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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e5e47a0-f8f3-4039-b0e1-c159fef0b9f6" ID-PMC="PMC4714384" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-544-1" ID-PubMed="26798289" ID-ZBK="C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-544-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 544" ModsDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" checkinTime="1451243640953" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2015" docId="C28C1C647F113DD63438CE6D12740587" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 544: 1-407" docOrigin="ZooKeys 544" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" docTitle="Mecyclothorax inaequalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="FF92FFC2FF9FFFC7191EFFB8FF91AF5D" masterDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" masterLastPageNumber="407" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1668162300918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>544</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>407</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-544-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853552" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C28C1C647F113DD63438CE6D12740587" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C28C1C647F113DD63438CE6D12740587" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<pageBreakToken pageId="100" pageNumber="101" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Coleoptera Carabidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
(037)
<taxonomicName authority="Blackburn" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Mecyclothorax inaequalis (Blackburn)</taxonomicName>
Figs 52B, 53D, 54B, 55B, 56
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="101" pageNumber="102" start="start">Cyclothorax</pageBreakToken>
inaequalis
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="156 - 158" title="Characters of new genera and descriptions of new species of Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands." volume="15" year="1878 b">Blackburn 1878b</bibRefCitation>
: 157;
<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands (Ser 2)" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="119 - 290" volume="3" year="1885">Blackburn and Sharp 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 216.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Mecyclothorax inaequalis</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">Sharp 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 249;
<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="107 - 166" title="A revision of the Hawaiian species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P." volume="19" year="1948 b">Britton 1948b</bibRefCitation>
: 142.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Individuals of this species are instantly recognizable by the lustrous, shimmery dorsal surface resulting from the well-developed isodiametric and transverse microsculpture, and the presence of elytral setae on intervals 3, 5, and 7 (Fig. 52B). The dorsal surface appears similar in reflective pattern to that of the fire-adapted
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sericoda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sericoda" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericoda</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="308" pageNumber="309" title="Phylogeny and revision of the Anchomenus clade: the genera Tetraleucus, Anchomenus, Sericoda, and Elliptoleus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini)." volume="202" year="1991">Liebherr 1991</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Mecyclothorax inaequalis</taxonomicName>
, there are 4-6 setae on elytral interval 3, 3-5 setae on interval 5, and 3 on interval 7, each seta associated with partial convergence of the adjacent elytral striae. The dorsal microsculpture is arrayed as: 1, vertex with upraised isodiametric mesh, the sculpticells in transverse rows on the neck; 2, pronotal disc with upraised, slightly transversely stretched sculpticells in transverse rows, the median base with granulate isodiametric sculpticells, some in rows; 3, elytral disc with irregular, upraised isodiametric sculpticells plus a transverse mesh, sculpticell breadth 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length, the apex with a shiny transverse mesh, sculpticell breadth 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="–3×">-3x</normalizedToken>
length. Setal formula 2 2 4 2. Standardized body length 3.9-4.7 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="identification">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Identification</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">(n = 5). The eyes are moderately convex, ocular ratio = 1.39-1.45, and situated on protruded ocular lobes, ocular lobe ratio = 0.73-0.79. The pronotum is moderately constricted basally, MPW/BPW = 1.45-1.52, and transverse, MPW/PL = 1.34-1.40. The pronotal hind angles are nearly right with an obtuse-rounded apex, and the lateral margins are subparallel for a short distance anterad the angles. The elytra are subquadrate, with rounded humeri extended laterally on the broadly rounded elytral base; MEW/HuW = 1.91-1.96. The variable dorsal reflective pattern belies monotonous dorsal coloration, with the vertex and pronotal disc brunneous with a slight piceous cast, the elytra rufobrunneous to brunneous, the apex slightly darker due to a piceous cast. Only the antennal base-antennomeres 1-3 and the base of 4-and legs deviate by their flavous coloration; the femora with a broad piceous cloud across their basal third, and the tibiae with an apically more developed piceous cast</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Male genitalia (n = 1). Aedeagal median lobe gracile, distance from parameral articulation to tip 4.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
