6C3FF468B43FF09" box="[449,625,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5A8FF4689D5FF66" author="Forasiepi" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Forasiepi" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref41925" refString="Forasiepi AM, MacPhee RDE, Hernandez del Pino S et al. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics, and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016; 404: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Forasiepi
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FF66899DFF66" box="[129,175,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C7F6FF79880DFF66" box="[244,319,175,199]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFED0D13C773F93C8A36F81A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" targetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFED0D13C773F93C8A36F81A" blockId="11.[113,1453,1770,1963]" lastBlockId="12.[129,1473,1759,1979]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C773F93C89FBF8A2" bold="true" box="[113,201,1770,1795]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
Right upper molars of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C6A3F93D8B34F8A2" box="[417,518,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view. A, M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C402F93D8A83F8A2" authorityName="Püschel & Shelley & Williamson & Perini & Wible & Brusatte" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Roth" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[768,945,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ligatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C402F93D8A83F8A2" box="[768,945,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polymorphis ligatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C20DF93D8CB2F8A2" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[1295,1408,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C20DF93D8CB2F8A2" box="[1295,1408,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C6A3F8D18BD5F8BE" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[417,743,1799,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polyacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanciformis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C6A3F8D18B4AF8BE" box="[417,632,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyacrodon lanciformis</emphasis>
|
||||
Roth, 1899
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C379F8D18C66F8BE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[1147,1364,1799,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C379F8D18C66F8BE" box="[1147,1364,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C67FF8F58B74F89B" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1910" box="[381,582,1827,1851]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Theosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garretorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C67FF8F58B74F89B" box="[381,582,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Theosodon garretorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C483F8F58D01F89B" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[897,1075,1827,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="precisus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C483F8F58D01F89B" box="[897,1075,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proectocion precisus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C7B2F8E988BEF8F6" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[176,396,1855,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspidatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C7B2F8E988BEF8F6" box="[176,396,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tricoelodus bicuspidatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C4A7F8E98D5CF8F7" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[933,1134,1855,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C4A7F8E98D5CF8F7" box="[933,1134,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proectocion argentinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C7B2F88D8859F8D3" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[176,363,1883,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C7B2F88D8859F8D3" box="[176,363,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C421F88D8D3AF8D2" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[803,1032,1883,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="majusculus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C421F88D8D3AF8D2" box="[803,1032,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diadiaphorus majusculus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C227F88D899BF82F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C227F88D899BF82F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C59FF8A18AA2F82F" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[669,912,1911,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C59FF8A18AA2F82F" box="[669,912,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C307F8458DCCF80A" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[1029,1278,1939,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C307F8458DCCF80A" box="[1029,1278,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C598F9098A03F956" box="[666,817,1759,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C598F9098A20F956" box="[666,786,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C48CF92D8D13F8B2" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[910,1057,1787,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C48CF92D8D13F8B2" box="[910,1057,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFEA0D13C32FF92D8DBBF8B2" box="[1069,1161,1787,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFEA0D13C5D2F8758A32F81A" box="[720,768,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C79EFF1989D8FE40" blockId="12.[128,778,144,481]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
If we follow Cifelli (1983a) and consider
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C539FF198B9EFF47" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[571,684,207,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C539FF198B9EFF47" box="[571,684,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Barranca south of Lago Colhue-Huapi of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C540FF388B9BFEA7" box="[578,681,238,262]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Middle Eocene;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C7D9FED888EEFE84" author="Kramarz and Bond" box="[219,476,269,293]" firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref43514" refString="Kramarz, A., Bond, M. On the status of Isolophodon Roth, 1903 (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and other little-known Paleogene astrapotheres from central Patagonia. Geobios 2013; 46 (3), 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="2013">Kramarz and Bond 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56FFED88BA5FE84" box="[621,663,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014a) as the earliest member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C671FEFB88C0FEE4" box="[371,498,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and considering
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C5A6FEFB89F3FEC5" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="godoyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C5A6FEFB89F3FEC5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adianthus godoyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Río Frías Formation at Alto Río Cisnes,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C5D2FE9A8A3BFEC5" box="[720,777,332,356]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||||
as the last member of this family (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C6E5FEBD8B50FE22" author="Cifelli" box="[487,610,363,387]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="119 - 25" refId="ref40949" refString="Cifelli RLA. New adianthid litoptern (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 1991; 64: 119 - 25." type="journal article" year="1991">Cifelli 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C56DFEBD8830FE02" author="de la Cruz and Cortes" firstAuthor="de la Cruz" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref41584" refString="de la Cruz R, Cortes J. Geologia del area oriental de la Hoja Puerto Cisnes, Region Aysen del Gral. Carlos Ibanez del Campo. Serie Geologia Basica 2011; 127: 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="2011">de la Cruz and Cortés 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C68AFE5D8B35FE02" box="[392,519,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
encompasses a temporal interval of 42–14.8 Mya (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C6A1FE7C88C0FE63" box="[419,498,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C783FE1F89EEFE40" box="[129,220,457,481]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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|
||||
<treatment id="03B9B735FFEE0D15C4D7FD8988D5FB50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFEE0D15C4D7FD8988D5FB50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9B735FFEE0D15C4D7FD8988D5FB50" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" box="[981,1318,607,633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" box="[981,1318,607,633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" box="[981,1318,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4D7FD898D5EFDD8" authority="Ameghino, 1887" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[981,1132,607,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C379FDB68DEBFDD8" box="[1147,1241,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4J–K</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C3E6FD898C2EFDD8" box="[1252,1308,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5H–I</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEE0D15C43BFD5388D5FB50" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C43BFD538C0EFA0D" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
With 28 currently accepted genera,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3A6FD538C7EFD3C" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1188,1356,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the most diverse family of litopterns (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C365FD738D81FD1C" box="[1127,1203,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C43BFD128AA6FD7D" box="[825,916,708,732]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), being particularly diverse during the Neogene alongside macraucheniids (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C327FD358DA6FD5A" box="[1061,1172,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Soria (2001) presented a major revision of this family, so to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the most important taxonomical aspects and the main advances since his revision are discussed here.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3F2FC978CAAFCF8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1264,1432,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was named by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4A7FCB78D53FCD8" author="Ameghino" box="[933,1121,865,889]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
with the description of the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C438FC568D4DFC39" authority="Ameghino, 1883" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1883" box="[826,1151,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Proterotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C438FC568AFCFC39" box="[826,974,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proterotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4D6FC568D4DFC39" author="Ameghino" box="[980,1151,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="257 - 306" refId="ref39005" refString="Ameghino F. Sobre una nueva coleccion de mamiferos fosiles recogidos por el profesor Scalabrini en las barrancas del Parana. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1883; 5: 257 - 306." type="journal article" year="1883">Ameghino, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C38EFC568C8EFC39" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1164,1468,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Thoatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C38EFC568C39FC39" box="[1164,1291,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thoatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C213FC568C8EFC39" author="Ameghino" box="[1297,1468,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFC498D59FC16" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[825,1131,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C43BFC498AF2FC16" box="[825,960,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diadiaphorus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4C1FC498D59FC16" author="Ameghino" box="[963,1131,927,951]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C39FFC498C8EFC16" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1181,1468,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Licaphrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C39FFC498C3DFC16" box="[1181,1295,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Licaphrium</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C216FC498C8EFC16" author="Ameghino" box="[1300,1468,927,951]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Simpson (1945) subdivided this family into two subfamilies,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFC088AE5FC57" box="[825,983,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C308FC088D86FC57" box="[1034,1204,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the former including taxa mostly from the Palaeocene and Eocene (Peligran to Mustersan SALMAs) and the later the taxa from the Late Oligocene onwards (Deseadean SALMA). Although this classification was followed by other authors (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C358FB8A8DD5FBD2" author="Lavocat" box="[1114,1255,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Lavocat" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref43823" refString="Lavocat R. Litopterna. Traite de Paleontologie 1958; 6: 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="1958">Lavocat 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Paula Couto 1979), Simpson (1948) did not employ this subfamilial division and only used the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C304FB4C8D82FB13" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1030,1200,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, without giving any explanation for this omission. Later, Odreman-Rivas (1969) modified the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4C9FB0F8D5BFB50" box="[971,1129,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Simpson’s (1945) proposal, keeping
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C493FB2E8DBAFAB1" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[913,1160,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C493FB2E8D39FAB1" box="[913,1035,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||||
Roth, 1899
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C201FB2E8A99FA8E" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polyacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ligatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C201FB2E8CF0FAB1" box="[1283,1474,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polyacrodon ligatus</emphasis>
|
||||
Roth, 1899
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4D5FAC18DE1FA8E" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[983,1235,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C4D5FAC18D6EFA8E" box="[983,1116,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heteroglyphis</emphasis>
|
||||
Roth, 1899
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and excluding the rest of the taxa such as the now considered anisolambdids
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C274FAE18AE5FACF" authority="Simpson, 1935" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C274FAE18CF0FAEE" box="[1398,1474,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wainka</emphasis>
|
||||
Simpson, 1935
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C310FA808C7FFACF" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1042,1357,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C310FA808DA1FACF" box="[1042,1171,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C39CFA808C7FFACF" author="Ameghino" box="[1182,1357,1366,1390]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFAA38DAAFA2C" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,1176,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Ricardolydekkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C43BFAA38ADBFA2C" box="[825,1001,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ricardolydekkeria</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4ECFAA38DAAFA2C" author="Ameghino" box="[1006,1176,1397,1421]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3C8FAA38A5FFA0C" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Josepholeidya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C3C8FAA38C7EFA2C" box="[1226,1356,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Josepholeidya</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C250FAA38A5FFA0C" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and the didolodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C35EFA438C04FA0C" authority="Berg, 1899" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[1116,1334,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C35EFA438DF3FA0C" box="[1116,1217,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C3C5FA438C04FA0C" author="Berg" box="[1223,1334,1429,1453]" firstAuthor="Berg" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="77 - 80" refId="ref39765" refString="Berg C. Substitucion de nombres genericos. III. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1899; 1: 77 - 80." type="journal article" year="1899">Berg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D15C457FA62886AFD3C" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" lastBlockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Cifelli(1983a)subdividedthefamilyProterotheriidaeintotwo subfamilies,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4BAFA058D6DFA4A" box="[952,1119,1491,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C39AFA058C70FA4A" box="[1176,1346,1491,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the former subfamily including mostly anisolambdids (see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C219FA258CF0F9AA" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1307,1474,1523,1547]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section for more details), and the latter similar to the original definition of Simpson (1945). In addition, Cifelli (1983a) excluded the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4CFF9878D59F9C8" box="[973,1131,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3AEF9878C64F9C8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1196,1366,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, placing it insteadwithinthefamilyMacraucheniidae (seeMacraucheniidae section for more details). Soria (2001) later removed the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C7C4FF19885FFF46" box="[198,365,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C6A8FF198B66FF46" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[426,596,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, elevating its rank as a distinct family (see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C680FF388B1BFEA7" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[386,553,238,262]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section for more details), which leaves the concept of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C6E0FEDB8BB8FE84" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[482,650,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
