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<mods:title id="BE342D8717B09C6214B61E4C53CC2218">The description of a critically endangered new species of seasonal killifish, Nothobranchius sylvaticus (Cyprinodontiformes: Nothobranchiidae), a relict species from an East African forest refugium in south-eastern Kenya</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E7776C97CC5DA2422AD72A9E769DD94">Bellstedt, Dirk U.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A64E0A812B2D79063BE76BB6DDD2794">Nagy, Béla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0D7675D4BAC315C17EBF0E6D8C295BD8">Luke, Quentin</mods:namePart>
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, Nagy, Bellstedt & Luke
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,
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(
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<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB3A23193814698FED0F8E3" box="[159,286,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-67@12.[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system, Gongoni Forest; B. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred male of F1 generation, ca. 35.0 mm SL; C. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live wild-caught male from the type locality, field photograph; D. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred female of F1 generation, ca.30.0 mm SL; E. Comparative species, Nothobranchius elongatus from the Kinango-Mariakani area; F. Comparative species, Nothobranchius interruptus from the type locality near Kikambala. Photographs by B. Nagy (A, B, D, F), D. U. Bellstedt (C) and B. Watters (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980517/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Figs 5A–D</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A23193894559FE6AFB24" ID-CoL="47SLH" baseAuthorityName="de Rham" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[151,420,538,562]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
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<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23193894559FE6AFB24" box="[151,420,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Nothobranchius elongatus</emphasis>
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:
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.
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sp.
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Southern
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:
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van der Merwe
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<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23191AB457AFD2CFB46" box="[693,738,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021: 10
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.
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,
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,
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<specimenCount id="358BFD3EFFB3A231913D453CFD92FB8F" box="[547,604,639,665]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="male">male</specimenCount>
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,
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<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A2319179453CFD04FB8F" box="[615,714,639,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.36" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="33.6">33.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SL;
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5B9A7627FFB3A23191E1453CFC82FB8F" box="[767,844,639,665]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||||
: ephemeral swamp in the Mkurumudzi system, about
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A231938945E0FF1EFBAB" box="[151,208,675,701]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||||
west southwest of
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="C356ACCDFFB3A23192BB45E0FDFEFBAB" box="[421,560,675,701]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Gazi village</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="46B95070FFB3A231912545E1FD05FBAB" box="[571,715,674,701]" degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="25.860" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" precision="1" value="-4.431">04°25.860' S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="46B95070FFB3A23191C645E0FCA2FBAB" box="[728,876,675,701]" degrees="39" direction="east" minutes="28.138" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" precision="1" value="39.468967">39°28.138' E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<elevation id="A8A0D184FFB3A231906945E0FC25FBAB" box="[887,1003,675,701]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="m" value="26.0">
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A231906945E0FC7EFBAB" box="[887,944,675,701]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="m" value="26.0">26 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.
|
||||
</elevation>
|
||||
<collectorName id="8E785361FFB3A23190EF45E0FB5AFBAB" box="[1009,1172,675,701]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">D.U. Bellstedt</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="57331077FFB3A23197BE45E0FAEBFBAB" box="[1184,1317,675,701]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" value="2018-07-04">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="4777E99FFFB3A23197BE45E0FAEBFBAB" box="[1184,1317,675,701]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" value="2018-07-04">4 July 2018</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, preserved in the field.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D945A8FD83FA3F" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="93E53CEAFFB3A23193D945A8FD87FA3F" collectingDate="2018-07-04" collectionCode="NMK" collectorName="D. U. Bellstedt" country="Kenya" elevation="26" latitude="-4.431" location="Gazi village" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="39.468967" municipality="Gazi village" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" specimenCode="ICH FW/6013/1-2" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="4" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23193D945A8FE88FA13" bold="true" box="[199,326,747,773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB3A23193D945A8FE8FFA13" box="[199,321,747,773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="459CAE72FFB3A231925045A8FE41FA13" box="[334,399,747,773]" collectionName="Kenya, Nairobi, National Museum of Kenya" country="Kenya" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h6fg-emd8" name="National Museums of Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="Museum">NMK</collectionCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCode id="732B9ECCFFB3A231928045A8FDA0FA13" box="[414,622,747,773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">ICH FW/6013/1-2</specimenCode>
|
||||
8,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="358BFD3EFFB3A231918D45A8FD23FA13" box="[659,749,747,773]" count="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A23191E745A8FC53FA13" box="[761,925,747,773]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.4299999999999997" metricValueMin="2.92" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="31.75" valueMax="34.3" valueMin="29.2">29.2–34.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SL &
