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<document id="7141D1A3B96A3A1CBEBCF276958DE21A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4605896" ID-ISSN="1639-4798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4605896" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1615828154105" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Olson, E. &amp; Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G." docDate="2000" docId="03AE081BFFE6F938FFB12687FB71FBC6" docLanguage="en" docName="Adansonia.22.2.217-221.pdf" docOrigin="Adansonia (3) 22 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CB241A4BDED3F88A438CB4AD43664FA9.3:Adansonia.2000.journal_article" docStyleId="CB241A4BDED3F88A438CB4AD43664FA9" docStyleName="Adansonia.2000.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Moringa hildebrandtii Engler" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="220" masterDocId="FF977063FFE5F93BFFC02656FF76FFCE" masterDocTitle="Moringa hildebrandtii (Moringaceae): a tree extinct in the wild but preserved by indigenous horticultural practices in Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="221" masterPageNumber="217" pageNumber="220" updateTime="1749824419944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="AE2A2FC20016F030CFB0CEA253BDBBDB">Moringa hildebrandtii (Moringaceae): a tree extinct in the wild but preserved by indigenous horticultural practices in Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CD227245643C2A649CF1402B3CA55B89">Olson, E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9424939A58FCAB713BC9009E07B132EF">Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166 - 0299, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3E2AF7B61085FBC6C52998EC5D826368">Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B579A07705DAC2FA29EA1571D38E8BD3">Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166 - 0299, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8AE881D3756A21FEE3C7BD977FA74B73" type="email">srazafimandimbison@rschctr.mobot.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A001BB00247FC7A08CC51D90F5338E64">Adansonia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="99C4920B2FC87D90AA426F8FA436F3F6">2000</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AE081BFFE6F938FFB12687FB71FBC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15657944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15657944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE081BFFE6F938FFB12687FB71FBC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE081BFFE6F938FFB12687FB71FBC6" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
<subSubSection id="C31DEA86FFE6F938FFB12687FED6FEC6" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB8B90DFFE6F938FFB12687FED6FEC6" blockId="3.[113,458,209,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
<heading id="D0F00E61FFE6F938FFB12687FED6FEC6" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FFB12687FEBCFF25" bold="true" box="[113,458,209,235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">ORIGINAL NATIVE RANGE</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FFB126B9FED6FEC6" bold="true" box="[113,416,238,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
OF
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FF5E26B8FED6FEC6" authority="Engler" authorityName="Engler" box="[158,416,238,264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="221" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FF5E26B8FED6FEC6" bold="true" box="[158,416,238,264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. HILDEBRANDTII</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31DEA86FFE6F938FF4C277BFB71FBC6" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB8B90DFFE6F938FF4C277BFD46FCA1" blockId="3.[113,647,300,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
Members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FE63277AFD73FE8B" box="[419,517,300,325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FE63277AFD73FE8B" box="[419,517,300,325]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found wild in dry tropical habitats in various parts of Africa and Asia, but all collections of
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FFB127DEFE1CFE6D" box="[113,362,392,419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FFB127DEFE1CFE6D" box="[113,362,392,419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
come from
<collectingCountry id="F310F99DFFE6F938FE3B27DFFDF4FE6D" box="[507,642,393,419]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, and it seems certain that the species is native there (VERDCOURT 1985, and references therein). Though clearly a distinct species based on leaf, bark, and floral characteristics (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF96C4FCFFE6F938FE3A2454FE56FDF2" author="AYMONIN M." firstAuthor="KERAUDREN- AYMONIN" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref2790" refString="KERAUDREN- AYMONIN M. 1982. - Moringaceae: 33 - 40, in H. HUMBERT (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, Paris." type="book chapter" year="1982">KERAUDREN-AYMONIN 1982</bibRefCitation>
), as well as DNA sequence data (OLSON unpubl.),
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FE832416FD45FD95" box="[323,563,576,603]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FE832416FD45FD95" box="[323,563,576,603]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares numerous features in its habit and floral morphology to the other Malagasy species
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FDA5242BFF8BFD79" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FDA5242BFF8FFD79" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="drouhardii">M. drouhardii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Wood anatomy (O LSON &amp; CARLQUIST in press), floral development, and DNA sequence analysis (OLSON unpubl.) suggest that the two Malagasy species are more closely related to each other than to other
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FDE42541FDF1FCFE" box="[548,647,791,816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FDE42541FDF1FCFE" box="[548,647,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, supporting the idea that they evolved from a common ancestor on
<collectingCountry id="F310F99DFFE6F938FE6B2503FD5AFCA1" box="[427,556,853,879]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8B90DFFE6F938FF4C2525FEBCF9DF" blockId="3.[113,647,300,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
Ethnobotanical information suggests that the native range of
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FEEA25C7FD50FC62" box="[298,550,913,940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FEEA25C7FD50FC62" box="[298,550,913,940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the extreme southwest of the island. From 1550 to 1921, this region was the dominion of the Maroseranana, the collective name for the descendants of King Olombetsitoto (
<bibRefCitation id="EF96C4FCFFE6F938FDE9225BFFDBFB8B" author="POIRIER" firstAuthor="POIRIER" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" pagination="29 - 35" refId="ref3031" refString="POIRIER M. Ch. 1953. - Genealogie des rois Maroseranana du sud de l'Onilahy. Bulletin Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, 18 June: 29-35." type="journal article" year="1953">POIRIER 1953</bibRefCitation>
; dark gray area in