very similar to the subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C63DFEFB88D5FEE4" box="[319,487,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Simpson (1945), although with numerous new additions to the family since then (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7B4FEBD885CFE22" author="Corona" box="[182,366,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Corona" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref41392" refString="Corona A, Badin AC, Perea D et al. A new genus and species and additional reports of the South American native ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020; 102: 102646. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102646" type="journal volume" year="2020">
|
||||
Corona
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C60BFEBA8805FE22" box="[265,311,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C67AFEBD8B7EFE22" author="McGrath" box="[376,588,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="159 - 88" refId="ref44350" refString="McGrath AJ, Anaya F, Croft DA. New proterotheriids from the Middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and body size and diversity trends in proterotheriid and macraucheniid litopterns (Mammalia). Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 159 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 03.03.2020.3268" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
McGrath
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6D9FEBA8B3BFE22" box="[475,521,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C7D6FE5D881FFE02" box="[212,301,395,419]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Important additions to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C52EFE5D8BE6FE02" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[556,724,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were the bunodont
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C61FFE7C8BEBFE63" authority="McKenna, 1956" authorityName="McKenna" authorityYear="1956" box="[285,729,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Megadolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molariformis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C61FFE7C8B17FE63" box="[285,549,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Megadolodus molariformis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C52DFE7C8BEBFE63" author="McKenna" box="[559,729,426,450]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="736 - 43" refId="ref44469" refString="McKenna MC. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 1956; 254: 736 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 254.12.736" type="journal article" year="1956">McKenna, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FE1F8BBBFE40" authority="Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986" authorityName="Hoffstetter & Soria" authorityYear="1986" box="[129,649,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Neodolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colombianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C783FE1F8847FE40" box="[129,373,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Neodolodus colombianus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C67FFE1F8BBBFE40" author="Hoffstetter & Soria" box="[381,649,457,481]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59EFE1F89DEFDA0" author="Cifelli and Diaz" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="222 - 31" refId="ref41021" refString="Cifelli RL, Diaz JG. New remains of Prothoatherium columbianus (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1989; 9: 222 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02 724634.1989. 10011756" type="journal article" year="1989">Cifelli and Diaz 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7F8FE3F8B39FDA0" author="Cifelli and Villarroel" box="[250,523,489,513]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="265 - 88" refId="ref41117" refString="Cifelli RL, Villarroel C. Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus. In: Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997, 265 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1997">Cifelli and Villarroel 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C51BFE3F8BCAFDA0" author="McGrath" box="[537,760,489,513]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||||
McGrath
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C582FE3F8B80FDA0" box="[640,690,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which were previously considered didolodontids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C5A6FDDE8987FD9E" author="McKenna" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="736 - 43" refId="ref44469" refString="McKenna MC. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 1956; 254: 736 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 254.12.736" type="journal article" year="1956">McKenna 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7C0FDF188EBFD9E" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" box="[194,473,551,575]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Including both taxa within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FD9189DCFDFE" box="[129,238,583,607]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has phylogenetic support, but their affinities within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C781FDB08819FDDF" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[131,299,614,638]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and even other litoptern families are unclear (Carrillo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C7E2FD50883DFD3C" box="[224,271,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2023).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFEF0D15C773F93B8D1DF81B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1773,1797]" targetBox="[220,1352,145,1745]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEF0D15C773F93B8D1DF81B" blockId="9.[113,1431,1773,1966]" lastBlockId="10.[129,1430,1842,1978]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEF0D16C773F93B89FBF8A4" bold="true" box="[113,201,1773,1797]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
Dental nomenclature used in the text and the characters. A, right upper molar in occlusal view. B–D, right lower molars in occlusal view. The main cusps of the molars are highlighted in bold. The molars represent structures sometimes present in SANUs and with relevance in the character scoring of this study. The molars do not represent any particular SANU. Molars in A and B were partially based on drawings from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEF0D16C7A6F8978811F8F8" author="Gelfo" box="[164,291,1857,1881]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Abbreviations upper molar: ecg, buccal cingulum or ectocingulum; es, entostyle; hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mt, metastyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; ppc, preparacrista (or paracrista); pplc, preparaconular crista; pprc, preprotocrista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; pshyc, posthypocrista; psmc, postmetacrista (or metacrista); psmlc, postmetaconular crista; pspc, postparacrista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Abbreviations lower molar: co, cristid obliqua; encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; dbgd, distobuccal cingulid; dlgd, distolingual cingulid; hlph, hypolophid; hycd, hypocristid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; mbgd, mesiobuccal cingulid; med, metaconid; mlgd, mesiolingual cingulid; mlph, mesolophid; msd, mesoconid; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prcd, protocristid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid); pseld, postentoconulid; psgd, postcingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C79EFD7389ACFC57" blockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C79EFD738876FD1C" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[156,324,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been included by some authors as part of suborder
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C640FD1288E4FD7D" box="[322,470,708,732]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Lopholipterna">Lopholipterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C783FD3589E0FD5A" box="[129,210,739,763]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), which also includes the families
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C55BFD358BE4FD5A" box="[601,726,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FCD58801FCBA" box="[129,307,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a hypothesis that later found phylogenetic support (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7E1FCF4886FFC9B" author="Cifelli" box="[227,349,802,826]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C66EFCF4888AFC9B" box="[364,440,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Since then, most phylogenetic studies that included proterotheriids have focused either on resolving the affinities within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C694FCB78B0CFCD8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[406,574,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C57BFCB789F2FC39" author="McGrath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||||
McGrath
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C5DEFCB78A38FCD8" box="[732,778,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or phylogenies studying interordinal relationships between SANUs (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C64EFC498B2AFC16" author="MacPhee" box="[332,536,927,951]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="MacPhee" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 183" refId="ref44179" refString="MacPhee RDE, Hernandez del Pino S, Kramarz A et al. Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021; 449: 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
MacPhee
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6B0FC7688D2FC16" box="[434,480,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) instead of phylogenies examining the interfamilial affinities of proterotheriids (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C5D3FC6989BCFC57" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C79EFC2B88D5FB50" blockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Following Soria’s (2001) concept of the family, the earliest proterotheriid is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C639FBCB8BF9FB94" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[315,715,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C639FBCB8B3FFB95" box="[315,525,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C51BFBCB8BF9FB94" author="Ameghino" box="[537,715,1053,1077]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from different localities from the Sarmiento Formation,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFEC0D15C5B6FBEA8A34FBF5" box="[692,774,1084,1108]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C783FB8D89DBFBD2" box="[129,233,1115,1139]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and the last is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C687FB8D8A3BFBD2" authority="Frenguelli, 1921" authorityName="Frenguelli" authorityYear="1921" box="[389,777,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Neolicaphrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recents">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C687FB8D8B6FFBD2" box="[389,605,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Neolicaphrium recents</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C560FB8D8A3BFBD2" author="Frenguelli" box="[610,777,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Frenguelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="7 - 23" refId="ref41980" refString="Frenguelli J. Sobre un proteroterido del Pampeano superior de Cordoba. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la Republica Argentina en Cordoba 1921; 7: 7 - 23." type="journal article" year="1921">Frenguelli, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Late Pleistocene from different localities in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C59CFBAD8A34FB32" box="[670,774,1147,1171]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C783FB4C898CFB13" box="[129,190,1178,1202]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C7FAFB4C8863FB13" box="[248,337,1178,1202]" name="Uruguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C660FB4C8B08FB13" author="Gaudioso" box="[354,570,1178,1202]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaudioso" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="23 - 9" refId="ref42056" refString="Gaudioso PJ, Gasparini GM, Herbst R et al. First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 2017; 57: 23 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 0031 - 1049.2017. 57.03" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Gaudioso
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6CCFB4D88CDFB13" box="[462,511,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), giving a temporal interval of around 29.3–~0.11 Mya to this family (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C5B1FB6F8A33FB70" box="[691,769,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C67DFB0F88EBFB50" box="[383,473,1241,1265]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC6A4FD488B53FD19" blockId="21.[113,765,669,1672]" box="[422,609,670,696]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC6B2FD488B23FD19" box="[432,529,670,696]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="20.[131,196,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[132,1475,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@20.[129,1479,147,1753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper molars of South American ‘condylarths’ and ‘didolodontids’. A, P4–M3 of Molinodus suarezi in occlusal view [cast of MHNC 1247, P4–M2; cast of MNHN 13870, M3 (mirrored)]. B, roots of M1, M2–M3 of Escribania chubutensis in occlusal view (MLP 90–II-12–68, roots of M1 and M2 (mirrored); MLP 90–II-12–63, M3). C–D, M2 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90-II-12- 70 (mirrored)] in occlusal (C) and distoocclusal (D) views. E, P4–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica in occlusal view [cast of DNPM 908M, P5–M3 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1461-V (mirrored)]. F, M2 of Lamegoia conodonta Paula Couto, 1952 in occlusal view (cast of MNRJ 1465-V). G, P1–M3 of Didolodus multicuspis in occlusal view [MACN 10690, P2–M3 (holotype; mirrored); MACN A 10738, P1]. H, P5–M3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides in occlusal view [DNPM LE 444I (mirrored)]. I, P4–M3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti in occlusal view [DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. J, P2, alveoli of P4–P5, and M1–M3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor in occlusal view [MNRJ 4094V (mirrored)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. Note that the M2 of Molinodus suarezi (A) and the M2 of Lamegoia conodonta (B) present a duplication of their protocone (pr1 and pr2); in the former, this is insipient, and in the latter, it forms a pseudohypocone. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phy, pseudohypocone; phyc, prehypocrista; pshyc, posthypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 8H–J</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC519FD488B6AFD19" box="[539,600,670,696]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[241,1361,147,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[238,1364,144,1795]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Right lower molars of South American ‘condylarths’ and ‘didolodontids’ in occlusal view.A, p4–m3 of Molinodus suarezi [cast of MHNC 13867 (mirrored)]. B, m2–m3 of Escribania chubutensis [UNPSJB PV 916 (holotype; mirrored)]. C, talonid of m2, and m3 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90−II−12−69 (mirrored)]. D, P5–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica [MNRJ 1431-V, m1–m3 (mirrored); MNRJ 1450-V, p5 (mirrored)]. E, p2–m3 of Didolodus multicuspis (MACN A 10689). F, p2–m3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides [cast of DGM 1308M (mirrored)]. G, p1–m3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti (cast of DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. H, p4–m3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor (cast of MNRJ 1468V (holotype)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods.Abbreviations:encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; msd, mesoconid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prd, protoconid; pseld, postentoconulid. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">9F–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF30D0AC773FD128AA7FA8E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC773FD128C9FFDA1" blockId="21.[113,765,669,1672]" lastBlockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FD128829FD7D" box="[113,283,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently includes three genera [or two if we excluded
