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<mods:title id="19E53BF60D7B0F345D26B2813F41B64C">Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AA79CE8AE7EF86A07A0B66F4642930DE">Capa, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="035CFC729079BCC494FEF283EDE7BEC7">Nygren, Arne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7A50597DF4CCDDE5ADE8C0391A5B4427">Bakken, Torkild</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52C173CEA9777B393CE438A3760474E2">Meissner, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="DDBA5975F1359F8629D6DDCEB4104790" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="24E11D47BF496E2A517634287D4380CD" ID-CoL="85S24" authority="Moreira &amp; Parapar, 2012" authorityName="Moreira &amp; Parapar" authorityYear="2012" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoridium gudmunduri" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gudmunduri">Sphaerodoridium gudmunduri (Moreira &amp; Parapar, 2012)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="027ED3B05AD5B72CCF5AEA8D2B37B792" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 5W, 23I, J, 29
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="4E122B5838F393D7905DE1096F01BDB9" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E61EF4A1949ED4D734593F038228B1EC" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="21A89254FD0B6EA29458AC8BEA27D3B0" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoropsis gudmunduri" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gudmunduri">Sphaerodoropsis gudmunduri</taxonomicName>
Moreira &amp; Parapar, 2012: 585-588, figs 1A, 2-3, 6
<normalizedToken id="F1775314B34B0D851C2B416103ABD0D0" originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="54FF56EBECEFBA9363B6AE58605C6F5D" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="D0D2D6C54D36EF93B626A5D6A4B3FB32" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F70A7C745892D36FE7EFE823FC3B8B5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
Northwest Iceland,
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,
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, 97 m.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B6DEF0CA0422A9011398C54845072F2C" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="67E484D2A785EC325256BD35FEF74BBC" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D16CE1EEA62DEA0230C977FEECDD5577" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
(11 specs) South Greenland: ZMBN 127350 (5 spec.),
<geoCoordinate id="A509F005BC8380CB0F659970F09221AE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="63.116665">63°07'N</geoCoordinate>
,
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, 162.5 m, 06 Nov 2002; NTNU-VM 74199 (2 specs on SEM stub),
<geoCoordinate id="75A4779A770F832FEF1AE0241F2D646E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="63.116665">63°07'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5A53C71CD2E97A3FFDF303DF373AF374" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-52.283333">52°17'W</geoCoordinate>
, 162.5 m, 06 Nov 2002. Norwegian Sea: ZMBN 127349 (6 spec.)
<geoCoordinate id="0FAB632BF534E90760AEBDB0DF48DC11" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="64.435">64°26.1'N</geoCoordinate>
,
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, 400 m, 07 Jun 1983.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="41B8763506A0E40384672BC9EE5AE494" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="26E19BD3CA40B244CE2AB2C643286B49" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF790170A0099C09AB6F81E2E1409C8D" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
Body short and ellipsoid, less than 2 mm long. Prostomial appendages smooth, lacking spurs. Median antenna as long or slightly shorter than other prostomial appendages. Lateral antennae, palps, and tentacular cirri of similar shape and length. Antenniform papillae absent. 8-12 longitudinal rows of large spherical and sessile macrotubercles in one transverse row per mid-body segment. Dorsum without papillae; ventrum with seven (♂) or 9 (♀) spherical papillae per segment. Parapodia with 1-4 papillae. Acicular lobe from chaetigers 3-4, digitiform. Ventral cirri digiti
<pageBreakToken id="E50DA4282D193EBE38949C63451C7F3E" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" start="start">form</pageBreakToken>
, projecting well beyond acicular lobe. Compound chaetae with short blades (less than five times its maximum width), showing little dorso-ventral gradation; unidentate and fine spinulation along its cutting margin.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="13BFFFF944F1780B14E788414789CDE7" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E211084DA0CD1E37317824E9324077B" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
This is the first report of this species from southern Greenland. Specimens show some minor variations to original description. The species was described with 20-25 chaetigers but specimens with less segments have been found (16-19, Fig. 29A), measuring 1.5-2 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, and with maximum number of macrotubercles in mid-dorsal segments of eight (Fig. 29A) instead of the 10-12 previously described (
