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<document id="929BDC1DD5E18420D655CD795BF7EA0F" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1721342017626" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mihlbachler, M. C." docDate="2008" docId="03AC87FC14C33E8CFF77FB053BBFFD2E" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2008.B311.1-429.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2008 (311)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gnathotitan berkeyi" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="202" masterDocId="FF95FF8414003E45FFE2FF81385CFFED" masterDocTitle="Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, And Biogeography Of The Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)" masterLastPageNumber="475" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="196" updateTime="1721372264898" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EDF0846633E728064BAA6599D96BC4B5">
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<mods:title id="8E677B639148BF36E18CEF961A72188A">Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, And Biogeography Of The Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BA7C587715D703173375B23C30FB48BD">Mihlbachler, M. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8E1595067F83E36338CDC8249B607B81">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="794EB7A2E1B6C76F4DE437EFDD984D35">
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<mods:date id="815F84A971800E9DB35750B14E8DAAAB">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E838228306F5C58392379E4D5B0C7FAE">2008-06-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D25DE0C79728D4B0B40B67A61ABC2DAC">2008</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9BBA0BEF7C376FEA1F76190DFA612C72">311</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6A8631724818439A0547C89B5A0FC766" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03AC87FC14C33E8CFF77FB053BBFFD2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC14C33E8CFF77FB053BBFFD2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC14C33E8CFF77FB053BBFFD2E" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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<subSubSection id="C31F656114C33E86FF77FB0539A2FB08" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF77FB053A6FFB77" blockId="195.[149,563,1156,1179]" box="[149,563,1156,1179]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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<heading id="D0F2818614C33E86FF77FB053A6FFB77" box="[149,563,1156,1179]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FF77FB053A6FFB77" authority="(Osborn, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[149,563,1156,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
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||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FF77FB053925FB76" box="[149,377,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
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||||
(
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C33E86FE69FB053A77FB77" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[395,555,1156,1178]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF98FB3039A2FB08" blockId="195.[93,620,1201,1759]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB714C33E86FF98FB3039A2FB08" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" specimenCode="AMNH 20106" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FF98FB30395EFB2A" baselines="1219,1219" box="[122,258,1201,1225]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Lectotype" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C33E86FF98FB30395EFB2A" box="[122,258,1201,1225]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
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||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
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<specimenCode id="DBA39E9114C33E86FEF8FB323993FB25" box="[282,463,1202,1224]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">AMNH 20106</specimenCode>
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, a mandible with right c–m3, left c, and p2–m3.
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</materialsCitation>
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656114C33E86FF98FB6D397DFA97" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF98FB6D38F7FAD2" blockId="195.[93,620,1201,1759]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FF98FB6D38E5FAEF" baselines="1278,1278" box="[122,185,1260,1284]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
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||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FF2AFB6D391CFAEE" baselines="1278,1279" box="[200,320,1260,1284]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
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: Telegraph Line Camp, Irdin Manha Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="49C1F80814C33E86FE40FA8D3A3BFACF" box="[418,615,1292,1314]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F312767A14C33E86FFBFFAA838FBFAD2" box="[93,167,1321,1343]" name="China" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF98FAC7397DFA97" blockId="195.[93,620,1201,1759]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FF98FAC738ECFAB1" baselines="1368,1368" box="[122,176,1350,1374]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">AGE</smallCapsWord>
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: Middle Eocene (Irdinmanhan land mammal ‘‘age’’).
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656114C33E86FF98FA033A91FE8D" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF98FA0338B7F94F" blockId="195.[93,620,1201,1759]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FF98FA0338A7FA7A" baselines="1428,1427" box="[122,251,1410,1434]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FEEFFA0339D3FA75" baselines="1428,1428" box="[269,399,1410,1434]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Specimens" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">SPECIMENS</smallCapsWord>
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||||
:
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<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FE4AFA023A5EFA5A" bold="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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||||
(From the Irdin Manha Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="49C1F80814C33E86FEA6FA2039A7FA5A" box="[324,507,1441,1463]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
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)
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</emphasis>
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AMNH 20107, a partial right mandible with i1–m1, m2 (partial); AMNH 20115, a partial juvenile mandible with unerupted incisor, p1, dp2– dp4 (all damaged), and m1; AMNH 20121, a left maxilla fragment with canine alveolus and P1–M3; AMNH 141231 (formerly part of AMNH 20106), a right maxillary fragment with C–M3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FF98F92D3A91FE8D" blockId="195.[93,620,1201,1759]" lastBlockId="195.[667,1193,213,1201]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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Two other specimens, AMNH 20124 (a mandible) and AMNH 20127 (a palate with premolars and molars), were referred to
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FD79FF703BDCFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,896,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FD79FF703BDCFEE5" box="[667,896,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C33E86FC51FF733C3DFEE5" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[947,1121,242,264]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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. Both of these specimens were sent to the Chinese Geological Survey in 1928 and are apparently lost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31F656114C33E86FD5AFEE73B8EFB5C" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="diagnosis">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FD5AFEE73B58FBF3" blockId="195.[667,1193,213,1201]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FD5AFEE73B67FE91" baselines="376,376" box="[696,827,358,382]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Diagnosis" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
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||||
:
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FCBCFEE63C0FFE93" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[862,1107,359,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FCBCFEE63C0FFE93" box="[862,1107,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a large brontothere with a semicomplex P1 (indistinct metacone and small lingual heel) and a distinct P2 metacone. Lingual crests extending from the protocones of the P2–P4 are always present. A premolar hypocone is occasionally present although it is never well separated from the protocone. The molars of
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FD79FDD33B7CFD85" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,800,593,616]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
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<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FD79FDD33B7CFD85" box="[667,800,593,616]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are elongate and have tall, lingually angled ectolophs with weak labial ribs and thinned lingual ectoloph enamel with wedge-shaped paracones and metacones. A cingular parastyle shelf is absent. Distinct central molar fossae and weakly developed anterolingual cingular cusps are present. Paraconules and metalophs are absent. The lower dentition of
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FBC9FCBD3CF5FCBF" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1067,1193,827,850]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
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<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FBC9FCBD3CF5FCBF" box="[1067,1193,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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includes three large subcaniniform incisors. There is a distinct postcanine diastema, a p2 trigonid that is more than twice as long as the talonid, a small metaconid on p3, and a large metaconid on p4. The lower molars have shallow basins and the m3 is slender and very elongate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FD5AFBA43B8EFB5C" blockId="195.[667,1193,213,1201]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FD5AFBA43BFDFBD1" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[696,929,1061,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
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||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FD5AFBA43BFDFBD1" box="[696,929,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all other brontotheres by its disproportionately large and deep mandible, which exceeds the mandibles of all other brontotheres in depth and size.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656114C33E8DFD79FB5E38A9F932" lastPageId="200" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FD79FB5E3B6DFB1E" blockId="195.[667,817,1247,1268]" box="[667,817,1247,1268]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
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|
||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E86FD5AFA913BE7F984" blockId="195.[667,1194,1296,1759]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FD5AFA913B5AFACB" baselines="1314,1314" box="[696,774,1296,1320]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Skull" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">SKULL</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: The skull of
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FC4EFA903CD3FAC5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[940,1167,1297,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FC4EFA903CD3FAC5" box="[940,1167,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is known only from two maxillary fragments, AMNH 20121 (fig. 94) and AMNH 141231 (fig. 95). The lower portion of the orbit is seen in AMNH 20121 and suggests that the anterior rim of the orbit was positioned over the posterior portion of M2. The dorsal margin of the maxilla is intact to a point between the P1 and P2 and indicates that the nasal incision extended at least to this point, but the true anteroposterior length of the nasal incision is unclear.