depth at midlength (Fig. 53D); apex broadly flat with subangulate ventral tip, blunt dorsal projection; internal sac with dark fields of spicules, flagellar plate short, 0.29
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as parameral articulation-tip distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Female reproductive tract (n = 1). Bursa copulatrix columnar, elongate with rounded apex, length 0.91 mm, breadth 0.34 mm (Fig. 54B); bursal walls translucent with thin wrinkles basally, wrinkles thicker apically; gonocoxite 1 with 3 apical fringe setae and 6-7 smaller setae on medial surface (Fig. 55B); gonocoxite 2 falcate with tightly rounded apex, base broadly extended laterally, 2 lateral ensiform setae with apical seta longer and broader, apical nematiform setae on medioventral surface at 0.65
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
gonocoxite length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="lectotype">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Lectotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Male (BMNH) hereby designated, labeled: Mounting platen with Blackburn Maui code (
<bibRefCitation author="Zimmerman, EC" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" title="Ephemeroptera-Neuroptera-Trichoptera and Supplement to Volumes 1 to 5." volumeTitle="Insects of Hawai'i" year="1957">Zimmerman 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 210),
<taxonomicName lsidName="inaequalis" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="inaequalis">inaequalis</taxonomicName>
(on reverse) // Type // Hawaiian Is. Rev. T. Blackburn 1888-30. // LECTOTYPE
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Cyclothorax inaequalis</taxonomicName>
Blackburn J.K. Liebherr 1998 (black-margined red label).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="distribution and habitat">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Mecyclothorax inaequalis</taxonomicName>
is a species recorded only from ground-level microhabitats in the mesic forests west of Waikamoi Gulch (Fig. 56), with collecting localities ranging 1210-1615 m elevation.
<bibRefCitation author="Anonymous," journalOrPublisher="Dept. of Entomology Library, The Natural History Museum, London" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" title="Key to numbers &amp; localities of Mr. Perkins' Hawaiian insects" year="N D">Anonymous (N D)</bibRefCitation>
lists the species in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkins’">Perkins'</normalizedToken>
lot 251: &quot;all the small Carabids and Hem[e]iptera by grubbing.&quot; In a modern exercise of the grubbing method on 14-v-1998 at Ukulele Pipeline, this species was collected along with individuals of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cognatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cognatus">Mecyclothorax cognatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax longulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longulus">Mecyclothorax longulus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax sobrinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sobrinus">Mecyclothorax sobrinus</taxonomicName>
. In a subsequent grubbing attempt-16-v-2003 along the Sugi Ridge Trail, Waikamoi Nature Conservancy Preserve-the species list added
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax multipunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multipunctatus">Mecyclothorax multipunctatus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax perstriatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perstriatus">Mecyclothorax perstriatus</taxonomicName>
to the above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932" ID-PMC="PMC5543275" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-78-59" ID-Pensoft-UUID="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" ID-PubMed="28781552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576383" ModsDocID="1314-2003-78-59" checkinTime="1491465046873" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco Octavio de Oliveira &amp; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini" docDate="2017" docId="C28C8B88885E5A219CD8B345A5247CE2" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 78: 59-81" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 78" docPubDate="2017-04-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932" docTitle="Commelina rufipes Seub., in Martius Fl. Bras. 3 (1): 265. 1855." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of Commelina L. (Commelinaceae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, reveals a new white-flowered species endemic to Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1668141943850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Synopsis of Commelina L. (Commelinaceae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, reveals a new white-flowered species endemic to Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco Octavio de Oliveira</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil &amp; Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Current address: Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington D. C. 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-04-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>78</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>59</mods:start>
<mods:end>81</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-78-59</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">465A177298655C5FFFEDA66AFF80FFF3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576383</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226240" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C28C8B88885E5A219CD8B345A5247CE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C28C8B88885E5A219CD8B345A5247CE2" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
6.
