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<document id="B9C7F988590B254FB15B918438DA3789" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9042" ID-PMC="PMC5039340" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--9042" ID-PubMed="27733812" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e9042" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Ichneumonidae" checkinTime="1553126126621" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Broad, Gavin R." docDate="2016" docId="C27219AD47A165A47DDCBB18A7FF4E22" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e9042" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9042" docTitle="Dichrogaster mandibularis Horstmann 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="9042" masterDocId="FE4D39017A42FF90D92AFFD6FB49FFE2" masterDocTitle="Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Ichneumonidae" masterLastPageNumber="9042" masterPageNumber="9042" pageNumber="9042" updateTime="1668123911805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<treatment id="C27219AD47A165A47DDCBB18A7FF4E22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C27219AD47A165A47DDCBB18A7FF4E22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C27219AD47A165A47DDCBB18A7FF4E22" lastPageNumber="9042" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
<subSubSection id="DE0CE169236A70488495BA61FA09E56B" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="CB8CAC28E66D5D6097545E0898A85D61" ID-CoL="35NPP" authority="Horstmann, 1973" authorityName="Horstmann" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dichrogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichrogaster mandibularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">Dichrogaster mandibularis Horstmann, 1973</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C46655D97A908C5A4F1E62704ECE0C27" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D135C2EB1F5B2F0A87CE1712532C86A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="568092F7D9236CD2B32556D3CCEA9E9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">England</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1F2CED07CD6E18B1AA260206D47A603" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" type="notes">
<paragraph id="F0D92C1D4B440F8843175D427D4BEBA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4D645472690E713F1A88EA7FE23C08F" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
added by
<bibRefCitation id="1871E75B50BB4F0AB721D59CE118F156" author="Horstmann, K." journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Muenchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" pagination="229 - 254" title="Revision einiger Gattungen und Arten der Phygadeuontini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)" volume="81 [1991]" year="1992">Horstmann (1992b)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="27E4AF4D1C3EDB79FB18E80A1F04868E">Review of the ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia with notes on A. ceylonicus (Mayr).</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C2724F94C17DE1FC20C7DCF2DBB3CD2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6234919" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100134023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6234919" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C2724F94C17DE1FC20C7DCF2DBB3CD2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C2724F94C17DE1FC20C7DCF2DBB3CD2C" lastPageNumber="16" pageNumber="14">
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<paragraph id="2C895E16E9DA4649CC01F78779818E97" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="47F1E4526CEAED3002649523BFC1675F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">Aenictus turneri Forel</taxonomicName>
, rev. stat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A446AD93BEBC2435DDB55FAD511530B5" type="description">
<paragraph id="91CC2B55C654B4C6750BC206BB584D21" pageNumber="14">(Figs 7, 8, 21-23, 30)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="249C7CF4BB253EB1F3428A5131201CF2" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EE2C73C53B5275804EEE44700D796A0D" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="D92C836183966C32882B0D4CC917460D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">Aenictus turneri Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1900: 75 (junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="2F53829F24037BC7FA8FAC58E40C6058" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25036" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">A. ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
by Wilson, 1964: 452; revised status as valid species).
<taxonomicName id="AC9C1BE34DBF0133BC54F730695E91AE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:133548" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus deuqueti Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deuqueti">Aenictus deuqueti Crawley</taxonomicName>
, 1923: 177 (junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C93A2B48285A9C14DECF7108079D439F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
by Brown, 1952: 123).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A587A8D830044FCCEF52137319B78ED3" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="051ED720E24A5A2BB9C211F8D8CAAD5F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132691" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus exiguus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">Aenictus exiguus Clark</taxonomicName>
, 1934: 21 (junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8E30730A3E354CAE21E8F582DBE1EE2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
by Brown, 1958: 5; junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C208E21FDCEB3555286FACA34AAC9672" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25036" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">A. ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
by Wilson, 1964: 452; removed from synonym with
<taxonomicName id="63CA9C08A7BEE40A70976DA268295E59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25036" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">A. ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
, junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="425A4C7370AB999CDBA087685A407589" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A866A40F256AD500EE57E4053563CF7" pageNumber="14">
Types.
<materialsCitation id="A56FF75BC37A66C4F7000FA10B73A760" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897867" collectionCode="GMNH, ANIC" country="Australia" latitude="-21.15" longitude="149.18333" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="syntypes">
<taxonomicName id="86564110FC72F603F9AB116082D222A4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">Aenictus turneri</taxonomicName>
: Worker
<typeStatus id="B9085B6E0A3BC823F9EC0C7934A9CF63">syntypes</typeStatus>
from Mackay [approx.
<geoCoordinate id="3EC7BD151FAB0B93516788908EE70504" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-21.15">21°09'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="326D3FC6EE7CB5418C9E9A4914194885" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="149.18333">149°11'E</geoCoordinate>
],
<collectingRegion id="D6BA2EB1B7D7FC0CE96CEF12F1948246">Queensland</collectingRegion>
(
<collectionCode id="2F1FE0992BA8B425BBD1C7D168483D16">GMNH</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="8B348D186AEB5D53DBA92F395371D4A8" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
, examined)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1CF334437D0385D631A9AB01FECB6929" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897855" collectingDate="1994" collectionCode="AMSA, ANIC, MVMA, MCZC, OXUM" collectorName="Naumann et al." country="Australia" latitude="-28.816668" location="New South Wales" longitude="153.26666" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="syntypes">
<taxonomicName id="2E9AAA19D1A203E3AFA8065471944C8A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:133548" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus deuqueti Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deuqueti">Aenictus deuqueti</taxonomicName>
: Worker
<typeStatus id="D2B9F9B60110F2F3BC9FE8FF354D28FE">syntypes</typeStatus>
from Lismore [approx.
<geoCoordinate id="EE0493FC244B4023A7F82925B164C1A1" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-28.816668">28°49'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="0FFCB1642663E5E04C87656757B808AB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="153.26666">153°16'E</geoCoordinate>
],
<location id="B4C07336F4E6D92334947882E5712DF4" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:78C4584E30AF9F95B288B9E62CEB48EA" country="Australia" latitude="-28.816668" longitude="153.26666" name="New South Wales" stateProvince="Queensland">New South Wales</location>
(4 in
<collectionCode id="566F6048A6A334777C28C4A4FAFC07E5" collectionName="Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Museum">AMSA</collectionCode>
; 3 in
<collectionCode id="B0FF7000E0199BBB26A71AFDAC614AE9" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
(
<collectorName id="DFD10EB369E44B8342A4E533000CBCFA">Naumann et al.</collectorName>
<collectingDate id="4E103C698232051CF501D1B90528B660">1994</collectingDate>
) (examined); 7 in
<collectionCode id="B2C82708B23E483BC44C84076A75808A" collectionName="Australia, Victoria, Abbotsford, Museum of Victoria">MVMA</collectionCode>
; 5 in
<collectionCode id="91CFE0E130C38B46BD6809BCBEAA640F" collectionName="MCZC">MCZC</collectionCode>
; additional specimens probably in
<collectionCode id="FA6B149D1A8563494A7115A0C35276D1" collectionName="United Kingdom, Oxford, University Museum of Natural History">OXUM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="7CB7D79A09CECC8BD4EE418E7B347B47" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897858" country="Australia" latitude="-17.3" location="Lake Eacham National Park" longitude="145.61667" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="Neotype">
<taxonomicName id="B3A7F156FBCD77BE2D3BD737AF66FF8B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132691" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus exiguus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">Aenictus exiguus</taxonomicName>
:
<typeStatus id="8ED9FB9BD5F704C88C3BD838DD3C61E6">Neotype</typeStatus>
worker from