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7D5FD3588A5FD5A" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[215,407,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7D5FD3588A5FD5A" box="[215,407,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6BFFD358B79FD5A" author="Gelfo" box="[445,587,739,763]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested] with an exclusively Palaeogene distribution (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC506FCD58B09FCBA" box="[516,571,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC7C4FCF48810FC9B" box="[198,290,802,826]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). This family was proposed by Cifelli (1983a) to classify specimens from Itaboraí (Itaboraian SALMA) with bunodont didolodontid-like dentition and litoptern-like tarsals. The tarsals show specializations that among SANUs are only present in litopterns, which include a spool-shaped astragalar body and a posterior astragalocalcaneal facet that allows rapid flexion of the crurotarsal joint (Cifelli 1983a). The taxonomic changes generated from this familial proposal included the consideration of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7CCFBCB88EEFB95" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[206,476,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7CCFBCB88EEFB95" box="[206,476,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[a former litoptern (Paula Couto 1952)] as a ‘condylarth’ closely related to didolodontids, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7A8FB8D8886FBD2" baseAuthorityName="Cifelli" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[170,436,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7A8FB8D8886FBD2" box="[170,436,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[considered a didolodontid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FBAD88ABFB32" baseAuthorityName="Paula Couto" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[113,409,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FBAD88ABFB32" box="[113,409,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ernestokokenia parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by Paula Couto (1952)] with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FB4C885EFB13" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[113,364,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FB4C885EFB13" box="[113,364,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[considered a didolodontid by Paula Couto (1978)] as litopterns. Cifelli (1983a) grouped the last two, plus a new species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC687FB0F8983FAB1" authority="Cifelli 1983 a" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC687FB0F8B9CFB50" box="[389,686,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
|
||||
Cifelli 1983a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, within this family. However, the tarsals referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FAC188A6FA8E" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[113,404,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FAC188A6FA8E" box="[113,404,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC6C5FAC18BF6FA8E" baseAuthorityName="Cifelli" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[455,708,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC6C5FAC18BF6FA8E" box="[455,708,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were not found in association with their alleged dentition, being assigned indirectly by their relative size, abundance, and expected morphology (Cifelli 1983b). Some authors have accepted this interpretation (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6D2FA438B62FA0D" author="Cifelli" box="[464,592,1428,1453]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="249 - 66" refId="ref40909" refString="Cifelli RL. South American ungulate evolution and extinction. In: Stehli FG, Webb SD (eds), The Great American Biotic Interchange. New York, NY: Springer, 1985, 249 - 66." type="book chapter" year="1985">Cifelli 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC561FA438BA5FA0C" author="Cifelli" box="[611,663,1429,1453]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Muizon and Cifelli 2000,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC62AFA6288F4FA6D" author="Bergqvist" box="[296,454,1460,1484]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="107 - 33" refId="ref39850" refString="Bergqvist LP. Postcranial skeleton of the Upper Paleocene of Itaborai Basin, Brazil. In: Sargis EJ, Dagosto M, (eds), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederik S. Szalay. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2008, 107 - 33." type="book chapter" year="2008">Bergqvist 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), although others have questioned it (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC7DFFA0588C1FA4A" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" box="[221,499,1491,1515]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Soria 2001,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC57CFA058BC6FA4A" author="Gelfo" box="[638,756,1491,1515]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="130 - 42" refId="ref42288" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' condylarth' Didolodontidae from Gran Barranca: history of the bunodont South American mammals until the Eocene- Oligocene transition. In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 130 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2010">Gelfo 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC773FA258874F9AA" author="Gelfo and Sige" box="[113,326,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="665 - 78" refId="ref42458" refString="Gelfo JN, Sige B. A new didolodontid mammal from the Late Paleocene - earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2011; 56: 665 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0067" type="journal article" year="2011">Gelfo and Sigé 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC651FA258B7DF9AA" author="Gelfo and Lorente" box="[339,591,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="249 - 59" refId="ref42404" refString="Gelfo JN, Lorente M. The alleged astragalar remains of Didolodus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Panameriungulata) and a critic of isolated bone association models. Bulletin of Geosciences 2012; 87: 249 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1301" type="journal article" year="2012">Gelfo and Lorente 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC55EFA258BDBF9AB" author="Lorente" box="[604,745,1522,1546]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). For example, Soria (2001) suggested that the astragali and calcanea attributed by Cifelli (1983b) to didolodontids were most likely notoungulate elements. Indeed, a study that indirectly assigned isolated petrosals to the protolipternid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC584F9A68BC8F929" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[646,762,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC584F9A68BC8F929" box="[646,762,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Itaboraí failed to recover a monophyletic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC205FF468C47FF09" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1287,1397,144,168]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
when younger and better known litopterns (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3F5FF798CB1FF66" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1271,1411,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Macrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3F5FF798CB1FF66" box="[1271,1411,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Macrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC428FF198A80FF46" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[810,946,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC428FF198A80FF46" box="[810,946,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diadiaphorus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) were included (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC36EFF198C2BFF47" author="Billet" box="[1132,1305,206,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Billet" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="956 - 87" refId="ref39984" refString="Billet G, de Muizon C, Schellhorn R et al. Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015; 173: 956 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12219" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||||
Billet
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3AEFF198DECFF46" box="[1196,1246,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2015
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Considering that recent association models do not discard the association of litoptern-like tarsals to protolipternids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC3DCFED88C5BFE84" author="Lorente" box="[1246,1385,269,293]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) made by Cifelli (1983b), some authors have started to consider the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC472FE9A8D28FEC5" box="[880,1050,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a junior synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC20FFE9A8C80FEC5" box="[1293,1458,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC437FEBD8AD2FE22" author="Gelfo" box="[821,992,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC474FEBA8A94FE22" box="[886,934,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4EFFEBD8D1FFE22" author="Gelfo" box="[1005,1069,363,387]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="132 - 45" refId="ref42677" refString="Gelfo JN, Alonso RN, Madden RH et al. An Eocene bunodont South American native ungulate (Didolodontidae) from the Lumbrera Formation, Salta Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 132 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 29.11.2019.3293" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
2020
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC320FEBD8C13FE22" author="Corona A & Badin AC & Perea D" box="[1058,1313,363,387]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41392" refString="Corona A, Badin AC, Perea D et al. A new genus and species and additional reports of the South American native ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020; 102: 102646. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102646" type="journal volume" year="2020">a, Croft and López 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In addition, based on anatomical observations and a phylogenetic analysis,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC42EFE7C8A8BFE63" author="Gelfo" box="[812,953,426,450]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
considered that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC368FE7C8C56FE63" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1130,1380,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC368FE7C8C56FE63" box="[1130,1380,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
should be generically renamed as is it not recovered as a sister taxon of the Patagonian
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC4CBFE3F8C94FDA0" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[969,1446,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtrigona">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC4CBFE3F8DC7FDA0" box="[969,1269,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC3F9FE3F8C94FDA0" author="Ameghino" box="[1275,1446,489,513]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC447FDDE8C6FFB94" blockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
Apartfromearlyphylogeneticstudiesthatfoundprotolipternids closely related to other litopterns based on Cifelli’s (1983b) tarsal associations (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4B0FD918D15FDFE" author="Cifelli" box="[946,1063,583,607]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC331FD918DF8FDFE" author="Bergqvist" box="[1075,1226,583,607]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC3D5FD918C12FDFE" box="[1239,1312,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), other phylogenetic studies including protolipternids and didolodontids have usually failed to find them as distinctly separate groups [e.g., Muizon and Cifelli (2000); see also
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3B0FD738C60FD1C" box="[1202,1362,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section]. Other phylogenetic studies with a wide taxon sampling have found
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC46DFD358D25FD5A" box="[879,1047,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: in a basal position in Laurasiatheria as a sister group of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC4D8FCD58C52FCBA" authority="(O'Leary et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="O'Leary" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[986,1376,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||||
Didolodontidae (O’Leary
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3EBFCD58C26FCBA" box="[1257,1300,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; closely related to other more derived litopterns than to other SANUs (Muizon
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC48FFC948A8BFCF8" box="[909,953,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2015); among didolodontids at the stem of litopterns but not forming a monophyletic group (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC221FCB78A6FFC39" author="Kramarz" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref43620" refString="Kramarz AG, Bond M, MacPhee RDE. On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the ' condylarth' Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2021; 41: e 1986716." type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
Kramarz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC280FCB78C9CFCD8" box="[1410,1454,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); and forming a monophyletic group as part of a polytomy that includes didolodontids, sparnotheriodontids, indaleciids, and North American phenacodontids (Zimicz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3D4FC698DCDFC76" box="[1238,1279,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2022). However, so far there has not been any phylogenetic analysis that includes protolipternids alongside representatives of all litoptern families, didolodontids, and the different SANU orders (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC206FBCB8C7FFB94" box="[1284,1357,1053,1077]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC447FBEA8AA7FA8E" blockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
If we follow Cifelli (1983a) and consider
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC20BFBEA8C81FBF5" box="[1289,1459,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a valid family, its earliest members are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC232FB8D8DF6FB32" authority=", Miguelsoriaparayirunhor" authorityName="Miguelsoriaparayirunhor" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC232FB8D8AF6FB32" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC4CEFBAD8DF6FB32" box="[972,1220,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoriaparayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3EDFBAD8A6EFB13" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3EDFBAD8A6EFB13" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Itaboraí,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF30D0AC4FAFB4C8D04FB13" box="[1016,1078,1178,1202]" name="Brazil" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and the youngest member would be
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC429FB6F8D68FB70" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[811,1114,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtrigona">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC429FB6F8D68FB70" box="[811,1114,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with its last records in Cañadón Vaca,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF30D0AC46BFB0F8AE2FB50" box="[873,976,1241,1265]" name="Argentina" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4E6FB0F8D69FB50" author="Gelfo" box="[996,1115,1241,1265]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which gives the family a temporal interval of 56–42 Mya (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC35CFB2E8D95FAB1" box="[1118,1191,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC429FAC18AB4FA8E" box="[811,902,1303,1327]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,630 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<document id="735CB40A061D1E0AABA2C4EB82557F6A" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14341218" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847695013" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Püschel, Hans P., Shelley, Sarah L., Williamson, Thomas E., Perini, Fernando A., Wible, John R. & Brusatte, Stephen L." docDate="2024" docId="03B9B735FFF70D0AC4C1FCEC8839FDDF" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae095.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Didolodontidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FF80CF4DFFE60D1FC702FFD68932FFA1" masterDocTitle="A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1733771398044" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="579EAAD3C74D0AA34059B42032E4E0C6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5600964C11436C1BA7C749E8D02A62CB">
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<mods:title id="7045782E10A3C52C80E48C45B2E1D0BD">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DA894FDC28434E29414F209A01D8E773">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="625212758C200C95D1066323591C8FFE" type="email">hpuschelr@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E19B13FAEDA5D6AEAF91F67C8063787A">Shelley, Sarah L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A146421FC30D1437FAA7037B382FD298">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="09C59DEC202A777C52B79706B800B8E7">Williamson, Thomas E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CF82FE6ABE2FEAB55BF62B8F91EBE94B">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0A1DF7708974B433CD1A91A4A7E097C0">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C69A5C012CFDF2F9C50DDD2905C99F8D">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5C2E909B8AD0C07D84C57A50B82DDEAD">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B5EB35AFA4BAA8A37B09542548F2CA5C">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4BD6E364A45509FD8BAA0D7C6F8DD3DC">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="5051DF3F12DFBAB6EB120A1C984E60F3">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="80DF583082728C59208B891E6BEE38F0">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0C368CB13DC3655CD911A595BE9361BE">