<bibRefCitation id="402C17894C6CEF249AD2ECC1F7B7C911" author="Moreira, J" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="584 - 593" title="Two new species of Sphaerodoropsis Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971 (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae) from Iceland (BIOICE programme)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.638929" volume="8" year="2012">Moreira and Parapar 2012</bibRefCitation>
). This variation could be size related, since the specimens examined for this study are smaller and have less segments than those from original description. Females with small oocytes visible through epidermis. Males observed with a pair of digitiform and distally opened sexual structures between parapodia or segments 7-8 (Fig. 23J), as in original description (
<bibRefCitation id="4C0750CBC74C639823B969DF6323AD87" author="Moreira, J" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="584 - 593" title="Two new species of Sphaerodoropsis Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971 (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae) from Iceland (BIOICE programme)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.638929" volume="8" year="2012">Moreira and Parapar 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Other diagnostic features are shared by the North East and South Greenland specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5C37EAA07139CADFA4F0BBA08B7FF8BC" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<paragraph id="E41EB04ADA12A36E5F259859ECACB000" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
Figure 29.
<taxonomicName id="61C241331A8120B0AC5544D1A3FAEA22" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoridium gudmunduri" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gudmunduri">Sphaerodoridium gudmunduri</taxonomicName>
(NTNU-VM 74199), scanning electron micrographs. A Complete specimen, dorsal view B anterior end, frontal view C detail of head, frontal view D complete specimen, ventral view E parapodium, chaetiger 1, anterior view F parapodium, anterior chaetiger, dorsal view G parapodium, mid-body chaetiger, side view H parapodia, mid-body chaetigers, anterior view I, J detail of chaetae, mid-body chaetigers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="457EB541E7C4F99D15FE4F5139B95FF0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<pageBreakToken id="03D5F435C4498D196C281D7096E31A2F" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" start="start">Differences</pageBreakToken>
between this species and other congeners are the large, sessile, and spherical macrotubercles, arranged in one single transversal row of up to 12 per segment, and absence of any other dorsal papillae (Fig. 29A). Other members of
<taxonomicName id="620F1BFB7E000CDD7C9AB3667C0B174A" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoridium" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerodoridium</taxonomicName>
with sessile macrotubercles bear also additional papillae between transverse rows. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="BC017BB5E343CF9281819157E0E932D9" lsidName="S. gudmunduri" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="gudmunduri">S. gudmunduri</taxonomicName>
comb. n. presents large papillae in ventrum, especially close to the lateral edges, nearby the parapodia (Fig. 29D). All other
<taxonomicName id="DA74E9B0BD1635689069BD4A24BAFC72" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoridium" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerodoridium</taxonomicName>
bear smaller ventral papillae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B70490F5B30FE8E02F61177C964A3150" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B08716DDB67421A254B68E2490C3BEFD" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB324F1278AE47CC2EC19E3863BDA553" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
From East Iceland to South Greenland, Norwegian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="795C5EB173E553BC9CCFE2AAE35809D2" author="Moreira, J" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="584 - 593" title="Two new species of Sphaerodoropsis Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971 (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae) from Iceland (BIOICE programme)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.638929" volume="8" year="2012">Moreira and Parapar 2012</bibRefCitation>
, present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="106ABC11A1078FE8540A330DE13CE3BE" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="A1165A292209FD5A423B1249A7784714" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2FAB2D53FAD2163785D74B5336F9923" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Silty sand, at depths of 88-400 m (
<bibRefCitation id="7C623103A3CCCD5C15EF7E9539C15FCA" author="Moreira, J" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="584 - 593" title="Two new species of Sphaerodoropsis Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971 (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae) from Iceland (BIOICE programme)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.638929" volume="8" year="2012">Moreira and Parapar 2012</bibRefCitation>
, this study).
</paragraph>
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