|
||||
<specimenCount id="358BFD3EFFB3A23190F545A8FB95FA13" box="[1003,1115,747,773]" count="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A231977945A9FAC5FA13" box="[1127,1291,746,773]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.585" metricValueMax="2.65" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="25.85" valueMax="26.5" valueMin="25.2">25.2–26.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SL; same as for the holotype, preserved in the field
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFB3A23193D94471FD73FD7B" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D94471FCB2FD17" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23193D94471FE8CFA5A" bold="true" box="[199,322,818,844]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A23192544470FDBBFA5B" authorityName=", Nagy, Bellstedt & Luke" authorityYear="2025" box="[330,629,819,845]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23192544470FDBBFA5B" box="[330,629,819,845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is distinguished from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters in males: scales on trunk iridescent light blue covering the entire caudal peduncle; dorsal portion of head grey with distinct red lobes along supraorbital canal; posterior scale margins on postorbital portion of opercle creating two pronounced brown-red oblique bars; dorsal and anal fins golden, marked with dark grey dots and stripes proximally and medially, merging into uniform dark grey zone distally; caudal fin dark red to red proximally, plain red medially, and with slender black distal band.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D94348FD73FD7B" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
Furthermore,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A231927E4348FE23FD33" authorityName=", Nagy, Bellstedt & Luke" authorityYear="2025" box="[352,493,1035,1061]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A231927E4348FE23FD33" box="[352,493,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">N. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from its geographically closest congeners,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A23197064348FB6BFD33" baseAuthorityName="de Rham" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1048,1189,1035,1061]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23197064348FB6BFD33" box="[1048,1189,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">N. elongatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23197C64348FAB4FD32" box="[1240,1402,1035,1060]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A23197C64348FAB8FD32" authorityName="Wildekamp & Berkenkamp" authorityYear="1979" box="[1240,1398,1035,1060]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interruptus">N. interruptus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
by colouration of the brown-red scale margins, a series of morphometric and meristic differences, and in the structure of the cephalic sensory system as detailed below.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFB3A23793D94335FE68FDD3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D94335FD66FDA3" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23193D94335FE97FD86" bold="true" box="[199,345,1142,1168]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
General body features illustrated by
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB3A23190114334FC7BFD87" box="[783,949,1142,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-67@12.[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system, Gongoni Forest; B. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred male of F1 generation, ca. 35.0 mm SL; C. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live wild-caught male from the type locality, field photograph; D. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred female of F1 generation, ca.30.0 mm SL; E. Comparative species, Nothobranchius elongatus from the Kinango-Mariakani area; F. Comparative species, Nothobranchius interruptus from the type locality near Kikambala. Photographs by B. Nagy (A, B, D, F), D. U. Bellstedt (C) and B. Watters (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980517/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Figures 5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Morphometric and meristic characters of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB3A231938943D8FF37FDA3" box="[151,249,1179,1205]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB3A231922E43D8FE55FDA3" box="[304,411,1179,1205]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
summarized in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="6E0F030CFFB3A231915043D8FD6CFDA3" box="[590,674,1179,1205]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,368,392]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,447,2016]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data for holotype and paratypes of Nothobranchius sylvaticus. Holotype values included in ranges, mean and standard deviation of males. H, holotype; SD, standard deviation." pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D943FCFEC6FCC3" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
Male: Medium-sized
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB3A23192A143FCFD1CFDCF" box="[447,722,1215,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB3A23192A143FCFDBDFDCF" box="[447,627,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Nothobranchius</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, maximum observed length of specimens examined
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB3A231962B43FCFA53FDCF" box="[1333,1437,1215,1241]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4299999999999997" pageId="11" pageNumber="97" unit="mm" value="34.3">34.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SL. General body shape robust and laterally compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical passing through pelvicfin origin: 26.4–27.9 % SL. Greatest body width at pectoral-fin base with body progressively narrowing towards caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile concave from tip of snout to nape and convex from nape to base of last dorsal-fin ray; postdorsal profile straight to slightly concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to base of last anal-fin ray; postanal profile straight to slightly concave on caudal peduncle from insertion of posteriormost anal-fin ray to caudal-fin base. Caudal peduncle shallow, length 155–160 % of its depth. Anus just anterior to anal-fin origin.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D9429CFD6BFFBB" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Head moderately long (27.0–29.6 % SL), laterally compressed, deeper than wide (head width 74–81 % of its depth). Snout slightly pointed, smaller than eye diameter. Mouth supraterminal, slightly oblique in profile. Jaws subequal, lower jaw longer than upper, posterior end of rictus at same level or slightly ventral to centre of eye. Premaxilla and dentary with many irregularly distributed conical, slightly curved teeth. Orbit large (28–32 % HL), entirely in anterior half of head (snout to eye end length 39–45 % HL), at median portion of head side. Branchiostegal membrane projecting posteriorly from opercle.