<location id="DAEF80EC83F8A810E941E7DE54EA3DB4" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:71F9FFF3649BAE700A973970ACC159C8" country="Australia" latitude="-17.3" longitude="145.61667" name="Lake Eacham National Park" stateProvince="Queensland">Lake Eacham National Park</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2ECA09E1B0EF0148C8729EDC7941BCFB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-17.3">17°18'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="066370B7FFBCBF5032FD3322A33D7721" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="145.61667">145°37'E</geoCoordinate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="EA1FE0E552957FCF3058D5924CCEA0A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897848" collectingDate="1972-09-27" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="R. W. Taylor" country="Australia" specimenCode="ANIC32-023690, ANIC32-015780" stateProvince="Queensland">
<collectingRegion id="19CF14C3D99FE09D38FD723B6155F637">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingDate id="3D77989B3F9308DB23773E7DE8A7F010" day="27" month="09" value="1972-09-27" year="1972">25-27.ix.1972</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="14D834237D5DDAA2A4AE5613B58D8E43">R. W. Taylor</collectorName>
, rainforest, ground strays (
<specimenCode id="5EBFDB4F1DC63E65BC76E7FA00D74F58">ANIC32-023690</specimenCode>
, non-types from same nest series,
<specimenCode id="7118C797FA2038E7A763B44419DF21F5">ANIC32-015780</specimenCode>
) (here designated)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="83C8B14D8FA5CB1F4E3787F6A6EEE531" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C5092AC0F4061602FA35C9DD170D54D4" pageNumber="15">
<pageStartToken id="FB210EF3344688F943287038ABCDE29F" pageNumber="15">
<pageStartToken id="DB0380C28DEF01EA0C4BE6D1F55F6542" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis</pageStartToken>
</pageStartToken>
. Head capsule entirely smooth and essentially uniformly coloured; scape relatively short (SI &lt;91); subpetiolar process large and rectangular. This species can be separated from the otherwise similar
<taxonomicName id="440AB102AAEAE14727FA060BD4BBAEDB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:244130" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus prolixus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolixus">A. prolixus</taxonomicName>
by the shorter scape, and from
<taxonomicName id="29D09E1ACA9CB11BCF65AAF8682E0FF2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:244128" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus acerbus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acerbus">A. acerbus</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size and largely smooth pronotum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="87EF877F5AE787806297DB02E56D48ED" type="description">
<paragraph id="7356D7ACB39BBF3C1A009AA9273D279B" pageNumber="15">Worker Description. Mandible narrow to narrowly subtriangular (depending on number of denticles), with a large apical tooth, a smaller subapical tooth, 0-6 denticles and 1-2 basal teeth (always two basal teeth if denticles are absent); anterior clypeal border flat to convex, posterior of anterior surfaces of frontal lobes in full face view; parafrontal ridges absent; subpetiolar process subrectangular, sometimes with a posterior flange; head and pronotum entirely smooth (except the pronotal collar, which is punctate), mesopleuron and entire propodeum with weak, ill defined punctations under weak longitudinal rugae; body uniform yellow, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole slightly darker.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BB2D7E4527B63839B6C6687F4057A26" pageNumber="15">Measurements. Worker (n = 37) - CI 83-94; HL 0.48-0.66; HW 0.40-0.61; MTL 0.29-0.59; ML 0.64- 1.00; SI 61-89; SL 0.25-0.49.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B8DA39EC3C0756FD8F80941996F5B5CF" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4A0062E706936443CB9F4A509689D1AB" pageNumber="15">
Material examined.
<materialsCitation id="A834AAEF97AD694E70A242B6A5573722" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897861" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Davison ,E.A." country="Australia" location="Fowlers Gap Stn" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectingCountry id="A3C7DD03486AA5477617071E7D7CD6CB">Australia</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="2AECA76DEC9BCA9D357CCC43F6849389">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="310B255D75D35007D4EEDBE3CFEDB1E2" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:DFE2D4950652F699ACEA57CCD8DAB241" country="Australia" name="Fowlers Gap Stn" stateProvince="New South Wales">Fowlers Gap Stn</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="492D5724F58323F848DA5E5B3EEC6291">110km N</locationDeviation>
<location id="4F6CF22DA4C8A918A6AF2AB8B1936E30" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:6DC7D9F04346315ED644680B7B33CA6D" country="Australia" name="Broken Hill" stateProvince="New South Wales">Broken Hill</location>
(
<collectorName id="8B24615CAD300566C4D2EFA0EF80640D">Davison,E.A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="02ECD6CDFB91B4F600D5B629010C5D17" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="FB508FF7A5D5915744F7FF8E8607A3FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897865" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Lowery,B.B." country="Australia" location="Glenugie State Forest" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="D94BAD3CACD6BEA1A5E1FECB64E9D369" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:30EC3FBEB95454B77E2137588FE9154B" country="Australia" name="Glenugie State Forest" stateProvince="New South Wales">Glenugie State Forest</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="E1923DCE23392F1F31AEAF1AFB973B58">15mi. S</locationDeviation>
<location id="8D936106024FAEA3C92EC85B3A9F9EA7" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:47C3B80D622A6F2894AA02EC3E212A9A" country="Australia" name="Grafton" stateProvince="New South Wales">Grafton</location>
(
<collectorName id="6F439E1535F2A67C1C7BD254540399BB">Lowery,B.B.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="DCACD321A8760B1023C2D7E4E67D4347" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="DC405CBE578D2419AD597B0BCE50D840" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897860" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Duequet,C.F." country="Australia" location="Lismore" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="0AF056D2BB3C2089DA1D6AE1049883F2" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:77B166AF244BEC5205BB19F0B42262D1" country="Australia" name="Lismore" stateProvince="New South Wales">Lismore</location>
(collector unknown;
<collectorName id="750417D907C8A70DA1087C6C36229534">Duequet,C.F.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="9ABC478E13B6D43CB314E75CFAC3B1C8" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="19B231F9EABF575F585F67A8D635D8DA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897859" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Lowery,B.B." country="Australia" location="Mt. Nullum" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="B3FF37DD56D49EE81F9645126B7C45A4" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:83110A4512837297C9EE1FCE1BB49508" country="Australia" name="Mt. Nullum" stateProvince="New South Wales">Mt. Nullum</location>
,
<location id="AE2B7D92E821458678A081918BC98333" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:581BF0C5D7690DB54CD537C2551F9F42" country="Australia" name="Murwillumbah" stateProvince="New South Wales">Murwillumbah</location>
(
<collectorName id="BCD2393A451130E0938BAF9509E34259">Lowery,B.B.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="FB20415FCB5E12EF1CC8313F7B17C2B9" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="A303BCF6CB213F08AF9DE16D4EA6DFFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897866" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Lowery ,B.B." country="Australia" location="Murwillumbah" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="802515C2E4E0037A17E467B4E4C11424" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:151D2FA9239BE67D4804C499F29BC71F" country="Australia" name="Murwillumbah" stateProvince="New South Wales">Murwillumbah</location>
(
<collectorName id="56AD8E1C53ACF8DDBC0DB83B8DFA0016">Lowery,B.B.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="B6BF1B242C36F7FFC860807A9C484B2C" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F5C6644ED9F7A774F48681DBEE85EAFF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897864" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="York,A." country="Australia" location="Whiporie" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<location id="467A095B6349D1D0FC591B469F78244D" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:45B298EA2E9E276BDEFACD09F5111AB5" country="Australia" name="Whiporie" stateProvince="New South Wales">Whiporie</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="28B48FAD3D9BF57C24EE8286C159D608">55km S</locationDeviation>
<location id="A9FA980ABA8FBF3A66F16E9B4EE0DF84" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:DFCD11CEA2CB1D76F8BCEBF3F09F2D7D" country="Australia" name="Casino" stateProvince="New South Wales">Casino</location>
(
<collectorName id="2FDC3DB857356041173733F1BADCB2CA">York,A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="C50AC003763AF10826A0936EC7406415" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="2236D72B4E1C51AC5233BD758CC4C766" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897857" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Salvarani,A." country="Australia" location="Annaburroo" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<collectingRegion id="EBB355AA146C3903DC8649C1DBFD6D4C">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="DCDFF6E8AF0B6348A964252B61028FC4" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:AEA3F2B238EB207EFA38AABEAA09BCD0" country="Australia" name="Annaburroo" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Annaburroo</location>
, CRC
<location id="DA4C7C53746B1177D4BCB64E32904040" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:C48F21C719A8A4F9D5D99750691582E5" country="Australia" name="Clay Site" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Clay Site</location>
B15 (
<collectorName id="23AB79D3C3DB4A411DD0BA14B5B567D7">Salvarani,A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="1E8872AB7ECF8DB1BFAA9923FEFD6A92" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="72B527B7AC30EC698FD337331A217EE0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897852" collectionCode="CSIRO, TERC" collectorName="Salvarani,A." country="Australia" location="Labs" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<collectionCode id="718F3814CEB4B3887C527D45E1410A31" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
<location id="00F37527B72F1E36C1ED1FB94C9A93AF" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:88B9106E55E858178A24033869E6BA71" country="Australia" name="Labs" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Labs</location>