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C33E81FD5AF9EE3898FA1C" blockId="195.[667,1194,1296,1759]" lastBlockId="196.[128,654,1352,1759]" lastPageId="196" lastPageNumber="197" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FD5AF9EE3B54F968" baselines="1665,1665" box="[696,776,1647,1671]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Upper" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">UPPER</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C33E86FCF0F9EE3BC4F96B" baselines="1665,1666" box="[786,920,1647,1671]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Dentition" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">DENTITION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: The upper incisors of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C33E86FD79F90F3BD9F948" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,901,1678,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C33E86FD79F90F3BD9F948" box="[667,901,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are unknown, but the cheek-tooth rows are complete in both maxillae (figs. 94, 95). The canine of AMNH 20121 is not preserved, but the alveolus indicates a canine of very small diameter. In contrast, the canine of AMNH 141231 is large with a bulbous root. A postcanine diastema follows the canines of both specimens.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666214C43E81FF74FB5A39C4FAE4" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" startId="196.[150,188,1243,1262]" targetBox="[128,1226,210,1213]" targetPageId="196" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C43E81FF74FB5A39C4FAE4" blockId="196.[128,1227,1242,1289]" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">
|
||||
Fig. 94. A maxilla referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C43E81FE11FB5B3A9EFB03" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[499,706,1242,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C43E81FE11FB5B3A9EFB03" box="[499,706,1242,1262]" italics="true" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 20121).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C43E81FC6AFB5A3BF6FB03" bold="true" box="[904,938,1243,1262]" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
Left (labial) view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C43E81FB9DFB5A3CFCFB03" bold="true" box="[1151,1184,1243,1262]" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
left molars,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C43E81FF37FB7438ABFAE5" bold="true" box="[213,247,1269,1288]" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">(C)</emphasis>
|
||||
left premolars.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C43E81FF7FFA7B3AADF932" blockId="196.[128,654,1352,1759]" lastBlockId="196.[701,1228,1352,1759]" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">The P1 is a small ovoid tooth that consists of a large paracone, a much shorter and indistinct metacone, and a very small lingual heel with a small protocone. A short preprotocrista connects the protocone to the paracone. The size of the lingual heel is variable. On AMNH 20121 the P2 is more oblique than P3 or P4 due to the posterolingually angled anterior margin and the lingually shifted metacone. The parastyle of P2 is nearly straight, while the metastyle is angled lingually. The P3 and P4 are more rectangular because of nearly parallel anterior and posterior sides and a nearly flat lingual side. Likewise, the metacones are not as strongly shifted lingually in comparison to P2. The parastyles of P3 and P4 are directed somewhat labially, while the metastyles are nearly straight. The paracone of P2 is swelled buccally, while P3 and P4 have small but well-defined labial paracone ribs.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666214C53E80FF96FBCA3CF6FBB3" box="[116,1194,1099,1119]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" startId="197.[116,155,1099,1118]" targetBox="[104,1181,210,1068]" targetPageId="197" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C53E80FF96FBCA3CF6FBB3" blockId="197.[93,1194,1099,1145]" box="[116,1194,1099,1119]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||||
Fig. 95. A maxilla referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C53E80FE20FBCA3AD2FBB2" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[450,654,1099,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C53E80FE20FBCA3AD2FBB2" box="[450,654,1099,1119]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 141231, formerly part of AMNH 20106).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C53E80FFBFFBE43ABFFB94" blockId="197.[93,1194,1099,1145]" box="[93,739,1125,1145]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C53E80FFBFFBE43822FB95" bold="true" box="[93,126,1125,1144]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
Right (labial) view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C53E80FEBBFBE43926FB95" bold="true" box="[345,378,1125,1144]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
ventral view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C53E80FDF2FBE43A6EFB95" bold="true" box="[528,562,1125,1144]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">(C)</emphasis>
|
||||
right premolars.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C53E80FF98FB183B15FAEB" blockId="197.[93,620,1177,1759]" lastBlockId="197.[667,1193,1177,1759]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">The lingual features of the P2–P4 have relatively high relief. On each of the molars, a very low and short preprotocrista can be seen; it is strongest on the P2 and smallest on the P4. A long lingual crest extends posteriorly from the protocone of P2. On the P3 of AMNH 20121 a tall but short lingual crest connects the protocone to a large hypoconelike swelling. The P3 is similar to P4 except that the protocone and hypocone are even more closely positioned, so that they form a single large ovoid cusp with a short lingual crest at its apex. The lingual premolar morphology of AMNH 141231 differs from that of AMNH 20121. In that specimen, the lingual sides of the P2, P3, and P4 have a single lingual cusp (protocone) and a long lingual crest extending posteriorly from the protocone. The labial premolar cingula are very weak. In AMNH 20121 the anterior and posterior premolar cingula do not join lingually. In AMNH 141231 there is a continuous lingual cingulum on P3 and P4 but not on P2.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C53E83FD5AFA913A5FFE38" blockId="197.[667,1193,1177,1759]" lastBlockId="198.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="198" lastPageNumber="199" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||||
The upper molars of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C53E80FC20FA8E3CF5FACB" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[962,1193,1295,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C53E80FC20FA8E3CF5FACB" box="[962,1193,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are notably elongate. This is most evident in M2 and M3. M1 appears to have been shortened somewhat by interstitial wear. The molars show typical brontotheriine traits including tall, lingually angled ectolophs, very weak labial ribs, thin lingual ectoloph enamel, and wedge-shaped lingual sides of the paracone and metacone in molars that are not heavily worn. The anterior cingulum is thin and passes proximally to the distal peak of the parastyle. Shallow central molar fossae are seen on each of the molars. On the M1, there is a wear facet on the anterolingual cingulum; on M2 and M3 small but distinct anterolingual cingular peaks are evident. All evidence of paraconules and metalophs is lost. The M3 hypocone varies. In AMNH 20121, the M3 hypocone is nearly as large as those of the more anterior molars and is separated from the protocone by a deep valley. However, in AMNH 141231, there are two very small hypoconelike points of enamel. Labial molar cingula are weak, and lingual molar cingula are absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FF7EFE5A3A0EFE1E" blockId="198.[128,654,213,1759]" box="[156,594,475,499]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C63E83FF7EFE5A3943FE1F" baselines="493,494" box="[156,287,475,499]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Mandible" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">MANDIBLE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C63E83FEC4FE603906FE1F" baselines="494" box="[294,346,481,498]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C63E83FE81FE5A39E6FE1F" baselines="493,494" box="[355,442,475,499]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Lower" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">LOWER</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C63E83FE26FE5A3A16FE1F" baselines="493,494" box="[452,586,475,499]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Dentition" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">DENTITION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FF62FE7B396BFC82" blockId="198.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
The mandible and lower dentition of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C63E83FDD3FE7B3948FDC3" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FDD3FE7B3948FDC3" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are known from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C63E83FDC7FD993AD2FDC3" box="[549,654,536,558]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(AMNH 20106), which consists of a nearly complete mandible that is missing its incisors (fig. 96). (The left p1 is mistakenly glued onto the mandible as an incisor.) The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C63E83FF5EFD2B3979FD2D" box="[188,293,682,704]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is laterally crushed, thus its proportions are distorted, but from a lateral view the shape of the mandible seems reasonably intact. Additionally, a partial right ramus with well-preserved incisors, premolars, and a symphysis offer more details (fig. 97).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FF7FFCF93B26FEE5" blockId="198.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="198.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
At
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F14C63E83FF28FCF93975FC63" box="[202,297,888,910]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.05" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" unit="mm" value="805.0">805 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length, AMNH 20106 is the largest known brontothere mandible. (The second largest brontothere mandible I have ever encountered (
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F14C63E83FE7AFC5139A4FC08" box="[408,504,976,997]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.24" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" unit="mm" value="724.0">724 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length) is AMNH 1051, a specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C63E83FE3BFC6F3AD2FBEE" box="[473,654,1006,1027]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Megacerops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FE3BFC6F3A38FBEE" box="[473,612,1006,1027]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Megacerops</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(sensu
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C63E83FF2DFB8B39AAFBCD" author="Mihlbachler, M. C. & S. G. Lucas & R. J. Emry" box="[207,502,1034,1056]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref242730" refString="Mihlbachler, M. C., S. G. Lucas, and R. J. Emry. 2004 b. The holotype specimen of Menodus giganteus, and the '' insoluble' ' problem of Chadronian brontothere taxonomy. In S. G. Lucas, K. E. Zeigler, and P. E. Kondrashov (editors), Paleogene mammals. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 26: 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="2004">Mihlbachler et al., 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Despite the profoundly large mandible,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C63E83FE2CFBA638F3FBB6" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FE2CFBA638F3FBB6" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was probably not the largest brontothere in terms of body mass. For instance, the length of the cheek-tooth row is exceeded by other large brontotheres (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C63E83FE03FB1D3A00FB5E" box="[481,604,1180,1203]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FE03FB1D3A00FB5E" box="[481,604,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Aktautitan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In addition to its excessive size, the mandible is unique in the great depth of the horizontal ramus. Another peculiar aspect of its shape is the distinct bulge on the inferior margin of the horizontal ramus. The bulge is present on both sides, but it is somewhat asymmetrical. On the right side it is below m2 and m3, while on the left side it is below m3 and somewhat posterior to m3. The peculiar shape of the inferior margin was considered by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C63E83FDD4FA43389EFA18" author="Osborn, H. F." pageId="198" pageNumber="199" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C63E83FF32FA5E394AFA19" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[208,278,1503,1524]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) to be a species-level character. However, the bulge could be a neoplasia or tumor paleopathology (Bruce Rothschild, personal commun., 2003), although a thorough paleopathological analysis has not been undertaken. In addition to the large bulge in the center of the ramus, the mandible bulges directly below the symphysis. This second characteristic is repeated in AMNH 20107, suggesting that it is probably not related to a paleopathology.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FD39FE913C66FD31" blockId="198.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C63E83FD39FE913BCCFECB" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[731,912,272,294]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described the coronoid process of AMNH 20106 as wide, though there is so much plaster involved in the reconstruction of that part of the mandible that this observation is doubtful. The symphysis of AMNH 20106 is long and its inferior margin is steeply angled slightly more than 45