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23193D941F4FA46FEBF" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">Dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin, both fins originating posterior to mid-length of body. Distal border of dorsal and anal fins rounded, with small contact organs in form of papillae on fin rays and distal margin with short filamentous rays. Posterior extremity of dorsal fin reaching caudal-fin base. Dorsal fin, 14–15; anal fin, 13–15. Pectoral fin subtriangular; its insertion slightly posterior to margin of opercular opening; base slightly oblique, upper fin rays placed slightly anteriorly to lower fin rays, tip reaching or slightly surpassing base of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin subabdominal, its origin at about mid-length of body, short, bases medially separated, tip reaching urogenital papilla. Caudal fin subtruncate, with 15–18 branched rays, plus three to five procurrent rays at dorsal and ventral origins.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB3A23693D940F0FE6FF9EF" blockId="11.[151,1437,639,2033]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="11" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
Scales cycloid, body and head entirely scaled, except for ventral surface of head. Scales on head, trunk and caudal peduncle iridescent light blue with brown-red scale margins creating irregular vertical chevron-shaped stripes on trunk (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB4A236921947D4FE7DF9A7" box="[263,435,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,580,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[151,1436,561,1579]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Upper drawings: Diagrammatic representation of cephalic sensory system: Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; a, lateral view; b, dorsal view; c, ventral view of head; an, anterior nostril; pn, posterior nostril. Lower photographs: Head views of Nothobranchius sylvaticus showing red lobes along the supraorbital canal in both male (d) and female (e). Photographs by D.U. Bellstedt (d) and B. Nagy (e)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980521/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Fig. 6 B and C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No scales on dorsal and anal fins. Scales in mid-longitudinal series, 27–29 plus two or three small scales on caudal-fin base. Transverse rows of scales in front of dorsal-fin origin, 11; scale rows around caudal peduncle 12–14.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="77F2663FFFB4A2369389429EFBECFFBF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980517" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14980517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980517/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" startId="12.[151,250,1501,1525]" targetBox="[151,1436,273,1478]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB4A2369389429EFBECFFBF" blockId="12.[151,1437,1501,1706]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A2369389429EFEF8FCE3" bold="true" box="[151,310,1501,1525]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 5. A.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A2369221429EFCCDFCE3" authority=", NMK, ICH FW" authorityName="NMK, ICH FW" box="[319,771,1501,1525]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A2369221429EFD81FCE3" box="[319,591,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
, NMK, ICH FW
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system, Gongoni Forest;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A23690304142FC8BFF0F" bold="true" box="[814,837,1537,1561]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A23690534142FB95FF0F" box="[845,1115,1537,1561]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A23690534142FB95FF0F" box="[845,1115,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, live aquarium bred male of F
|
||||
<subScript id="BF0934F2FFB4A236968B4152FA52FF09" attach="left" box="[1429,1436,1553,1567]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">1</subScript>
|
||||
generation, ca. 35.0 mm SL;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A23692DC4166FE14FF2B" bold="true" box="[450,474,1573,1597]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A23692FF4166FD3EFF2B" box="[481,752,1573,1597]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A23692FF4166FD3EFF2B" box="[481,752,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, live wild-caught male from the type locality, field photograph;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A236969A4166FA52FF2B" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1573,1597]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A2369389410AFE6DFF77" box="[151,419,1609,1633]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A2369389410AFE6DFF77" box="[151,419,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, live aquarium bred female of F
|
||||
<subScript id="BF0934F2FFB4A23691C2411AFD2DFF71" attach="left" box="[732,739,1625,1639]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">1</subScript>
|
||||
generation, ca. 30.0 mm SL;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A236971D410AFBD4FF77" bold="true" box="[1027,1050,1609,1633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">E.</emphasis>
|
||||
Comparative species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A23697E7410AFF34FF93" baseAuthorityName="de Rham" baseAuthorityYear="1991" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A23697E7410AFF34FF93" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius elongatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Kinango-Mariakani area;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A2369174412EFDB3FF93" bold="true" box="[618,637,1645,1669]" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">F.</emphasis>
|
||||
Comparative species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB4A2369079412EFB4DFF93" authorityName="Wildekamp & Berkenkamp" authorityYear="1979" box="[871,1155,1645,1669]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interruptus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB4A2369079412EFB4DFF93" box="[871,1155,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Nothobranchius interruptus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the type locality near Kikambala. Photographs by B. Nagy (A, B, D, F), D. U. Bellstedt (C) and B. Watters (E).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB4A23793D941B8FD0BF857" blockId="12.[151,1437,1787,2030]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