,
<location id="830B8B0ADBF2BDD473A9615363C61E1E" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:1CE55DD3DF82B68389E575E3FB8B2012" country="Australia" name="Darwin" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Darwin</location>
(
<collectorName id="73C9DE5E7E2C89C92C99D41C397BF9E3">Salvarani,A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="B53BC0822648C7FC04E459289AD36029" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="C3975B28405D3EED231DE0425B15682F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897856" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Andersen,A.N." country="Australia" location="Kakadu Nat. Park" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<location id="4A08F453E191627082CEA87D650027B8" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:163BB7911ED7990275EB1F8FA46D4360" country="Australia" name="Kakadu Nat. Park" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kakadu Nat. Park</location>
,
<location id="D14F6BBAFF8E6C16C95B02A1FAA20F9D" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:7EB6FD1BCA3020ABCE2D5D609F9037B0" country="Australia" name="Kapalga" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kapalga</location>
(
<collectorName id="8112128DA2F5902D4217D689CCA8D587">Andersen,A.N.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="2D053E9CDDD3C06B5AA76C5CD23A7BCA" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="26C539E68F1FAD4038A63AA70A594868" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897871" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Andersen,A.N." country="Australia" location="Kakadu Nat. Park" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<location id="8D836F883C37F6C24191BA6A8FC0BC2F" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:BEE042737755FCCED42432930AD75F9A" country="Australia" name="Kakadu Nat. Park" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kakadu Nat. Park</location>
,
<location id="146BF7158967BE47ADEE81F5A848DB08" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:F51C07056AE1C3CE8B90D2A6EB523E30" country="Australia" name="Munmarlary" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Munmarlary</location>
(
<collectorName id="78D7DF4B1A6F09A080C127B8B8D6565E">Andersen,A.N.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="213ED936E40DA8F57C3DADF446C26AB0" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="9DEB24A9378F9044ECC078486FD08147" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897854" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Andersen,A.N." country="Australia" location="Kapalga" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<location id="0478DF2D1165D590630E0C30819EE708" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:3B13034646848A30D0CA4A5EC4203F31" country="Australia" name="Kapalga" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kapalga</location>
,
<location id="5F0F163F73B9C4A0B6D11D5699A52978" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:22AB58936F05843F435C157DE5947751" country="Australia" name="Kakadu Natl. Pk" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kakadu Natl. Pk</location>
(
<collectorName id="A8683E06D60AB976EA5EA6DC76B0EAD5">Andersen,A.N.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="0D93ED61F2CEB25EC8BF1278E4E33E60" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="6E81005A7C13CAA156FBAE7A6D3ADDC1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897862" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Salvarani,A." country="Australia" location="Kidman Sprs" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<location id="5654820280250EE471AFF3BF319CC893" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:6661E625572C8E64F477858C722F1B94" country="Australia" name="Kidman Sprs" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Kidman Sprs</location>
.,
<location id="E46FFEAD873F5C222FD85C771E5E1F17" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:3FAA25A256667D543F62A9C2FB2B1F6F" country="Australia" name="CRC Clay Site B4" stateProvince="Northern Territory">CRC Clay Site B4</location>
(
<collectorName id="5F501F93B3373A53E3F4CCDEDA5D4907">Salvarani,A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="6A28B0D46A30E3ACD45BCECF1E90B98B" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="163872E45555E98C03E021455E20E159" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897863" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Andersen,A.N." country="Australia" location="Study Site" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
OSS
<location id="48FA5854BC93280DA3B65CB3E8091FF5" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:334136F93EA98F3FEBC4A7464BFF7067" country="Australia" name="Study Site" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Study Site</location>
D6b,
<location id="300111078858F9300797AD4AEB3AC512" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:CE5136602DCBD049344C41892F5AC7AA" country="Australia" name="Ranger Lease" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Ranger Lease</location>
(
<collectorName id="BBA603C57259D8B73532E4230638731C">Andersen,A.N.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="597617342E56E9A067DD60464B4E73E3" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="6767EB3593E70E4021869099E234D06E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897873" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Andersen,A.N." country="Australia" location="Study Site" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
OSS
<location id="18CB63A7124E8405A1EE0FB8B0443CEA" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:131FBF35385EAF5787729BB2B8C946FB" country="Australia" name="Study Site" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Study Site</location>
N4,
<location id="C60DA589F74733E1DD269AA5B02F29C9" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:5C483DA3671DB641D5B978981631B5B6" country="Australia" name="Ranger Lease" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Ranger Lease</location>
(
<collectorName id="E02EE78651E1284D4A4C6369E2358AF6">Andersen,A.N.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="010AB6DF7A5AD9FC2395808FFDE5263C" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
);;
<location id="D15B91BF87FF442CF0927A8B4E5F79C5" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:830E072C03EBCE4C5BDD73D3D46F676B" country="Australia" name="Wildman Rsv." stateProvince="Northern Territory">Wildman Rsv.</location>
,
<location id="BD87F7EF3E0DF19C73BC37FD62158BC5" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:4FAB808542A419631251D1BE5933C971" country="Australia" name="High Gamba" stateProvince="Northern Territory">High Gamba</location>
(
<collectorName id="B22B52EE389C73255446C9DF77183447">Ryan,B.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="597356706287F0F81D32D892CCE8B219" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="9229BA3CFD60C7836AAAB2D344C09BE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897880" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Taylor,R.W. &amp; Weir,T.A." country="Australia" location="Mt. Morgan" stateProvince="Queensland">
<collectingRegion id="19966E76C45E60F35E9A3F90F96F7E61">Queensland</collectingRegion>
:
<locationDeviation id="A120AB43F359BC62B59153A5B7B0B8B9">5 km NbyE of</locationDeviation>
<location id="C8A77CD93AC653A114EA2C7B800B67FF" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:F3D2AC9F483EC17124494B092C654142" country="Australia" name="Mt. Morgan" stateProvince="Queensland">Mt. Morgan</location>
(
<collectorName id="B6B2ACEFE9B050AD6B2E10887B3172DB">Taylor,R.W. &amp; Weir,T.A.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="47562A93D6C643C67BC656BA09E6064D" collectionName="Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra City, CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="0AE65160D157CB23EEE755C1D969149C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897870" collectionCode="TERC" country="Australia" location="Adams Credition State Forest" stateProvince="Queensland">
<location id="8D65B120A368DD5A7ECBFC3C2562A763" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:179CE047717E3CA30702A522B7CC6EC0" country="Australia" name="Adams Credition State Forest" stateProvince="Queensland">Adams Credition State Forest</location>
,
<location id="9FBD36CBEDBDA7571B2712CE905115C9" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:5D1898DAC7FE829FA5055D9175676649" country="Australia" name="Clarke Range" stateProvince="Queensland">Clarke Range</location>
,
<location id="9BB8D7E966EE2F0A1BE769153B896FD6" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:23367085E8615C2990049E5E674B78EA" country="Australia" name="Mackay" stateProvince="Queensland">Mackay</location>
(collector unknown) (
<collectionCode id="DBC1215F46802BB0DC306E8407A4AFEF" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="DF654A9AE4FFC4BC56A4F8232684837A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897893" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Cutter,A. &amp; King,J." country="Australia" location="Atherton Tableland" stateProvince="Queensland">
<location id="D59AAE23DA1E28709BEC343267D3BB9D" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:493AE37CBF7101BA22AE2630713C84EC" country="Australia" name="Atherton Tableland" stateProvince="Queensland">Atherton Tableland</location>
,
<location id="85C9C89021DD2B0D3C820CB1E908B727" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:B4EFAF862872D8C48E03FE726F328947" country="Australia" name="Yungaburra Region" stateProvince="Queensland">Yungaburra Region</location>
,
<location id="D09C1EDE11AA5FB3FEC379C711F556A1" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:704D0585C8544B44D6069BC3E5C1FDE4" country="Australia" name="Donaghys Corridor" stateProvince="Queensland">Donaghys Corridor</location>
(
<collectorName id="4196AD3026955BD87A44851606CD4B78">Cutter,A. &amp; King,J.</collectorName>
) (
<collectionCode id="6A5FBEF0F57A16707168FEEDF8BCD353" collectionName="TERC">TERC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="00EA5152C63493B20240265BFDFA308C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897895" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Cutter,A.D." country="Australia" location="Backshall Farm" stateProvince="Queensland">
<location id="F94B613EA2D94E7F07ABC5305A6570CD" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:96F40D121650EEC5B6E9154819E6915A" country="Australia" name="Backshall Farm" stateProvince="Queensland">Backshall Farm</location>
,
<location id="145EC59DE3F3107343B980D8619D52CD" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:D88D3276DD30B1E628897E0099E71DCC" country="Australia" name="Malanda" stateProvince="Queensland">Malanda</location>