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FC83FE5C3B30FE1F" bold="true" box="[865,876,477,498]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">°</emphasis>
|
||||
. This great length and steep orientation of the symphysis is clearly related to the extreme depth of the ramus. However, lateral crushing has clearly exaggerated the narrow-elongate shape of the symphysis of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C63E83FD12FDEE3B01FD68" box="[752,861,623,645]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The cross-sectional shape of the symphysis can be seen from the medial view of AMNH 20107. The symphysis extends to the talonid of the p3.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FD39FD643B94FB5C" blockId="198.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
Although no incisors are preserved with AMNH 20106, there are clearly six alveoli that form an arched row anterior to the canines. A complete right lower incisor row is preserved in AMNH 20107. The incisors are large and positioned closely together with no diastemata. Each crown is composed of a dulled point with narrow mesial and distal margins. The i2 is the largest incisor, though barely so. It exceeds the other incisors in size primarily in crown height. The i3 is slightly more mesiodistally elongate than the other incisors, but otherwise it is similar to i1 and i2. Each incisor has a distinct lingual cingulid. There are no labial incisor cingulids in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C63E83FD3FFB1A3B9DFB5F" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[733,961,1179,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C63E83FD3FFB1A3B9DFB5F" box="[733,961,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E83FD39FB3B3BE8FAA8" blockId="198.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
The canine of AMNH 20106 is very small, while the canine of AMNH 20107 is much larger. Likewise, the postcanine diastema of AMNH 20107 appears to be shorter than that of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C63E83FCA6FAAE3BEDFAA8" box="[836,945,1327,1349]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C63E8DFD39FACC39BFFA54" blockId="198.[701,1228,213,1759]" lastBlockId="200.[128,654,1326,1759]" lastPageId="200" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||||
The left p1 is a small narrow tooth with a single cusp and a small talonid heel. The talonid of p2 is more than twice the length of the talonid but about the same width. The p3 and p4 trigonids are about the same length as their talonids, but the talonids are somewhat wider. The paralophid of p2 arches slightly lingually, thus creating a small lingual-trigonid notch. The protolophid of p2 is straight and slightly deflected lingually. There is no metaconid on the p2. The p3 paralophid and protolophid are more strongly angled lingually, creating broader lingual-trigonid notches. The p3 has a small metaconid that is positioned about equally lingually and posteriorly from the protoconid. The p4 trigonid is essentially molariform with a fully lingually arched paralophid and protolophid, a molariform trigonid basin, and a large lingually positioned metaconid. The cristids obliqua and hypolophids of p2– p4 are well developed, although on the p2 the talonid basin is small. The talonid basins of p3 and p4 are broader and nearly molariform. Labial premolar cingulids of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8DFDC3FAE93959FA71" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFDC3FAE93959FA71" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tend to be weak, while lingual premolar cingulids are absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666214C73E82FF96F982399BF9DC" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" startId="199.[116,155,1539,1558]" targetBox="[113,1175,210,1506]" targetPageId="199" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C73E82FF96F982399BF9DC" blockId="199.[93,1192,1538,1585]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||||
Fig. 96. The lectotype mandible of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C73E82FDE2F9833A91F9FB" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[512,717,1538,1558]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C73E82FDE2F9833A91F9FB" box="[512,717,1538,1558]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 20106).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C73E82FC72F9823BEEF9FB" bold="true" box="[912,946,1539,1558]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
Right view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C73E82FBDDF9823C3CF9FB" bold="true" box="[1087,1120,1539,1558]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
dorsal view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C73E82FF79F99C38E1F9DD" bold="true" box="[155,189,1565,1584]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">(C)</emphasis>
|
||||
left p2–p4,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C73E82FEDEF99C393CF9DD" bold="true" box="[316,352,1565,1584]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">(D)</emphasis>
|
||||
left view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666214C83E8DFF74FB2A3C91FB34" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" startId="200.[150,188,1195,1214]" targetBox="[129,1225,210,1165]" targetPageId="200" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C83E8DFF74FB2A3C91FB34" blockId="200.[128,1229,1195,1241]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
Fig. 97. A partial mandible referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8DFDDBFB2A3B58FB52" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[569,772,1195,1215]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFDDBFB2A3B58FB52" box="[569,772,1195,1215]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 20107).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFC59FB2A3B81FB53" bold="true" box="[955,989,1195,1214]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
Right view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFB82FB2A3CDDFB53" bold="true" box="[1120,1153,1195,1214]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
medial view of right side,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFEA1FB443939FB35" bold="true" box="[323,357,1221,1240]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">(C)</emphasis>
|
||||
right premolars,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFDFEFB443A1CFB35" bold="true" box="[540,576,1221,1240]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">(D)</emphasis>
|
||||
lingual view of right incisors,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFC62FB443BFCFB35" bold="true" box="[896,928,1221,1240]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">(E)</emphasis>
|
||||
labial view of right incisors.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C83E8DFF7FFA4038A9F932" blockId="200.[128,654,1326,1759]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
The molars of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8DFE8BFA403A0BFA35" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[361,599,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFE8BFA403A0BFA35" box="[361,599,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are typical, with shallow basins, thin lingual enamel, and an elongate m3. However, the m3 is among the most elongate among brontotheres with an m3 length/width ratio (2.94) that rivals
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8DFEB2F9D2395DF96B" authority="(Mihlbachler et al., 2004 a)" baseAuthorityName="Mihlbachler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFEB2F9D23997F987" box="[336,459,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Aktautitan</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C83E8DFE3CF9D538A5F96B" author="Mihlbachler, M. C. & S. G. Lucas & R. Emry" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref242671" refString="Mihlbachler, M. C., S. G. Lucas, and R. Emry. 2004 a. A new brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a phylogeny of Asian '' horned' ' brontotheres. American Museum Novitates 3439: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mihlbachler et al., 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Labial molar cingulids are thin and lingual molar cingulids are absent. The m3 hypoconulid has a faint cingulid tracing around it.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656114C83E8CFD5FFAAF3BBFFD2E" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C83E8DFD5FFAAF3B6CFAAF" blockId="200.[701,816,1326,1347]" box="[701,816,1326,1347]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03614C83E8DFD5FFAAF3B6CFAAF" baselines="1342,1342" box="[701,816,1326,1347]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C83E8CFD39FAE039BCFDA7" blockId="200.[701,1228,1377,1757]" lastBlockId="201.[93,620,212,1759]" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
The Central Asiatic Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History recovered
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D03FD6314C83E8DFCC0FA1C3BBEFA5E" box="[802,994,1437,1459]" count="7" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
(two are now lost) that represent a species of very large brontothere with elongate molars and a very deep mandible.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C83E8DFCDFFA773BB6F9E1" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[829,1002,1526,1548]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
assigned
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C83E8DFB87FA773C97F9E1" box="[1125,1227,1526,1548]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
status to a mandible and maxilla that had originally been given the same catalog number (AMNH 20106), although these specimens do not actually belong to a single individual (see below for clarification).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C83E8DFB41F90A3B09F952" author="Osborn, H. F." pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C83E8DFC97F9283BE7F953" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[885,955,1705,1726]" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) originally assigned
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8DFD5FF9473BFFF930" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[701,931,1734,1757]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8DFD5FF9473BFFF930" box="[701,931,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C83E8CFBAFF94738DBFF07" baseAuthorityName="Qi" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C83E8CFBAFF94738DBFF07" italics="true" lastPageId="201" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="200" pageNumber="201">Telmatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFEF1FF5439D7FF06" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[275,395,212,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFEF1FF5439D7FF06" box="[275,395,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is clearly different from any other material that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFE57FF733A37FEEA" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[437,619,242,264]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn (1929a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
had referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFEA6FE8E39BFFECB" baseAuthorityName="Qi" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[324,483,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFEA6FE8E39BFFECB" box="[324,483,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Telmatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFDE0FE8E38FAFEAF" author="Osborn, H. F." pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn’s (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
only indication as to why he though
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFFBFFECB3880FE8D" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[93,220,329,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFFBFFECB3880FE8D" box="[93,220,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
belonged to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFE6DFEC83A72FE8D" baseAuthorityName="Qi" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[399,558,329,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFE6DFEC83A72FE8D" box="[399,558,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Telmatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was that ‘‘the canines resemble those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFDDEFEE7388BFE76" baseAuthorityName="Qi" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFDDEFEE7388BFE76" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Telmatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFEF7FE053921FE76" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1849" box="[277,381,388,411]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Menodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFEF7FE053921FE76" box="[277,381,388,411]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Menodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
’’ (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFE7FFE053A01FE77" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[413,605,388,410]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn, 1925: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, no special similarities in the canines of these taxa were actually pointed out, nor could I find any.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFE29FE5D3942FDE2" author="Granger, W. & W. K. Gregory" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="349 - 389" refId="ref239250" refString="Granger, W., and W. K. Gregory. 1943. A revision of the Mongolian titanotheres. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 80: 349 - 389." type="journal article" year="1943">Granger and Gregory (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