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<mods:date id="EF62A18608C39BE3EDD9E710B4A16193">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C4419C23DE06EDBC36B6C212ABDBF496">2024-09-07</mods:number>
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|
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<mods:number id="B9562A7DCA94B711E19B630F26B46A63">202</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E621356AA9EB6FE1FB261CF4AF63D3B6">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="1E5634A128FF1B7CF2DD1BE5768F83C8">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="821014536D15A0AA92AC5CCAF98F3F96" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B9B735FFF70D0AC4C1FCEC8839FDDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFF70D0AC4C1FCEC8839FDDF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9B735FFF70D0AC4C1FCEC8839FDDF" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0EC4C1FCEC8D64FCF5" box="[963,1110,826,852]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC4C1FCEC8D64FCF5" blockId="17.[809,1461,826,1547]" box="[963,1110,826,852]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC4C1FCEC8D64FCF5" authority="Savage, 1951" box="[963,1110,826,852]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0EC359FCED8C28FCF4" box="[1115,1306,826,853]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC359FCED8C28FCF4" blockId="17.[809,1461,826,1547]" box="[1115,1306,826,853]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC367FCED8DFFFCF5" box="[1125,1229,826,852]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="20.[131,196,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[132,1475,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@20.[129,1479,147,1753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper molars of South American ‘condylarths’ and ‘didolodontids’. A, P4–M3 of Molinodus suarezi in occlusal view [cast of MHNC 1247, P4–M2; cast of MNHN 13870, M3 (mirrored)]. B, roots of M1, M2–M3 of Escribania chubutensis in occlusal view (MLP 90–II-12–68, roots of M1 and M2 (mirrored); MLP 90–II-12–63, M3). C–D, M2 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90-II-12- 70 (mirrored)] in occlusal (C) and distoocclusal (D) views. E, P4–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica in occlusal view [cast of DNPM 908M, P5–M3 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1461-V (mirrored)]. F, M2 of Lamegoia conodonta Paula Couto, 1952 in occlusal view (cast of MNRJ 1465-V). G, P1–M3 of Didolodus multicuspis in occlusal view [MACN 10690, P2–M3 (holotype; mirrored); MACN A 10738, P1]. H, P5–M3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides in occlusal view [DNPM LE 444I (mirrored)]. I, P4–M3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti in occlusal view [DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. J, P2, alveoli of P4–P5, and M1–M3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor in occlusal view [MNRJ 4094V (mirrored)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. Note that the M2 of Molinodus suarezi (A) and the M2 of Lamegoia conodonta (B) present a duplication of their protocone (pr1 and pr2); in the former, this is insipient, and in the latter, it forms a pseudohypocone. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phy, pseudohypocone; phyc, prehypocrista; pshyc, posthypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 8B–G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC3D4FCEC8C22FCF5" box="[1238,1296,826,852]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[241,1361,147,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[238,1364,144,1795]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Right lower molars of South American ‘condylarths’ and ‘didolodontids’ in occlusal view.A, p4–m3 of Molinodus suarezi [cast of MHNC 13867 (mirrored)]. B, m2–m3 of Escribania chubutensis [UNPSJB PV 916 (holotype; mirrored)]. C, talonid of m2, and m3 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90−II−12−69 (mirrored)]. D, P5–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica [MNRJ 1431-V, m1–m3 (mirrored); MNRJ 1450-V, p5 (mirrored)]. E, p2–m3 of Didolodus multicuspis (MACN A 10689). F, p2–m3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides [cast of DGM 1308M (mirrored)]. G, p1–m3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti (cast of DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. H, p4–m3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor (cast of MNRJ 1468V (holotype)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods.Abbreviations:encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; msd, mesoconid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prd, protoconid; pseld, postentoconulid. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9B–E</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0AC428FCB78839FDDF" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
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<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0CC428FCB7886CFDDF" blockId="17.[809,1461,826,1547]" lastBlockId="19.[113,764,144,1703]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC428FCB78AFCFCD8" box="[810,974,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently includes 10 genera [or 12 if we include two unnamed genera (Tejedor
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC371FC578D97FC39" box="[1139,1189,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2009)] with an exclusive Palaeogene distribution (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC328FC498D43FC16" box="[1066,1137,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC278FC498A74FC76" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). There has been recent major detailed revision of this family (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC436FC088A95FC57" author="Gelfo" box="[820,935,990,1014]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC4B0FC088AD4FC57" author="Gelfo" box="[946,998,990,1014]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="130 - 42" refId="ref42288" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' condylarth' Didolodontidae from Gran Barranca: history of the bunodont South American mammals until the Eocene- Oligocene transition. In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 130 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), so to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the most relevant taxonomic aspects are discussed here, along with the advances since these revisions. The family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC212FBCB8C86FB94" box="[1296,1460,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was proposed by Scott (1913) to classify a group of bunodont ‘condylarths’ (see ‘Condylarthra’ section in Supporting information, File S1) endemic to South America with a Palaeogene fossil record consisting mostly of isolated teeth. Initially,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC245FB4C8A46FB70" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino (1897)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described the first known Eocene didolodontid species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC45BFB0F8D03FB50" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[857,1073,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Didolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicuspis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC45BFB0F8D03FB50" box="[857,1073,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Didolodus multicuspis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a phenacodontid. Osborn (1910) identified additional South American taxa as ‘Condylarthra’
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC428FACE8A8AFA8E" box="[810,952,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||||
such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC33BFACE8DE0FA8E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[1081,1234,1304,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Notoprotogonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC33BFACE8DE0FA8E" box="[1081,1234,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Notoprotogonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC3F3FAC18C81FA8E" author="Ameghino" box="[1265,1459,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref39426" refString="Ameghino F. Recherches de morphologic phylogenetique sur les molaires superieures des ongules. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1904 b; 3: 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">Ameghino 1904b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[later synonymized with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC33FFAE18CBCFAEE" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1085,1422,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC33FFAE18DE3FAEE" box="[1085,1233,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC3DFFAE18CBCFAEE" author="Ameghino" box="[1245,1422,1335,1359]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by Simpson (1948)],
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC4FEFA808DB7FACF" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1020,1157,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC4FEFA808DB7FACF" box="[1020,1157,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lambdaconus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[later considered an early proterotheriid (Soria 2001)], and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC38DFAA08DCCFA2C" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[1167,1278,1398,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC38DFAA08DCCFA2C" box="[1167,1278,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[later considered an early adianthid (Cifelli 1983a)]. Scott (1913) later grouped these four taxa as part of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC3BEFA628C0FFA6D" box="[1212,1341,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
within the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC46BFA058AE4FA4A" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[873,982,1491,1515]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC4EAFA058D07FA4A" box="[1000,1077,1491,1515]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Simpson (1934) subsequently corrected it to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC4AFFA258D60F9AA" box="[941,1106,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and grouped them again within ‘Condylarthra’. After adding two new species from the Rio Chico Formation [latest Danian–Late Lutetian in age (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC5B1FF6689DCFF46" author="Krause" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Krause
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC773FF198999FF46" box="[113,171,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)] of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6B4FF198B78FF46" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[438,586,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC6B4FF198B78FF46" box="[438,586,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC564FF198858FEA7" authority="Simpson, 1935" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC564FF1989F4FEA7" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia yirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
Simpson, 1935
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6A3FF388997FE84" authority="Simpson 1935" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chaishoer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC6A3FF388BAAFEA7" box="[417,664,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia chaishoer</emphasis>
|
||||
Simpson 1935
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), Simpson (1948) revised the whole group, giving a new definition for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC644FEFB88D8FEE4" box="[326,490,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and emending many of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC773FE9A8808FEC5" author="Ameghino's" box="[113,314,332,356]" firstAuthor="Ameghino's" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 568" refId="ref39456" refString="Ameghino F. Les formations sedimentaires du cretace superieur et du tertiaire de Patagonie avec un parallele entre leurs faunes mammalogiques et celles de l'ancien continent. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1906; 15: 1 - 568." type="journal article" year="1906">Ameghino’s (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
taxonomic classifications of the Patagonian taxa, including the following genera in the family:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC593FEBD8BC7FE22" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[657,757,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Didolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC593FEBD8BC7FE22" box="[657,757,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Didolodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC773FE5D8837FE02" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[113,261,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC773FE5D8837FE02" box="[113,261,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC616FE5D8B6DFE02" authority="Ameghino 1904 b" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[276,607,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Argyrolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC616FE5D8890FE02" box="[276,418,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argyrolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC6A8FE5D8B6DFE02" author="Ameghino" box="[426,607,395,419]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref39426" refString="Ameghino F. Recherches de morphologic phylogenetique sur les molaires superieures des ongules. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1904 b; 3: 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">Ameghino 1904b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC56FFE5D8817FE63" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Paulogervaisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC56FFE5D8BC8FE02" box="[621,762,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Paulogervaisia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC773FE7C8817FE63" author="Ameghino" box="[113,293,426,450]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC638FE7D889BFE63" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[314,425,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC638FE7D889BFE63" box="[314,425,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6BDFE7D8BC7FE63" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[447,757,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Enneoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC6BDFE7D8B03FE63" box="[447,561,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Enneoconus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC543FE7C8BC7FE63" author="Ameghino" box="[577,757,426,450]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC773FE1F8819FE40" box="[113,299,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Asmithwoodwarsia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC636FE1F88D3FE40" author="Ameghino" box="[308,481,457,481]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC51CFE1F8828FDA0" authority="Ameghino, 1906" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Archaeohyracotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC51CFE1F8BC8FE40" box="[542,762,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Archaeohyracotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC773FE3F8828FDA0" author="Ameghino" box="[113,282,489,513]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 568" refId="ref39456" refString="Ameghino F. Les formations sedimentaires du cretace superieur et du tertiaire de Patagonie avec un parallele entre leurs faunes mammalogiques et celles de l'ancien continent. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1906; 15: 1 - 568." type="journal article" year="1906">Ameghino, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Simpson soon recognized the close similarities between this group and North American ‘condylarths’, including species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7D8FDF188BFFD9E" box="[218,397,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Phenacodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phenacodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6BDFDF18B79FD9E" box="[447,587,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mioclaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, stating that they were impossible to separate on a purely morphological basis (Simpson 1948, 1980).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFF40D0CC783F8968A28F81B" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[129,194,1856,1880]" targetBox="[177,1425,147,1825]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF40D0DC783F8968CBFF831" blockId="18.[129,1464,1856,1964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC783F89689EAF8F9" bold="true" box="[129,216,1856,1880]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Right lower molars of relevant SANUs in occlusal view. A, p1–m3 of the indaleciid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC4EAF8968DAFF8F9" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[1000,1181,1856,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC4EAF8968DAFF8F9" box="[1000,1181,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[PVL 4186 (p1–p2 mirrored)]. B, p2–m3 of the notonychopid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC518F88A8BE0F8D5" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[538,722,1884,1908]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC518F88A8BE0F8D5" box="[538,722,1884,1908]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Notonychops powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[PVL 4298 (mirrored)]. C, p1–m3 of the notoungulate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC3E6F88A8C8AF8D5" box="[1252,1464,1884,1908]" class="Mammalia" family="Henricosborniidae" genus="Simpsonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praecursor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC3E6F88A8C8AF8D5" box="[1252,1464,1884,1908]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Simpsonotus praecursor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. D, p1–m3 of the astrapothere