(
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10 (
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(collector unknown) (
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<location id="94CEDFDB2914C91CC8B070B1EE060D66" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:FFB66C0946B010D7385D98DAAD70531E" country="Australia" name="Lake Eacham National Park" stateProvince="Queensland">Lake Eacham National Park</location>
(
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,
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(
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,
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(
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;
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<location id="6511DBD4A4D7ECD1CE3A5C0980C6DE66" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:70028FE883EEDC6CD386771B42161F5E" country="Australia" name="Mackay" stateProvince="Queensland">Mackay</location>
(collector unknown) (
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)
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;
<materialsCitation id="4D15E59AE96BE45DCCF3445BF1AF6012" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897883" collectingDate="1989" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Cutter,A.D." country="Australia" location="Malanda" stateProvince="Queensland">
<location id="B8733716E7A052100857A21F61581751" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:19A3255BA0B7BD7C23B43AC590906420" country="Australia" name="Malanda" stateProvince="Queensland">Malanda</location>
,
<location id="280B14D8274FE218A8EFAF98BDEE94C5" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:2926885B1C897238F536A9A008E56359" country="Australia" name="Backshall Farm" stateProvince="Queensland">Backshall Farm</location>
1989
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(
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<location id="7C665C99CAC4A88D885ED7A4705089C4" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:338332B207C8A6A65E1F3D100A899915" country="Australia" name="Prince Henry Drive" stateProvince="Queensland">Prince Henry Drive</location>
,
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(
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<location id="1A92E800B2EDAD40D0943370F7834D9F" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:8BBCC434AB367D3B4D996CFD28D59CD0" country="Australia" name="Suburban Brisbane" stateProvince="Queensland">Suburban Brisbane</location>
(
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<materialsCitation id="2C053F2165FAC9B180EEE13870C197E1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923897877" collectionCode="TERC" collectorName="Woinarski,J." country="Australia" location="Townsville Field Training Area/Tabletop" stateProvince="Queensland">
<location id="7B359BC0D8C56B4723F0E7E70CCD99A9" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:E54F0C605350C4BF72C0BE99F38D0DF4" country="Australia" name="Townsville Field Training Area/Tabletop" stateProvince="Queensland">Townsville Field Training Area/Tabletop</location>
M2 RIPA (
<collectorName id="749F6364E79990946AB2EDC50C36C947">Woinarski,J.</collectorName>
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<location id="05991F35C16C8B337DD81CB4D20BEB68" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:D25974B1E2E992C35488C074FBB4CFA2" country="Australia" name="Weipa" stateProvince="Queensland">Weipa</location>
, MRRP
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B (
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<collectingRegion id="738678D5306961E215162B24E8508E74">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
:
<locationDeviation id="2F3705745010C6E3FFDD79867C5502A3">146.8km SSE</locationDeviation>
<location id="833DEDBC0657C8F9F05FF871D7FE57D7" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:F3CB02626768DE29F1B08FCCF15C2707" country="Australia" name="Newman" stateProvince="Western Australia">Newman</location>
(
<collectorName id="A9A010B254D741549DD2004ED36467B9">van Leeuwen,S. &amp; Bromilow,R.N</collectorName>
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;
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<location id="B332EC3D9B718CF93CD19B127586A7B3" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:7CC7965CF9177BE39E2D8E44CC708988" country="Australia" name="Barrow Island" stateProvince="Western Australia">Barrow Island</location>
(
<collectorName id="8D1421E8F1F463039AF16E23EDB473A9">Callan,S. &amp; Edwards,K.</collectorName>
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;
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<location id="467A0A697790BA98C1E244D34E0B4E29" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:5FE5013D07EFBB5934AD6926FC98C20A" country="Australia" name="Mulga" stateProvince="Western Australia">Mulga</location>
, NE
<location id="326C21B10310DE0E213542DF50E0B88A" LSID="plazi:7151B81AEE734DEDE31B3476E32C5ABF:D2FF99FBD613A16F741E44FF2FF55042" country="Australia" name="Goldfields" stateProvince="Western Australia">Goldfields</location>
(
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) (
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="51B76FA15B612444F7A5FAD136FD2ACA" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7775EB0CAB8CC7A3DF919AADF0030330" pageNumber="15">
Comments. This is the most common, widespread and southern-most species of
<taxonomicName id="D55957AC393D9C8760CF71AB1BDB5726" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2329" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus Shuckard" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
found in Australia. It occurs in a range of habitats from dry sclerophyll through Banksia shrublands and into rainforests. As with other species nests are in soil generally under rocks and logs on the ground. The queen has been collected only once, by B. B. Lowery, together with workers from Murwillumbah, NSW, in September, 1962. It is likely that at least some of the males here associated with
<taxonomicName id="5A919BC50A78AE4F06A9B2EF12735096" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25087" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus hilli Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilli">A. hilli</taxonomicName>
actually belong to this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AAC77A2535C3E51941AC02A638F8641" lastPageNumber="16" pageNumber="15">Morphologically, the subpetiolar process is always subrectangular but shows considerable variation, even within single nest series. The anterior face is always angular and the posterior face a gentle to strong convexity, but the posterior angle often has a projecting flange that varies from short to long. This flange is visually striking and gives the appearance of a greater amount of variation that is actually present based on the underlying process. When the flange is present the posterior face tends to be more strongly convex while in cases where the flange is absent the posterior face is more weakly convex. Even though widespread, the outlying populations are similar to others. For example the Fowlers Gap specimens (from western New South Wales) are similar to those from Lismore (some 1100km to the east) in the shape of subpetiolar process and in having reduced sculpturing compared to others. There would appear to be minimal geographic differentiation within this species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1FC0B5E3F4D25CE4F90EA6B14532F92" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="49A4D88A5AD70546B51E7281FCAB4DBB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
<pageStartToken id="7C21A2E2975B55DD91724E169EFDF1CA" pageNumber="16">Aenictus</pageStartToken>
turneri
</taxonomicName>
is similar to the Indonesian and Papua New Guinean species
<taxonomicName id="66E69659083B065A5DAF4AB7A45EC308" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224324" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus orientalis (Karavaiev)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">A. orientalis</taxonomicName>
but differs in having the humeral angles of the pronotum rounded rather than weakly angular and in being essentially uniform in colour (the head and legs are noticeably lighter than the mesosoma in
<taxonomicName id="8370DAB1323A70AF1C215FB741699399" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224324" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus orientalis (Karavaiev)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">A. orientalis</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E73CC5C95B2281CC2A64C354120E14E" pageNumber="16">
A number of distinct species from the
<collectingCountry id="48A8B44000FF28CC1D2A610003E5752E">Philippines</collectingCountry>
have been associated with
<taxonomicName id="4AB07608C0447EC5664B5EFA19E45789" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
(when all were considered conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="1CB816973E6A05CCD53374BA46D75409" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25036" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">A. ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
). Most of the Philippine species differ from
<taxonomicName id="6E6A6BCABE042997548A42CCD28139DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
in having thin, weakly convex subpetiolar processes. However, one species (based on specimens from 18km E Naga City and Camp, Dumaguete, both in
<collectionCode id="B7BE22B75CD8F7C0193E87D664F435C2" collectionName="MCZC">MCZC</collectionCode>
) has a projecting rectangular subpetiolar process similar to that found in
<taxonomicName id="EC96343A2A56A6A2FB28EFA9156B9B53" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
. This material differs from Australian specimens in having shorter legs (especially tibiae), a more block-like postpetiolar node (although there is some variation in Australian material) and a darker, more reddish and less yellowish mesosoma; it is here treated as belonging to a separate species. These Philippine specimens are very similar to the types of
<taxonomicName id="A3DC65A4067A23F13DEA16498DA9282F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132693" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus var. latro Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ceylonicus" variety="latro">A. ceylonicus var. latro Forel</taxonomicName>
