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<mods:title id="CE1295F8A4F00AE790A6F618E03DA4A3">Ecology Of Amblycerus Crassipunctatus Ribeiro-Costa (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) In Seeds Of Humiriaceae, A New Host Family For Bruchids, With An Ecological Comparision To Other Species Of Amblycerus</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="C1943EF77EC886C6775B8166BB143EB4">Ecology Of Amblycerus Crassipunctatus Ribeiro-Costa (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) In Seeds Of Humiriaceae, A New Host Family For Bruchids, With An Ecological Comparision To Other Species Of Amblycerus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5B56E6476437D50DCDBAAC7EDCF76B4F">Johnson, Clarence Dan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D9CDB458E7E39FDEC769E4FE33ACD98">Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011 U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="44AC932F66867B0448493F498296FAEC" type="email">dan.johnson@nau.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F004A4D120EC0C950FB335FA483F1C5B">Johnson, Clarence Dan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4B593DD317E9500C0D9BF78560140E2E">Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011 U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FE0EB3F6D4D482C018AB051892F5C21" type="email">dan.johnson@nau.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E04ADBBC420AF47603AD6419F71DF2D6">Romero, Jesús</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DD7EF94267AB84E0C9000ADB2C6444B8">Programa de Entomología y Acarología Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo, Estado de México C. P. 56230, MÉXICO</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7FBD024C15DB1EFFCD0C4AA9052636E6">Romero, Jesús</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0CC78E0D3DFBAE5BD78A20CB4F5DCA58">Programa de Entomología y Acarología Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo, Estado de México C. P. 56230, MÉXICO</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FDB8C841423DEBEDDFC73189908EF664">Raimúndez-Urrutia, Elena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F709C6134C1F6622D49548A8F19E2FFD">Centro de Botanica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 47114, Caracas, VENEZUELA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A59F64A0AE5CB7B0C0F7EAB4F8301DE">Raimúndez-Urrutia, Elena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="36724415D48A5BC10CDCF27BD10FADDC">Centro de Botanica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 47114, Caracas, VENEZUELA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8575583AE8EF96836FF4730EDEACA606">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="889B42CCFD73DF0C37FC0870331310EF">
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<mods:date id="D11F6C2F29C82E0BDB3DA61871CE362C">2001</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
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<treatment id="8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14014825" ID-GBIF-Taxon="245119380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14014825" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" scope_family="Humiriaceae" scope_order="Coleoptera">
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<subSubSection id="4AD8CAA5F56FFFC9FD3EFB71FD6EB0A8" box="[655,736,1244,1265]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="59352E42F56FFFC9FD3EFB71FD6EB0A8" bold="true" box="[655,736,1244,1265]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56FFFC9FD3EFB71FD6EB0A8" authority="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityName="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityYear="1999" box="[655,736,1244,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipunctatus">
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56FFFC9FD3EFB71FD6EB0A8" authority="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityName="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityYear="1999" box="[655,736,1244,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipunctatus">
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<emphasis id="30B6453CF56FFFC9FD3EFB71FD6EB0A8" bold="true" box="[655,736,1244,1265]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Results</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ may become large trees. The mature fruit of
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<figureCitation id="9AF985ABF56FFFC9FECDF9B8FE04B273" box="[380,394,1557,1578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[330,364,1615,1634]" captionTargetBox="[339,1107,1019,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-53@7.[339,1107,1019,1595]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Fruit of Vantanea minor with exit hole (E) of Amblycerus crassipunctatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10102386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10102386/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">6</figureCitation>
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) varies from 2.5 to 3.3 centimeters in diameter. The fruits persist on the plant for long periods of time. The fruits are almost impenetrable so they are most efficiently opened with a saw. The seeds are not as hard as the fruits, and have a high lipid content. Apparently, it is difficult for insects to enter and exit from these fruits because
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<emphasis id="30B6453CF56EFFC8FD69FBC6FC70B0D9" box="[728,1022,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FD69FBC6FCDDB0D9" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[728,851,1131,1152]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FD69FBC6FCDDB0D9" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[728,851,1131,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
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crassipunctatus