correctly recognized this species as distinct from all other brontotheres and assigned it to its own genus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C93E8CFF98FDD339FCFA8C" blockId="201.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFF20FDD33974FD85" box="[194,296,594,616]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFE97FDD33A37FD84" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[373,619,594,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFE97FDD33A37FD84" box="[373,619,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 20106), as previously described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFFBFFD0C3950FD4E" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[93,268,653,675]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFEC7FD0C3937FD4F" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[293,363,653,674]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFE2AFD0C3940FD52" author="Granger, W. & W. K. Gregory" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="349 - 389" refId="ref239250" refString="Granger, W., and W. K. Gregory. 1943. A revision of the Mongolian titanotheres. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 80: 349 - 389." type="journal article" year="1943">Granger and Gregory (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, includes a mandible and right maxilla that were both originally assigned to AMNH 20106. However, Walter Granger’s field notes for the 1923 Central Asiatic Expedition in the AMNH vertebrate paleontology archives indicate for field number 163 (5 AMNH 20106), ‘‘association between maxilla and lower jaw questionable’’. This detail was either ignored or unnoticed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFEF4FC333999FC2A" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[278,453,945,968]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref243593" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1925. Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene titanotheres of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 202: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1925">Osborn (1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFE3FFC333A7FFC2A" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[477,547,946,967]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFFBFFC4E39F7FC09" author="Granger, W. & W. K. Gregory" box="[93,427,975,997]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="349 - 389" refId="ref239250" refString="Granger, W., and W. K. Gregory. 1943. A revision of the Mongolian titanotheres. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 80: 349 - 389." type="journal article" year="1943">Granger and Gregory (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who considered the maxilla and mandible to be parts of a single
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFF45FB88394DFBF2" box="[167,273,1033,1055]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. Because the jaw and maxilla are not certainly associated (and evidence presented below further suggests they represent separate individuals), the jaw and mandible should be considered
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFDEAFBFE3A37FB79" box="[520,619,1151,1172]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
rather than a single
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFEB8FB1D3998FB5F" box="[346,452,1180,1202]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The AMNH catalog has been modified to reflect this by assigning a new number to the maxilla (AMNH 141231), while the mandible retains the original number (AMNH 20106). Among the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFF6AFAAE38B3FAA9" box="[136,239,1327,1348]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
, the mandible (AMNH 20106) is designated as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFECDFACA39C0FA8C" box="[303,412,1355,1377]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA14C93E8CFF98FAEB3BBFFD2E" blockId="201.[93,620,212,1759]" lastBlockId="201.[667,1194,212,707]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">
|
||||
Other evidence suggests that the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFDE0FAEB3A37FA6D" box="[514,619,1386,1408]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
mandible (AMNH 20106) and the maxilla (AMNH 141231) represent separate individuals of the same species. Most notably, the canine of the maxilla is much larger than the canine of the mandible. The diameter of the maxillary canine (36.4 mm) at the base of the crown is 71
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFEFDF9B6396BF9A1" box="[287,311,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">%</emphasis>
|
||||
greater than that of the mandibular canine (21.2 mm). Canine size is commonly variable in brontothere species. However, the upper and lower canines of a single individual are usually of a similar size. For comparison, the upper canine of KAN N2/875 (the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFCCEFF543BCEFF06" box="[812,914,213,235]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFC59FF553AADFEE5" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFC59FF553AADFEE5" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">Aktautitan hippopotamopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) is only 5
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFC8DFF733BDBFEEA" box="[879,903,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">%</emphasis>
|
||||
larger in diameter than the lower canine (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B14C93E8CFC8DFE913CC2FEC8" author="Mihlbachler, M. C. & S. G. Lucas & R. Emry" box="[879,1182,272,294]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref242671" refString="Mihlbachler, M. C., S. G. Lucas, and R. Emry. 2004 a. A new brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a phylogeny of Asian '' horned' ' brontotheres. American Museum Novitates 3439: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mihlbachler et al., 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The disparity in canine size between the maxilla (AMNH 141231) and mandible (AMNH 20106) of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFC5CFEE83C65FE92" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[958,1081,360,383]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFC5CFEE83C65FE92" box="[958,1081,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFBA4FEE83CF5FE93" box="[1094,1193,361,382]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
strongly suggests that these specimens represent two individuals, possibly of different sexes. The other specimens referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6914C93E8CFB6CFE403AB2FE18" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF814C93E8CFB6CFE403AB2FE18" italics="true" pageId="201" pageNumber="202">G. berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also indicate canine size dimorphism. The additional mandible, AMNH 20107, has canines that are much larger (diameter 5
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F14C93E8CFD79FDB63AB1FDA1" box="[667,749,567,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) than those of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFC24FDB63C73FDA0" box="[966,1071,567,589]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
mandible. Likewise, the additional maxilla, AMNH 20121, has a canine alveolus that is much smaller in diameter than that bulbous canine root of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884814C93E8CFCC6FD2F3B21FD2E" box="[804,893,686,707]" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
maxilla.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
254
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05.xml
Normal file
254
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
|
|||
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|
||||
<mods:title id="D7B4E41D22802F14B2BEFF91B793A71B">Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, And Biogeography Of The Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="489CF0DA6927D87CC4107691C93384CA" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="F42D3539B124A4A9944C2E3AF2868D10">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="A3421230BE4B7E3B6D0FD4172F75DDE0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="30024F79EC680F34F67364E2E39154FA">Mihlbachler, M. C.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="1B23DAFFF0CBC3849DE4E0CD69468D5E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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||||
<mods:title id="7AE9072233A793CD8FE8791CB1C7DDDE">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="5EA1253D3863E42968E7F478ADEFFEED">
|
||||
<mods:date id="90FA4AD922655FC562DFA1A87A1AEDAB">2008</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="50BC159391F02FC49CE2E98716B638EF" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="66566ADBFE7F680E74FDE7CC761D503F">2008-06-03</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="FBAEFB919435CEE4766ADCB42DB2079F" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="1BFE77FA71ACEEDC7AF1656B35312DD1">2008</mods:number>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<mods:number id="81DEE29D11CE34B84A4D8144EC6D1C37">311</mods:number>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<mods:end id="8C9A14CF0E799683E3445BA38DF41600">475</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
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|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="C725FC52B53F1563CFAD39FBCDD75370">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="47A00D4932CD4368F3FF194ADB8B8CBB" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05" lastPageId="329" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115483F0DFF51FA4A3987F9A7" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFF51FA4A3A07FA0D" blockId="328.[179,603,1483,1506]" box="[179,603,1483,1506]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<heading id="D0F2818615483F0DFF51FA4A3A07FA0D" box="[179,603,1483,1506]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" reason="2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915483F0DFF51FA4A3A07FA0D" authority="(Cope, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[179,603,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vallidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815483F0DFF51FA4A39E6FA0F" box="[179,442,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Dolichorhinus vallidens</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15483F0DFE2EFA4A3A0FFA0D" author="Cope, E. D." box="[460,595,1483,1504]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" pagination="487 - 488" refId="ref238029" refString="Cope, E. D. 1872. Second notice of extinct vertebrates from Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12: 487 - 488." type="journal article" year="1872">Cope, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFF7EFA793987F9A7" blockId="328.[128,654,1528,1759]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB715483F0DFF7EFA793987F9A7" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" specimenCode="AMNH 5098" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFF7EFA79397AF9E3" baselines="1546,1546" box="[156,294,1528,1552]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Lectotype" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815483F0DFF7EFA79397AF9E3" box="[156,294,1528,1552]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBA39E9115483F0DFED4FA7B398BF9E2" box="[310,471,1529,1551]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">AMNH 5098</specimenCode>
|
||||
, a partial mandible (in two pieces) with right c (partial), p2, dp4, m1–m3, and left p4–m3.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115483F0DFF7EF9D03BDDFD26" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFF7EF9D039DCF932" blockId="328.[128,654,1528,1759]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFF7EF9D03880F98A" baselines="1635,1635" box="[156,220,1617,1641]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFF1AF9D0392CF985" baselines="1635,1636" box="[248,368,1617,1641]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: ‘‘Mammoth Buttes, Southwestern
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815483F0DFEC5F9F139C1F96B" box="[295,413,1648,1670]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, near headwaters of Bitter Creek’’;
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB715483F0DFED5F90F39DCF932" collectorName="Washakie B" location="Adobe Town" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wyoming">
|
||||
<location id="8EDA603115483F0DFED5F90F398AF94E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC15483F0CFF51FA4A3CD7FC05:8EDA603115483F0DFED5F90F398AF94E" box="[311,470,1678,1700]" name="Adobe Town" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" stateProvince="Wyoming">Adobe Town</location>
|
||||
Member (
|
||||
<collectorName id="26F0533C15483F0DFDB8F90F38B9F92C" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Washakie B</collectorName>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15483F0DFEF2F92D39E7F92C" author="Granger, W. D." box="[272,443,1708,1729]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" pagination="13 - 23" refId="ref239285" refString="Granger, W. D. 1909. Faunal horizons of the Washakie formation of southern Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26: 13 - 23." type="journal article" year="1909">Granger, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) of the Washakie Formation,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815483F0DFEECF94839DCF932" box="[270,384,1737,1759]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFD38FD173BDDFD26" blockId="328.[701,1228,662,776]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFD38FD173B4CFD40" baselines="680,681" box="[730,784,662,686]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Middle Eocene (early Uintan land mammal ‘‘age’’).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115483F0CFD38FD533A02FD69" lastPageId="329" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFD38FD533C43FCE5" blockId="328.[701,1228,662,776]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFD38FD533BF8FD04" baselines="740,741" box="[730,932,722,746]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Nomen dubium:
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815483F0DFB6CFD553AB3FCE5" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
lacks diagnostic features.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFD5FFCB73B08FCA7" blockId="328.[701,852,822,843]" box="[701,852,822,843]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615483F0DFD5FFCB73B08FCA7" baselines="838,838" box="[701,852,822,843]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0DFD39FCE83B52F9C6" blockId="328.[701,1228,873,1759]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