Frontal scalation pattern variable. Anterior nostril at anterior tip of snout, tubular opening lateral to upper lip. Posterior nostril in front of orbit, with oval aperture. Cephalic sensory system represented in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB4A23697D6405CFAE5FE2F" box="[1224,1323,1823,1849]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,580,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[151,1436,561,1579]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Upper drawings: Diagrammatic representation of cephalic sensory system: Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; a, lateral view; b, dorsal view; c, ventral view of head; an, anterior nostril; pn, posterior nostril. Lower photographs: Head views of Nothobranchius sylvaticus showing red lobes along the supraorbital canal in both male (d) and female (e). Photographs by D.U. Bellstedt (d) and B. Nagy (e)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980521/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="98">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Cephalic sensory system at frontal level in shallow groove, with one exposed neuromast. Sensory system at supraorbital level fragmented into two discontinuous portions, with one exposed neuromasts in shallow groove at anterior level, continued at posterior supraorbital level over orbit with two exposed neuromasts, and with pronounced lobes along neuromasts. Supratemporal canal in slightly curved shallow groove, with four exposed neuromasts. Preorbital canal in shallow groove with two exposed neuromasts; postorbital canal in deep groove with one long exposed neuromast; infraorbital level with about 15 small buttons at ventral and posterior margin of orbit. Preopercular system with six exposed neuromasts in deep groove on preopercle portion, whereas four neuromasts in shallow groove on ventral portion. Mandibular canal in shallow groove with four neuromasts along lateral margin running parallel to outer margin of lower jaw and four to five small buttons anteriorly positioned in lower jaw ventral portion. One neuromast on each scale along trunk mid-longitudinal series.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23793D94608FC2BFB77" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
Female: Smaller than male, maximum observed size
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A23790354609FC5CF873" box="[811,914,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="26.5">26.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SL. Branchiostegal membrane not projecting posteriorly from opercle. Dorsal and caudal fins rounded. Anal fin subtriangular, tip rounded, central rays longer and more rigid. Anal fin positioned more posteriorly than in male (preanal length 62.5–64.2 % SL vs. 61.0–61.8 %, predorsal length 61.1–62.6 % SL vs. 57.7–60.3 %, respectively). Base length anal fin smaller than in male (dorsal-fin base length 20.0–23.0 % SL vs. 23.4–26.5 %, anal-fin base length 14.8–16.0 % SL vs. 16.5–18.9 %, respectively). No papillae or epidermal tissue present on dorsal and anal fins. Pelvic fin short, tip reaching anus. Caudal fin length greater than in male (29.8–31.3 % SL vs. 23.1–27.1 %). Caudal peduncle narrower than in male (caudal peduncle length 167–171 % of its depth vs. 155–160, respectively).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23793D94529FCE6FD07" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A23793D94529FE91FB92" bold="true" box="[199,351,618,644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||||
Live male (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23792F44528FD76FB93" box="[490,696,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-67@12.[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system, Gongoni Forest; B. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred male of F1 generation, ca. 35.0 mm SL; C. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live wild-caught male from the type locality, field photograph; D. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred female of F1 generation, ca.30.0 mm SL; E. Comparative species, Nothobranchius elongatus from the Kinango-Mariakani area; F. Comparative species, Nothobranchius interruptus from the type locality near Kikambala. Photographs by B. Nagy (A, B, D, F), D. U. Bellstedt (C) and B. Watters (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980517/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Figures 5B and C</figureCitation>
|
||||
): Scales on head, trunk and caudal peduncle iridescent light blue with brown-red scale margins creating irregular vertical chevron-shaped stripes on the trunk. Scale margins wider on dorsum, resulting in darker general appearance, whereas scale margins at posteroventral portion of trunk creating chevron shaped reticulation. Snout and dorsal portion of head grey, throat light blue. Lobes along supraorbital canal red (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23793D445B8FED3FA03" box="[202,285,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,580,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[151,1436,561,1579]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Upper drawings: Diagrammatic representation of cephalic sensory system: Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; a, lateral view; b, dorsal view; c, ventral view of head; an, anterior nostril; pn, posterior nostril. Lower photographs: Head views of Nothobranchius sylvaticus showing red lobes along the supraorbital canal in both male (d) and female (e). Photographs by D.U. Bellstedt (d) and B. Nagy (e)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980521/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 6d</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Posterior scale margins on post-orbital portion of opercle creating two pronounced brown-red oblique bars. Exposed branchiostegal membrane white to light blue. Iris light blue, with dark grey spots on upper and lower parts in some specimens, creating dark vertical bar through centre of eye. Dorsal fin golden, densely marked with dark grey dots and irregular stripes proximally and medially, merging into uniform dark grey zone distally, and with narrow light blue distal band at fin tips. Anal fin golden with dark grey stripes parallel to fin rays and dark grey dots proximally and medially, merging into uniform dark grey zone distally. Caudal fin dark red to red proximally, plain red medially, and with slender black distal band. Pelvic fin golden with dark grey dots with blue distal margin. Pectoral fin hyaline with light blue posterior distal margin.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23793D94358FE68FDD3" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
Live female (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23792404358FE16FD23" box="[350,472,1050,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-67@12.[151,1436,273,1478]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system, Gongoni Forest; B. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred male of F1 generation, ca. 35.0 mm SL; C. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live wild-caught male from the type locality, field photograph; D. Nothobranchius sylvaticus, live aquarium bred female of F1 generation, ca.30.0 mm SL; E. Comparative species, Nothobranchius elongatus from the Kinango-Mariakani area; F. Comparative species, Nothobranchius interruptus from the type locality near Kikambala. Photographs by B. Nagy (A, B, D, F), D. U. Bellstedt (C) and B. Watters (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980517/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