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</emphasis>
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is the only beetle that feeds in its seeds. (A species of
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@ -170,15 +172,15 @@ Fruits of
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<emphasis id="30B6453CF56EFFC8FE4BFC4FFD1DB7AC" box="[506,659,994,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">Vantanea minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with eggs (E) and exit holes of
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FC7FFC4FFBB2B7AC" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[974,1084,994,1013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FC7FFC4FFBB2B7AC" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[974,1084,994,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
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crassipunctatus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="027D992EF56EFFC8FEFCFB78FE40B129" blockId="3.[307,1140,1131,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">
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<materialsCitation id="B2AA9373F56EFFC8FEFCFB78FD11B179" collectingDate="1993-08" collectingDateMax="1998-05-15" collectingDateMin="1993-08" collectorName="E. Raimundez" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" elevation="1208" location="Kavanayen" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
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<materialsCitation id="B2AA9373F56EFFC8FEFCFB78FD11B179" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4974722301" collectingDate="1993-08" collectingDateMax="1998-05-15" collectingDateMin="1993-08" collectorName="E. Raimundez" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" elevation="1208" location="Kavanayen" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
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Host Records for
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FDBDFB7BFD41B0B2" authorityName="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityYear="1999" box="[524,719,1238,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipunctatus">
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<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF56EFFC8FDBDFB7BFD41B0B2" authorityName="RIBEIRO- COSTA" authorityYear="1999" box="[524,719,1238,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipunctatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="30B6453CF56EFFC8FDBDFB7BFD41B0B2" box="[524,719,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">A. crassipunctatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,7 +208,7 @@ Bentham
|
|||
<specimenCount id="14C452A7F56EFFC8FDB2FAA6FD1EB179" box="[515,656,1291,1312]" count="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
.);
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="B2AA9373F56EFFC8FD19FAA6FE44B129" collectingDate="1998-05-15" collectingDateMax="1998-05-15" collectingDateMin="1993-08" collectorName="E. Raimundez" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" elevation="1208" latitude="5.614667" location="Shrub" longitude="-61.494335" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Bolivar">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="B2AA9373F56EFFC8FD19FAA6FE44B129" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4974722302" collectingDate="1998-05-15" collectingDateMax="1998-05-15" collectingDateMin="1993-08" collectorName="E. Raimundez" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" elevation="1208" latitude="5.614667" location="Shrub" longitude="-61.494335" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Bolivar">
|
||||
<location id="071DCFF5F56EFFC8FD19FAA6FD68B179" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B:071DCFF5F56EFFC8FD19FAA6FD68B179" box="[680,742,1291,1312]" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" name="Shrub" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Bolivar">Shrub</location>
|
||||
land near the
|
||||
<location id="071DCFF5F56EFFC8FC39FAA6FC5FB179" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B:071DCFF5F56EFFC8FC39FAA6FC5FB179" box="[904,977,1291,1312]" country="Venezuela" county="Host Records" municipality="Arbustal Riworiwo" name="Pemon" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Bolivar">Pemon</location>
|
||||
|
|
@ -247,17 +249,17 @@ One of the problems with studying bruchid beetles is that they spend the major p
|
|||
A sample of 21 fruits was collected in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7AD5D9BEF56EFFC8FD46F9E6FCEDB239" box="[759,867,1611,1632]" name="Venezuela" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and brought to the laboratory. We used ambient laboratory temperature for rearing the insects and the following results were obtained. More than half of the fruits (52.38%) had bruchid eggs glued to them (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4F40AC95F569FFCFFDF9FBB6FD16B069" box="[584,664,1051,1072]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[311,368,276,295]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Number of eggs and exit holes of Amblycerus crassipunctatus on and in fruits of Vantanea minor." pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4F40AC95F569FFCFFDF9FBB6FD16B069" box="[584,664,1051,1072]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[311,368,276,295]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Number of eggs and exit holes of Amblycerus crassipunctatus on and in fruits of Vantanea minor." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" tableDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14015742" tableUuid="56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The most eggs laid on a fruit was eight, and the most adults that emerged from one fruit was two. The eggs were oviposited on the surface of fruits, which places them in Guild A of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6653E4DFF569FFCFFBB3FBFDFEEEB0D9" author="Johnson" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" pagination="249 - 253" refId="ref5350" refString="Johnson, C. D. 1981. Interactions between bruchid (Coleoptera) feeding guilds and behavioral patterns of pods of the Leguminosae. Environmental Entomology 10: 249 - 253." type="journal article" year="1981">Johnson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" startId="4.[311,368,276,295]" targetBox="[315,1033,351,938]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||||