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC42CF8AE8D3CF831" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[814,1038,1912,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Trigonostylopidae" genus="Trigonostylops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wortmani">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC42CF8AE8D3CF831" box="[814,1038,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Trigonostylops wortmani</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MNHN.F.CAS188 (mirrored)]. E, p2–
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF40D0CC783F8428A28F81B" blockId="18.[129,1464,1856,1964]" lastBlockId="19.[113,1452,1786,1979]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
m3 of the xenungulate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC65AF84388C5F80D" authorityName="Villarroel" authorityYear="1987" box="[344,503,1940,1964]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Phaeococcomycetaceae" genus="Etayoa" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lichenostigmatales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bacatensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC65AF84388C5F80D" box="[344,503,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Etayoa bacatensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[cast of GM 32 (holotype; mirrored)]. F, p1–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF40D0DC4E1F8428DE7F80D" authorityName="Soria & Powell" authorityYear="1981" box="[995,1237,1940,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Eoastrapostylopidae" genus="Eoastrapostylops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riolorense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF40D0DC4E1F8428DE7F80D" box="[995,1237,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eoastrapostylops riolorense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[PVL 4216, p1–m2 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFF50D0CC778F92C89E4F8B3" box="[122,214,1786,1810]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
; p1–p5, m2 mirrored); PVL 4216, m3. G, p4–m3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC5C1F92C8AAEF8B3" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[707,924,1786,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Pyrotheriidae" genus="Propyrotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxeum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC5C1F92C8AAEF8B3" box="[707,924,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Propyrotherium saxeum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[LIEB-PV 3200 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisk is labelling either a paracristid in H1 or a very reduced paraconid in H
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFF50D0CC5FDF8E58A11F8EB" box="[767,803,1842,1867]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC42AF8E58ACEF8EB" box="[808,1020,1843,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Henricosborniidae" genus="Simpsonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praecursor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC42AF8E58ACEF8EB" box="[808,1020,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Simpsonotus praecursor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the tested hypotheses in our analyses. The question mark (?) next to the paraconid of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC504F8998BE8F8C7" box="[518,730,1871,1894]" class="Mammalia" family="Henricosborniidae" genus="Simpsonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praecursor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC504F8998BE8F8C7" box="[518,730,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Simpsonotus praecursor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is to reflect that in the H1 matrix, this cusp was scored as a paraconid, whereas in the H2 matrix it was scored as a twinned metaconid. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid). Scale bars equal
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFF50D0CC5E4F8758A24F81B" box="[742,790,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF50D0CC78FFD538D4DFF66" blockId="19.[113,764,144,1703]" lastBlockId="19.[808,1461,144,1703]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Paula Couto (1952) added two species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC560FD538BC8FD3C" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[610,762,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC560FD538BC8FD3C" box="[610,762,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC77FFD738B87FD1D" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[125,693,676,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protocenica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC77FFD738897FD1D" box="[125,421,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia protocenica</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC773FD128B51FD7D" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[113,611,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayiruhnor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC773FD1288A4FD7D" box="[113,406,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia parayiruhnor</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and the new genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7BAFD328828FD5A" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[184,282,740,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Lamegoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC7BAFD328828FD5A" box="[184,282,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Lamegoia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from fissure fills in the Itaboraí Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF50D0CC773FCD5899DFCBA" box="[113,175,771,795]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC674FCD58B12FCBA" box="[374,544,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC537FCD58BC8FCBB" author="McKenna" box="[565,762,770,794]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="736 - 43" refId="ref44469" refString="McKenna MC. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 1956; 254: 736 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 254.12.736" type="journal article" year="1956">McKenna (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7BFFCF488FFFC9B" authorityName="McKenna" authorityYear="1956" box="[189,461,802,826]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Megadolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molariformis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC7BFFCF488FFFC9B" box="[189,461,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Megadolodus molariformis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from La Venta,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF50D0CC58EFCF48BC5FC9B" box="[652,759,802,826]" name="Colombia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, which
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC7B9FC9788DCFCF8" author="Cifelli and Villarroel" box="[187,494,833,857]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="265 - 88" refId="ref41117" refString="Cifelli RL, Villarroel C. Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus. In: Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997, 265 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1997">Cifelli and Villarroel (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
later considered to be a bunodont proterotheriid, a hypothesis that recently has found some support in phylogenetic analyses (Carrillo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC578FC578B9FFC39" box="[634,685,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2023). Paula Couto (1978) added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6B3FC4989C4FC77" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC6B3FC498B86FC16" box="[433,692,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Itaboraí to the family, a taxon that he previously classified within the North American ‘Condylarthra’ family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7BDFC2B885DFBB4" box="[191,367,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hyopsodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on dental similarities (Paula Couto 1952). In a revision of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC54FFBCB8826FBF5" authority=", Cifelli (1983 a)" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae, Cifelli (1983a)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, based on an indirect tarsal association, removed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7C1FB8D88D8FBD2" baseAuthorityName="Paula Couto" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[195,490,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC7C1FB8D88D8FBD2" box="[195,490,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(renamed as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC587FB8D88AEFB32" authority="Cifelli 1983 a" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC587FB8D89C7FB32" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
Cifelli 1983a
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC6F1FBAD8BC9FB33" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[499,763,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC6F1FBAD8BC9FB33" box="[499,763,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7B0FB4C886BFB13" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[178,345,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and placed them in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC550FB4C8BF3FB13" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[594,705,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC773FB6F882FFB70" box="[113,285,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section for more information). This tarsal association was based on the fact that the relative size and abundance of these tarsals in the Itaboraí sites was what you would expect for the size and abundance of the dentition of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC773FAE18B11FAEE" authority="(Cifelli 1983 b)" baseAuthorityName="Cifelli" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[113,547,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC773FAE18847FAEE" box="[113,373,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
|
||||
(Cifelli 1983b)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Cifelli (1983a) reclassified
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC7D7FA8088D1FACF" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[213,483,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protocenica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC7D7FA8088D1FACF" box="[213,483,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia protocenica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC500FA808BC8FACF" baseAuthorityName="Paula Couto" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[514,762,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Paulacoutoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protocenica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC500FA808BC8FACF" box="[514,762,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Paulacoutoia protocenica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[now known as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC61CFAA38BE2FA2C" authority="(Mones, 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Mones" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[286,720,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ricardocifellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protocenica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC61CFAA38B14FA2C" box="[286,550,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ricardocifellia protocenica</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC538FAA08BF7FA2C" author="Mones" box="[570,709,1397,1421]" firstAuthor="Mones" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref44574" refString="Mones A. Ricardocifellia, a replacement name for Paulacoutoia Cifelli, 1983, and Depaulacoutoia Cifelli and Ortiz-Jaureguizar, 2014 (Mammalia, ' Condylarthra', Didolodontidae), and the status of Depaulacoutoia Kretzoi and Kretzoi, 2000. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2015; 35: e 973571. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634. 2015.973571" type="journal volume" year="2015">Mones, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
because of preoccupation], because he considered it sufficiently morphologically distinct from the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC55EFA628BC6FA6D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[604,756,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC55EFA628BC6FA6D" box="[604,756,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. According to Cifelli (1983a), didolodontids are characterized by having a primitive dentition very similar to mioclaenids, but possessing a hypocone on the M3 (absent in mioclaenids) and a primitive ankle structure similar to many South and North American ‘condylarths’ (i.e., the astragalar facet for the medial malleolus is enlarged anteriorly and the calcaneal cuboid facet is dorsally expanded). Soria (2001), based on dental features, removed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC496FF468DB6FF09" authority="Berg, 1899" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[916,1156,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC496FF468AC9FF09" box="[916,1019,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC30BFF468DB6FF09" author="Berg" box="[1033,1156,144,168]" firstAuthor="Berg" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="77 - 80" refId="ref39765" refString="Berg C. Substitucion de nombres genericos. III. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1899; 1: 77 - 80." type="journal article" year="1899">Berg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3D1FF468C4CFF09" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1235,1406,144,168]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and placed it within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4D3FF798D49FF66" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[977,1147,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF50D0CC447FF198C17FD3C" blockId="19.[808,1461,144,1703]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
In a detailed revision of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3B1FF198A47FEA7" authority=", Gelfo (2006)" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||||
Didolodontidae,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC27BFF198A47FEA7" author="Gelfo" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
synonymized
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC347FF388DE1FEA7" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[1093,1235,238,262]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Argyrolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC347FF388DE1FEA7" box="[1093,1235,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argyrolambda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC24BFF388C9FFEA7" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1353,1453,238,262]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Didolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC24BFF388C9FFEA7" box="[1353,1453,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Didolodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC428FEDB8D34FE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1906" box="[810,1030,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Archaeohyracotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC428FEDB8D34FE84" box="[810,1030,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Archaeohyracotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC344FEDB8C36FE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1094,1284,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC344FEDB8C36FE84" box="[1094,1284,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Asmithwoodwardia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC243FED88C81FE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1345,1459,270,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Enneoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC243FED88C81FE84" box="[1345,1459,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Enneoconus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC461FEFB8AC5FEE4" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[867,1015,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC461FEFB8AC5FEE4" box="[867,1015,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, thus reducing the total number of valid didolodontid genera. Later,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC344FE9A8DE2FEC5" author="Gelfo" box="[1094,1232,332,356]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="651 - 60" refId="ref42229" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' Condylarth' Raulvaccia peligrensis (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2007; 27: 651 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 (651: tcrpmd) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Gelfo (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, based on dental similarities and a phylogenetic analysis, added
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3DAFEBD8D26FE02" authority="Bonaparte et al., 1993" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Escribania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chubutensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC3DAFEBD8C81FE22" box="[1240,1459,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Escribania chubutensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC428FE5D8D26FE02" author="Bonaparte" box="[810,1044,395,419]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 61" refId="ref40125" refString="Bonaparte JF, Van Valen L, Kramarz AG. La fauna local de Punta Peligro, Paleoceno inferior, de la provincia del Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Evolutionary Monographs 1993; 14: 3 - 61." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||||
Bonaparte
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC49CFE5D8AE3FE02" box="[926,977,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 1993
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC34FFE5D8AB0FE63" authority="Bonaparte et al. 1993" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Raulvaccia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peligrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC34FFE5D8C16FE02" box="[1101,1316,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Raulvaccia peligrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC22CFE5D8AB0FE63" author="Bonaparte" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 61" refId="ref40125" refString="Bonaparte JF, Van Valen L, Kramarz AG. La fauna local de Punta Peligro, Paleoceno inferior, de la provincia del Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Evolutionary Monographs 1993; 14: 3 - 61." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||||