, which is currently a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="81C4D4908B4B800D82BD914DF45D8CB5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25036" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus ceylonicus (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">A. ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EFE4A474DBC9D97CF5EAB03F62CAEF7" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="27DE461B72ABBC70E8D38F3733A9F721" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132691" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus exiguus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">Aenictus exiguus</taxonomicName>
was last considered in detail by Brown (1958). Unfortunately he apparently did not have access to the type specimen, a holotype worker from Cairns district, Queensland, reported as being in the South Australian Museum. A search during this study failed to find this specimen and it is assumed to have been lost. The only clue to the identity of this species is Clark's (1934) illustration. In this figure the scape is short, as in
<taxonomicName id="780FE709B522AC78788C1BDF6EB08FE4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
rather than long, as found in
<taxonomicName id="3E6CBAAAC41066D90C456D9409B8CBEA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:244130" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus prolixus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolixus">A. prolixus</taxonomicName>
. Based on this it is assumed that Clark's
<taxonomicName id="7E206E7BBC72DAEE0594C4EA3E1A1D6A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132691" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus exiguus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">exiguus</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="81E9A076C4F5FBBCCE2DA18BAE474CC3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
. To secure this treatment a neotype is designated, this specimen being considered conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="969C4C0410085AF8E5DC303838F7DB37" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132697" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aenictus turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">A. turneri</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical Agabus raffrayi species group with the description of four new species (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Englund, William F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Box 50007, SE- 10405 Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Njoroge, Laban</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Museums of Kenya, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum Hill, P. O. BOX 40658 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Bistroem, Olof</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, P. O. Box 17, FI- 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Miller, Kelly B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 - 0001, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bilton, David T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL 4 8 AA, UK &amp; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bergsten, Johannes</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Box 50007, SE- 10405 Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johannes.bergsten@nrm.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="167293851" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:290F05EF-3F4E-4971-B957-1071B64FBD13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C27284B66C845A1DBF4A869F9F3805C0" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName LSID="C27284B6-6C84-5A1D-BF4A-869F9F3805C0" authority="Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten" authorityName="Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus austellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austellus" status="sp. nov.">Agabus austellus Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of the Agabus raffrayi group. Relief is expressed in meters above sea level." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444398" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figures 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Agabus spp., lateral view of tip of aedeagus A-C A. raffrayi, different specimens showing the variation in shape of the subapical tooth D A. austellus sp. nov. Note the prolonged section between subapical broadening and base of apical and subapical teeth in A. raffrayi (indicated with orange in the smaller outline illustrations)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444402" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 5D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. South African Agabus spp., aedeagal apices, lateral view A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov., Gydo Pass, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape D A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg E A. riberae sp. nov. holotype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape; F A. riberae sp. nov. paratype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape G A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444403" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 6A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Agabus spp., ventral view (following Miller and Nilsson 2003) of apex of aedeagus A A. anguluverpus sp. nov. B A. austellus sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444404" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 7B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Agabus spp., aedeagus in lateral view A A. sjostedti B A. dytiscoides C A. ruwenzoricus D A. raffrayi E A. pallidus F A. anguluverpus sp. nov. G A. austellus sp. nov. H A. riberae sp. nov. I A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444405" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 8G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. South African Agabus spp., microreticulation of male elytral disc A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg D A. austellus sp. nov. Harkerville Forest, Western Cape E A. riberae sp. nov. Kamiesberg, Northern Cape F A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444406" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 9A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Agabus spp., habitus of males in dorsal view A, F A. sjostedti B, G A. dytiscoides; C, H A. ruwenzoricus D, I A. raffrayi E, J A. pallidus K, O A. anguluverpus sp. nov. L, P A. austellus sp. nov. M, Q A. riberae sp. nov. N, R A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444408" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 11L</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Agabus spp., habitus of males in dorsal view A, F A. sjostedti B, G A. dytiscoides; C, H A. ruwenzoricus D, I A. raffrayi E, J A. pallidus K, O A. anguluverpus sp. nov. L, P A. austellus sp. nov. M, Q A. riberae sp. nov. N, R A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444408" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 11P</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. The ratio between width of the metacoxal plate and metasternal wing (WC / WS) in the A. raffrayi group (incl. specimens of both sexes). Thick black line inside boxes represents medians, left and right box borders 25 th (Q 1) and 75 th (Q 3) percentiles respectively. Whiskers were calculated with the boxplot. stats function in R using the default coefficient value of 1.5 (drawn to the highest and lowest value within 1.5 * IQD (Inter Quartile Distance = Q 3 - Q 1) away from the 75 th and 25 th percentiles respectively). Note that this character fully separates A. raffrayi from A. pallidus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444409" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. The ratio between pronotal width and interocular distance in males of the Agabus raffrayi group. Symbols as in Fig. 12. Note the very narrow pronotum of A. dytiscoides, a distinguishing feature of this species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444410" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 13</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. The ratio between length of protarsal claw and length of protarsomere 4 in males of the Agabus raffrayi group. Symbols as in Fig. 12. Note the short claws of A. sjostedti and A. dytiscoides." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444411" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Diep River at 250 m, tributary to Keurbooms River, R 339 towards Prince Alfred's Pass, Langkloof Mountains, Western Cape province, South Africa. Type locality of Agabus austellus sp. nov. December 13, 2015." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444413" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 16</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. River nr Sentinel Peak, 2960 m, Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Locality for Agabus austellus sp. nov. May 28, 2018. Photo Samuel Motitsoe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444414" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">, 17</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
South Africa, Western Cape Province, Tributary stream to Keurboom river crossing R339 road, 33.8612S, 23.1729E, 250 m (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Diep River at 250 m, tributary to Keurbooms River, R 339 towards Prince Alfred's Pass, Langkloof Mountains, Western Cape province, South Africa. Type locality of Agabus austellus sp. nov. December 13, 2015." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444413" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444413" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Diep River at 250 m, tributary to Keurbooms River, R339 towards Prince
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alfred’s">Alfred's</normalizedToken>
Pass, Langkloof Mountains, Western Cape province, South Africa. Type locality of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus austellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Agabus austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. December 13, 2015.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Holotype</emphasis>
♂ (AMG) labelled: &quot;South Africa W Cape Province Tributary stream to Keurboom river x-ing R339.
<geoCoordinate degrees="33.8612" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-33.8612">33.8612S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="23.1729" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="23.1729">23.1729E</geoCoordinate>
, 250m. Foreststream with gravel and veg. At edges RSA15-21 13.XII.2015 Leg. J. Bergsten &amp; A.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Désamoré”">Desamore&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Paratypes</emphasis>
: 1 ♂ (NHRS) labelled: &quot;South Africa E Cape Province. Small fish river x-ing road r337, NW of Somerset East.