AMNH 5098 includes a pair of right and left mandible fragments that are most similar in size to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915483F0DFCD7FC253C01FC56" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[821,1117,932,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyognathus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815483F0DFCD7FC253C01FC56" box="[821,1117,932,955]" italics="true" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Dolichorhinus hyognathus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915483F0DFB8DFC253B29FC35" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Sphenocoelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uintensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815483F0DFB8DFC253B29FC35" italics="true" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Sphenocoelus uintensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915483F0DFC2EFC433C97FC34" box="[972,1227,962,985]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="validus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815483F0DFC2EFC433C97FC34" box="[972,1227,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Telmatherium validus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(fig. 164). Dental dimensions are as follows: p2L 5 20.6, p2
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE31502D15483F0DFC91FC7F3BB0FBFE" box="[883,1004,1021,1044]" degrees="5" direction="west" minutes="12.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" precision="92" value="-5.2">W 5 12.0</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, p4L 5 22.8, p4
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE31502D15483F0DFB52FC7F3B4EFBDF" degrees="5" direction="west" minutes="16.2" orientation="longitude" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" precision="92" value="-5.27">W 5 16.2</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, m1L 5 30.9, m1
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE31502D15483F0DFC05FB9D3C38FBDC" box="[999,1124,1050,1073]" degrees="5" direction="west" minutes="19.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" precision="92" value="-5.33">W 5 19.8</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, m2L 5 35.6, m2
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE31502D15483F0DFCC4FBBB3BFBFBA2" box="[806,935,1080,1103]" degrees="5" direction="west" minutes="22.2" orientation="longitude" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" precision="92" value="-5.37">W 5 22.2</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, m3L 5 57.6, m3
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE31502D15483F0DFB69FBBB3AADFB80" degrees="5" direction="west" minutes="23.6" orientation="longitude" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" precision="92" value="-5.3933334">W 5 23.6</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, p2–p4 5 64.6, m1–m3 5 122.45, p2–m3 5 188.0. The ramal fragments are dorsoventrally shallow, and the right ramus appears to be unusually short in comparison to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915483F0DFB73FB313BE0FB09" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyognathus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815483F0DFB73FB313BE0FB09" italics="true" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">Dolichorhinus hyognathus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
mandibles. However, the canine root has been plastered onto the specimen in an artificially posterior position. The erect orientation of the canine is artificial also. The crown of the canine is not preserved, but the diameter of the root indicates a canine of typical size. No bone anterior to the p1 alveolus is preserved. The p2 crown is held onto the ramus by plaster, however, remnants of in situ p2 roots are visible on the dorsolabial surface of the ramus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15483F0CFD39F9B53A02FD69" blockId="328.[701,1228,873,1759]" lastBlockId="329.[93,620,213,644]" lastPageId="329" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="328" pageNumber="329">
|
||||
A short diastema (,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F15483F0DFC2DF9B53C49F9A4" box="[975,1045,1588,1609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) exists between the p1 alveolus and the p2 roots, although it has been incorrectly represented in previous figures.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15483F0DFCFFF90C3B9CF94F" author="Cope, E. D." box="[797,960,1677,1698]" pageId="328" pageNumber="329" pagination="1 - 1009" refId="ref238173" refString="Cope, E. D. 1884. The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West. Book 1. In F. V. Hayden (editor), Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories: 1 - 1009. Washington, DC." type="book chapter" year="1884">Cope’s (1884)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
figure of a left ramus (pl. 53, fig. 1) that was reprinted in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15483F0DFB96F92A3B52F933" author="Osborn, H. F." pageId="328" pageNumber="329" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn (1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: fig. 95: A2) is a composite drawing of the left ramal fragment and the mirror image of the anterior part of the right ramal fragment. In this figure, a hypothetical outline of the missing p1 is drawn right next to the p2 with no diastema between them. However, this drawing is inaccurate. The right ramus of the specimen clearly has a short diastema between p1 and p2. Another figure in Cope (1885: pl. 52, fig. 3; reprinted in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFF6AFE5D3960FE1C" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[136,316,476,498]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn 1929a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: fig. 95: A1) correctly illustrates the p1–p2 diastema with the root of the p1 positioned several mm anterior to the p2. Other aspects of the mandible and lower dentition of AMNH 5098 are typical of other hornless middle Eocene brontotheres.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666215493F0CFD53FD9A3B19FD93" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" startId="329.[689,727,539,558]" targetBox="[675,1184,210,509]" targetPageId="329" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15493F0CFD53FD9A3B19FD93" blockId="329.[667,1193,539,638]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">
|
||||
Fig. 165. The holotype mandible of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFBB5FD9A3B0AFDA5" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primitivus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFBB5FD9A3B0AFDA5" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Duchesneodus primitivus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(NMC 6421).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFBECFDB43C6CFDA5" bold="true" box="[1038,1072,565,584]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
A partial dorsal view,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFCA4FDD13B35FD8E" bold="true" box="[838,873,592,611]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
left view. Figures from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFD79FDEA3B1DFD93" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[667,833,619,638]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn (1929a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115493F0CFFBFFD333CD7FC05" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15493F0CFFBFFD333893FD2B" blockId="329.[93,207,690,711]" box="[93,207,690,711]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615493F0CFFBFFD333893FD2B" baselines="706,706" box="[93,207,690,711]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15493F0CFF98FD643A19FAE7" blockId="329.[93,620,741,1759]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFF98FD643955FD17" author="Cope, E. D." box="[122,265,741,762]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="487 - 488" refId="ref238029" refString="Cope, E. D. 1872. Second notice of extinct vertebrates from Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12: 487 - 488." type="journal article" year="1872">Cope (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
originally referred this species to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFF16FC8339DCFCF4" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[244,384,770,793]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Palaeosyops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFF16FC8339DCFCF4" box="[244,384,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Palaeosyops</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. He described
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D03FD6315493F0CFDD3FC82388EFCDB" count="3" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
from three individuals, AMNH 5097 (portions of an upper dentition), AMNH 5099 (more upper dental elements), and AMNH 5098 (right and left partial mandibular rami), but did not designate a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFFBFFC33389BFC25" box="[93,199,946,968]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. However, Cope later stated that the ‘‘lower jaws may be regarded as typical of the species’’ (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFF2DFC6C39C6FBEF" author="Cope, E. D." box="[207,410,1005,1026]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 1009" refId="ref238173" refString="Cope, E. D. 1884. The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West. Book 1. In F. V. Hayden (editor), Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories: 1 - 1009. Washington, DC." type="book chapter" year="1884">Cope, 1884: 700</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFE53FC6C3A37FBEF" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[433,619,1005,1027]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn (1929a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
concluded from this statement that Cope intended the mandible (AMNH 5098) to be the type, and therefore designated it as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFFBFFBE33896FB95" box="[93,202,1122,1144]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. While the right ramus retains a dp4, the left ramus has a fully erupted and slightly worn p4. However, the degree of wear on the molars of these two jaw fragments is identical, so it remains probable that these pieces are from one individual.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15493F0CFF98FA933CD7FC05" blockId="329.[93,620,741,1759]" lastBlockId="329.[667,1193,680,1000]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFF53FA933946FAC5" box="[177,282,1298,1320]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
was reassigned to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFFBFFAAE38A0FAAB" baseAuthorityName="Qi" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[93,252,1327,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFFBFFAAE38A0FAAB" box="[93,252,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Telmatherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by Osborn (1895) and then to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFFBFFACC38ADFA8F" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1895" box="[93,241,1357,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Manteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFFBFFACC38ADFA8F" box="[93,241,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Manteoceras</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFEDAFACC39A4FA8E" author="Hatcher, J. B." box="[312,504,1357,1379]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1084 - 1090" refId="ref239564" refString="Hatcher, J. B. 1895. On a new species of Diplacodon, with a discussion of the relations of that genus to Telmatotherium. American Naturalist 29: 1084 - 1090." type="journal article" year="1895">Hatcher (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Finally,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFFBFFAEB3940FA92" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[93,284,1386,1408]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="1 - 894" refId="ref243619" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1929 a. Titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Monographs 55: 1 - 894." type="journal article" year="1929">Osborn (1929a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
questionably referred this species to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFE84FA063A58FA73" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1895" box="[358,516,1415,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFE84FA063A58FA73" box="[358,516,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Dolichorhinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but he continued to recognize it as a valid species due to the artificially shortened
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFE2EFA433A69FA35" box="[460,565,1474,1496]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
jaw. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFF70FA5E38A7FA18" box="[146,251,1503,1525]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFEC3FA5F3A7BFA18" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[289,551,1502,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vallidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFEC3FA5F3A7BFA18" box="[289,551,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Dolichorhinus vallidens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a distinct p1–p2 diastema, by which it can be distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFEA4F9983A16F9C2" box="[326,586,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Sphenocoelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uintensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFEA4F9983A16F9C2" box="[326,586,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Sphenocoelus uintensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a brontothere of similar size and dental morphology. The dimensions of the teeth that are preserved with the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFEA9F9F039E8F96A" box="[331,436,1649,1671]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