Bonaparte
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC2A0FE5D8A71FE63" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1993
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Punta Peligro,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF50D0CC372FE7C8DEAFE63" box="[1136,1240,426,450]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC208FE7C8C82FE63" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" box="[1290,1456,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC428FE1F8D3CFE40" box="[810,1038,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Escribania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chubutensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC428FE1F8D3CFE40" box="[810,1038,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Escribania chubutensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC352FE1F8C19FE40" box="[1104,1323,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Raulvaccia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peligrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC352FE1F8C19FE40" box="[1104,1323,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Raulvaccia peligrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were previously classified within the ‘condylarth’ North American family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC428FDDE8D9CFD81" authority="(Bonaparte et al. 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[810,1198,520,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||||
Mioclaenidae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC4C4FDDE8D90FD81" author="Bonaparte" box="[966,1186,520,544]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 61" refId="ref40125" refString="Bonaparte JF, Van Valen L, Kramarz AG. La fauna local de Punta Peligro, Paleoceno inferior, de la provincia del Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Evolutionary Monographs 1993; 14: 3 - 61." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||||
Bonaparte
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC335FDDF8D5AFD81" box="[1079,1128,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1993
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The most recent generic additions to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4A9FDF18D7DFD9E" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" box="[939,1103,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3BCFDF18A6CFDFE" authority="Gelfo & Sige, 2011" authorityName="Gelfo & Sige" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Umayodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC3BCFDF18C14FD9E" box="[1214,1318,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Umayodus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC229FDF18A6CFDFE" author="Gelfo & Sige" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="665 - 78" refId="ref42458" refString="Gelfo JN, Sige B. A new didolodontid mammal from the Late Paleocene - earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2011; 56: 665 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0067" type="journal article" year="2011">Gelfo & Sigé, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Lower Muñani Formation,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF50D0CC3E5FD918C2BFDFF" box="[1255,1305,583,606]" name="Peru" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC256FD918AD2FDDF" authority="Gelfo et al., 2020 a" authorityName="Gelfo" authorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Saltaodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC256FD918C81FDFE" box="[1364,1459,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Saltaodus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC428FDB08AD2FDDF" author="Gelfo" box="[810,992,614,638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="132 - 45" refId="ref42677" refString="Gelfo JN, Alonso RN, Madden RH et al. An Eocene bunodont South American native ungulate (Didolodontidae) from the Lumbrera Formation, Salta Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 132 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 29.11.2019.3293" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC46BFDB18AA5FDDF" box="[873,919,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2020a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Lumbrera Formation, both of uncertain age (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC48AFD538D64FD3C" author="Gelfo and Sige" box="[904,1110,645,669]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="665 - 78" refId="ref42458" refString="Gelfo JN, Sige B. A new didolodontid mammal from the Late Paleocene - earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2011; 56: 665 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0067" type="journal article" year="2011">Gelfo and Sigé 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Zimicz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC3AFFD508DEEFD3C" box="[1197,1244,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2023).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF50D0CC447FD738AF4FB13" blockId="19.[808,1461,144,1703]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
In terms of the phylogenetic affinities of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC208FD738C9DFD1C" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" box="[1290,1455,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, early phylogenetic analyses found a close relationship between didolodontids and sparnotheriodontids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC3CDFD358C75FD5A" author="Cifelli" box="[1231,1351,739,763]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC250FD358A6CFCBA" author="Bergqvist" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF50D0CC46EFCD58A85FCBA" box="[876,951,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but these were based on tarsal associations that have been questioned by later authors (e.g.,Soria 2001,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC24DFCF48ABCFCF8" author="Gelfo and Sige" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="665 - 78" refId="ref42458" refString="Gelfo JN, Sige B. A new didolodontid mammal from the Late Paleocene - earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2011; 56: 665 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0067" type="journal article" year="2011">Gelfo and Sigé 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; see also
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4F7FC978DE5FCF8" box="[1013,1239,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC209FC978C81FCF8" box="[1291,1459,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sections). Muizon and Cifelli (2000), in a phylogenetic analysis that included North American mioclaenids, South American kollpaniines, didolodontids, and protolipternids, found that protolipternids were nested within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3ABFC698C7FFC76" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" box="[1193,1357,959,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and that both groups together formed the sister group of kollpanines, a result that was also found in a later study (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC3F8FC2B8C5DFBB4" author="Gelfo" box="[1274,1391,1021,1045]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This means that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4A2FBCB8D76FB94" authorityName=", Gelfo" authorityYear="2006" box="[928,1092,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
excluding
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC3B2FBCB8C6AFB94" box="[1200,1368,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a paraphyletic group. Other phylogenetic studies that have included didolodontids in very small matrices have focused on their internal relationships, assuming their monophyly (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC27BFBAD8A6CFB13" author="Gelfo" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="130 - 42" refId="ref42288" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' condylarth' Didolodontidae from Gran Barranca: history of the bunodont South American mammals until the Eocene- Oligocene transition. In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 130 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2010">Gelfo 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF50D0CC469FB4C8A87FB13" box="[875,949,1178,1202]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF50D0AC447FB6F88FFFE22" blockId="19.[808,1461,144,1703]" lastBlockId="21.[113,763,144,638]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
When didolodontids have been included with a limited taxon sample (i.e., usually
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4F8FB0F8D6FFB50" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1018,1117,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Didolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC4F8FB0F8D6FFB50" box="[1018,1117,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Didolodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) in broader analyses that include other SANUs, they have been found in a branch at the stem of some North American ‘condylarths’ and other SANUs (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC428FAE18AE3FAEF" author="Billet" box="[810,977,1334,1359]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Billet" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="956 - 87" refId="ref39984" refString="Billet G, de Muizon C, Schellhorn R et al. Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015; 173: 956 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12219" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||||
Billet
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC465FAE18AA5FAEE" box="[871,919,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2015
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), or in a basal position in Laurasiatheria as the sister group of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC4CDFA808C57FACF" authority="(O'Leary et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="O'Leary" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[975,1381,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||||
Protolipternidae (O’Leary
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC3EBFA818C2EFACF" box="[1257,1308,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. When a larger sample of didolodontids has been included, they have been found at the stem of litopterns but not forming a monophyletic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF50D0CC480FA628C35FA6D" authority="(Kramarz et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Kramarz" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[898,1287,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||||
Didolodontidae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF50D0CC334FA628DCEFA6D" author="Kramarz" box="[1078,1276,1460,1484]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref43620" refString="Kramarz AG, Bond M, MacPhee RDE. On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the ' condylarth' Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2021; 41: e 1986716." type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
Kramarz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC396FA638DF1FA6D" box="[1172,1219,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, or as a paraphyletic group among SANUs and North American ‘condylarths’ (Zimicz
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF50D0CC481FA258A86F9AA" box="[899,948,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2023). In sum, there is still a considerable uncertainty in the phylogenetic position of didolodontids and their relationship among SANUs, and whether they form a monophyletic group. In fact, there has not been any phylogenetic analysis that includes didolodontids alongside representatives of all litoptern families, protolipternids, and the different SANUs’ orders (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC7C6FF46883DFF09" box="[196,271,144,168]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Part of the problem of resolving didolodontid affinities is that their fossil record is limited to mostly dental remains. Nonetheless, recently some authors have started to consider the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC648FF3888C0FEA7" box="[330,498,238,262]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a junior synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FEDB8824FE84" box="[113,278,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC653FEDB88C7FE84" box="[337,501,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a family of litopterns, but without any phylogenetic analysis supporting this new arrangement (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC7EDFE9A88A4FEC5" author="Gelfo" box="[239,406,332,356]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC62CFE9B886FFEC5" box="[302,349,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6A3FE9A88D2FEC5" author="Gelfo" box="[417,480,332,356]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="132 - 45" refId="ref42677" refString="Gelfo JN, Alonso RN, Madden RH et al. An Eocene bunodont South American native ungulate (Didolodontidae) from the Lumbrera Formation, Salta Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 132 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 29.11.2019.3293" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
|
||||
2020
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6D7FE9A8BFFFEC5" author="Corona A & Badin AC & Perea D" box="[469,717,332,356]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41392" refString="Corona A, Badin AC, Perea D et al. A new genus and species and additional reports of the South American native ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020; 102: 102646. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102646" type="journal volume" year="2020">a, Croft and López 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; see more in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7C4FEBD885CFE22" box="[198,366,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFF20D0AC781F9238B56F81B" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[131,196,1781,1805]" targetBox="[132,1475,150,1750]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF20D0AC781F9238B56F81B" blockId="20.[131,1428,1781,1973]" lastBlockId="21.[113,1431,1787,1979]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC781F92389E8F8AC" bold="true" box="[131,218,1781,1805]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Right upper molars of South American ‘condylarths’ and ‘didolodontids’. A, P4–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC30FF9238D83F8AC" authorityName="Muizon and Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1037,1201,1781,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC30FF9238D83F8AC" box="[1037,1201,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [cast of MHNC 1247, P4–M2; cast of MNHN 13870, M3 (mirrored)]. B, roots of M1, M2–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC4DEF8C78D95F888" box="[988,1191,1809,1833]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Escribania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chubutensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC4DEF8C78D95F888" box="[988,1191,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Escribania chubutensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view (MLP 90–II-12–68, roots of M1 and M2 (mirrored); MLP 90–II-12–63, M3). C–D, M2 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC4A3F8FB8D56F8E4" box="[929,1124,1837,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Raulvaccia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peligrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC4A3F8FB8D56F8E4" box="[929,1124,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Raulvaccia peligrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[MLP 90-II-12- 70 (mirrored)] in occlusal (C) and distoocclusal (D) views. E, P4–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC5A0F89F8ABFF8C0" baseAuthorityName="Mones" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[674,909,1865,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ricardocifellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protocenica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC5A0F89F8ABFF8C0" box="[674,909,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ricardocifellia protocenica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [cast of DNPM 908M, P5–M3 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1461-V (mirrored)]. F, M2 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC595F8B08D37F8DC" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[663,1029,1893,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Lamegoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conodonta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC595F8B08A60F8DC" box="[663,850,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lamegoia conodonta</emphasis>
|
||||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view (cast of MNRJ 1465-V). G, P1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC601F85788FBF838" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[259,457,1921,1945]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Didolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicuspis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC601F85788FBF838" box="[259,457,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Didolodus multicuspis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [MACN 10690, P2–M3 (holotype; mirrored); MACN A 10738, P1]. H, P5–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC781F84B88BEF814" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[131,396,1949,1973]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC781F84B88BEF814" box="[131,396,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [DNPM LE 444I (mirrored)]. I, P4–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF20D0BC4C6F84B8D95F814" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[964,1191,1949,1973]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF20D0BC4C6F84B8D95F814" box="[964,1191,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [DGM 358M (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFF30D0AC7B5F92D8821F8B2" box="[183,275,1787,1811]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