<geoCoordinate degrees="32.5913" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-32.5913">32.5913S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.4510" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="25.451">25.4510E</geoCoordinate>
, 1017m. Waterpools in streambed RSA15-27 15.XII.2015 Leg. J. Bergsten &amp; A.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Désamoré”">Desamore&quot;</normalizedToken>
; paratypes 1 ♂ (NHRS) labelled: &quot;Rep. South Africa, W. Cape Gydo Pass at junc R303 &amp; Witzenberg Valley Rd. Aug. 25, 2004 G. Challet&quot;; paratypes 6 ♂ 2 ♀ (MZLU) labelled: &quot;S. Afr. Cape Prov., Swartbergpas, Platberg, Alt.: ab. 5000 ft., 5-6.I.51 No. 120&quot;, &quot;Swedish South Africa Expedition 1950-1951, Brinck-Rudebeck&quot;, &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guignot" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus ruwenzoricus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">Agabus ruwenzoricus</taxonomicName>
Guignot, det AN Nilsson 1990&quot;, one male and one female had an extra label containing &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus raffrayi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raffrayi">Agabus raffrayi</taxonomicName>
sharp, Det. J. Omer-Cooper&quot;; paratypes 2 ♂ 3 ♀ (MfN) labelled: &quot;R.S.Africa 17.xi.1997
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="15.3" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-32.255">32°15.3'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="29.9" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="22.498333">22°29.9'E</geoCoordinate>
Cape Province:Karoo NP. Swamp at Puttersvlei, swamp vegetation treating, watercatcher, lg. M.Uhlig+J.Ndamane&quot;, one male had an extra label containing &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guignot" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus ruwenzoricus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">Agabus ruwenzoricus</taxonomicName>
Guignot det. K.B. Miller 1999&quot;; paratypes 2 ♂ 3 ♀ (AMG, CBP) labelled: &quot;Sept. 2002 South Africa WC Pools beside
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brée">Bree</normalizedToken>
River below
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mitchell’s">Mitchell's</normalizedToken>
Pass, Ceres. D T Bilton leg.&quot;; paratypes 4 ♂ 1 ♀ (CBP, ZSM) labelled: &quot;24/ix/2009 South Africa WC Groote Swartberg stream on R328 1 km N of De Top, on N side of pass. D.T. Bilton leg.&quot;; paratypes 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (CBP) labelled: &quot;20/ix/2014 South Africa WC Gifberg - stream in Gifberg Pass above Vanrhynsdorp rocky stream. D T Bilton leg.&quot;; paratype 1 ♂ (CBP) labelled: &quot;11/ii/2017 South Africa WC Harkerville Forest pool 1 survey site 16. M Bird &amp; D T Bilton leg.&quot;; paratypes 6 ♂ 6 ♀ dry mounted, 18 ♂ 16 ♀ in ethanol (AMG, CBP, NHRS) labelled: &quot;28/v/2018 South Africa KZN Drakensberg - river nr. Sentinel Peak
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="30.80" value="-28.758556">28°45'30.80&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="14.82" value="28.904116">28°54'14.82&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
2960m M. Mlambo leg.&quot;; paratype 1 ♀ (IBE) labelled: &quot;25/viii/2008 South Africa WC Gydo Pass - pool at Jnct. R303 &amp; Witzenberg Valley Rd. G Challet leg.&quot;; paratypes 1 ♂ (IBE) labelled: &quot;2/x/2010 South Africa WC Cederberg Dwarsrivier
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="59.51" value="-32.51653">32°30'59.51&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="19.35">19°21'E</geoCoordinate>
735 m Hidalgo-Galiana &amp; Kleynhans leg.&quot;; paratypes 1 ♂ (CBP) labelled: &quot;6/x/2015 South Africa NC Bokkeveld, Avontuur - stream below Fynbos Cottage D T Bilton leg.&quot;; paratypes 4 ♂ 3 ♀ (CBP, ISAM, SANC) labelled: &quot;22/ix/2010 South Africa WC Gydo Pass stream along Witzenberg Valley road ca 1 km SW of Jnct. with R303 985 m D T Bilton leg.&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
Most similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. riberae" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="riberae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. riberae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. agulhas" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="agulhas">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. agulhas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., but distinguishable by a combination of having a scutellum darker than or as dark as elytra, base of aedeagal subapical tooth lacking a distinct incurvation (compare Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Agabus spp., aedeagus in lateral view A A. sjostedti B A. dytiscoides C A. ruwenzoricus D A. raffrayi E A. pallidus F A. anguluverpus sp. nov. G A. austellus sp. nov. H A. riberae sp. nov. I A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444405" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">8G, I</figureCitation>
) and a relatively narrow metasternal wing (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. WC / WS = width of metacoxal plate / width of metasternal wing, PW / ID = width of pronotum / interocular distance, TL = total body length, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6">1</tableCitation>
). The pronotal hypomeron is not visible in strict lateral view, the aedeagus does not have a prolonged subapical portion and in ventral view its apex is asymmetrically curved. The discal elytral microreticulation of most specimens is dominated by relatively small, isodiametric meshes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
Habitus as in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Agabus spp., habitus of males in dorsal view A, F A. sjostedti B, G A. dytiscoides; C, H A. ruwenzoricus D, I A. raffrayi E, J A. pallidus K, O A. anguluverpus sp. nov. L, P A. austellus sp. nov. M, Q A. riberae sp. nov. N, R A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444408" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">11L, P</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Colour</emphasis>
: Head black, with rufous interocular spots; some specimens with an additional anterior rufous area. Pronotum rufopiceous to black. Elytra rufopiceous to black. Ventral surface rufous to black; testaceous lines on abdominal segments rarely present; hypomeron and epipleuron rufopiceous to rufous. Legs rufous to rufopiceous. Antennae and palpi testaceous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName genus="Microreticulation" lsidName="Microreticulation" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Microreticulation</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Relatively fine on both pronotum and elytra, and rather similarly impressed in both sexes. The microreticulation of the elytral disc is dominated by relatively small, somewhat isodiametric meshes in most specimens examined (e.g. Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. South African Agabus spp., microreticulation of male elytral disc A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg D A. austellus sp. nov. Harkerville Forest, Western Cape E A. riberae sp. nov. Kamiesberg, Northern Cape F A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444406" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">9B, C</figureCitation>
), although this character does vary somewhat between populations in this relatively widespread species (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. South African Agabus spp., microreticulation of male elytral disc A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg D A. austellus sp. nov. Harkerville Forest, Western Cape E A. riberae sp. nov. Kamiesberg, Northern Cape F A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444406" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">9</figureCitation>
). In particular, the male from Harkerville Forest (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. South African Agabus spp., microreticulation of male elytral disc A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg D A. austellus sp. nov. Harkerville Forest, Western Cape E A. riberae sp. nov. Kamiesberg, Northern Cape F A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444406" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">9D</figureCitation>
) has a reticulation composed of much larger meshes than seen in other material of this species. This specimen conforms to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. austellus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. on other morphological characters, and COI sequence data (I. Ribera, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName genus="Structural" lsidName="Structural features" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="features">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Structural features</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Body length: 6.80-8.40 mm (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. WC / WS = width of metacoxal plate / width of metasternal wing, PW / ID = width of pronotum / interocular distance, TL = total body length, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6">1</tableCitation>
). Hypomeron marginally visible in strict lateral view, lateral bead of pronotum narrow and well defined. Metasternal wing narrow, WC/WS 3.1 or more in both males and females (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. WC / WS = width of metacoxal plate / width of metasternal wing, PW / ID = width of pronotum / interocular distance, TL = total body length, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6">1</tableCitation>
and Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. The ratio between width of the metacoxal plate and metasternal wing (WC / WS) in the A. raffrayi group (incl. specimens of both sexes). Thick black line inside boxes represents medians, left and right box borders 25 th (Q 1) and 75 th (Q 3) percentiles respectively. Whiskers were calculated with the boxplot. stats function in R using the default coefficient value of 1.5 (drawn to the highest and lowest value within 1.5 * IQD (Inter Quartile Distance = Q 3 - Q 1) away from the 75 th and 25 th percentiles respectively). Note that this character fully separates A. raffrayi from A. pallidus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444409" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">12</figureCitation>
). Pronotum broad, more than twice as broad as interocular distance (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. WC / WS = width of metacoxal plate / width of metasternal wing, PW / ID = width of pronotum / interocular distance, TL = total body length, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="EC20EA9B30576BE179C66F15DBC0C3C6">1</tableCitation>
and Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. The ratio between pronotal width and interocular distance in males of the Agabus raffrayi group. Symbols as in Fig. 12. Note the very narrow pronotum of A. dytiscoides, a distinguishing feature of this species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444410" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Legs</emphasis>
: Protarsal claws long,&gt; 1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as protarsomere 4 in most specimens (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. MT 2 L / MT 2 W = length / width of metatarsomere 2, MT 5 L / MT 5 W = length / width of metatarsomere 5, CL / PT 4 L = length of protarsal claw / length of protarsomere 4, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF">2</tableCitation>
&amp; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. The ratio between length of protarsal claw and length of protarsomere 4 in males of the Agabus raffrayi group. Symbols as in Fig. 12. Note the short claws of A. sjostedti and A. dytiscoides." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444411" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">14</figureCitation>
). Metatarsomeres usually short and broad; metatarsomere 2 &lt;1.8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad in most specimens (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. MT 2 L / MT 2 W = length / width of metatarsomere 2, MT 5 L / MT 5 W = length / width of metatarsomere 5, CL / PT 4 L = length of protarsal claw / length of protarsomere 4, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF">2</tableCitation>