fall above the size ranges of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFED7F90F3A3FF948" baseAuthorityName="Earle" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[309,611,1678,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Mesatirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megarhinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFED7F90F3A3FF948" box="[309,611,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Mesatirhinus megarhinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFFBFF92A390DF92F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1908" box="[93,337,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFFBFF92A390DF92F" box="[93,337,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Metarhinus fluviatilis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFE7AF92C3A48F92F" box="[408,532,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metarhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abbotti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFE7AF92C3A48F92F" box="[408,532,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">M. abbotti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFDC6F92C3907F932" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metatelmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ultimum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFDC6F92C3907F932" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Metatelmatherium ultimum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFE7CF9493A8CFD52" box="[414,720,680,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="validus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFE7CF9493A8CFD52" box="[414,720,680,1759]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Telmatherium validus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are two other taxa that have short p1– p2 diastemata. The dental dimensions of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFD79FD653B58FD17" box="[667,772,740,762]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFCCCFD653BE9FD17" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[814,949,739,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vallidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFCCCFD653BE9FD17" box="[814,949,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">D. vallidens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
fall below the lower size limit of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFCB2FC833BB8FCF5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[848,996,769,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Metatelmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ultimum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFCB2FC833BB8FCF5" box="[848,996,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">M. ultimum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, the fragmentary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815493F0CFCA3FC9E3BF6FCD8" box="[833,938,799,821]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimen (AMNH 5098) is morphologically consistent with, and falls within the dental dimensions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFD79FCF93BF9FC62" box="[667,933,888,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Telmatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="validus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFD79FCF93BF9FC62" box="[667,933,888,911]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Telmatherium validus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFBE9FCF93B47FC40" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyognathus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFBE9FCF93B47FC40" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Dolichorhinus hyognathus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15493F0CFCCFFC173B93FC46" author="Mader, B. J." box="[813,975,918,940]" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" pagination="458 - 484" refId="ref241671" refString="Mader, B. J. 1989. The Brontotheriidae: a systematic revision and preliminary phylogeny of North American genera. In D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (editors), The evolution of Perissodactyls: 458 - 484. New York: Oxford University Press." type="book chapter" year="1989">Mader (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
came to a similar conclusion. Therefore
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915493F0CFC43FC323A85FC0A" authority="Cope" authorityName="Cope" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Dolichorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="329" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vallidens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815493F0CFC43FC323CF5FC27" box="[929,1193,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="329" pageNumber="330">Dolichorhinus vallidens</emphasis>
|
||||
Cope
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is best considered a nomen dubium.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
97
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC154F3F0AFD10FC413CF5F932.xml
Normal file
97
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC154F3F0AFD10FC413CF5F932.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:classification id="D49CD4CA650A9863860253773C28496B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="15F603DD51C920B01A062080B4FE449B" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="03AC87FC154F3F0AFD10FC413CF5F932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC154F3F0AFD10FC413CF5F932" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC154F3F0AFD10FC413CF5F932" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
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||||
<subSubSection id="C31F6561154F3F0AFD10FC413C0EFC38" box="[754,1106,959,981]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD10FC413C0EFC38" blockId="335.[754,1106,959,981]" box="[754,1106,959,981]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
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<heading id="D0F28186154F3F0AFD10FC413C0EFC38" box="[754,1106,959,981]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" reason="2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D69154F3F0AFD10FC413C0EFC38" authority="Cook, 1926" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1926" box="[754,1106,959,981]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Manteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="foris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF8154F3F0AFD10FC413B9DFC39" box="[754,961,959,981]" italics="true" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">Manteoceras foris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B154F3F0AFC28FC3E3C0EFC38" author="Cook, H. J." box="[970,1106,959,981]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref237934" refString="Cook, H. J. 1926. New Eocene titanotheres from Moffat County, Colorado. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 7: 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="1926">Cook, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F6561154F3F0AFD5AFC6A3B03FB22" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD5AFC6A3C7FFBD0" blockId="335.[667,1193,1003,1291]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB7154F3F0AFD5AFC6A3C7FFBD0" collectionCode="DMNH" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" specimenCode="DMNH 487" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFD5AFC6A3B64FBEC" baselines="1021,1021" box="[696,824,1003,1027]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE8848154F3F0AFD5AFC6A3B64FBEC" box="[696,824,1003,1027]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBA39E91154F3F0AFCABFC6C3B80FBEF" box="[841,988,1005,1026]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="Museum">DMNH 487</specimenCode>
|
||||
, a partial mandible with right and left unerupted canines, dp2–dp4, m1, and m2 (erupting).
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD5AFBC23C2FFB78" blockId="335.[667,1193,1003,1291]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFD5AFBC23AABFBB4" baselines="1109,1109" box="[696,759,1091,1115]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFCE8FBC23BDEFBB4" baselines="1109,1109" box="[778,898,1091,1115]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED14AE2F154F3F0AFC7CFBC43BA1FBB7" box="[926,1021,1093,1114]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="Museum">DMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
locality 227, Two bar Spring, 1/
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F154F3F0AFC77FBE33B82FB95" box="[917,990,1122,1144]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mile</quantity>
|
||||
north of Sand Wash Basin, Moffat County,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F808154F3F0AFC19FBFE3C32FB78" box="[1019,1134,1151,1173]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD5AFB1A3B03FB22" blockId="335.[667,1193,1003,1291]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFD5AFB1A3AB2FB5C" baselines="1197,1197" box="[696,750,1179,1203]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Middle Eocene (early Uintan land mammal ‘‘age’’).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F6561154F3F0AFD5AFB573CC8FAE6" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD5AFB573CC8FAE6" blockId="335.[667,1193,1003,1291]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFD5AFB573BDDFB01" baselines="1256,1256" box="[696,897,1238,1262]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Nomen dubium,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE8848154F3F0AFB89FB563A91FAE7" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is an unidentifiable juvenile specimen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F6561154F3F0AFD79FAB93CF5F932" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD79FAB93B51FAA1" blockId="335.[667,781,1336,1357]" box="[667,781,1336,1357]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA036154F3F0AFD79FAB93B51FAA1" baselines="1352,1352" box="[667,781,1336,1357]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA154F3F0AFD5AFAEA3CF5F932" blockId="335.[667,1194,1386,1759]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D69154F3F0AFD5AFAEA3BD5FA92" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1926" box="[696,905,1386,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Manteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="foris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF8154F3F0AFD5AFAEA3BD5FA92" box="[696,905,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="335" pageNumber="336">Manteoceras foris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is based upon a partial juvenile mandible with deciduous premolars. However,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B154F3F0AFCF8FA243BEFFA56" author="Cook, H. J." box="[794,947,1445,1467]" pageId="335" pageNumber="336" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref237934" refString="Cook, H. J. 1926. New Eocene titanotheres from Moffat County, Colorado. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 7: 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="1926">Cook (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
apparently did not realize that the premolars, which formed a part of his diagnosis, were deciduous teeth. Although the deciduous dentitions of a few brontotheres species have been documented, there are too few species with documented deciduous dentitions to confidently identify juvenile brontothere specimens to the species level or diagnose new species. The mandible, DMNH 487, could belong to a number of brontothere species of a similar geologic age.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
97
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15503F15FF5CFF543A5CFC8F.xml
Normal file
97
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15503F15FF5CFF543A5CFC8F.xml
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|
|
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|
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|
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<mods:namePart id="D167EE18BAB2D87CE0BE5C6E0E42FD00">Mihlbachler, M. C.</mods:namePart>
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|
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|
||||
<mods:number id="0299A3505BDA3CF60EE0B87183309F08">2008-06-03</mods:number>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<mods:identifier id="3E13574D151D20C2887BB4CB91AB4417" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03AC87FC15503F15FF5CFF543A5CFC8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC15503F15FF5CFF543A5CFC8F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC15503F15FF5CFF543A5CFC8F" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115503F15FF5CFF543A0CFF07" box="[190,592,212,234]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF5CFF543A0CFF07" blockId="336.[190,592,212,234]" box="[190,592,212,234]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<heading id="D0F2818615503F15FF5CFF543A0CFF07" box="[190,592,212,234]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" reason="2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915503F15FF5CFF543A0CFF07" authority="Cook, 1926" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1926" box="[190,592,212,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Manteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815503F15FF5CFF5439E3FF07" box="[190,447,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">Manteoceras pratensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15503F15FE2AFF553A0CFF07" author="Cook, H. J." box="[456,592,212,234]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref237934" refString="Cook, H. J. 1926. New Eocene titanotheres from Moffat County, Colorado. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 7: 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="1926">Cook, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115503F15FF7EFE813918FDEF" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF7EFE8138B5FE9D" blockId="336.[128,654,256,574]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB715503F15FF7EFE8138B5FE9D" collectionCode="DMNH" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" specimenCode="DMNH 489" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF7EFE813940FEFA" baselines="274,275" box="[156,284,256,280]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815503F15FF7EFE813940FEFA" box="[156,284,256,280]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBA39E9115503F15FECDFE823999FEFA" box="[303,453,258,280]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="Museum">DMNH 489</specimenCode>
|
||||
, a juvenile mandible with right and left adult incisors, c (unerupted), dp2–dp4, and right m1 (unerupted).