<caption id="56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14015742" ID-Table-UUID="56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14015742" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" startId="4.[311,368,276,295]" targetBox="[315,1033,351,938]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||||
<paragraph id="027D992EF569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" blockId="4.[279,1112,276,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="30B6453CF569FFCFFE86FEB9FE04B57E" bold="true" box="[311,394,276,295]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Number of eggs and exit holes of
|
||||
<emphasis id="30B6453CF569FFCFFD5AFEB8FC7AB571" box="[747,1012,277,296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF569FFCFFD5AFEB8FCD7B571" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[747,857,277,296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF569FFCFFD5AFEB8FCD7B571" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[747,857,277,296]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
crassipunctatus
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
on and in fruits of
|
||||
|
|
@ -415,7 +417,7 @@ on and in fruits of
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="027D992EF569FFCFFE83FB28FCFAB199" blockId="4.[279,1112,1024,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
We counted the number of eggs laid on each fruit and then counted the number of adults that emerged from each fruit. The average number of adults that emerged per egg laid was 21.87% (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4F40AC95F569FFCFFD51FB16FCBAB089" box="[736,820,1211,1232]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[311,368,276,295]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Number of eggs and exit holes of Amblycerus crassipunctatus on and in fruits of Vantanea minor." pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4F40AC95F569FFCFFD51FB16FCBAB089" box="[736,820,1211,1232]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[311,368,276,295]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Number of eggs and exit holes of Amblycerus crassipunctatus on and in fruits of Vantanea minor." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" tableDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14015742" tableUuid="56BDC9A6F569FFCFFE86FEB9FD84B519">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). We considered that this average was probably low when compared with results that would be obtained under more controlled conditions and probably in nature. Examination of the eggs showed no evidence of mechanical damage or parasitism. We did find differences between hatched eggs and those not hatched. The eggs that hatched had dust that came from the hole drilled beneath the egg to provide entrance into the fruit. The eggs that did not hatch were transparent, and there was no sign of drilling beneath them, so these eggs may be infertile and could have been the reason for the low emergence. Another possibility was that the temperature and humidity were not ideal for them to thrive.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="027D992EF569FFCFFE83FA68FD88B272" blockId="4.[279,1112,1024,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
|
|
@ -436,7 +438,7 @@ width (
|
|||
). A flange surrounds eggs with glue on the periphery (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="9AF985ABF569FFCFFEAEF9C8FEEAB223" box="[287,356,1637,1658]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[303,337,1591,1610]" captionTargetBox="[592,799,1208,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-34@6.[591,799,1208,1571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4. Egg of Amblycerus crassipunctatus showing egg (E), flange (F) and peripheral glue (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10102380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10102380/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This is not unique to eggs of species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF569FFCFFCF3F9CBFC33B222" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[834,957,1638,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF569FFCFFCF3F9CBFC33B222" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[834,957,1638,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="30B6453CF569FFCFFCF3F9CBFC33B222" box="[834,957,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Amblycerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
|
|
@ -457,7 +459,7 @@ Cross section through fruit of
|
|||
<emphasis id="30B6453CF568FFCEFD79FD98FCEFB611" box="[712,865,565,584]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="41">Vantanea minor</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
showing seed cavities filled with frass (F) produced by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF568FFCEFD89FDE0FD28B639" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[568,678,589,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C5C2E2ADF568FFCEFD89FDE0FD28B639" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[568,678,589,608]" class="Insecta" family="Bruchidae" genus="Amblycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
crassipunctatus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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