): Scales on trunk and head pale grey-brown, slightly darker on dorsum and lighter to silver on venter. Scales with dark grey margin, creating reticulation on trunk and forming vertical chevron stripes on posteroventral portions of flank. Snout, throat and dorsal portion of head pale grey-brown, with lobes along supraorbital canal dark red (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23792C043C4FDFDFDB7" box="[478,563,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1602,1626]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,580,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[151,1436,561,1579]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Upper drawings: Diagrammatic representation of cephalic sensory system: Nothobranchius sylvaticus, NMK, ICH FW/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL; a, lateral view; b, dorsal view; c, ventral view of head; an, anterior nostril; pn, posterior nostril. Lower photographs: Head views of Nothobranchius sylvaticus showing red lobes along the supraorbital canal in both male (d) and female (e). Photographs by D.U. Bellstedt (d) and B. Nagy (e)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980521/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 6e</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Light blue iridescence on opercular region and some scales on trunk. Iris golden. All fins hyaline.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFB5A23793D9438DFEC8FC43" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23793D9438DFEC8FC43" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A23793D9438DFEAFFDFE" bold="true" box="[199,353,1230,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB5A2379277438CFD5AFDFF" box="[361,660,1231,1257]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A2379277438CFD5AFDFF" box="[361,660,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is endemic to south-eastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5B9A7627FFB5A23790C2438CFBE7FDFF" box="[988,1065,1231,1257]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. It is currently only known from ephemeral swamps in open areas of the Gongoni Forest in the drainage of the seasonal Mkurumudzi River system (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23793814254FF2CFC27" box="[159,226,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,842,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-361@2.[158,1430,842,1924]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of south-eastern Kenya, showing the known distribution of Nothobranchius sylvaticus (red-filled circle), and localities of comparative species N. elongatus (orange-filled diamond) and N. interruptus (yellow-filled square). T, type locality for N. sylvaticus (as indicated on the detailed inset map)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980507/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The Mkurumudzi drains the south-eastern slopes of the Shimba Hills and flows into the Indian Ocean at Gazi Bay.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFB5A23493D9421CFBCEFB0F" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23793D9421CFDBCFF1E" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A23793D9421CFEE2FC6F" bold="true" box="[199,300,1375,1401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||||
The narrow coastal plain in south-eastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5B9A7627FFB5A237901D421CFC82FC6F" box="[771,844,1375,1401]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||||
is situated at an elevation below
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A23797A5421CFACCFC6F" box="[1211,1282,1375,1401]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. Rainfall increases from north to south along the coast (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="471C4B46FFB5A237918442C0FC63FC8B" author="Hughes, R. H. & Hughes, J. S." box="[666,941,1411,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" refId="ref14360" refString="Hughes, R. H. & Hughes, J. S. (1992) A directory of African wetlands. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge and UNEP, Nairobi, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Hughes & Hughes 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Annual rainfall in the Gongoni area ranges from
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A23793CB42E4FE41FCD7" box="[213,399,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="mm" value="1100.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="900.0">900 to 1300 mm</quantity>
|
||||
per year. Rainfall occurs during two distinct periods, the long rains between April and June, and the short rains usually between October and December (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="471C4B46FFB5A23790244288FC3DFCF3" author="Nicholson, S. E." box="[826,1011,1483,1509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" pagination="590 - 635" refId="ref15768" refString="Nicholson, S. E. (2017) Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa, Reviews of Geophysics, 55, 590-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000544" type="journal article" year="2017">Nicholson 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). At the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB5A237974E4288FB4EFCF3" box="[1104,1152,1483,1509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB5A23797F64288FECBFF1F" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A23797F64288FECBFF1F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was the only fish species found.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB5A23493D94150FB12F9EF" blockId="13.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
Two sites were investigated during the course of this study: the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB5A23790954150FC75FF3B" box="[907,955,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality during 2018 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23797AD4150FAC5FF3B" box="[1203,1291,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and another seasonal pool situated about
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A23792C44174FDDAFF47" box="[474,532,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||||
west-northwest of that, first discovered during 2017 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A237976F4174FADFFF47" box="[1137,1297,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 7B and C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and having similar ecological characteristics. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB5A23791534118FDB3FF63" box="[589,637,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality is an ephemeral swamp formed in open areas of the Gongoni Forest in the drainage of the seasonal Mkurumudzi River (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A237903B413CFCB0FF8F" box="[805,894,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The habitat belongs to category 1.3, as defined by Watters (2014), representing a marsh associated with a seasonal stream in an area of low gradient. At the end of the first peak of the rainy season, the habitat was a shallow marsh of about
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A237971F4185FBF4FFF7" box="[1025,1082,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||||
long and
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A23797B44185FB2DFFF7" box="[1194,1251,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
|
||||
wide, and about
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB5A237938941A8FF10FE13" box="[151,222,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||||