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF7EFEF43A0BFE25" blockId="336.[128,654,256,574]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF7EFEF43880FE66" baselines="391,391" box="[156,220,373,397]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF0DFEF4393BFE61" baselines="391,392" box="[239,359,373,397]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED14AE2F15503F15FE60FEF939BDFE60" box="[386,481,376,397]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="Museum">DMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
locality 227, Two bar Spring, 1/
|
||||
<quantity id="4CFD9B0F15503F15FE98FE14399FFE46" box="[378,451,405,427]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mile</quantity>
|
||||
north of Sand Wash Basin, Moffat County,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815503F15FE02FE333A0FFE25" box="[480,595,434,456]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF7EFE4F3918FDEF" blockId="336.[128,654,256,574]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF7EFE4F388FFE09" baselines="480,480" box="[156,211,462,486]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Middle Eocene (early Uintan land mammal ‘‘age’’).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115503F15FF7EFD893A25FDD3" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF7EFD893A25FDD3" blockId="336.[128,654,256,574]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF7EFD89393AFDF2" baselines="538,539" box="[156,358,520,544]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Nomen dubium,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815503F15FDB2FD8B38EEFDD0" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is an unidentifiable juvenile specimen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115503F15FF62FDEA3A5CFC8F" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF62FDEA38AEFD92" blockId="336.[128,242,619,640]" box="[128,242,619,640]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615503F15FF62FDEA38AEFD92" baselines="635,635" box="[128,242,619,640]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15503F15FF7FFD1F3A5CFC8F" blockId="336.[128,654,669,867]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915503F15FF7FFD1F39FBFD5E" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1926" box="[157,423,670,691]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Manteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815503F15FF7FFD1F39FBFD5E" box="[157,423,670,691]" italics="true" pageId="336" pageNumber="337">Manteoceras pratensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is based upon a partial juvenile mandible with deciduous premolars.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15503F15FEE5FD5939C0FD03" author="Cook, H. J." box="[263,412,728,750]" pageId="336" pageNumber="337" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref237934" refString="Cook, H. J. 1926. New Eocene titanotheres from Moffat County, Colorado. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 7: 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="1926">Cook (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
did not realize that the premolars, which formed a part of his diagnosis, were deciduous. The mandible, DMNH 489, could belong to a number of species of a similar geologic age.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
185
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Normal file
185
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15603F24FF71F9853CF5FCD4.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
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<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" authority="Xu and Chiu, 1962" authorityName="Xu and Chiu" authorityYear="1962" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815603F25FF71F98539D3F9F6" box="[147,399,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15603F25FE7AF9873A26F9F6" author="Xu, Y. - X. & C. - S. Chiu" box="[408,634,1541,1563]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FF7EF9B03918F933" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9B03A32F98B" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB715603F25FF7EF9B03A32F98B" collectingDate="2651-05" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF9B03940F9A5" baselines="1603,1604" box="[156,284,1585,1609]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815603F25FF7EF9B03940F9A5" box="[156,284,1585,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED14AE2F15603F25FEC9F9B53936F9A4" box="[299,362,1588,1609]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
||||
<date id="FFBB102A15603F25FE93F9B239E3F9A4" box="[369,447,1587,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" value="2651-05">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EFFFE9C215603F25FE93F9B239E3F9A4" box="[369,447,1587,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" value="2651-05">V2651</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, a left P3–P4, and isolated left p2, and right p3, p4, and m1.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9EC3A08F94E" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF9EC3880F96E" baselines="1663,1663" box="[156,220,1645,1669]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF17F9EC3931F969" baselines="1663,1664" box="[245,365,1645,1669]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Lumeiyi Formation, Lunan Basin,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815603F25FEC5F90F39A4F94E" box="[295,504,1677,1699]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F312767A15603F25FDE7F90C3A0CF94E" box="[517,592,1677,1699]" name="China" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9283918F933" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF928388FF92D" baselines="1723,1724" box="[156,211,1705,1729]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Middle Eocene (Sharamurunian land mammal ‘‘age’’).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FD38FA3A3C43FA1C" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FD38FA3A3C43FA1C" blockId="352.[701,1228,1467,1521]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FD38FA3A3BF8FA3F" baselines="1485,1486" box="[730,932,1467,1491]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Nomen dubium:
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815603F25FB6CFA3C3AB3FA1C" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
lacks diagnostic features.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F24FD5FF99E3CF5FCD4" lastPageId="353" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FD5FF99E3B6CF9DE" blockId="352.[701,816,1567,1588]" box="[701,816,1567,1588]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FD5FF99E3B6CF9DE" baselines="1583,1583" box="[701,816,1567,1588]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F24FD39F9D03A5FFB5D" blockId="352.[701,1228,1617,1759]" lastBlockId="353.[93,620,943,1759]" lastPageId="353" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915603F25FD39F9D03B84F985" authorityName="Xu and Chiu" authorityYear="1962" box="[731,984,1617,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815603F25FD39F9D03B84F985" box="[731,984,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a nomen dubium based on a series of upper and lower cheek teeth (fig. 181). P3 and P4 are rectangular with parallel anterior and posterior sides, and flat lingual and labial margins. P3 has a well-developed lingual crest, while P4 does not. P4 has a poorly developed mesostyle and cusp on the anterior cingulum. The p2 trigonid is only slightly longer than the talonid and it lacks a metaconid. There is an anomalous small cusp at the lingual edge of the p2 talonid basin. The teeth identified as p3 and p4 each have a well-developed metaconid. The lower premolars lack cingulids.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666215613F24FF96FC8F38BFFC9C" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" startId="353.[116,155,782,801]" targetBox="[101,610,212,751]" targetPageId="353" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FF96FC8F38BFFC9C" blockId="353.[93,620,781,881]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
Fig. 181. Part of the holotype of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FE1DFC8C3933FCD6" authority="(IVPP V 2651)" baseAuthorityName="IVPP V" baseAuthorityYear="2651" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE1DFC8C3896FCD1" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
|
||||
(IVPP V2651)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE9CFCA939FCFCD6" bold="true" box="[382,416,808,827]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
Left P3–P4 (from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FFBFFCC23976FCBB" author="Xu, Y. - X. & C. - S. Chiu" box="[93,298,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FEDCFCC23903FCBB" bold="true" box="[318,351,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
left p2,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE5AFCC23986FCBB" bold="true" box="[440,474,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(C)</emphasis>
|
||||
right p3, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FFBFFCDC38DDFC9D" bold="true" box="[93,129,861,880]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(D)</emphasis>
|
||||
right p4.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FF98FB383CF5FCD4" blockId="353.[93,620,943,1759]" lastBlockId="353.[667,1194,212,825]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FF98FB38393BFB23" author="Xu, Y. - X. & C. - S. Chiu" box="[122,359,1208,1230]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted that the degree of premolar molarization resembles
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FDECFB543942FAE4" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FDECFB543942FAE4" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan mongoliensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(a nomen dubium) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FDB2FB75389CFACA" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FDB2FB75389CFACA" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">R. andrewsi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but that it differs from other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FFBFFAAC396FFAA9" box="[93,307,1325,1348]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FFBFFAAC3889FAA9" box="[93,213,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in its larger size, higher crowns, flatter lingual edges of P3 and P4, and well-developed secondary wrinkles (?) on P3 and P4. However, none of these specimens retains diagnostic characters that would indicate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FF24FA413962FA3A" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[198,318,1472,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FF24FA413962FA3A" box="[198,318,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, nor do they indicate a unique taxon. Given the considerable amount of intraspecific variation seen in the upper premolars of brontotheres, the rectangular shape of P3 and P4, prominent lingual crest on P3, lack of well-developed hypocones, and (occasional) P4 mesostyle and anterolingual cingular cusps do not sufficiently differentiate this species from several large Asian brontothere species, such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FF543B04FF06" authorityName="Wang and Wang" authorityYear="1997" box="[667,856,212,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Qufutitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhoui">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FF543B04FF06" box="[667,856,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Qufutitan zhoui</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC91FF543CFDFF07" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[883,1185,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Epimanteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC91FF543CFDFF07" box="[883,1185,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Epimanteoceras formosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FF703BDDFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,897,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiseni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FF703BDDFEE5" box="[667,897,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan kaiseni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC45FF703CFDFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[935,1185,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC45FF703CFDFEE5" box="[935,1185,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan andrewsi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FE8E3B21FECB" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,893,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FE8E3B21FECB" box="[667,893,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC69FE8E3A9DFEAE" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC69FE8E3A9DFEAE" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Aktautitan hippopotamopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and possibly others. Moreover, size variation among these species is poorly understood because of limited sample sizes. The lower premolars are also consistent with multiple taxa, particularly
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBCBFE223CFDFE57" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[1065,1185,419,442]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBCBFE223CFDFE57" box="[1065,1185,419,442]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FE413B7FFE3A" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[667,803,448,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FE413B7FFE3A" box="[667,803,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Gnathotitan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC89FE413BBAFE3A" box="[875,998,448,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC89FE413BBAFE3A" box="[875,998,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Aktautitan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. To summarize, the specimens upon which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC35FE5E3C29FE18" baseAuthorityName="IVPP V" baseAuthorityYear="2651" box="[983,1141,478,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC35FE5E3C29FE18" box="[983,1141,478,501]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">R. quadridens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was based do not indicate a unique taxon; nor is there enough evidence for a species-level identification. However, it is noteworthy that the material is distinct from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBCDFDD43B53FD65" baseAuthorityName="Chow and Hu" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheridae" genus="Dianotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBCDFDD43B53FD65" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Dianotitan lunanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a species from the same formation with well-developed premolar hypocones. Other material from the Lumeiyi Formation, assigned to another nomen dubium,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBA8FD4A3A81FD13" authorityName="Huang and Zheng" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Protitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBA8FD4A3A81FD13" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Protitan major</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, consisting of an upper molar series, may also be pertinent, although comparisons are not possible due to nonoverlapping parts.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
219
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15613F27FD3AFCDA390DF9D0.xml
Normal file
219
data/03/AC/87/03AC87FC15613F27FD3AFCDA390DF9D0.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
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<mods:number id="354B050685D3A6CF7603ACDE8655BE37">2008-06-03</mods:number>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03AC87FC15613F27FD3AFCDA390DF9D0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC15613F27FD3AFCDA390DF9D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC15613F27FD3AFCDA390DF9D0" lastPageId="354" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
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<subSubSection id="C31F656115613F24FD3AFCDA3C30FC9F" box="[728,1132,859,882]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD3AFCDA3C30FC9F" blockId="353.[728,1132,859,882]" box="[728,1132,859,882]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