<figureCitation id="133CA588FFE6F938FE45227DFEBFFB8B" box="[389,457,1067,1093]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[677,705,1131,1148]" captionTargetBox="[693,1205,207,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-526@2.[676,1231,195,1108]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. — Distribution of Moringa hildebrandtii in Madagascar. M. hildebrandtii is commonly cultivated in the area delimited by a dashed line on the west coast. Previous authors have cited the light gray area between Morondava and Tulear as being the native range of the species. It is more likely the dark gray area in the extreme southwest; searches for the tree should concentrate there." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605902/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FE22227DFFB0FBAA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FE22227DFFB0FBAA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to members of the Sakalavan’i Menabe tribe, which now occupies most of the west coast of
<collectingCountry id="F310F99DFFE6F938FEC622D1FEF0FB6F" box="[262,390,1159,1185]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, by the common name “hazomaroseranana” or “hazmaroserana” derived from “hazo”(tree) and “Maroseranana,”meaning tree of the Maroseranana family or region. We visited areas in the former Maroseranana country southeast of Tuléar, and though
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FE162376FDF0FAF5" box="[470,646,1312,1339]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FE162376FDF0FAF5" box="[470,646,1312,1339]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly cultivated, again no one knew where it could be found in the wild. Local people were however aware of the stands of
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FDE7232AFF92FA7B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="drouhardii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FDE7232AFF92FA7B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa drouhardii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their areas. The southeast of the island supports similar habitats, but
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FDDD23EFFFB0FA3D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FDDD23EFFFB0FA3D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not seem to be cultivated there, and we located no wild populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8B90DFFE6F938FF4C2040FBC6FDF5" blockId="3.[113,647,300,1707]" lastBlockId="3.[677,1210,208,1032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
Evidence of a more circumstantial nature based on the habitat preferences of the other 12
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FDED2062FDF1F983" box="[557,647,1588,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FDED2062FDF1F983" box="[557,647,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species also points to the area south rather than north of the Onilahy River as being the most likely in which
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FF3320C6FED1F965" box="[243,423,1680,1707]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FF3320C6FED1F965" box="[243,423,1680,1707]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originallyoccurred. Worldwide, all other
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FC592686FC8EFF27" box="[921,1016,208,233]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FC592686FC8EFF27" box="[921,1016,208,233]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occur in areas with very short rainy seasons and low, open vegetation. In
<collectingCountry id="F310F99DFFE6F938FC832758FCB1FEE6" box="[835,967,270,296]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, such areas occur only in the extreme southwest south of the Onilahy,the island’s driest region. The other native Malagasy
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FD65273FFC77FE4C" box="[677,769,361,386]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FD65273FFC77FE4C" box="[677,769,361,386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is restricted to this region and it seems likely that the original range of
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FB9227DEFD8CFE0F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FB9227DEFD8CFE0F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also within the area. It is reasonable to discount the eastern rainforests and central highlands as potential areas in which the tree might be found, because
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FC8D2455FC8DFDD3" box="[845,1019,515,541]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FC8D2455FC8DFDD3" box="[845,1019,515,541]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like all members of the family, is a heat-loving xerophy te.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB8B90DFFE6F938FD652417FB71FBC6" blockId="3.[677,1210,208,1032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">
Furthermore, no
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FCA12416FCCAFD97" box="[865,956,576,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FCA12416FCCAFD97" box="[865,956,576,601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Moringa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is known from relatively tall and moist vegetation formations similar to the dry deciduous forests (
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FBF1242BFB10FD58" box="[1073,1126,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF96C4FCFFE6F938FBAD242BFC60FD79" author="LOWRY" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="LOWRY" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" pagination="93 - 123" refId="ref2830" refString="LOWRY II P. P., SCHATZ G. E. &amp; PHILLIPSON P. B. 1997. - The classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in Madagascar: 93-123, in GOODMAN S. M. &amp; PATTERSON B. D. (eds.), Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington &amp; London." type="book chapter" year="1997">LOWRY et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
) of western and northwest
<collectingCountry id="F310F99DFFE6F938FBF524CBFBC3FD79" box="[1077,1205,669,695]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, so it seems unlikely that
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FC6824EDFB20FD1B" box="[936,1110,699,725]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FC6824EDFB20FD1B" box="[936,1110,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred there. Though the possibility remains that
<taxonomicName id="4C07C28EFFE6F938FB59248FFC5BFCDD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" genus="Moringa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="3" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
<emphasis id="B973651FFFE6F938FB59248FFC5BFCDD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="220">M. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
still grows wild in an area not considered by us or previous authors, we recommend that searches for the tree focus on the southwest. The scope of such searches can be greatly enhanced by interviewing local people about the presence of the tree in their area. Likewise, the memory of local people could help to ascertain whether or not an apparently wild stand is in fact a relic of an abandoned settlement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>