at the deepest point. The marsh was situated in an open grassy area, completely surrounded by forest. At the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB5A23793DC404CFF3CFE3F" box="[194,242,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality, all monitoring took place in the same general habitat. Aquatic vegetation comprised
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB5A237963A404CFF37FE5B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nouchali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A237963A404CFF37FE5B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Nymphaea nouchali</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and the habitat was densely vegetated/overgrown with grass. The water was turbid, the bottom of the seepage area was not visible.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23792F64014FD95FE67" box="[488,603,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
shows the second locality on
|
||||
<date id="57331077FFB5A23790AF4015FBF0FE67" box="[945,1086,1878,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" value="2017-05-05">5 May 2017</date>
|
||||
, shortly after it had been filled by the seasonal rains. This picture shows the eastern side of the pond, the western side is obscured by trees to the right in the picture.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A237926340DCFE3EFEAF" box="[381,496,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Figure 7C</figureCitation>
|
||||
shows the same pond on
|
||||
<date id="57331077FFB5A237900240DCFC6DFEAF" box="[796,931,1951,1977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" value="2018-07-03">3 July 2018</date>
|
||||
with typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB5A237972240DCFAD1FEAF" box="[1084,1311,1951,1977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="13" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nouchali">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB5A237972240DCFAD1FEAF" box="[1084,1311,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Nymphaea nouchali</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
waterlilies in the section of the pond shown in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB5A23791334080FD6FFECB" box="[557,673,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="99">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Surficial ground cover in the general area of both localities largely comprises decomposed calcareous rock derived from ancient coral reefs. Much of the substrate within the confines of the habitats, overlying the calcareous surficial material, is composed of a surface layer rich in dark grey to black or brown swelling clays, providing a suitable substrate for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB6A2349037479CFC13F9EF" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[809,989,223,249]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A2349037479CFC13F9EF" box="[809,989,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Nothobranchius</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations to persist.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB6A23493D94640FBCEFB0F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
A water sample, taken by de Rham at the locality where he originally found this species, in
|
||||
<date id="57331077FFB6A23497F64640FA52F80B" box="[1256,1436,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" value="1982-12">December 1982</date>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB6A23493814664FED8F857" box="[159,278,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Figure 7D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), was analysed six weeks later, in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5B9A7627FFB6A234918B4664FCD0F857" box="[661,798,295,321]" name="Switzerland" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, with the following results: pH = 8.1; conductivity = 465 µS; total hardness = 11.2 °F; carbonate hardness = 7.7 °F; Ca/l =
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB6A234909A4609FC2AF873" box="[900,996,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.56" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" unit="mg" value="25.6">25.6 mg</quantity>
|
||||
; Mg/l =
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB6A23497564608FB69F873" box="[1096,1191,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.17" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" unit="mg" value="11.7">11.7 mg</quantity>
|
||||
; Cl/l = 98.0 mg; Na/l = 57.0 mg (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="471C4B46FFB6A2349202462CFE09F89F" author="de Rham, P." box="[284,455,367,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" pagination="31 - 44" refId="ref13978" refString="de Rham, P. (1991) Safaris poissons au Kenya. Premiere partie. Aquarama, 120, 31-44." type="journal article" year="1991">de Rham 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The water was, therefore, alkaline and relatively well mineralized. The abundance of chlorine and sodium points to a slight saline infiltration of marine water, which presumably percolates through the relatively coarse surficial calcareous material. The precise location of de Rham’s 1982 site is not known; however, the nature of the habitat and its setting in association with the Gongoni Forest suggests that very similar water quality characteristics would prevail at the two sites investigated in this study.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="77F2663FFFB6A23493894101FC26FFD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14980521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980521/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" startId="14.[151,250,1602,1626]" targetBox="[151,1436,580,1579]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB6A23493894101FC26FFD0" blockId="14.[151,1436,1602,1735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23493894101FE17FF4C" bold="true" box="[151,473,1602,1626]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">FIGURE 6. Upper drawings:</emphasis>
|
||||
Diagrammatic representation of cephalic sensory system:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB6A23497254101FF3CFF68" authority=", NMK, ICH FW" authorityName="NMK, ICH FW" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23497254101FA82FF4C" box="[1083,1356,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
, NMK, ICH FW
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
/6014/1 holotype, male, 33.6 mm SL;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23491684125FD4DFF68" bold="true" box="[630,643,1638,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">a</emphasis>
|
||||
, lateral view;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23490084125FCEAFF68" bold="true" box="[790,804,1638,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">b</emphasis>
|
||||
, dorsal view;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23490AB4125FC0EFF68" bold="true" box="[949,960,1638,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">c</emphasis>
|
||||
, ventral view of head;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23497B34125FB06FF68" bold="true" box="[1197,1224,1638,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">an</emphasis>
|
||||
, anterior nostril;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23496644125FA58FF68" bold="true" box="[1402,1430,1638,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">pn</emphasis>
|
||||
, posterior nostril.