; mirrored)]. J, P2, alveoli of P4–P5, and M1–M3 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC5FEF92D8AD1F8B2" baseAuthorityName="Paula Couto" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[764,995,1787,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayiruhnor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC5FEF92D8AD1F8B2" box="[764,995,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria parayiruhnor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in occlusal view [MNRJ 4094V (mirrored)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. Note that the M2 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3A3F8C18C77F88F" authorityName="Muizon and Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1185,1349,1815,1839]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3A3F8C18C77F88F" box="[1185,1349,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A) and the M2 of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7F9F8E58884F8EA" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[251,438,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Lamegoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conodonta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7F9F8E58884F8EA" box="[251,438,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lamegoia conodonta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(B) present a duplication of their protocone (pr1 and pr2); in the former, this is insipient, and in the latter, it forms a pseudohypocone. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phy, pseudohypocone; phyc, prehypocrista; pshyc, posthypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista. Scale bars equal
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFF30D0AC532F8758B6DF81B" box="[560,607,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC78FFE5D8839FDDF" blockId="21.[113,763,144,638]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
The earliest accepted members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC527FE5D8BFBFE02" box="[549,713,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FE7C8867FE63" box="[113,341,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Escribania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chubutensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FE7C8867FE63" box="[113,341,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Escribania chubutensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC694FE7C8B42FE63" box="[406,624,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Mioclaenidae" genus="Raulvaccia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peligrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC694FE7C8B42FE63" box="[406,624,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Raulvaccia peligrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Punta Peligro,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF30D0AC7D0FE1F8805FE40" box="[210,311,457,481]" name="Argentina" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and the youngest are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC562FE1F89CAFDA0" authority=", Paulogervasia" authorityName="Paulogervasia" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC562FE1F8BC6FE40" box="[608,756,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ernestokokenia</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FE3F89CAFDA0" box="[113,248,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Paulogervasia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC63BFE3F88ACFDA0" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[313,414,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC63BFE3F88ACFDA0" box="[313,414,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from different Patagonian localities correlated with the Mustersan SALMA (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC543FDDE8B87FD81" author="Gelfo" box="[577,693,520,544]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC5C3FDDE8BC7FD81" author="Gelfo" box="[705,757,520,544]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="651 - 60" refId="ref42229" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' Condylarth' Raulvaccia peligrensis (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2007; 27: 651 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 (651: tcrpmd) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC773FDF18997FD9E" author="Gelfo" box="[113,165,551,575]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="130 - 42" refId="ref42288" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' condylarth' Didolodontidae from Gran Barranca: history of the bunodont South American mammals until the Eocene- Oligocene transition. In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 130 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which gives a temporal interval of 63.8–36.5 Mya for this family (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC7C0FD918838FDFE" box="[194,266,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC51AFD918B41FDFE" box="[536,627,583,607]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FDB189A8FDDF" box="[113,154,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2014a, b).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="7F8120C5B633AACBED89EC1B264F6F36">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
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<mods:url id="69B96DC001ACDC080C11EC00A4A38BFF">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:url>
|
||||
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|
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<mods:classification id="13DFC8E0E2EACBDDEB9335AC8E4F044F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="8888FBE246630837DFAA09E6651C5798" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:identifier>
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||||
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|
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<treatment id="03B9B735FFF70D0EC614FD898C1AFCBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFF70D0EC614FD898C1AFCBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9B735FFF70D0EC614FD898C1AFCBA" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC614FD898B64FDD8" box="[278,598,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0EC614FD898882FDD8" box="[278,432,607,633]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC614FD898882FDD8" blockId="17.[113,764,607,1547]" box="[278,432,607,633]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC614FD898882FDD8" authority="(Soria, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[278,432,607,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0EC6B7FD898B64FDD8" box="[437,598,607,633]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC6B7FD898B64FDD8" blockId="17.[113,764,607,1547]" box="[437,598,607,633]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC6BDFDB68B14FDD8" box="[447,550,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[193,1409,146,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[190,1412,143,1783]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Right upper molars of relevant SANUs. A, P1–M3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis in occlusal view [PVL 4186 (mirrored)]. B, crownless P1, and P2–M3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli in occlusal view [PVL 4298 (M1–M3 mirrored)]. C, crownless and broken M2, broken M1, and P5–P2 of the notonychopid Requisia vidmari in occlusal view (UNPSJB PV 944, crownless and broken M2, broken parastyle of M1, and P4–P5 (holotype); UNPSJB PV 947, broken M1; UNPSJB PV 945, P2). D, P1–M3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense in occlusal view [PVL 4216 (holotype)]. E, P1–M3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor in occlusal view [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. F–G, unworn M1 or M2 of the notoungulate Henricosbornia sp. (MACN A 10717) in occlusal (F) and distoocclusal (G) views.H, P2–M3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani (AMNH VP-28700). I, P5–M3 of the xenungulate Carodnia vieirai [cast of DGM 335M, P5–M2 (mirrored); cast of AMNH VP-49828, M3 (mirrored)]. J, P5–M3 of Propyrotherium saxeum [AMNH unnumbered (labelled as ‘O3’)], right M3 (there is a mesiobuccal portion missing); MLP 55-III-10-1a, right M1 or M2 (duplicated for illustrating M1–M2); MACN A 10929 (lectotype), left P5 (lectotype; mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisks mark the hypocone and prehypocrista in notoungulates, as they could potentially not be homologous with the hypocone and prehypocrista in other SANUs, considering a different origin of the hypocone in notoungulates (see more in the Material and methods and in Supporting information, File S2). For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods.Abbreviations:efx, ectoflexus; hy, hypocone; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista (or crochet in notoungulates); pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 6B–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC52DFD898B7EFDD8" box="[559,588,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[177,1425,147,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-8@18.[174,1428,144,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7. Right lower molars of relevant SANUs in occlusal view.A, p1–m3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis [PVL 4186 (p1–p2 mirrored)]. B, p2–m3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli [PVL 4298 (mirrored)]. C, p1–m3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. D, p1–m3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani [MNHN.F.CAS188 (mirrored)]. E, p2– m3 of the xenungulate Etayoa bacatensis [cast of GM 32 (holotype; mirrored)]. F, p1–m3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense [PVL 4216, p1–m2 (holotype; p1–p5, m2 mirrored); PVL 4216, m3. G, p4–m3 ofPropyrotherium saxeum [LIEB-PV 3200 (mirrored)].Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisk is labelling either a paracristid in H1 or a very reduced paraconid in H2 in Simpsonotus praecursor, the tested hypotheses in our analyses. The question mark (?) next to the paraconid of Simpsonotus praecursor is to reflect that in the H1 matrix, this cusp was scored as a paraconid, whereas in the H2 matrix it was scored as a twinned metaconid.For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid). Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF70D0EC773FD538C1AFCBA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC773FD538D4AFF46" blockId="17.[113,764,607,1547]" lastBlockId="17.[809,1461,144,795]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC773FD53882FFD3C" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[113,285,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently includes two accepted genera with an exclusively Palaeogene distribution (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC516FD738B62FD1C" box="[532,592,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC7E6FD128872FD7D" box="[228,320,708,732]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC657FD128B33FD7D" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[341,513,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was founded to include
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC771FD358888FD5A" authority="Soria, 1989" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[115,442,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC771FD35880EFD5A" box="[115,316,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Notonychops powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
Soria, 1989
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Rio Loro Formation [age uncertain, although probably pre-Itaboraian SALMA age (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC77EFCF48808FC9B" author="Gelfo" box="[124,314,802,826]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="993 - 1007" refId="ref42730" refString="Gelfo JN, Garcia-Lopez DA, Bergqvist LP. Phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiology of a new xenungulate (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the Palaeogene of Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 993 - 1007. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2020.171 5496" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC7BDFCF589C0FC9B" box="[191,242,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)], an ungulate with great development of the parastyle in M1–M3, which among other features, makes it anatomically distinctive from any other SANU previously described (Soria 1989b). Soria (1989b) considered that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC5E1FC578987FC16" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC5E1FC578987FC16" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">N. powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was dentally convergent with members of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC773FC6988A1FC76" authority="(Tillodonta)" baseAuthorityName="Tillodonta" box="[113,403,959,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Esthonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Esthonychidae (Tillodonta)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, particularly with the lower molars being brachydont and selenodont with a subequal trigonid and talonid length. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC670FC2888E1FBB4" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[370,467,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC670FC2888E1FBB4" box="[370,467,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">N. powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shares important anatomical features with the dentition of ‘amilnedwarsids’ and indaleciids, and of the ear region with indaleciids, which madeSoria (1989b) place it within the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC686FB8A88CEFBD2" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[388,508,1116,1139]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC539FB8D8BC9FBD2" authorityName="Püschel & Shelley & Williamson & Perini & Wible & Brusatte" authorityYear="2024" box="[571,763,1115,1139]" family="Amilnedwardsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="family">Amilnedwardsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC606FBAD884EFB33" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[260,380,1147,1170]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
section for more details). Key differences between notonychopids with indaleciids are the absence of enamel fossettes in the P2–M3 and a greater development of the parastyle in the former, among other features (Soria 1989b).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC773FB2E88B9FAB1" author="McKenna and Bell" box="[113,395,1272,1296]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref44508" refString="McKenna MC, Bell SK. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1997." type="book" year="1997">McKenna and Bell (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
later classified
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC532FB2E8BEEFAB1" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[560,732,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a family within the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC68AFAC188C5FA8E" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[392,503,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, albeit without any anatomical justification (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC653FAE188ACFAEE" box="[337,414,1335,1359]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC6B4FAE18BC8FAEE" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[438,762,1335,1359]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
added to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC7CDFA808849FACF" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[207,379,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the taxon
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC6E4FA81881BFA2C" authority="Bonaparte and Morales 1997" authorityName="Bonaparte and Morales" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Requisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidmari">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC6E4FA818BB8FACF" box="[486,650,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Requisia vidmari</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC592FA80881BFA2C" author="Bonaparte and Morales" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Punta Peligro (Peligran SALMA) which they found to be phylogenetically close to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC527FA438BF6FA0C" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[549,708,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC527FA438BF6FA0C" box="[549,708,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC5D6FA4389A3FA6D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, since this analysis,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC6D2FA628BBBFA6D" author="Goin" box="[464,649,1460,1484]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1029 - 53" refId="ref42920" refString="Goin FJ, Gelfo JN, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, et al. Mamiferos del Banco Negro Inferior, Formacion Salamanca, Cuenca del Golfo de San Jorge. In: Giacosa RE (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Chubut. Puerto Madryn, Relatorio del XXI Congreso Geologico Argentino, 2022, 1029 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2022">
|
||||
Goin
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC508FA638B08FA6D" box="[522,570,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2022)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
called into question an isolated m3 (UNP 946) previously assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC773FA25882BF9AA" authorityName="Bonaparte and Morales" authorityYear="1997" box="[113,281,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Requisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidmari">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC773FA25882BF9AA" box="[113,281,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Requisia vidmari</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC643FA258BB4F9AA" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[321,646,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