), metatarsomere 5 &lt;3.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as broad in most specimens (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological characters in the Agabus raffrayi group. MT 2 L / MT 2 W = length / width of metatarsomere 2, MT 5 L / MT 5 W = length / width of metatarsomere 5, CL / PT 4 L = length of protarsal claw / length of protarsomere 4, N = number of specimens, Min = minimum value, Max = maximum value, SD = standard deviation, NA = not applicable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="59FBA533E2ADB4142B7B5363E75795AF">2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Male genitalia</emphasis>
: Aedeagus lack the prolonged section between the subapical broadening and the apical and subapical teeth present in some species in the group (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Agabus spp., aedeagus in lateral view A A. sjostedti B A. dytiscoides C A. ruwenzoricus D A. raffrayi E A. pallidus F A. anguluverpus sp. nov. G A. austellus sp. nov. H A. riberae sp. nov. I A. agulhas sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444405" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">8G</figureCitation>
). In ventral view the apex is asymmetrically curved (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Agabus spp., ventral view (following Miller and Nilsson 2003) of apex of aedeagus A A. anguluverpus sp. nov. B A. austellus sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444404" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">7B</figureCitation>
). There is some variation in the shape and size of the subapical tooth of the aedeagus (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. South African Agabus spp., aedeagal apices, lateral view A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov., Gydo Pass, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape D A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg E A. riberae sp. nov. holotype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape; F A. riberae sp. nov. paratype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape G A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444403" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">6A-D</figureCitation>
), this being relatively small in most populations (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. South African Agabus spp., aedeagal apices, lateral view A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov., Gydo Pass, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape D A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg E A. riberae sp. nov. holotype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape; F A. riberae sp. nov. paratype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape G A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444403" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">6A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Female</emphasis>
: Externally similar to males. Some specimens with dorsal microreticulation slightly more strongly impressed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
Republic of South Africa, where the species is relatively widespread, from the Bokkeveld Plateau in the south of the Northern Cape Province, most mountain systems of the Western Cape Province and east along the Great Escarpment to the Drakensberg (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of the Agabus raffrayi group. Relief is expressed in meters above sea level." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444398" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">1</figureCitation>
). This wide geographical range encompasses winter, summer and bimodal rainfall regimes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
Found in streams, pools beside streams and remnant pools in seasonal running watercourses. Most localities are situated in Fynbos or alpine grassland (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. River nr Sentinel Peak, 2960 m, Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Locality for Agabus austellus sp. nov. May 28, 2018. Photo Samuel Motitsoe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444414" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">17</figureCitation>
), but also recorded from densely forested streams. Sites span a wide range of altitudes, from the type locality at 250 m (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Diep River at 250 m, tributary to Keurbooms River, R 339 towards Prince Alfred's Pass, Langkloof Mountains, Western Cape province, South Africa. Type locality of Agabus austellus sp. nov. December 13, 2015." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444413" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">16</figureCitation>
) to almost 3000 m in the Kwazulu-Natal, Drakensberg (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. River nr Sentinel Peak, 2960 m, Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Locality for Agabus austellus sp. nov. May 28, 2018. Photo Samuel Motitsoe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444414" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">17</figureCitation>
), most being at intermediate elevations.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444414" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 17.</emphasis>
River nr Sentinel Peak, 2960 m, Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Locality for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus austellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Agabus austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. May 28, 2018. Photo Samuel Motitsoe.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
The name refers to the fact that the species is widespread in South Africa and therefore truly an
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Agabus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the south (Latin:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Englund, Bilton &amp; Bergsten" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="austellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= southern parts).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00328.x" author="Nilsson, AN" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="155 - 179" refId="B15" refString="Nilsson, AN, 1992a. A revision of Afrotropical Agabus Leach (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae), and the evolution of tropicoalpine super specialists. Systematic Entomology 17: 155 - 179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00328.x" title="A revision of Afrotropical Agabus Leach (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae), and the evolution of tropicoalpine super specialists." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00328.x" volume="17" year="1992 a">Nilsson (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Omer-Cooper, J" journalOrPublisher="South African Animal Life" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="59 - 214" refId="B20" refString="Omer-Cooper, J, 1965. Chapter 2. Coleoptera: Dytiscidae. A review of the Dytiscidae of Southern Africa being the results of the Lund University Expedition 1950-1951, with which are incorporated all other records known to the author. South African Animal Life 11: 59 - 214" title="Chapter 2. Coleoptera: Dytiscidae. A review of the Dytiscidae of Southern Africa being the results of the Lund University Expedition 1950 - 1951, with which are incorporated all other records known to the author." volume="11" year="1965">Omer-Cooper (1965)</bibRefCitation>
assigned specimens from South Africa and S. Rhodesia [=Zimbabwe] to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. ruwenzoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. ruwenzoricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have studied one series of specimens cited by both authors from the Swartberg Pass (Swartbergpas) W. Cape Province, housed in Lund (MZLU), which correspond to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. austellus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Males of this species do not have a prolonged preapical section of the aedeagus, a distinguishing character not previously noted in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="raffrayi" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="raffrayi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">raffrayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. It seems likely that all previous records of
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. raffrayi" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="raffrayi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. raffrayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. ruwenzoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. ruwenzoricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South Africa, and also possibly those from Zimbabwe, are misidentified and mostly refer to
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. austellus" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="austellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A. austellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. This species is somewhat variable in body shape, elytral microreticulation (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. South African Agabus spp., microreticulation of male elytral disc A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg D A. austellus sp. nov. Harkerville Forest, Western Cape E A. riberae sp. nov. Kamiesberg, Northern Cape F A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444406" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">9A-D</figureCitation>
) and the shape and size of the subapical tooth of the aedeagus (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. South African Agabus spp., aedeagal apices, lateral view A A. austellus sp. nov. holotype, Keurboom, Western Cape B A. austellus sp. nov., Gydo Pass, Western Cape C A. austellus sp. nov. Groote Swartberg, Western Cape D A. austellus sp. nov. Sentinel Peak, KZN Drakensberg E A. riberae sp. nov. holotype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape; F A. riberae sp. nov. paratype, Kamiesberg, Northern Cape G A. agulhas sp. nov. holotype, Rattelrivier, Western Cape." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.963.53470.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/444403" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">6A-D</figureCitation>
). We interpret this variation as comprising a single species, however, particularly given the very similar mtDNA COI sequences observed amongst populations spanning the entire known range in South Africa (i.e., Bokkeveld Plateau to Drakensberg, I. Ribera, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
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119
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Tribe
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Blanchard, 1845b: 180 [stem: Rhaeb-]. Type genus:
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Fischer von Waldheim, 1824. Comment: original vernacular name available (Art.
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); Blanchard (1845b: 193) also used the spelling
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<taxonomicName id="100FE54F7EA7B7D56889B353AE4DE72A" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bulimus annamiticus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="annamiticus">Bulimus annamiticus</taxonomicName>
Crosse &amp; Fischer, 1863b: 357-359. Type locality: in vicinio urbis Saigon et pagi Fuyen-Moth dicti [Ho Chi Min Province and Phu Yen Province, Vietnam].
<bibRefCitation id="1AA3C5855E9C74F02890489E01A2D0E0" author="Crosse, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="322 - 338" title="Faune malacologique de Cochinchine, premier supplement." volume="12" year="1864">Crosse and Fischer 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 329, pl. 12, fig. 8.
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<taxonomicName id="09AFF2E14A12CB3CA51A772800D0031A" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidromus inversus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="inversus" subSpecies="annamiticus">Amphidromus inversus annamiticus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C43C1245E68E50BF8BF03FFFBB4E03CA" author="Laidlaw, FF" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana: Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="507 - 677" title="The land snail genus Amphidromus: A synoptic catalogue." volume="41" year="1961">Laidlaw and Solem 1961</bibRefCitation>
: 561, 600.