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A234925D41C9FDD1FFB4" bold="true" box="[323,543,1674,1698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Lower photographs:</emphasis>
|
||||
Head views of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB6A23491A441C9FC08FFB4" box="[698,966,1674,1698]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23491A441C9FC08FFB4" box="[698,966,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
showing red lobes along the supraorbital canal in both male (d) and female (e). Photographs by D.U. Bellstedt (d) and B. Nagy (e).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFB6A22A93D9405BFA96F873" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB6A23593D9405BFC65F80B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1816,2023]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23493D9405BFE73FE24" bold="true" box="[199,445,1816,1842]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||||
We recommend that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB6A23491AE405BFC15FE24" box="[688,987,1816,1842]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB6A23491AE405BFC15FE24" box="[688,987,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
be listed as Critically Endangered. The species is currently known only from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="FC368815FFB6A234917E407EFD5EFE41" box="[608,656,1853,1879]" pageId="14" pageNumber="100">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality and one additional nearby site (possibly two additional sites if de Rham’s site represents a distinct location), both belonging to one threat-based location. The range of the species is currently known to be restricted to the Gongoni Forest Reserve. The forest is characterized by the presence of small seasonal forest pools and wetlands within the drainage of the small seasonal Mkurumudzi River system. The species might exist at a few more sites within the drainages, but its distribution will remain strongly restricted as the area surrounding the forest reserve is an agricultural zone, with livestock rearing and smallholder crop farming. The maximum estimate of extent of occurrence (EOO) is around
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB7A235906447F8FC0AF9C1" box="[890,964,187,215]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||||
², whereas maximum estimate for the area of occupancy (AOO) is at
|
||||
<quantity id="E4759B52FFB7A23592DE479CFDC7F9ED" box="[448,521,223,251]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||||
², belonging to a single threat-based location. Using IUCN version 3.1 (2012), the species meets the criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for Critically Endangered.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="77F2663FFFB7A235938943E7FCD8FCAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" startId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" targetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB7A235938943E7FCD8FCAF" blockId="15.[151,1437,1188,1465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A235938943E7FEFAFDAA" bold="true" box="[151,308,1188,1213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">FIGURE 7. A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Type locality of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB7A23592FD43E6FD3CFDAB" box="[483,754,1189,1213]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23592FD43E6FD3CFDAB" box="[483,754,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23590A4438AFC1FFDF7" bold="true" box="[954,977,1225,1249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Locality at which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB7A2359791438AFA52FDF7" box="[1167,1436,1225,1249]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A2359791438AFA52FDF7" box="[1167,1436,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23593894277FF7EFC5A" bold="true" box="[151,176,1332,1356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB7A23591A14276FC03FC5B" box="[703,973,1333,1357]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23591A14276FC03FC5B" box="[703,973,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018;
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A2359271423EFE49FC83" bold="true" box="[367,391,1405,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Locality of P. de Rham, where
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB7A23591A1423EFC05FC83" box="[703,971,1405,1429]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23591A1423EFC05FC83" box="[703,971,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFB7A22A93D94148FD97F9C3" blockId="15.[151,1437,1547,2041]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">
|
||||
This species inhabits small seasonal wetland habitats situated in a forest ecosystem. This makes it highly vulnerable due to: the surrounding area being an agricultural zone for small-holder farming including rice farming (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB7A23593814110FED8FF7B" box="[159,278,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), for which furrows had been dug from the pond in which the species was first found, and livestock grazing; the planting of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFB7A23592B94134FD85FF87" box="[423,587,1655,1681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFB7A23592B94134FDEDFF87" box="[423,547,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(which produce toxic humic acids) and mango trees adjacent to the above-mentioned pond (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BBB62A32FFB7A235927D41D8FDF6FFA3" box="[355,568,1691,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-95@15.