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|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD3AFCDA3C30FC9F" authority="(Bjork, 1967)" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[728,1132,859,882]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD3AFCDA3B94FC9F" box="[728,968,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FC3AFCDD3C38FC9F" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[984,1124,860,882]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115613F24FD5AFC093B03FB9D" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD5AFC093B01FC36" blockId="353.[667,1193,904,1404]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD5AFC093B64FC72" baselines="922,923" box="[696,824,904,928]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815613F24FD5AFC093B64FC72" box="[696,824,904,928]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: SDSM 63689, a partial skull with right C, P3–M2, left I2 (?), C, P3–M2, M3 (unerupted).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD5AFC633B16FBD8" blockId="353.[667,1193,904,1404]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD5AFC633AABFC15" baselines="1012,1012" box="[696,759,994,1018]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FCEBFC633BDDFC15" baselines="1012,1012" box="[777,897,994,1018]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: SDSM locality V582, Slim Buttes Formation, Harding County,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815613F24FD79FB9E3B1AFBD8" box="[667,838,1055,1077]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD5AFBBA3B03FB9D" blockId="353.[667,1193,904,1404]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD5AFBBA3AB2FBBF" baselines="1101,1102" box="[696,750,1083,1107]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">AGE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Middle Eocene (Duchesnean land mammal ‘‘age’’).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115613F24FD5AFBF63CC9FA91" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD5AFBF63BBBFAAD" blockId="353.[667,1193,904,1404]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD5AFBF63B65FB60" baselines="1161,1161" box="[696,825,1143,1167]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FCA7FBF63B94FB63" baselines="1161,1162" box="[837,968,1143,1167]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Specimens" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">SPECIMENS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC39FBF83BCEFB41" bold="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
(See
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FBFAFBF83CF5FB63" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[1048,1193,1145,1167]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork [1967]</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for a complete list.)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FC40FB173C62FB41" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[930,1086,1174,1196]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
referred numerous teeth and other fragments to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FB503BD4FB05" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[667,904,1233,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FB503BD4FB05" box="[667,904,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Among these specimens is SDSM 63690, a partial rostrum with a complete incisor row, right C, and P2–P4 from SDSM locality V6244.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD5AFAC73CC9FA91" blockId="353.[667,1193,904,1404]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD5AFAC73BDDFAB0" baselines="1368,1369" box="[696,897,1350,1374]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
: Nomen dubium,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815613F24FB89FAC93A91FA96" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is an indeterminate juvenile specimen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C31F656115613F27FD79FA2B390DF9D0" lastPageId="354" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FD79FA2B3B51FA53" blockId="353.[667,781,1450,1471]" box="[667,781,1450,1471]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615613F24FD79FA2B3B51FA53" baselines="1466,1466" box="[667,781,1450,1471]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F27FD5AFA5C3A77FEC8" blockId="353.[667,1194,1500,1759]" lastBlockId="354.[128,654,213,1597]" lastPageId="354" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FD5AFA5C3B0AFA1E" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[696,854,1501,1523]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC08FA5D3CF5FA1E" box="[1002,1193,1500,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Teleodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC08FA5D3CF5FA1E" box="[1002,1193,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Teleodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from a partial juvenile skull (SDSM 63689), several cranial fragments, and isolated teeth. After demonstrating
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC4DF9B43C48F9A1" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[943,1044,1589,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Teleodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC4DF9B43C48F9A1" box="[943,1044,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Teleodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be an invalid genus,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FCBFF9D23CF5F985" author="Lucas, S. G. & R. M. Schoch" box="[861,1193,1619,1641]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="1018 - 1023" refId="ref241366" refString="Lucas, S. G., and R. M. Schoch. 1982. Duchesneodus, a new name for some titanotheres (Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae) from the late Eocene of western North America. Journal of Paleontology 56: 1018 - 1023." type="journal article" year="1982">Lucas and Schoch (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reassigned this species to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBE0F9F13CFDF96A" baseAuthorityName="sensu Lucas and Schoch" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1026,1185,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBE0F9F13CFDF96A" box="[1026,1185,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Duchesneodus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Subsequently, they considered it a junior synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FCCDF92D3AB1F932" authority="(Lucas and Schoch, 1989 b)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas and Schoch" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uintensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FCCDF92D3BEAF92C" box="[815,950,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">D. uintensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FC2AF92D3AB9F932" author="Lucas, S. G. & R. M. Schoch" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="490 - 503" refId="ref241465" refString="Lucas, S. G., and R. M. Schoch. 1989 b. Taxonomy of Duchesneodus (Brontotheriidae) from the late Eocene of North America. In D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (editors), The evolution of Perissodactyls: 490 - 503. New York: Oxford University Press." type="book chapter" year="1989">Lucas and Schoch, 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, the material from which this species was described is neither consistent with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FF24FF72390BFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Lucas and Schoch" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[198,343,243,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uintensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FF24FF72390BFEE5" box="[198,343,243,264]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">D. uintensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, nor does the material sufficiently indicate a distinct taxon.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15623F27FF7FFEAF397FFD29" blockId="354.[128,654,213,1597]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815623F27FF3FFEAF391FFEA9" box="[221,323,302,324]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimen (SDSM 63689) (fig. 182b) indicates a brontothere with small globular upper incisors, a large canine, a distinct postcanine diastema similar in length to P2, upper premolars with small preprotocristae, and distinct premolar hypocones that are separated from the protocones by a lingual connecting crest. Another important specimen, SDSM 63690 (fig. 182a), a rostral fragment, is consistent with the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54BE884815623F27FE16FDB93A06FDA3" box="[500,602,568,590]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and further indicates a reduced number of upper incisors (two pairs). Other specimens have an occasionally strongly developed P4 mesostyle (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15623F27FF65FD2F394AFD29" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[135,278,686,708]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15623F27FF7FFD4C39D7FC79" blockId="354.[128,654,213,1597]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">
|
||||
The relatively long postcanine diastema differentiates
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FEC7FD6B3A47FCEC" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[293,539,746,769]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FEC7FD6B3A47FCEC" box="[293,539,746,769]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FD93FD6A38BDFCF0" baseAuthorityName="Lucas and Schoch" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uintensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FD93FD6A38BDFCF0" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">D. uintensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FECDFC883A09FCF3" box="[303,597,775,798]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Megacerops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FECDFC883A09FCF3" box="[303,597,775,798]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Megacerops coloradensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but several other species, such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FE0CFCA4396DFCB4" baseAuthorityName="Mihlbachler" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Eubrontotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarnoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FE0CFCA4396DFCB4" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Eubrontotherium clarnoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FEA6FCC53A4BFCB4" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1936" box="[324,535,836,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Protitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curryi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FEA6FCC53A4BFCB4" box="[324,535,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Protitanops curryi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FD80FCC539E6FC9B" authorityName="Gazin and Sullivan" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Notiotitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mississippiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FD80FCC539E6FC9B" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Notiotitanops mississippiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, possess similar postcanine diastemata.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7A666215623F27FD36FC9A3C2BFC8E" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" startId="354.[724,762,795,814]" targetBox="[710,1219,210,764]" targetPageId="354" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15623F27FD36FC9A3C2BFC8E" blockId="354.[701,1228,794,867]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">
|
||||
Fig. 182. Specimens referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FBDFFC9B3AA0FCA4" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FBDFFC9B3AA0FCA4" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FCEDFCB43B6CFCA5" bold="true" box="[783,816,821,840]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">(A)</emphasis>
|
||||
SDSM 63690, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FBF2FCB43C6CFCA5" bold="true" box="[1040,1072,821,840]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">(B)</emphasis>
|
||||
SDSM 63689 (the holotype). Photos from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15623F27FC0EFCD13C2FFC8E" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[1004,1139,848,867]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15623F27FF7FFC1D390DF9D0" blockId="354.[128,654,213,1597]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15623F27FF7FFC1D3964FC5F" author="Bjork, P. R." box="[157,312,924,946]" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref237641" refString="Bjork, P. R. 1967. Latest Eocene vertebrates from northwestern South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 41: 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="1967">Bjork (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted that the postorbital process of the jugal of SDSM 63689 was located above the metacone of the M2, thus indicating a shortened face that is characteristic of typical Chadronian brontotheres (i.e.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FF62FBB03956FBAB" box="[128,266,1073,1094]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Megacerops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FF62FBB03956FBAB" box="[128,266,1073,1094]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Megacerops</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In comparison, the orbits of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FF62FBCC391DFB89" authorityName="Mihlbachler" authorityYear="2007" box="[128,321,1101,1124]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Eubrontotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FF62FBCC391DFB89" box="[128,321,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Eubrontotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FEB3FBCF39B0FB8E" authorityName="Gazin and Sullivan" authorityYear="1942" box="[337,492,1102,1123]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Notiotitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FEB3FBCF39B0FB8E" box="[337,492,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Notiotitanops</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FDD1FBCF38EFFB6C" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Protitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FDD1FBCF38EFFB6C" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Protitanops</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are more posteriorly positioned. However, SDSM 63689 is a subadult specimen with an unerupted M3. Although brontothere cranial ontogeny has not been carefully studied (juvenile skulls are very rare), it is fairly obvious that, as the teeth erupt, there would have been ontogenetic changes in the position of the orbit with respect to the teeth. Therefore, this character does not really differentiate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FEF7FAF43A59FA61" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[277,517,1397,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FEF7FAF43A59FA61" box="[277,517,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from other species. From what can be discerned from the available material
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FE8CFA313A34FA2A" baseAuthorityName="Bjork" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[366,616,1456,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Duchesneodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thyboi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FE8CFA313A34FA2A" box="[366,616,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Duchesneodus thyboi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is potentially synonymous with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FE0CFA4C396DF9EF" baseAuthorityName="Mihlbachler" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Eubrontotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarnoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FE0CFA4C396DF9EF" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Eubrontotherium clarnoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FEA6FA6D3A4BF9EC" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1936" box="[324,535,1516,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Protitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curryi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FEA6FA6D3A4BF9EC" box="[324,535,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Protitanops curryi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915623F27FD80FA6D39F3F9F2" authorityName="Gazin and Sullivan" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Notiotitanops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="354" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mississippiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B971EAF815623F27FD80FA6D39F3F9F2" italics="true" pageId="354" pageNumber="355">Notiotitanops mississippiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and it is therefore a nomen dubium.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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