<taxonomicName LSID="C28C8B88-885E-5A21-9CD8-B345A5247CE2" authority="Seub., in Martius Fl. Bras. 3 (1): 265. 1855." authorityName="Seub., in Martius Fl. Bras. 3 (1): 265. 1855." class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina rufipes" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rufipes">Commelina rufipes Seub., in Martius Fl. Bras. 3(1): 265. 1855.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Commelina in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A C. benghalensis L. B C. diffusa Burm. f. C-D C. erecta L.: C detail of the inflorescence showing aborted upper cincinnus D flower E-F C. obliqua Vahl: E detail of the inflorescence showing the two developed cincinni F flower G C. rufipes var. glabrata (D. R. Hunt) Faden &amp; D. R. Hunt H-I C. rufipes var. rufipes Seub.: H detail of the leaf-sheaths, showing the hirsute rusty hairs I mature fruits. G by Flora Virtual Estacion Biologica El Verde group, remaining field photos by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.78.11932.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/130203" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Figs 1H-J</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Mexico to Southeastern Brazil, being found in the understory of preserved rainforests, in the Amazon and Atlantic domains, as well as in gallery forests in the Cerrado biome. It is a rare species in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, with most of its collections being from the Amazon Forest.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
As abovementioned,
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rufipes" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is locally rare in the state of Rio de Janeiro and not as frequent in the field as the blue flowered species of the genus. Despite its wide distribution, it seems to occur only in preserved rainforests, forming dense but isolated populations. Data regarding its reproductive cycle would be of great value for this
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
conservation. Following the IUCN recommendations (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IBGE, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="71" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org" refId="B19" refString="IUCN, 2001. The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge. http://www.iucnredlist.org" title="The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rufipes" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as currently circumscribed should be considered as Least Concern (LC) in its worldwide distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="65" type="taxonomical notes">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Taxonomical notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
We currently accept two varieties within this species (sensu Faden &amp; Hunt 1987). The floral morphology of both varieties of
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rufipes" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is poorly understood as little reproductive material exists. However there seems to be no morphological overlap in vegetative characters and very little overlap in their distributions. Further biosystematic study, focusing especially on floral morphology, would be most useful in evaluating their boundaries and taxonomic status.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b857f7-25c1-4b21-9d39-4510ab675fca" ID-PMC="PMC7655787" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-983-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" ID-PubMed="33244289" ID-ZooBank="7DED4CE2934C4539945F758930C927F9" ModsDocID="1313-2970-983-1" checkinTime="1604475085656" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. &amp; Cognato, Anthony I." docDate="2020" docId="C28CA34D359D7C8C4C3E70114413E38D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 983: 1-442" docOrigin="ZooKeys 983" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" docTitle="Ambrosiodmus Hopkins 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" masterDocTitle="A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169715782" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>161 / 2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number>983</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754809" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C28CA34D359D7C8C4C3E70114413E38D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C28CA34D359D7C8C4C3E70114413E38D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Hopkins, 1915" authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiodmus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiodmus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ambrosiodmus</taxonomicName>
Hopkins, 1915a: 55.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phloeotrogus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phloeotrogus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phloeotrogus</taxonomicName>
Motschulsky, 1863: 512.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17054" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="113 - 128" refId="B476" refString="Wood, SL, 1969. New synonymy and records of Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist 29: 113 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17054" title="New synonymy and records of Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17054" volume="29" year="1969">Wood 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 113.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Brownia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brownia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brownia</taxonomicName>
Nunberg, 1963: 37. Synonymy:
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20006" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="89 - 97" refId="B482" refString="Wood, SL, 1980. New genera and new generic synonymy in Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist 40: 89 - 97, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20006" title="New genera and new generic synonymy in Scolytidae (Coleoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.20006" volume="40" year="1980">Wood 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 96.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus tachygraphus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tachygraphus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus tachygraphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Zimmerman, 1868; original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2.5-4.8 mm, 1.7-2.8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, body usually stout and darkly colored.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiodmus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambrosiodmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by the pronotum short and rounded, types 1 or 2 in dorsal view; pronotal disc entirely asperate; pronotum anterior margin without a carina or serrations; elytral disc convex; declivity rounded and steep at apex; antennal club flattened, type 4; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; mycangial tufts absent; and procoxae contiguous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar genera">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar genera.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hulcr &amp; Cognato" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambrosiophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hulcr &amp; Cognato" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Beaverium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beaverium" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Beaverium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hulcr &amp; Cognato" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Immanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Immanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Immanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Temperate and tropical regions of the world.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="gallery system">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gallery system.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This consists of a radial entrance tunnel leading to branched tunnels. These usually lie predominantly in one horizontal plane but may extend into three dimensions. They lack enlarged brood chambers. Many gallery systems are often started in a small area of the tree. Unlike many xyleborines, the galleries of different individuals often interconnect so that beetles can move between galleries (
<bibRefCitation author="Beeson, CFC" journalOrPublisher="Government of India, New Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B35" refString="Beeson, CFC, 1961. The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries. (2nd edn.). Government of India, New Delhi" title="The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries. (2 nd edn.)." year="1961">Beeson 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" author="Kasson, MT" journalOrPublisher="Fungal Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 96" refId="B225" refString="Kasson, MT, Wickert, KL, Stauder, CM, Macias, AM, Berger, MC, Simmons, DR, Short, DPG, DeVallance, DB, Hulcr, J, 2016. Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles. Fungal Ecology 23: 86 - 96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" title="Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" volume="23" year="2016">Kasson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Recent studies suggest that all
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiodmus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambrosiodmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hulcr &amp; Cognato" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambrosiophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ambrosiophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (see below) are associated with a single species of polypore basidiomycete ambrosia fungus (
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. R. Simmons, You Li, C. C. Bateman &amp; Hulcr" authorityYear="2016" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Meruliaceae" genus="Flavodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Flavodon ambrosius" order="Polyporales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ambrosius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flavodon ambrosius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" author="Kasson, MT" journalOrPublisher="Fungal Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 96" refId="B225" refString="Kasson, MT, Wickert, KL, Stauder, CM, Macias, AM, Berger, MC, Simmons, DR, Short, DPG, DeVallance, DB, Hulcr, J, 2016. Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles. Fungal Ecology 23: 86 - 96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" title="Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" volume="23" year="2016">Kasson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="Fungal Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="984 - 989" refId="B246" refString="Li, Y, Bateman, CC, Skelton, J, Jusino, MA, Nolen, ZJ, Simmons, DR, Hulcr, J, 2017. Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles. Fungal Biology 121: 984 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" title="Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" volume="121" year="2017">Li et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). This fungus has greater ability to break down lignocellulose than most ambrosia fungi. This enables the beetles to colonize wood at a more advanced state of decay than most ambrosia beetles, and to persist in the same tree over several generations (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" author="Kasson, MT" journalOrPublisher="Fungal Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="86 - 96" refId="B225" refString="Kasson, MT, Wickert, KL, Stauder, CM, Macias, AM, Berger, MC, Simmons, DR, Short, DPG, DeVallance, DB, Hulcr, J, 2016. Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles. Fungal Ecology 23: 86 - 96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" title="Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002" volume="23" year="2016">Kasson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="Fungal Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="984 - 989" refId="B246" refString="Li, Y, Bateman, CC, Skelton, J, Jusino, MA, Nolen, ZJ, Simmons, DR, Hulcr, J, 2017. Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles. Fungal Biology 121: 984 - 989, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" title="Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004" volume="121" year="2017">Li et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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