[151,1436,309,1165]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A. Type locality of Nothobranchius sylvaticus; Kenya: ephemeral swamp associated with the Mkurumudzi River system in the Gongoni Forest. Photographed by D.U. Bellstedt on 3 July 2018; B. Locality at which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017. To the left and right are mango trees planted by local farmers and beyond the pool is a field cultivated with rice, irrigated from this pool, indicating the human threat to the habitat. Photograph by D.U. Bellstedt on 22 May 2017; C. Photograph taken in 2018 of the locality in which Nothobranchius sylvaticus was found in 2017, showing indigenous tree removal. Exotic blue gum trees had also been planted which will release toxic humic acids into the habitat. Photograph by Q. Luke on 3 July 2018; D. Locality of P. de Rham, where Nothobranchius sylvaticus was first discovered in 1982 (scanned original slide received from de Rham; published here with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14980525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14980525/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="101">Figures 7B and C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); burning of the vegetation in the forest; firewood extraction and building material removal from the forest resources carried out by adjacent communities; damming of the Mkurumudzi River, leading to drainage modification and excessive sedimentation; nearby mining activity involving mineral sands and for which considerable volumes of groundwater are abstracted from various boreholes in this forest; the slimes dam constructed for the mining activity, from which dust and sand can blow into the forest and lead to associated pollution; population increase in the villages surrounding the forest leading to an increasing demand on the land resources. Consequently, habitats in the currently known area of distribution may be modified in ways that render them unsuitable to support the seasonal life cycle of the species. The increasing pressure on land and water resources will continue to be a major factor in habitat degradation and represent a significant threat to the species, raising vulnerability in terms of conservation status. In combination with its seasonal life cycle in ephemeral habitats, its dependence on the clay-rich vertisol-type substratum for embryonic development makes the species very exposed to threats (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="471C4B46FFA8A22A921347F8FDC8F9C3" author="Watters, B. R. & Nagy, B. & van der Merwe, P. D. W. & Cotterill, F. P. D. & Bellstedt, D. U." box="[269,518,187,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102" pagination="151 - 178" refId="ref17244" refString="Watters, B. R., Nagy, B., van der Merwe, P. D. W., Cotterill, F. P. D. & Bellstedt, D. U. (2020) Redescription of the seasonal killifish species Nothobranchius ocellatus and description of a related new species Nothobranchius matanduensis, from eastern Tanzania (Teleostei: Nothobranchiidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 30, 151-178. https://doi.org/10.23788/IEF-1149" type="journal article" year="2020">Nagy & Watters 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2021).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFA8A22A93D9479CFA96F873" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">No conservation measures are in place for this species. There is a need for improved habitat protection at the locations where the species is known to occur. Additional research targeting suitable habitats within the drainage of the Mkurumudzi River system and within the Gongoni Forest Reserve should be conducted in order to better understand the geographic distribution of this species and to elaborate appropriate measures of conservation.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFA8A22A93D9462DFC1EFB0F" pageId="16" pageNumber="102" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFA8A22A93D9462DFC1EFB0F" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFA8A22A93D9462DFEE9F89E" bold="true" box="[199,295,366,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||||
Aquarium maintenance of selected specimens was undertaken for observation of breeding behaviour and biology.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFA8A22A923B46D0FD83F8BB" box="[293,589,403,429]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFA8A22A923B46D0FD83F8BB" box="[293,589,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">Nothobranchius sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has an annual mode of reproduction, typical of the genus. Eggs are deposited in the habitat substrate, where they survive the dry season and hatch with the onset of the wet season. Under captive conditions, peat moss was used successfully as an artificial spawning substrate. An embryonic development period of three to four months was observed at a temperature of about 22–24 °C.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B97653CFFA8A22A93D94560FC47FB93" pageId="16" pageNumber="102" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="233236B7FFA8A22A93D94560FC47FB93" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFA8A22A93D94560FE80FB2B" bold="true" box="[199,334,547,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||||
The specific name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E48D4D34FFA8A22A91274560FD69FB2B" box="[569,679,547,573]" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11F9EAA5FFA8A22A91274560FD69FB2B" box="[569,679,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="102">sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a Latin participial adjective formed from ‘sylva’ (forest), and ‘-aticus’ (pertaining to) and is given in reference to the distinctive habitat preference of the species, restricted to ephemeral pools and seeps associated with seasonal forest-streams.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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