<bibRefCitation id="80E5E54B944F0520D37AEB20895C8243" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 68" title="Check-list of land pulmonate molluscs of Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)." volume="21" year="2011">Schileyko 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 50.
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<taxonomicName id="2A1BA99A9DD3ADF66192AC64C42C75F1" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidromus (Amphidromus) inversus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="inversus" subGenus="Amphidromus" subSpecies="annamiticus">Amphidromus (Amphidromus) inversus annamiticus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="B2D994BDFD8953A26BD0C5A8C7020FF9" author="Sutcharit, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 30" title="Taxonomic review of the tree snails Amphidromus Albers, 1850 (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand and adjacent areas: SubgenusAmphidromus." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyi044" volume="72" year="2006">Sutcharit and Panha 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 9-14, figs 3
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, 7
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, 9.
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<paragraph id="DD3AEEC1F4710E1BDB4253369B92011F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7F73DEB57E7A74F54E3A01FF6CFA746" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes MNHN-IM-2000-1820 from &quot;Saigon et Fuyen-Moth&quot; (2 shells; Fig. 44D). Specimens from Don Sadam, Khong District, Champasak Province (Fig. 44E).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9FB1ABE42CA3E70BE6EC55FB58EA5D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D14BC57F055F42780EF36941A7C606AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C88DF27D3F2F410F6C89299C75A3FFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation id="4E06AB300F6E3697CD3E2B0663719AE6" author="Laidlaw, FF" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana: Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="507 - 677" title="The land snail genus Amphidromus: A synoptic catalogue." volume="41" year="1961">Laidlaw and Solem 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D65FAE9329BDEC899259DEDB1C1AADF2" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 68" title="Check-list of land pulmonate molluscs of Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)." volume="21" year="2011">Schileyko 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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76
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Gravenhorst, 1829
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<taxonomicName id="98F3A81FFED8EF993BE9E02E4511994E" genus="Ethelurgina" lsidName="Ethelurgina errabundus" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" rank="species" species="errabundus">errabundus</taxonomicName>
(Gravenhorst, 1829,
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<taxonomicName id="E6AE0113527DC097CBD34212B5971893" genus="Ethelurgina" lsidName="Ethelurgina tinctorius" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" rank="species" species="tinctorius">tinctorius</taxonomicName>
(Gravenhorst, 1829,
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<taxonomicName id="6A262DA6A63FA132783DDE81F04C7233" genus="Ethelurgina" lsidName="Ethelurgina coxalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" rank="species" species="coxalis">coxalis</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="636C7D0944D10DAB8FCEF5077312A372" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">England, Wales</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E0A0F760-57E6-4629-B09B-5FCCA78CCB13" authority="De Mattia &amp; Groh" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia beckmanni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="beckmanni">Wollastonia beckmanni De Mattia &amp; Groh</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="42" pageNumber="43">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 143-145, 146
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
All from Porto Santo, SMF 348927, holotype, from loc. typ., leg. K. &amp; C. Groh, June 6 1983; SMF 348928/5 PT, MMF 24956/1 PT, MMF 46281/1 PT, MMF 46282/1 PT, NHMW 112143/1 PT, CKG/62 PT, NMWZ 2016.013.00009/5 PT, CJG/5 PT, from loc. typ., leg. K. &amp; C. Groh, June 6 1983; CWDM/12 PT, E of Vila Baleira, S slope of the hill above Vale do Touro, 50 m W of the oil tanks, excavated Quaternary mixed gravel,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.063053">33°03'47&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32389">16°19'26&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 24 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 24 2015; CFW 12176/5 PT, E of Vila Baleira, S slope of the hill above Vale do Touro, W of the oil tanks, [(sub-)fossil slope-deposits of] red gravel,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.63111">33°37'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32389">16°19'26&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 25 m, leg. F. Walther, Apr. 5 2017; ANSP H 11843/2 PT [sub
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. leacockiana" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="leacockiana">H. leacockiana</taxonomicName>
], Vale do Touro,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06278">33°03'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.324722">16°19'29&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 m a, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 16 1985.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Locus typicus.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Porto Santo, south coast, ditch near the harbour built in 1985 at Vila Baleira, lens of quaternary calcareous aeolinite within a marine sandy beach terrace (nowadays beyond the quay of the harbour),
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06389">33°03'50&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.315556">16°18'56&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 0-1.5 m.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Small
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
species with a very depressed body whorl that is finely granulated; umbilicus very wide in relation to maximum diameter, rather eccentric.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Description of the shell of the holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Shell small for the genus, with 5.15 rapidly increasing whorls, the protoconch measures 1.5 whorls. The form of the shell is flat conical, the convex teleoconch whorls show a strongly keeled periphery. The last whorl measures 65%, the penultimate whorl 14% of the total shell height. The lower half of the body whorl is slightly concave beneath the keel in frontal view near the periphery and otherwise regularly convex. The suture between the whorls is simple and slightly impressed. The aperture, which is inclined to the vertical axis of the shell in an angle of 58° and descending in the last 5% of the last whorl in an angle of 43° to the horizontal axis, has an elongate-ovate form, its width measures 42% of the total shell width, its height 27% of the total shell height. It has a distinctly reflected lip, which is completely detached from the body whorl. The very eccentric umbilicus, which measures 17% of the total shell width, is in the upper whorls narrowly perspective. The protoconch is smooth, the teleoconch shows a low number of oblique radial ribs, nine in the penultimate quadrant of the body whorl and is additionally covered by many fine tubercles. The number of tubercles in the standard quadrate of the base is 102; the tubercles become coarser towards the centre of the base and finer towards the periphery. There are no traces of colouration (see Fig. 143).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Figures 143-145. Shells of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia beckmanni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="beckmanni">Wollastonia beckmanni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 143 holotype, SMF 348927 144 paratype from the loc. typ. 145 Vale do Touro. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="variation">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Variation in paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
The size varies slightly, and the density of the tubercles in the standard quadrate of the base may vary by
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
10%. Exceptionally, the umbilicus may be narrower and the angles of the aperture to the vertical axis and the descending of the last part of the body whorl to the vertical axis also slightly vary (see Measurements section below). Nevertheless, the overall shape and sculpture of all paratypes is very close to that of the holotype. In a few shells traces of a brownish colouration are perceptible, however there are no traces of a banding pattern (see Figs 144-145).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
D 5.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm (range 5.0-5.6 mm); H 3.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm (range 3.2-3.5 mm); FW 2.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.1 mm (range 2.1-2.3 mm); PA 72.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.0° (range 66.0-76.0°); DU 0.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.05 mm (range 0.3-0.4 mm); NW 6.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 (range 6.0-6.4) (n = 20). Ratio D/H 1.6; ratio FW/H 0.7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia beckmanni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="beckmanni">Wollastonia beckmanni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is known only from the southeastern coast of Porto Santo, from the hill immediately east of Vila Baleira (mud deposits at Vale do Touro) to the aeolinite deposits behind the new harbour. See map in Fig. 146.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Figure 146. Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia beckmanni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="beckmanni">Wollastonia beckmanni</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Named after the late German entrepreneur and self-taught malacologist Dr. Karl-Heinz Beckmann (1948-2007) to honour his valuable contributions to the malacofauna of different islands and archipelagos in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Comparison and comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Because of its small size the new species can only be confused with small
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. aucta" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="aucta">H. aucta</taxonomicName>
Wollaston, 1878, which have, however, a higher and more distinctly stepped spire, have two well-developed keels and much coarser and more sparsely set tubercles on the shell surface.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella microcarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="microcarinata">Hystricella microcarinata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has a much higher, rounded conical form, two keels on the body whorl, coarser and less densely set tubercles, a much narrower umbilicus, and a different shape and differently positioned angles of the aperture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
As with other subfossil
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="W. beckmanni" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="beckmanni">W. beckmanni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is included in this genus because it considerably differs from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hystricella</taxonomicName>
and is similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="W. oxytropis" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="oxytropis">W. oxytropis</taxonomicName>
in surface sculpture and overall shell shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="status and conservation">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Status and conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Extinct before the
<normalizedToken originalValue="islands’">islands'</normalizedToken>
scientific exploration in the 19th century, possibly already before human settlement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>