because of its bunodont features and how low and different its cristids are to what would be expected for a notonychopid, suggesting it could be a member of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC4CCFF198D46FF46" box="[974,1140,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC447FF388D79FDFE" blockId="17.[809,1461,144,795]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC447FF388DA0FEA7" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[837,1170,238,262]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
failed to find a monophyletic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC462FEDB8D3CFE84" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[864,1038,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC339FED88D93FE84" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1083,1185,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC339FED88D93FE84" box="[1083,1185,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">N. powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC3DFFED88C78FE84" authorityName="Bonaparte and Morales" authorityYear="1997" box="[1245,1354,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Requisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidmari">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC3DFFED88C78FE84" box="[1245,1354,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. vidmari</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were not as closely related in their phylogeny (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC3B7FEFB8C31FEE4" box="[1205,1283,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In addition, as notonychopids were found nested within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC3DCFE9A8C7FFEC5" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1246,1357,332,356]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, most authors now consider them litopterns (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC3C9FEBD8C43FE22" author="Gelfo" box="[1227,1393,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC208FEBA8C0BFE22" box="[1290,1337,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Croft
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC428FE5D8A67FE02" box="[810,853,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC4A7FE5D8D62FE02" author="Goin" box="[933,1104,395,419]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1029 - 53" refId="ref42920" refString="Goin FJ, Gelfo JN, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, et al. Mamiferos del Banco Negro Inferior, Formacion Salamanca, Cuenca del Golfo de San Jorge. In: Giacosa RE (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Chubut. Puerto Madryn, Relatorio del XXI Congreso Geologico Argentino, 2022, 1029 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2022">
|
||||
Goin
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC4E1FE5D8D3CFE02" box="[995,1038,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which is problematic given that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC428FE7C8D5CFE63" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[810,1134,426,450]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
used a matrix that includes exclusively litopterns and did not test alternative relationships. Since the early phylogenetic study of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC3BFFE3F8A46FD81" author="Bonaparte and Morales" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, there has not been any attempt to test the monophyly of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC445FDF18AC1FD9E" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[839,1011,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and to resolve its position among litopterns and other SANUs (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC4F2FD918D09FDFE" box="[1008,1083,583,607]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF70D0EC447FDB08C1AFCBA" blockId="17.[809,1461,144,795]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
As the only two known members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC3C1FDB08C5DFDDF" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1219,1391,614,638]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC29CFDB18A44FD3C" authorityName="Bonaparte and Morales" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Requisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vidmari">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC29CFDB18A44FD3C" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. vidmari</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the potentially pre-Itaboraian SALMA
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF70D0EC24BFD508C9FFD3C" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1353,1453,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" genus="Notonychops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="powelli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC24BFD508C9FFD3C" box="[1353,1453,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">N. powelli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the temporal interval of this family is not well constrained with a current range of ~63.8–51.4 Mya, and is likely much narrower in range (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF70D0EC476FD358A8CFD5A" box="[884,958,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF70D0EC3CDFD358C19FD5A" box="[1231,1323,739,763]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; Woodburne
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC428FCD58A6BFCBA" box="[810,857,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014b,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC4AAFCD58D69FCBA" author="Krause" box="[936,1115,771,795]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Krause
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC4F7FCD58D11FCBA" box="[1013,1059,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF70D0EC364FCD58C2AFCBA" author="Gelfo" box="[1126,1304,771,795]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="993 - 1007" refId="ref42730" refString="Gelfo JN, Garcia-Lopez DA, Bergqvist LP. Phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiology of a new xenungulate (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the Palaeogene of Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 993 - 1007. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2020.171 5496" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF70D0EC3A7FCD58DE6FCBA" box="[1189,1236,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
93
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFA8FFAD759E381BFD7FFB09.xml
Normal file
93
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFA8FFAD759E381BFD7FFB09.xml
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|
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA8FFAE759E381BFB95F8DD" box="[463,1040,1879,1917]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA8FFAE759E381BFB95F8DD" blockId="57.[191,1293,1388,2106]" box="[463,1040,1879,1917]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
||||
<heading id="8B135521FFA8FFAE759E381BFB8CF8DD" box="[463,1033,1879,1917]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
||||
* 6
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE7646381BFC19F8DD" box="[535,924,1879,1917]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE7664381BFC19F8DD" ID-CoL="3V6K5" authorityName="Gunther & Dallas & Carruthers & Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[565,924,1879,1917]" class="Squamata" family="Liolaemidae" genus="Liolaemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occipitalis" status="sp. nov.">Liolaemus occipitalis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFA8FFAE77E2381BFB95F8DD" box="[947,1040,1879,1917]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA8FFAD74BC38DFFB0CFD36" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA8FFAD74BC38DFFB0CFD36" blockId="57.[191,1293,1388,2106]" lastBlockId="58.[107,1214,146,662]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
||||
Near
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE750238DFFCD7F819" authority="(D. AB.)" baseAuthorityName="D. AB." box="[339,850,1939,1977]" family="Aphides" genus="Liolaanus" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" rank="species" species="multimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE750238DFFD14F819" box="[339,657,1939,1977]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">L. multimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(D. &B.)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<caption id="849BB2C5FFA8FFAE77D838DFFBDDF819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14926809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14926809" box="[905,1112,1939,1977]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14926809/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" startId="57.[905,1006,1939,1977]" targetBox="[389,958,703,974]" targetPageId="58">Snout short</caption>
|
||||
, rounded; nostril superior, above the canthus rostralis; tympanum hardly as large as the eye-opening, without dcnticulation anteriorly; upper head-scales smooth; an enlarged oblique scale on each side of the forehead; a series of transverselyenlarged supraoculars; occipital larger than the tympanum; six or seven upper labials, separated from the infraorbital by two series of scales. Sides of neck strongly plicate. Dorsal scales small, smaller than ventrals, as large as gulars, strongly keeled, not mucronate; lateral scales smaller, smooth; ventrals smooth, obtusely pointed. The adpressed hind limb reaches the tympanum; no enlarged postfemoral scales. Tail slightly depressed, a little longer than head and body. Grey above; a series of darker spots on each side of the vertebral line; two darker bands on each side from axilla to groin, separated by a white streak; lower surfaces uniform white.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFABFFAD74CF3CB0FF7DFBEF" pageId="58" pageNumber="193" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFABFFAD74CF3CB0FF7DFBEF" blockId="58.[111,1209,1020,1193]" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">A single half-grown specimen from near the city of Bio Grande.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFABFFAD74CF3B1EFD7FFB09" pageId="58" pageNumber="193" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFABFFAD74CF3B1EFD7FFB09" blockId="58.[111,1209,1020,1193]" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">
|
||||
Well distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFABFFAD76293B1EFC30FBDC" baseAuthorityName="Duméril & Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[632,949,1106,1148]" family="Aphides" genus="Liolaanus" pageId="58" pageNumber="193" rank="species" species="multimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD76293B1EFC30FBDC" box="[632,949,1106,1148]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">L. multimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the larger occipital and the larger dorsal scales.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
92
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFA8FFAE75893A78FEC9F8E6.xml
Normal file
92
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFA8FFAE75893A78FEC9F8E6.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
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<treatment id="584D535BFFA8FFAE75893A78FEC9F8E6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:584D535BFFA8FFAE75893A78FEC9F8E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/584D535BFFA8FFAE75893A78FEC9F8E6" lastPageNumber="192" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
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<heading id="8B135521FFA8FFAE75893A78FC79FAFA" box="[472,1020,1332,1370]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
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* 5
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE76713A78FC79FAFA" authority="(Mull.)" box="[544,1020,1332,1370]" genus="Liolcemus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" rank="species" species="azureus">
|
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE76713A78FCFCFAFA" box="[544,889,1332,1370]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">. Liolaemus azureus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Mull.).
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA8FFAE74B33A20FE1DFA10" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
|
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA8FFAE74B33A20FE1DFA10" blockId="57.[191,1293,1388,2106]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE74B33A20FD73FA2C" authority="F. Muller" authorityName="F. Muller" box="[226,758,1388,1420]" class="Squamata" family="Tropiduridae" genus="Tropidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azureus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE74B33A20FE4CFA2C" box="[226,457,1388,1420]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">Tropidocephalus</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE758E3A20FDD7FA2C" box="[479,594,1388,1420]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">azureus,</emphasis>
|
||||
F. Muller
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 161, pl.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA8FFAE74B93A8BFEC9F8E6" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA8FFAE74B93A8BFEC9F8E6" blockId="57.[191,1293,1388,2106]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
||||
This species is closely allied to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE771D3A8BFB7FFA4D" authority="(D. & B.)" baseAuthorityName="D. & B." box="[844,1274,1479,1517]" family="Aphides" genus="Liolcemus" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE771D3A8BFBB2FA4D" box="[844,1079,1479,1517]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">L. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(D. & B.)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which it resembles strikingly in coloration, It is, however, easily distinguished by the longer digits, the nearly equal length of the third and fourth fingers, and the strongly keeled ventral scales. The species was originally described from Uruguay, whence the Natural-History Museum has also received a specimen, hitherto confounded with
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE70443985FA83F94F" box="[1045,1286,1737,1775]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">
|
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE70443985FA84F94F" box="[1045,1281,1737,1775]" family="Aphides" genus="Liolcemus" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" rank="species" species="pectinatus">L. pectinatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
A fine specimen from near the coast was sent by Dr. v. Ihering.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
80
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFABFFAC75903858FB32FF44.xml
Normal file
80
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFABFFAC75903858FB32FF44.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
|
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|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD765B3858FC8CF89A" box="[522,777,1812,1850]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">Anops Kingii,</emphasis>
|
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Bell.
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
|
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|
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFABFFAD74C23803FD9DF8CF" authority="Kingii, Hens" authorityName="Kingii, Hens" box="[147,536,1871,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Dermophiidae" genus="Amphisbaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="58" pageNumber="193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD74C23803FECEF8CF" box="[147,331,1871,1903]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">Amphisbaena</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD75063803FE38F8CF" box="[343,445,1871,1903]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">Kingii,</emphasis>
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Hens
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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|
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
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76
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76
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, D. & B.
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD74C239F7FEC9F942" box="[147,332,1723,1762]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">Amphisbaena</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFABFFAD750A39F7FD96F942" box="[347,531,1723,1762]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="193">vermicularis,</emphasis>
|
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Hens, nec D. & B.
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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76
data/58/4D/53/584D535BFFACFFAA75333E41FDE8FEC0.xml
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76
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|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFACFFAA75333E41FEFAFE92" bold="true" box="[354,383,269,306]" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">8.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFACFFAA75C83E41FC70FE92" authority="(Burin.)" baseAuthorityName="Burin." box="[409,1013,269,307]" genus="Ltptudactylus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="mystacinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFACFFAA75C83E41FCD3FE93" box="[409,854,269,307]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">Ltptudactylus mystacinus</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFACFFAA77363E41FC79FE92" bold="true" box="[871,1020,269,306]" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">(Burin.).</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFACFFAA74FE3E0CFDE8FEC0" box="[175,621,320,352]" pageId="61" pageNumber="196" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFACFFAA74FE3E0CFDE8FEC0" blockId="61.[175,1020,269,352]" box="[175,621,320,352]" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFACFFAA74FE3E0CFDE8FEC0" authority=", Hens." authorityName="Hens." box="[175,621,320,352]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Cystignathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystaceus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFACFFAA74FE3E0CFEEFFEC0" box="[175,362,320,352]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">Cystignathus</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFACFFAA75273E0CFD88FEC0" box="[374,525,320,352]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">mystaceus,</emphasis>
|
||||
Hens.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue